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            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8b230c9d-950c-47b7-9792-d5d5e5f4d0bf/",
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            "name": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
            "name_nl": "Anne en Margot in de schurftbarak",
            "name_en": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
            "content": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock -&nbsp;</em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters&#39; presence in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves&nbsp;and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet&#39;s mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, &#39;Frieda! Frieda!&#39; (...) And said: &#39;Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I&#39;m handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.&#39; And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,&nbsp;</em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "content_nl": "<p>Na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau&nbsp;verbleven Anne en Margot vanwege schurft tijdelijk in het zogenaamde Kr&auml;tzeblock &ndash; de barak voor schurftlijders.&nbsp;Het is onduidelijk wanneer en hoe lang Anne en Margot precies in deze ziekenbarak hebben verbleven, maar er zijn verschillende getuigen die de aanwezigheid van de zusjes in het Kr&auml;tzeblock bevestigen. Zo kwamen ook Ronnie van Cleef en Frieda Brommet al snel na hun aankomst in het Kr&auml;tzeblock terecht en trokken ze daar samen op met Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in het Kr&auml;tzeblock waren slecht. De zieken werden grotendeels aan hun lot overgelaten en waren afhankelijk van hun medegevangenen. Om haar dochters te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester,&nbsp;de moeder van Frieda Brommet, en geholpen door Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te kunnen geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat extra eten kregen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;En in die periode dat Ronnie en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze&hellip; Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (&hellip;) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: &lsquo;Frieda! Frieda!&rsquo; (...)&nbsp;En zei: &lsquo;Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z&rsquo;n vieren delen.&rsquo; En met z&rsquo;n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (&hellip;).&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot&nbsp;volgens Frieda Brommet uit de ziekenbarak ontslagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,&nbsp;</em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "content_en": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock -&nbsp;</em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters&#39; presence in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves&nbsp;and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet&#39;s mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, &#39;Frieda! Frieda!&#39; (...) And said: &#39;Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I&#39;m handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.&#39; And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,&nbsp;</em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "date": null,
            "date_start": "1944-09-06",
            "date_end": "1944-10-30",
            "summary": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
            "summary_nl": "Anne en Margot verbleven vanwege schurft tijdelijk in een ziekenbarak. Hun moeder Edith groef samen met andere vrouwen een gat onder de houten barakwand om extra eten te geven aan haar dochters.",
            "summary_en": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
            "same_as": null,
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        {
            "id": 36,
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            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a80cbaf1-c34a-4d0b-8751-5bc17470063e/",
            "subjects": [
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            "location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1f31eae1-b6f4-4e50-acb4-9849bad63363?format=api",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "a80cbaf1-c34a-4d0b-8751-5bc17470063e",
            "name": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
            "name_nl": "Overlijden Hermann van Pels",
            "name_en": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
            "content": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis&nbsp;of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp&nbsp;a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels&#39; date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck&#39;s timeline,&nbsp;<strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried&nbsp;out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when&nbsp;101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 &ndash; Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). &nbsp;; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;, het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, &rsquo;s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook:&nbsp;NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk &amp; Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabr&uuml;ck 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>,&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&#39;How the end came to Anne Frank&#39; by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "content_nl": "<p>Over het lot van Herman van Pels zijn slechts enkele summiere getuigenissen overgeleverd. Vermoedelijk werd op <strong>3 oktober 1944</strong> Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn een verklaring van <strong>februari 1961</strong> zegt het Rode Kruis, Hermann van Pels op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> als gestorven te beschouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dat zou betekenen dat hij direct bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau is vergast. Hermann van Pels is echter bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau zesenveertig jaar oud en behoort dus niet tot de leeftijdscategorie (vijftig jaar en ouder) die in de regel (behoudens vele uitzonderingen) meteen geselecteerd wordt voor de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog geprobeerd de deportaties naar Auschwitz en andere kampen,&nbsp;langs de weg van collectieve reconstructie,&nbsp;in kaart te brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Rode Kruis reconstrueert de overlijdensdatum van vermisten van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong>&nbsp; die de eerste selectie op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> overleefden, tussen <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong> en uiterlijk <strong>15 maart 1945</strong>. Hierdoor wordt in sommige bronnen <strong>15 maart 1945</strong> genoemd als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nVolgens Fritzi Frank heeft Otto Frank herhaaldelijk verklaard dat Hermann van Pels de eerste selectie van&nbsp;<strong>6 september 1944</strong>&nbsp;is doorgekomen.&nbsp;Tijdens werkzaamheden in een buitencommando bezeert hij enkele weken later&nbsp;in oktober of november ernstig zijn duim.&nbsp;Hij krijgt daarom Zimmerdienst. Vervolgens komt er een selectie die Van Pels noodlottig zou zijn geworden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In een ander interview uit noemt Otto Frank ook <strong>5 oktober 1944</strong> als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>juli 1943</strong> waren er geen vergassingen meer In Auschwitz I, het kamp waar Hermann van Pels gevangen zat.&nbsp;Als Hermann van Pels vergast is, dan&nbsp;is dit gebeurd in&nbsp;Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) waar de crematoria in werking waren tot&nbsp;<strong>november 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, een medegevangene uit het&nbsp;transport van <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>van Westerbork naar Auschwitz, heeft verklaard dat hij Hermann&nbsp;van Pels niet meer gezien heeft na een selectie van mensen die <em>Blockschonung </em>hadden&nbsp;(dispensatie van werk vanwege een arbeidskwetsuur).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van gegevens uit het kalendarium van Danuta Czeck zijn <strong>2</strong> en <strong>7 oktober 1944</strong> mogelijke data waarop Hermann van Pels na selectie in Auschwitz-Birkenau vergast is. Op <strong>2 oktober 1944</strong> voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waarbij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog dezelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. We weten dat meer gevangenen van het transport van<strong> 3 september 1944 </strong>precies op die datum, <strong>3 oktober 1944,</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het is zo goed als zeker dat zij samen met Hermann van Pels op die dag in een van de gaskamers van Auschwitz-Birkenau zijn omgebracht. Hermann was toen 46 jaar oud.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 &ndash; Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). &nbsp;; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;, het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, &rsquo;s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook:&nbsp;NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk &amp; Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabr&uuml;ck 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>,&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&#39;How the end came to Anne Frank&#39; by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "content_en": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis&nbsp;of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp&nbsp;a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels&#39; date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck&#39;s timeline,&nbsp;<strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried&nbsp;out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when&nbsp;101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 &ndash; Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). &nbsp;; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;, het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, &rsquo;s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook:&nbsp;NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk &amp; Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabr&uuml;ck 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>,&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: &#39;5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kr&auml;ftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (&hellip;) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter &auml;ngstlich- verzweifelter Blick&#39;. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&#39;How the end came to Anne Frank&#39; by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: &#39;Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 j&auml;hrigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter M&auml;nner sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die M&auml;nner marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden sp&auml;ter kam ein Wagen zur&uuml;ck, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsst&uuml;cken&#39;.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "date": "1944-10-03",
            "date_start": null,
            "date_end": null,
            "summary": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
            "summary_nl": "Vermoedelijk werd op 3 oktober 1944 Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
            "summary_en": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
            "same_as": null,
            "files": []
        }
    ],
    "subjects": [
        {
            "id": 396124423,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
            "name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
            "name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
            "name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
            "description": "<p>Little is known about the&nbsp;time&nbsp;in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an &#39;<em>inseparable trinity</em>&#39;.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut&nbsp;were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, &#39;Frieda! Frieda!&#39; [...] And said: &#39;Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.&#39; And that&nbsp; four was with Margot and Anne.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut&nbsp;is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll&nbsp;call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls&#39; turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, &quot;The children! Oh God...&quot;&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut&nbsp;until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The&nbsp;women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Block&auml;lteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. &#39;One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda&rsquo;s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (&hellip;) Und dann kamen die beiden M&auml;dchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stie&szlig; Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns her&uuml;ber, mit ihrem ungetr&uuml;bten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...&rsquo; In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;</em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy,&nbsp;<em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp &quot;Birkenau&quot; bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29.&nbsp;Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
            "description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau&nbsp;verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een &lsquo;<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>&rsquo;.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>&#39;Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (&hellip;) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: &lsquo;Frieda! Frieda!&rsquo; [&hellip;] En zei: &lsquo;Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z&rsquo;n vieren delen.&rsquo; En met z&rsquo;n vieren was met Margot en Anne.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>&#39;Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (&hellip;) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: &quot;De kinderen! O God...&quot;&rsquo;<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> &ndash; het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden&nbsp;&ndash; duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Block&auml;lteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. &lsquo;Op een morgen komen nieuwe pati&euml;nten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.&rsquo;<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda&rsquo;s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (&hellip;) Und dann kamen die beiden M&auml;dchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stie&szlig; Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns her&uuml;ber, mit ihrem ungetr&uuml;bten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...&rsquo; In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;</em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy,&nbsp;<em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp &quot;Birkenau&quot; bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29.&nbsp;Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
            "description_en": "<p>Little is known about the&nbsp;time&nbsp;in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an &#39;<em>inseparable trinity</em>&#39;.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut&nbsp;were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Kr&auml;tzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, &#39;Frieda! Frieda!&#39; [...] And said: &#39;Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.&#39; And that&nbsp; four was with Margot and Anne.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut&nbsp;is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll&nbsp;call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls&#39; turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, &quot;The children! Oh God...&quot;&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut&nbsp;until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The&nbsp;women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Block&auml;lteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. &#39;One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda&rsquo;s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (&hellip;) Und dann kamen die beiden M&auml;dchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stie&szlig; Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns her&uuml;ber, mit ihrem ungetr&uuml;bten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...&rsquo; In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;</em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy,&nbsp;<em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp &quot;Birkenau&quot; bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29.&nbsp;Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
            "summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
            "summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
            "summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
            "same_as": null,
            "parent": 396124393,
            "files": []
        },
        {
            "id": 396124422,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50",
            "name": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
            "name_nl": "Auschwitz I: de mannen in het Stammlager",
            "name_en": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
            "description": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on&nbsp;<em>Strassenbau</em>&nbsp;- road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Being in a&nbsp;Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer&#39;s imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of&nbsp;frost, Otto Frank said he got better work,&nbsp;in the <em>Kartoffelsch&auml;lkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp&#39;s post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag,&nbsp;2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich &uuml;ber die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.&rsquo; afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;3281, Comit&eacute; International de la Croux-Rouge H&auml;ftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Be&szlig;mann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "description_nl": "<p>Alle mannen van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de selectie na aankomst in Birkenau overleefd hadden, gingen na de registratieprocedure te voet naar Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Daar kwamen ze terecht in quarantaineblok 8. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog, vaak met twee of meer personen in een bed. Het quarantaineblok was overbevolkt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaine moesten alle gevangenen&nbsp;werken. De meesten werkten aan de <em>Stra&szlig;enbau</em> &ndash; stratenbouw &ndash; of in de <em>Kiesgrube</em> &ndash; de grindkuil &ndash;, waar zij grind op karren moesten laden en deze wegbrengen om straten te verharden. Veel mensen liepen bij dit werk blessures en verwondingen op. Otto Frank heeft na de oorlog verklaard dat hij bij een commando was ingedeeld dat grind moest slepen.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&lsquo;Omdat ik zelf een tijdje in een Kieskommando was, weet ik veel over de zware arbeid die daar moest worden verricht en de mishandelingen die daar vaak aan verbonden waren.&rsquo;<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De quarantaineperiode van de mannen uit het transport van 3 september eindigde <strong>begin oktober 1944 </strong>met twee selecties, waarbij opnieuw een groep mannelijke gevangenen die niet meer tot zware arbeid in staat geacht werd, in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Deze selecties zouden ook de dood van Hermann van Pels inluiden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die de selectie wel overleefden, bleven na de quarantaineperiode in Auschwitz I, waar zij bij verschillende arbeidscommando&rsquo;s werden ingedeeld. Waar Fritz Pfeffer werd ingedeeld, weten we niet. Over de gevangenschap van Pfeffer in Auschwitz is niets teruggevonden in de getuigenissen van overlevenden. Wat we weten is dat hij in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;Net als de anderen verbleef hij in quarantaine tot circa <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong>. Rond <strong>11 november 1944</strong> is hij waarschijnlijk geselecteerd voor transport naar kamp Neuengamme, waar hij <strong>tussen</strong> <strong>10 en 18 november</strong> is aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaineperiode werkte Otto Frank eerst in het <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. Daarna kwam hij terecht in de <em>Stra&szlig;enbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;Of dit direct na de quarantaineperiode gebeurde, is niet duidelijk. Toen het werk in de Stra&szlig;enbau vanwege de vorst werd gestaakt, kreeg Otto Frank naar eigen zeggen beter werk, en wel in het Kartoffelsch&auml;lkommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels kwam na de quarantaineperiode in blok 2 terecht. Otto Frank vertelde in een interview na de oorlog:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&lsquo;<em>Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de SS&rsquo;ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen</em>.&rsquo;<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel daarvan achteroverdrukken. Otto Frank en Peter van Pels zouden elkaar dagelijks gezien hebben totdat Peter midden januari op transport werd gesteld naar kamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was de enige van de onderduikers die de kampen overleefde.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag,&nbsp;2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich &uuml;ber die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.&rsquo; afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;3281, Comit&eacute; International de la Croux-Rouge H&auml;ftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Be&szlig;mann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "description_en": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on&nbsp;<em>Strassenbau</em>&nbsp;- road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Being in a&nbsp;Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer&#39;s imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of&nbsp;frost, Otto Frank said he got better work,&nbsp;in the <em>Kartoffelsch&auml;lkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp&#39;s post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag,&nbsp;2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich &uuml;ber die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.&rsquo; afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK,&nbsp;3281, Comit&eacute; International de la Croux-Rouge H&auml;ftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Be&szlig;mann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "summary": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
            "summary_nl": "De vier mannelijke onderduikers kwamen na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau in Auschwitz I terecht.",
            "summary_en": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
            "same_as": null,
            "parent": 396124393,
            "files": []
        },
        {
            "id": 396124393,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
            "name": "Concentration camps",
            "name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
            "name_en": "Concentration camps",
            "description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal&nbsp;in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen:&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
            "summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
            "summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
            "same_as": [
                "https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
            ],
            "parent": null,
            "files": []
        },
        {
            "id": 396124661,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
            "name": "Holocaust",
            "name_nl": "Holocaust",
            "name_en": "Holocaust",
            "description": "<p>&nbsp;Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1&nbsp;en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "description_en": "<p>&nbsp;Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
            "summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
            "summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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    "name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
    "name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Auschwitz-Birkenau",
    "name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
    "uuid": "1f31eae1-b6f4-4e50-acb4-9849bad63363",
    "content": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf H&ouml;ss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women&#39;s camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in&nbsp;the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by&nbsp;<strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz&#39;s best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp&#39;s overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
    "content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong>&nbsp;werd&nbsp;het concentratiekamp Auschwitz uitgebreid met een tweede locatie Auschwitz-Birkenau &ndash; ook wel Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp lag ongeveer drie kilometer noordwestelijk van het <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, bij het dorpje <em>Birkenau</em>: de Duitse naam voor het Poolse dorpje <em>Brzezinka</em>. &nbsp;De beslissing om de Europese Joden te vermoorden gaf aanleiding tot het aanbrengen van aanpassingen aan de inrichting en doelstelling van dit kamp. Onder leiding van kampcommandant Rudolf H&ouml;ss (1901-1947) werd het hoofddoel van dit kamp de vernietiging van Joden en de selectie van arbeidskrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was een uitgestrekt terrein van 175 hectare groot en werd aangelegd door Russische krijgsgevangenen en dwangarbeiders. Nadat de eerste groep Russische krijgsgevangenen vrijwel geheel aan de gevolgen van uithongering en uitputting waren overleden, brachten de nazi&rsquo;s tienduizenden Joden als arbeidsslaven naar Birkenau om hun werk voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Birkenau werd vanaf begin <strong>augustus 1942</strong> een apart vrouwenkamp ingericht. In <strong>september</strong> <strong>1944</strong> kwamen ook de vrouwelijke onderduikers uit het Achterhuis daar terecht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gaskamers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1942</strong> begon de aanbouw van gaskamers in twee leegstaande boerderijen om Joden bij aankomst onmiddellijk te vermoorden met het extreem giftige blauwzuurgas Zyklon B. Ondanks dat het kamp nog in aanbouw was, nam het al snel de moordpraktijk grotendeels over van Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste gaskamer in Birkenau, Bunker I, werd vermoedelijk <strong>half</strong> of <strong>eind mei 1942</strong> in gebruik genomen. Bunker II was waarschijnlijk <strong>eind juni</strong> of <strong>begin juli</strong> klaar voor gebruik. Na Bunker I en II volgden tussen <strong>maart</strong> en <strong>juni 1943</strong> nog de bouw van crematoria en gaskamers II-V. Zo werd Auschwitz-Birkenau vanaf 1943 het centrum van de Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selectie </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau selecteerden SS-artsen de Joodse mensen die geschikt waren voor dwangarbeid; de rest ging direct naar de gaskamer. Hoewel de criteria konden varieren, werden doorgaans kinderen van vijftien en jonger en volwassenen boven de vijftig jaar geselecteerd voor de gaskamer. Ook moeders met kinderen onder de vijftien en zwangere vrouwen werdendirect naar de gaskamer gestuurd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bekendste kamparts van Auschwitz die de selecties uitvoerde was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). Naast de selecties voor de gaskamer deed Mengele ook medische experimenten op gevangenen &ndash; veelal vrouwen en tweelingen &ndash; met vaak dodelijke afloop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wie niet geselecteerd werd voor de gaskamer werd ingezet voor dwangarbeid en werd opgesloten in een van de overvolle barakken van het kamp. De hygi&euml;nische omstandigheden waren er slecht en er was te weinig en slecht voedsel. Veel gevangenen stierven van uitputting en door de vele ziektes die rondgingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen in de<strong> zomer van 1944</strong> het Sovjetleger vanuit het oosten oprukte en de kampen in het bezette Polen naderde, werden steeds meer gevangenen als slavenarbeiders naar kampen in Duitsland gedeporteerd. In dezelfde tijd begonnen de pogingen van de nazi&rsquo;s om sporen van de massamoord in Auschwitz uit te wissen. Vanaf begin <strong>november 1944</strong> vonden geen vergassingen meer plaats inBirkenau. Gaskamers en crematoria werden ontmanteld en opgeblazen. Toen het Sovjetleger nog dichterbij kwam, volgden in januari 1945 de grote ontruimingstransporten van Auschwitz en moesten 58.000 mannen en vrouwen mee op zogenaamde dodenmarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Er werden ruim 57.000 Joden uit Nederland in Auschwitz vermoord. Slechts 970 Nederlandse Joden keerden levend terug uit het kamp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
    "content_en": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf H&ouml;ss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women&#39;s camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in&nbsp;the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by&nbsp;<strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz&#39;s best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp&#39;s overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;<em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
    "position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.178028 50.034695)",
    "summary": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
    "summary_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (ook Auschwitz II genoemd) was het tweede van de drie grote kampen van het concentratiekampcomplex Auschwitz.",
    "summary_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
    "same_as": [
        "https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/kampen/3655"
    ],
    "street": "",
    "zipcode": "",
    "city": "Birkenau",
    "state": "",
    "land": "",
    "location_events": [
        26,
        36
    ]
}