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"title": "Paauwe's Volautomatische Kalenderuurwerken",
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"name": "Johannes Kleiman worked at N.V. Paauwe's Volautomatische Kalenderuurwerken",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij N.V. Paauwe's Volautomatische Kalenderuurwerken",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman worked at N.V. Paauwe's Volautomatische Kalenderuurwerken",
"content": "<p>On <strong>29 January 1937</strong>, the Kleiman brothers and four others formed a syndicate to investigate the commercial possibilities of the invention '<em>het volautomatisch kalendermechanisme op uurwerken</em>' (the fully automatic calendar mechanism on clocks) patented in <strong>May 1936</strong> by P.J. Paauwe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>26 April</strong> to <strong>5 May 1937,</strong> the firm held an exhibition at Hotel Suisse on Kalverstraat where the mechanism was demonstrated to invited guests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman travelled to England for Paauwe and made contact with Smith's English Clocks Works Ltd. in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>9 November 1937</strong>, Kleiman founded N.V. Paauwe with Paauwe, J.C. Werner and his brother Willy Kleiman before notary W.W. Rutgers. He had nine shares, as did his brother Willy, Pauwe owned 17 and Werner 15 shares, making a total of 50 shares. Each share was worth 300 guilders, so the total starting capital was 15,000 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Johannes Kleiman thus held an 18 per cent shareholding worth 2,100 guilders.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman was supervisory director of the company from <strong>19 September 1938</strong>. He remained so until his death in <strong>January 1959</strong>. His brother was also a supervisory director and later authorised signatory of the company. He was involved with Paauwe until his death in <strong>June 1955</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere was a Paauwe clock on the wall of Kleiman's office at Opekta (the 'front office' of Prinsengracht 263). The clock was almost stolen in a burglary in early <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn <strong>1940</strong>, the company was one of the first factories in the Netherlands to have an assembly line, for clock assembly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> By January that year, the factory was producing 130 clocks a week, and the firm employed a total of 65 people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAddresses where the firm was successively located:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Korte Prinsengracht 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Generaal Vetterstraat 40.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alp51\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemgracht 135.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>2e Schinkelstraat 30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of the staff at a Christmas party, presumably in the early 1950s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71p81\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Memo "Wat gebeurde er bij Paauwe's Patent", uit persoonlijke papieren van P.J. Paauwe in bezit van zijn dochter, transcriptie door Willem van der Krogt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brochure <em>Werken & streven van Paauwes Patent</em>, p. 17. De brochure is een schenking van Guus Haverman, wiens vader bij Paauwe werkte.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604 (dossiernummers zijn tegenwoordig achtcijferig, details zijn echter nu niet bekend en het dossier is nog niet naar het Noord-Hollands Archief overgebracht).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister 50604.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rienk Vermij, "Gedwongen tempo. De lopende band in Nederland tot de Tweede Wereldoorlog" in: <em>NEHA-jaarboek</em>, (2001) nr. 64, p. 227-257, aldaar p. 235.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hier ging het bedrijf van start. E-mail Willem van der Krogt, 20 augustus 2009, bij documenten naar taxonomie Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alp51\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Christiaan Huygens. Vakblad voor uurwerkmakers</em>, 29 mei 1937. Dit is Kleimans privé-adres, mogelijk als postadres voor Paauwe.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam, fotonummer 012000007156. Dit is een nieuw pand, dat de firma in 1939 in gebruik neemt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604. Dit is een oud schoolgebouw. Rond 1950 verandert de naam in NUFA. Inmiddels heet het bedrijf Nedklok, gevestigd aan de Hemweg in Amsterdam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71p81\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geschonken door G. Haverman, wiens vader op de foto staat. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_III_101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>29 januari 1937</strong> vormden de gebroeders Kleiman met vier anderen een syndicaat om de exploitatiemogelijkheden van de in <strong>mei 1936</strong> door P.J. Paauwe geoctrooieerde vinding '<em>het volautomatisch kalendermechanisme op uurwerken</em>' te onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van <strong>26 april</strong> tot <strong>5 mei 1937</strong> hield de firma in Hotel Suisse aan de Kalverstraat een expositie waar het mechanisme aan genodigden werd gedemonstreerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman reisde voor Paauwe naar Engeland en legde daar contact met Smith's English Clocks Works Ltd. in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>9 november 1937</strong> richtte Kleiman met Paauwe, J.C. Werner en zijn broer Willy Kleiman ten overstaan van notaris W.W. Rutgers de N.V. Paauwe op. Hij had negen aandelen, net zoals zijn broer Willy, Pauwe bezat 17 en Werner 15 aandelen: totaal dus 50 aandelen. Ieder aandeel was fl. 300 gulden waard, zodat het totale startkapitaal fl. 15.000 gulden bedroeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Johannes Kleiman was dus voor 2.100 gulden en 18 procent aandeelhouder.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman was per <strong>19 september 1938</strong> commissaris van het bedrijf. Hij bleef dat tot aan zijn overlijden in <strong>januari 1959</strong>. Zijn broer was ook commissaris en later procuratiehouder van het bedrijf. Hij was betrokken bij Paauwe tot zijn overlijden in <strong>juni 1955</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn Kleimans kantoor bij Opekta (het 'voorkantoor' van de Prinsengracht 263) hing een Paauwe-klok, die bij een inbraak begin <strong>1944</strong> bijna was gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn <strong>1940</strong> had het bedrijf (als een van de eerste fabrieken in Nederland) een lopende band voor de uurwerkmontage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In januari van dat jaar produceerde de fabriek 130 klokken per week, en werkte er bij de firma in totaal 65 personen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAdressen waar de firma achtereenvolgens gevestigd was:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Korte Prinsengracht 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Generaal Vetterstraat 40.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alp51\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemgracht 135.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>2e Schinkelstraat 30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto bewaard gebleven van het personeel tijdens een kerstfeest, vermoedelijk begin jaren vijftig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71p81\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Memo "Wat gebeurde er bij Paauwe's Patent", uit persoonlijke papieren van P.J. Paauwe in bezit van zijn dochter, transcriptie door Willem van der Krogt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brochure <em>Werken & streven van Paauwes Patent</em>, p. 17. De brochure is een schenking van Guus Haverman, wiens vader bij Paauwe werkte.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604 (dossiernummers zijn tegenwoordig achtcijferig, details zijn echter nu niet bekend en het dossier is nog niet naar het Noord-Hollands Archief overgebracht).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister 50604.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rienk Vermij, "Gedwongen tempo. De lopende band in Nederland tot de Tweede Wereldoorlog" in: <em>NEHA-jaarboek</em>, (2001) nr. 64, p. 227-257, aldaar p. 235.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hier ging het bedrijf van start. E-mail Willem van der Krogt, 20 augustus 2009, bij documenten naar taxonomie Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alp51\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Christiaan Huygens. Vakblad voor uurwerkmakers</em>, 29 mei 1937. Dit is Kleimans privé-adres, mogelijk als postadres voor Paauwe.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam, fotonummer 012000007156. Dit is een nieuw pand, dat de firma in 1939 in gebruik neemt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604. Dit is een oud schoolgebouw. Rond 1950 verandert de naam in NUFA. Inmiddels heet het bedrijf Nedklok, gevestigd aan de Hemweg in Amsterdam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71p81\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geschonken door G. Haverman, wiens vader op de foto staat. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_III_101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>29 January 1937</strong>, the Kleiman brothers and four others formed a syndicate to investigate the commercial possibilities of the invention '<em>het volautomatisch kalendermechanisme op uurwerken</em>' (the fully automatic calendar mechanism on clocks) patented in <strong>May 1936</strong> by P.J. Paauwe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>26 April</strong> to <strong>5 May 1937,</strong> the firm held an exhibition at Hotel Suisse on Kalverstraat where the mechanism was demonstrated to invited guests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman travelled to England for Paauwe and made contact with Smith's English Clocks Works Ltd. in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>9 November 1937</strong>, Kleiman founded N.V. Paauwe with Paauwe, J.C. Werner and his brother Willy Kleiman before notary W.W. Rutgers. He had nine shares, as did his brother Willy, Pauwe owned 17 and Werner 15 shares, making a total of 50 shares. Each share was worth 300 guilders, so the total starting capital was 15,000 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Johannes Kleiman thus held an 18 per cent shareholding worth 2,100 guilders.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKleiman was supervisory director of the company from <strong>19 September 1938</strong>. He remained so until his death in <strong>January 1959</strong>. His brother was also a supervisory director and later authorised signatory of the company. He was involved with Paauwe until his death in <strong>June 1955</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere was a Paauwe clock on the wall of Kleiman's office at Opekta (the 'front office' of Prinsengracht 263). The clock was almost stolen in a burglary in early <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn <strong>1940</strong>, the company was one of the first factories in the Netherlands to have an assembly line, for clock assembly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> By January that year, the factory was producing 130 clocks a week, and the firm employed a total of 65 people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAddresses where the firm was successively located:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Korte Prinsengracht 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Generaal Vetterstraat 40.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alp51\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemgracht 135.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>2e Schinkelstraat 30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of the staff at a Christmas party, presumably in the early 1950s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71p81\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn3kl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Memo "Wat gebeurde er bij Paauwe's Patent", uit persoonlijke papieren van P.J. Paauwe in bezit van zijn dochter, transcriptie door Willem van der Krogt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20fxs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brochure <em>Werken & streven van Paauwes Patent</em>, p. 17. De brochure is een schenking van Guus Haverman, wiens vader bij Paauwe werkte.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixqyl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604 (dossiernummers zijn tegenwoordig achtcijferig, details zijn echter nu niet bekend en het dossier is nog niet naar het Noord-Hollands Archief overgebracht).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"okkbc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister 50604.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va4k2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rrbn3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rienk Vermij, "Gedwongen tempo. De lopende band in Nederland tot de Tweede Wereldoorlog" in: <em>NEHA-jaarboek</em>, (2001) nr. 64, p. 227-257, aldaar p. 235.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl89j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hier ging het bedrijf van start. E-mail Willem van der Krogt, 20 augustus 2009, bij documenten naar taxonomie Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alp51\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Christiaan Huygens. Vakblad voor uurwerkmakers</em>, 29 mei 1937. Dit is Kleimans privé-adres, mogelijk als postadres voor Paauwe.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pfitl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam, fotonummer 012000007156. Dit is een nieuw pand, dat de firma in 1939 in gebruik neemt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm77p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossier 50604. Dit is een oud schoolgebouw. Rond 1950 verandert de naam in NUFA. Inmiddels heet het bedrijf Nedklok, gevestigd aan de Hemweg in Amsterdam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71p81\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geschonken door G. Haverman, wiens vader op de foto staat. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_III_101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"content": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in de Proloogreeks van uitgeverij Contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x8dmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteert op die datum in zijn agenda: <em>I Boek</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>september 1945</strong> maakte Otto Frank uittreksels van het dagboek om aan vrienden en zijn familie in vertaling te kunnen laten lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit omdat hij vond dat er in het originele dagboek te veel stond wat niet voor anderen bestemd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Omstreeks <strong>november 1945</strong> besloot hij het dagboek van zijn dochter toch te publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Achteraf zei hij hierover dat vrienden hem overtuigd hadden dat hij dit document niet voor zich zelf mocht houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar het bleek moeilijk om een uitgever te vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde dat zijn vriend Werner Cahn (aan wie hij het oorspronkelijke manuscript had voorgelezen en die bij uitgeverij Querido werkte) buiten zijn medeweten typescript II naar Annie Romein-Verschoor had gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In zijn agenda van <strong>22 maart 1946</strong> noteerde Otto Frank: Werner Cahn-(Romein). <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein liet het manuscript lezen aan haar man, Jan Romein. Van zijn hand verscheen op de voorpagina van <em>Het Parool</em> van <strong>3 april 1946</strong> het artikel: <em>Kinderstem</em>. Hierna wil de Uitgeverij Contact het dagboek uitgeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Op <strong>10 september 1946</strong> stuurde Otto Frank het contract ondertekend terug naar Uitgeverij Contact. Hij had bedongen dat hij zelf de vertaal- en filmrechten behield en dat als het dagboek was uitverkocht de uitgever zich verplichtte na zes maanden een nieuwe uitgave voor te bereiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De basis voor de uitgave was het door Otto Frank samengestelde typescript II. De uitgever redigeerde deze tekst en verwijderde passages die met seksualiteit te maken hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het voorwoord was van Annie Romein-Verschoor en niet, zoals aanvankelijk het plan was, een aangepaste versie van het <em>Parool-</em>artikel <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern heeft verklaard dat hij het slotwoord had geschreven en dat Otto Frank het had aangepast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er verscheen een voorpublicaties van het dagboek in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste druk van het dagboek verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in een oplage van 3.000 exemplaren die begin <strong>juli 1947</strong> bij de uitgever waren uitverkocht.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'<em>Ja, Anne’s Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (…) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De tweede druk, in <strong>december 1947</strong>, had een oplage van 5.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Otto Frank Archief bevindt zich een namenlijst van de vrienden, bekenden, politici en hoogwaardigheidsbekleders aan wie Otto Frank een eerste druk van het dagboek toestuurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Hij bleef zich, ook na het verschijnen van de eerste editie, actief bezighouden met de uitgave van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x8dmg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1947-06-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"summary_nl": "De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd door Uitgeverij Contact.",
"summary_en": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124643,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471",
"name": "The diary of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Het dagboek van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The diary of Anne Frank",
"description": "<h1>Exactly what writings by Anne Frank have been preserved?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 June 1942</strong> was Anne Frank’s thirteenth birthday. Among the presents she received was a notebook: an almost square book with a red-white-gray checkered cover and a clasp. In this she was going to keep her diary. Her first diary ends on <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Her second surviving diary book, a school exercise book, begins on 22 December 1943 and continues up to 17 April 1944. It is highly improbable that Anne Frank did not keep a diary between <strong>December 1942 and December 1943</strong>, so we must assume that this section has been lost. Her third and last diary volume, also a school exercise book, begins on <strong>17 April 1944</strong> and ends on <strong>1 August 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Other texts</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides her diary, Anne also wrote <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> (Tales from the Secret Annex) in a large accounts book, and she filled a small, narrow cash book with quotations: her <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> (Favourite Quotes Notebook). This <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> and <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> have both been preserved.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Two versions</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>June 1942</strong> onwards, the diaries of Anne Frank describe in a penetrating way the daily life of the eight Jewish people in hiding in the annex on the Prinsengracht canal in Amsterdam. Anne Frank rewrote her diary entries herself in the annex, with a view to them possibly being published after the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She did this on sheets of carbon copy paper: the so-called “loose sheets.” On these loose sheets of paper she reorganised and rewrote her earlier diary entries: she reordered texts, sometimes combining entries from various dates under one date, and considerably shortening some sections. In this way she created a second version, in which the events of<strong> December 1942 to December 1943</strong> are described. The loose sheets have been preserved: their last entries date from <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. So the first version of the diary was not fully preserved, while the second version was unfinished.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Preparing for publication</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To help in the search for a publisher for <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (The Secret Annex, as Anne had named her second version) Otto Frank had parts of the diary entries typed out in <strong>late 1945</strong>.<br />\r\nIn doing so he left out some sections, moved others and made some corrections. This created a typescript, but it was not yet a book. At Otto Frank’s request, his friend Albert Cauvern then made a second typescript. With Otto Frank’s permission, Cauvern changed nine of the thirteen names that Anne herself – with a view to possible publication – had invented for the people in hiding in the secret annexe and their helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Both typescripts have been preserved. Finally, an editor from Contact Publishers became the third person to work on the texts, correcting typing errors and bringing the manuscript into line with the publisher’s style guide. All of this resulted in the first Dutch publication of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Three versions under one cover</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, who died <strong>19 August 1980</strong>, stated in his will that all of his daughter’s manuscripts should be left to the Dutch nation. The Dutch government transferred the stewardship of the manuscripts to the National Institute for War Documentation (<em>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, RIOD), which later became the Dutch Institute for War Documentation (<em>Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, NIOD).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong>, RIOD published the three versions of the diary described above – the preserved original diary entries, the version rewritten by Anne Frank herself, and the edition compiled by Otto Frank and published by Contact Publishers in <strong>1947</strong> – together under one cover: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Five pages surface in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong>, five previously unknown pages from the diary of Anne Frank turned up. They were five loose sheets that Otto Frank had already set apart before the publication of the diary in <em>1947</em>. In all probability, Otto Frank did not want to make these diary fragments public because of Anne’s rather hurtful observations about his first wife, who died in Auschwitz, and their marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They were made public by Cor Suyk, a former employee of the Anne Frank House. Suyk’s explanation was that Otto Frank had given him the five sheets for safe keeping. The loose sheets were sold by Suyk to the Dutch nation, and subsequently added to the rest of the diary, which was held by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). The five pages were first included in the fifth, revised edition of <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The NIOD asked the Forensic Institute – which had already carried out extensive research into the authenticity of the diary in the first half of the <strong>1980’s</strong> – to also investigate these five loose sheets. The Forensic Institute concluded after forensic document and handwriting analysis that ‘the handwriting in the questioned documents and the handwriting in the reference material, consisting of loose sheets in the diary of Anne Frank, were produced – with a probability bordering on certainty – by the same hand.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is the most certain degree of identification that the Netherlands Forensic Institute can give. In other words: there is no reason whatsoever to presume that the five returned loose sheets were not written by Anne Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986. For an American edition, see: <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J.Pomerans & Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleda, New York, NY: Doubleday, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001. For an American edition, see. <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>The Diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical Edition</em>, p. 184.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Welke geschriften van Anne Frank zijn precies bewaard gebleven?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 juni 1942</strong> was de dertiende verjaardag van Anne Frank. Ze kreeg onder andere een schrift: een bijna vierkant boekje met een harde rood-wit-grijs geruite omslag en een slotje. Hierin ging ze haar dagboek bijhouden. Haar eerste dagboek eindigt op <strong>5 december 1942</strong>. Haar tweede bewaard gebleven dagboek, een schoolschrift, begint op <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt door tot <strong>17 april 1944</strong>. Het is zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat Anne Frank tussen <strong>december 1942 en december 1943</strong> geen dagboek heeft bijgehouden, dus we moeten aannemen dat dit deel verloren is gegaan. Haar derde en laatste dagboekdeel, ook een schoolschrift, begint op <strong>17 april 1944</strong> en eindigt op <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Andere teksten</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast haar dagboek schreef Anne ook <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> in een grootboek en vulde zij een klein, smal kasboek met citaten: haar <em>Mooie Zinnenboek</em>. Dit <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> en <em>Mooie Zinnenboek</em> zijn beide bewaard gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Twee versies</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank beschrijven vanaf<strong> juni 1942</strong> op indringende wijze het dagelijks leven van de acht Joodse onderduikers in het achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. In het achterhuis heeft Anne Frank haar dagboekaantekeningen zelf herschreven met het oog op eventuele publicatie na de oorlog.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zij deed dit op vellen doorschrijfpapier: de zogenaamde "losse vellen". Op deze losse vellen reorganiseerde en herschreef zij haar eerdere dagboekaantekeningen: zij herschikte teksten, voegde soms aantekeningen van verschillende data samen onder één datum en kortte sommige delen aanzienlijk in. Zo ontstond een tweede versie, waarin de gebeurtenissen van <strong>december 1942 tot december 1943</strong> worden beschreven. De losse vellen zijn bewaard gebleven: de laatste aantekeningen ervan dateren van <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. De eerste versie van het dagboek is dus niet volledig bewaard gebleven, terwijl de tweede versie onvoltooid is gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Voorbereiding voor publicatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om een uitgever te vinden voor <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (zoals Anne haar tweede versie had genoemd) liet Otto Frank <strong>eind 1945</strong> delen van de dagboekaantekeningen uittypen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarbij heeft hij sommige delen weggelaten, andere verplaatst en enkele correcties aangebracht. Zo ontstond een typoscript, maar het was nog geen boek. Op verzoek van Otto Frank maakte zijn vriend Albert Cauvern vervolgens een tweede typoscript. Met toestemming van Otto Frank veranderde Cauvern negen van de dertien namen die Anne zelf - met het oog op eventuele publicatie - had bedacht voor de onderduikers in het achterhuis en hun helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beide typoscripten zijn bewaard gebleven. Tenslotte heeft een redacteur van Uitgeverij Contact als derde aan de teksten gewerkt, typefouten gecorrigeerd en het manuscript in overeenstemming gebracht met de stijlgids van de uitgeverij. Dit alles resulteerde in de eerste Nederlandse uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>juni 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7y1w\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Drie versies onder één omslag</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, die op <strong>19 augustus 1980</strong> overleed, verklaarde in zijn testament dat alle manuscripten van zijn dochter aan de Nederlandse staat moesten worden nagelaten. De Nederlandse regering droeg het beheer van de manuscripten over aan het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (RIOD), dat later het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) werd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong> publiceerde het RIOD de drie hierboven beschreven versies van het dagboek - de bewaard gebleven originele dagboekaantekeningen, de door Anne Frank zelf herschreven versie en de door Otto Frank samengestelde uitgave die in <strong>1947</strong> door uitgeverij Contact werd uitgegeven - samen onder één omslag: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3n2i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vijf pagina's duiken op in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong> doken vijf voorheen onbekende pagina's uit het dagboek van Anne Frank op. Het waren vijf losse bladen die Otto Frank al voor de publicatie van het dagboek in <strong>1947</strong> apart had gelegd. Otto Frank wilde deze dagboekfragmenten naar alle waarschijnlijkheid niet openbaar maken vanwege Annes nogal kwetsende opmerkingen over zijn in Auschwitz omgekomen eerste vrouw en hun huwelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze zijn openbaar gemaakt door Cor Suyk, een voormalig medewerker van de Anne Frank Stichting. Suyk's verklaring was dat Otto Frank hem de vijf bladen in bewaring had gegeven. De losse vellen zijn door Suyk verkocht aan de Nederlandse staat en vervolgens gevoegd bij de rest van het dagboek, dat bij het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) berustte. De vijf pagina's werden voor het eerst opgenomen in de vijfde druk van <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"t4ija\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<!-- gevolgd door <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank: Herziene Kritische Editie</em> (2003).--></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het NIOD heeft het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium - dat in de eerste helft van de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> al uitgebreid onderzoek had gedaan naar de authenticiteit van het dagboek - gevraagd ook deze vijf losse bladen te onderzoeken. Het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium concludeerde na forensisch document- en handschriftonderzoek dat 'het schrift voorkomend op het te onderzoeken materiaal enerzijds en het referentiemateriaal, bestaande uit het schrift op de losse vellen van het dagboek van Anne Frank anderzijds, zijn met aan zekerheid grenzende waarschijnlijkheid van dezelfde hand'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"khtpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dat is de meest zekere mate van identificatie die het Nederlands Gerechtelijk Laboratorium kan geven. Met andere woorden: er is geen enkele reden om aan te nemen dat de vijf geretourneerde losse vellen niet door Anne Frank zijn geschreven.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7y1w\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3n2i2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t4ija\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"khtpk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, p. 209.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Exactly what writings by Anne Frank have been preserved?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 June 1942</strong> was Anne Frank’s thirteenth birthday. Among the presents she received was a notebook: an almost square book with a red-white-gray checkered cover and a clasp. In this she was going to keep her diary. Her first diary ends on <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Her second surviving diary book, a school exercise book, begins on 22 December 1943 and continues up to 17 April 1944. It is highly improbable that Anne Frank did not keep a diary between <strong>December 1942 and December 1943</strong>, so we must assume that this section has been lost. Her third and last diary volume, also a school exercise book, begins on <strong>17 April 1944</strong> and ends on <strong>1 August 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Other texts</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides her diary, Anne also wrote <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> (Tales from the Secret Annex) in a large accounts book, and she filled a small, narrow cash book with quotations: her <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> (Favourite Quotes Notebook). This <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> and <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> have both been preserved.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Two versions</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>June 1942</strong> onwards, the diaries of Anne Frank describe in a penetrating way the daily life of the eight Jewish people in hiding in the annex on the Prinsengracht canal in Amsterdam. Anne Frank rewrote her diary entries herself in the annex, with a view to them possibly being published after the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She did this on sheets of carbon copy paper: the so-called “loose sheets.” On these loose sheets of paper she reorganised and rewrote her earlier diary entries: she reordered texts, sometimes combining entries from various dates under one date, and considerably shortening some sections. In this way she created a second version, in which the events of<strong> December 1942 to December 1943</strong> are described. The loose sheets have been preserved: their last entries date from <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. So the first version of the diary was not fully preserved, while the second version was unfinished.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Preparing for publication</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To help in the search for a publisher for <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (The Secret Annex, as Anne had named her second version) Otto Frank had parts of the diary entries typed out in <strong>late 1945</strong>.<br />\r\nIn doing so he left out some sections, moved others and made some corrections. This created a typescript, but it was not yet a book. At Otto Frank’s request, his friend Albert Cauvern then made a second typescript. With Otto Frank’s permission, Cauvern changed nine of the thirteen names that Anne herself – with a view to possible publication – had invented for the people in hiding in the secret annexe and their helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Both typescripts have been preserved. Finally, an editor from Contact Publishers became the third person to work on the texts, correcting typing errors and bringing the manuscript into line with the publisher’s style guide. All of this resulted in the first Dutch publication of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Three versions under one cover</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, who died <strong>19 August 1980</strong>, stated in his will that all of his daughter’s manuscripts should be left to the Dutch nation. The Dutch government transferred the stewardship of the manuscripts to the National Institute for War Documentation (<em>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, RIOD), which later became the Dutch Institute for War Documentation (<em>Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, NIOD).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong>, RIOD published the three versions of the diary described above – the preserved original diary entries, the version rewritten by Anne Frank herself, and the edition compiled by Otto Frank and published by Contact Publishers in <strong>1947</strong> – together under one cover: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Five pages surface in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong>, five previously unknown pages from the diary of Anne Frank turned up. They were five loose sheets that Otto Frank had already set apart before the publication of the diary in <em>1947</em>. In all probability, Otto Frank did not want to make these diary fragments public because of Anne’s rather hurtful observations about his first wife, who died in Auschwitz, and their marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They were made public by Cor Suyk, a former employee of the Anne Frank House. Suyk’s explanation was that Otto Frank had given him the five sheets for safe keeping. The loose sheets were sold by Suyk to the Dutch nation, and subsequently added to the rest of the diary, which was held by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). The five pages were first included in the fifth, revised edition of <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The NIOD asked the Forensic Institute – which had already carried out extensive research into the authenticity of the diary in the first half of the <strong>1980’s</strong> – to also investigate these five loose sheets. The Forensic Institute concluded after forensic document and handwriting analysis that ‘the handwriting in the questioned documents and the handwriting in the reference material, consisting of loose sheets in the diary of Anne Frank, were produced – with a probability bordering on certainty – by the same hand.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is the most certain degree of identification that the Netherlands Forensic Institute can give. In other words: there is no reason whatsoever to presume that the five returned loose sheets were not written by Anne Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986. For an American edition, see: <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J.Pomerans & Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleda, New York, NY: Doubleday, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001. For an American edition, see. <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>The Diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical Edition</em>, p. 184.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The \"Diary of Anne Frank\" refers to the various versions (A and B) of Anne Frank's handwritten diaries, as well as the trade editions and the stories.\r\nThe original diary of Anne Frank and a number of other documents written in her own hand have been exhibited in the Anne Frank House since 1986.",
"summary_nl": "Onder het dagboek van Anne Frank wordt verstaan de verschillende versies (A en B) van de handgeschreven dagboeken van Anne Frank, alsmede de handelsedities en de verhaaltjes.\r\nHet originele dagboek van Anne Frank en een aantal andere documenten van haar hand worden sinds 1986 tentoongesteld in het Anne Frank Huis.",
"summary_en": "The \"Diary of Anne Frank\" refers to the various versions (A and B) of Anne Frank's handwritten diaries, as well as the trade editions and the stories.\r\nThe original diary of Anne Frank and a number of other documents written in her own hand have been exhibited in the Anne Frank House since 1986.",
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"id": 396124590,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/8d6ef670-9210-45b5-8aa3-2a43fec200d7/",
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"uuid": "8d6ef670-9210-45b5-8aa3-2a43fec200d7",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman and the diary of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en het dagboek van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman and the diary of Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had a major role in commemorating Anne Frank and the other people in hiding between the end of World War II and his death in <strong>1959</strong>.<br />\r\nHe was involved in the first publication of Anne Frank's diary in <strong>1947</strong>. He was also involved in the publication of <em>Do You Remember?</em> and the <em>Fables and Short Stories</em><em> </em>and<em> </em>actively worked to tell the story of the people in hiding to a wide audience. He gave tours of the Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263 and corresponded about the memory of the people in hiding with several letter writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, bij remained involved in Otto Frank's business ventures, acting together with or on behalf of Otto Frank in that capacity. Johannes Kleiman also played a major role in the establishment and opening of the Anne Frank House and the Anne Frank Foundation. In doing so, he often stood in for Otto Frank, who lived in Basel, Switzerland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>No correspondence has survived from the years around the first diary publication, but it has been preserved pretty much from Otto Frank's departure for Switzerland. A few letters give a fragmentary impression of Kleiman's involvement. Otto himself conducted the correspondence with those people who received a copy of the diary. On <strong>13 October 1948</strong>, however, it was Kleiman who provided the accompanying letter to Dr J. Groen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several helpers described, possibly at Otto Frank's request, how they had met Anne and what they knew of her writing. Kleiman described how he once laid eyes on a letter Anne wrote to her grandma as an 11-year-old in which she wittily recounted how all the housemates and family members were making out. He also mentioned writing in her diary, and how in it she fantasised how she would later participate in normal life again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1952, </strong>Kleiman wrote to Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday about translations of the stories <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> and <em>Katrien</em>. Otto Frank was in Switzerland at the time, and subsequently left for England and America.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Apparently Kleiman took care of the ongoing business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>27 February 1953</strong>, Kleiman called Anne a mediocre pupil, but thought her descriptions of the teachers (Keesing and Biegel) showed<em> 'powers of observation and expression</em> '. He concluded the letter with a promotional P.S.:<em> 'You may be interested to know that a collection of stories and fairy tales by Anne Frank has also been published under the title: Do You Remember?'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank conducted the correspondence with publisher Contact about the diary and payments himself for many years. In a letter dated <strong>2 April 1957,</strong> Contact wrote that copies of the letters and financial statements were also sent to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had tussen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en zijn overlijden in <strong>1959</strong> een grote rol in de herdenking van Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers.<br />\r\nHij was betrokken bij de eerste publicatie van het dagboek van Anne Frank in <strong>1947</strong>. Ook was hij betrokken bij de publicatie van <em>Weet je nog?</em> en de <em>Verhaaltjes en </em>zette hij zich actief in om het verhaal van de onderduikers te vertellen aan een groot publiek. Hij gaf rondleidingen in het Achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263 en correspondeerde over de herinnering aan de onderduik met meerdere briefschrijvers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast bleef bij betrokken bij de zakelijke ondernemingen van Otto Frank, en trad in die hoedanigheid samen of namens Otto Frank op. Johannes Kleiman speelde ook een grote rol bij de totstandkoming en openstelling van het Anne Frank Huis en de Anne Frank Stichting. Hij nam daarbij vaak de honneurs waar van Otto Frank, die in het Zwitserse Bazel woonde.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de jaren rond de eerste dagboekuitgave is geen correspondentie bewaard gebleven, wel zo ongeveer vanaf het vertrek van Otto Frank naar Zwitserland. Enkele brieven geven een fragmentarische indruk van Kleimans betrokkenheid. Otto voerde zelf de correspondentie met degenen, die een exemplaar van het dagboek kregen. Op <strong>13 oktober 1948 </strong>echter was het Kleiman die het begeleidend schrijven aan dr. J. Groen verzorgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende helpers beschreven, mogelijk op verzoek van Otto Frank, hoe ze Anne hadden leren kennen en wat ze van haar schrijven wisten. Kleiman beschreef hoe hij eens een brief, die Anne als elfjarige aan oma hand geschreven, onder ogen kreeg waarin zij op geestige wijze verhaalde hoe alle huisgenoten en familieleden het maakten. Ook noemde hij het schrijven van haar dagboek, en hoe zij daarin fantaseerde hoe ze later weer aan het gewone leven zou deelnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>2 september 1952 </strong>schreef Kleiman met Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday over vertalingen van de verhaaltjes <em>Blurry</em> en <em>Katrientje</em>. Otto Frank bevond zich toen in Zwitserland, en zou daarna naar Engeland en Amerika vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Blijkbaar nam Kleiman de lopende zaken waar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde Anne in een brief van <strong>27 februari 1953 </strong>een middelmatige scholier, maar vond haar beschrijvingen van de leraren (Keesing en Biegel) getuigen van '<em>opmerkings- en uitdrukkingsvermogen</em>.' Hij besloot de brief met het wervende P.S.: '<em>Wellicht interesseert het U te weten, dat er van Anne Frank eveneens een bundeltje verhaaltjes en sprookjes is verschenen onder de titel: Weet je nog.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De correspondentie met uitgeverij Contact over het dagboek en de afrekeningen voerde Otto Frank jarenlang zelf. In een brief van <strong>2 april 1957</strong> schreef Contact dat kopieën van brief en afrekening eveneens naar Kleiman werden gestuurd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had a major role in commemorating Anne Frank and the other people in hiding between the end of World War II and his death in <strong>1959</strong>.<br />\r\nHe was involved in the first publication of Anne Frank's diary in <strong>1947</strong>. He was also involved in the publication of <em>Do You Remember?</em> and the <em>Fables and Short Stories</em><em> </em>and<em> </em>actively worked to tell the story of the people in hiding to a wide audience. He gave tours of the Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263 and corresponded about the memory of the people in hiding with several letter writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, bij remained involved in Otto Frank's business ventures, acting together with or on behalf of Otto Frank in that capacity. Johannes Kleiman also played a major role in the establishment and opening of the Anne Frank House and the Anne Frank Foundation. In doing so, he often stood in for Otto Frank, who lived in Basel, Switzerland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>No correspondence has survived from the years around the first diary publication, but it has been preserved pretty much from Otto Frank's departure for Switzerland. A few letters give a fragmentary impression of Kleiman's involvement. Otto himself conducted the correspondence with those people who received a copy of the diary. On <strong>13 October 1948</strong>, however, it was Kleiman who provided the accompanying letter to Dr J. Groen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several helpers described, possibly at Otto Frank's request, how they had met Anne and what they knew of her writing. Kleiman described how he once laid eyes on a letter Anne wrote to her grandma as an 11-year-old in which she wittily recounted how all the housemates and family members were making out. He also mentioned writing in her diary, and how in it she fantasised how she would later participate in normal life again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1952, </strong>Kleiman wrote to Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday about translations of the stories <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> and <em>Katrien</em>. Otto Frank was in Switzerland at the time, and subsequently left for England and America.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Apparently Kleiman took care of the ongoing business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>27 February 1953</strong>, Kleiman called Anne a mediocre pupil, but thought her descriptions of the teachers (Keesing and Biegel) showed<em> 'powers of observation and expression</em> '. He concluded the letter with a promotional P.S.:<em> 'You may be interested to know that a collection of stories and fairy tales by Anne Frank has also been published under the title: Do You Remember?'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank conducted the correspondence with publisher Contact about the diary and payments himself for many years. In a letter dated <strong>2 April 1957,</strong> Contact wrote that copies of the letters and financial statements were also sent to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jo Kleiman was involved in publishing Anne Frank's diary and stories.",
"summary_nl": "Jo Kleiman had bemoeienissen met de uitgave van het dagboek en de verhaaltjes van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Jo Kleiman was involved in publishing Anne Frank's diary and stories.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 197,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124614,
"image": {
"id": 1013,
"uuid": "dab8b2a0-ff64-4eff-b2bf-b9d9a810bc28",
"name": "Krantenknipsels",
"title": "Krantenknipsels",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Krantenknipsels.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Otto Frank wijdde een deel van zijn tijd aan processen tegen neonazis die beweerden dat het dagboek van zijn dochter een vervalsing was.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455",
"name": "Otto Frank and the attacks on the authenticity of the diary",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en de aanvallen op de authenticiteit van het dagboek",
"name_en": "Otto Frank and the attacks on the authenticity of the diary",
"description": "<h1>The first allegations</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first allegations against the diary came in 1957 and 1958 in obscure Swedish and Norwegian periodicals. In them, among other claims, it was alleged that the American journalist and novelist Meyer Levin was the author of the diary. Levin wanted to make a stage adaptation and a film of the diary in the USA, but was not supported in this by Otto Frank. The conflict between Meyer Levin and Otto Frank reached the press, and was used by right-wing extremists as an argument to call the authenticity of the diary into question. It is unclear whether these first attacks on the diary were seen by Otto Frank, but the fact is that he did not lodge a complaint.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lothar Stielau and Heinrich Buddeberg</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Early in 1959 he lodged a criminal complaint on the grounds of libel, slander, defamation, maligning the memory of a deceased person and antisemitic utterances against the German teacher Lothar Stielau (a teacher of English in Lübeck, and member of the extreme right-wing Deutsche Reichspartei). Stielau wrote in the magazine of the <em>Vereinigung ehemaliger Schüler und der Freunde der Oberschüle zur Dom e.V. Lübeck</em> of <strong>10 October 1958</strong>, an essay "Tom Sawyer's grosses Abenteuer", which included the passage: '<em>‘The forged diaries of Eva Braun, of the Queen of England and the hardly more authentic one of Anne Frank may have earned several millions for the profiteers from Germany's defeat, but they have also raised our own hackles quite a bit.’</em>' (<em>'Die gefälschten Tagebücher der Eva Braun, der Königin von England und das nicht viel echtere der Anne Frank haben den Nutzniessern </em><em>der deutschen Niederlage zwar einige Millionen eingebracht, uns dafür aber auch recht empfindlich werden lassen.' ) </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was a witness in the case, as were (among others) Miep Gies, Jan Gies and Bep Voskuyl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank, the publishers G. Bermann-Fischer and Lambert Schneider felt Stielau's allegation of falsity and the qualification 'profiteers of the German defeat' were attacks on their honour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 October 1961,</strong> the case was heard before the <em>III. Strafkammer des Landgericht Lübeck</em>. Otto Frank also acted as a co-plaintiff. His criminal complaint was also directed against Stielau’s fellow party member Heinrich Buddeberg, who defended Stielau in a letter sent to the <em>Lübecker Nachrichten</em> newspaper. Following a detailed and thorough investigation into the authenticity of Anne Frank’s handwriting, the District Court in Lübeck ruled that the diary was authentic, and Otto Frank’s complaint was upheld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A sentence was never passed because Stielau and Buddeberg withdrew their allegations on the basis of the preliminary investigation. This investigation and the cross-examination of the witnesses had convinced them that the diary was genuine. They expressed remorse over their statements, which they had made without any attempted corroboration. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As a result, Otto Frank and the others withdrew their complaint, so the trial did not proceed any further. At this, Otto Frank agreed to a settlement, something that he later regretted: ‘<em>Had I but known that there would be people who would consider a settlement in this case as insufficient proof [of the authenticity of the diary], I should certainly not have dropped the case.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq0c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Walter Hainke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 November 1966</strong>, the Oberstaatsanwalt in Darmstadt wrote to Otto Frank about a letter, which Walter Hainke, in April of that year, had sent to the mayor of Offenbach. This was in response to the decision to name a new school in Offenbach <em>Anne Frank Schule</em>. Walter Hainke called Anne the<em> "bedaurenwertens an Fleckfieber verstorbenes Mädchen"</em>, who was abused after her death by her<em> "geschäftstüchtige"</em> family, which earned fortunes from the obviously forged diary. The Oberstaatsanwalt gave Otto Frank the opportunity to file a criminal complaint.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo082\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank did so on <strong>9 December 1966.</strong> He was prepared to withdraw his complaint if Hainke publicly recanted his allegations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"estvo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 February 1967</strong>, Otto Frank withdrew his indictment, despite the dubious wording of Hainke's recantation. Otto Frank felt that the case deserved little public attention and did not want additional attention through a trial. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rotns\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Publisher Ullstein and David Irving</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the introduction to the book <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, David Irving wrote in <strong>1975</strong>:<em> 'Viele Fälschungen sind aktenkundig wie diejenige des Tagebuchs der Anne Frank, hier erbrachte ein von einem New-Yorker Drehbuchautor angestrengter Zivilprozess den Beweis, dass er es in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Vater des Mädchens geschrieben hatte hatte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote an affidavit <strong>on 12 October 1975</strong> in which he asserted that he was Anne's father, that the diary had been written by Anne herself and that in the Stielau case this had been sufficiently established - also by graphological research.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 27 October 1975,</strong> Ernst Cramer of Axel Springer Verlag (which had had a majority stake in Ullstein since 1959) wrote a letter of apology to Otto Frank. The order to remove the challenged passage from Irving's preface had been given months earlier, but the verification of its execution had gone wrong. Ties with Irving had since been severed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote on <strong>30 October 1975</strong> to his lawyer F. Fafflok that, although courteously stated, he took Cramer's letter as insincere. He did not believe in the order referred to and stressed the fact that the announcement of the book appeared in National Socialist magazines.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok wrote to Ullstein <strong>on 14 November 1975</strong> asking for compensation of DM 30,000 on behalf of Otto Frank, which would benefit the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"truiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank said that he initially went after the publisher for making the various disclosures and causing the damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06do3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Around <strong>27 November 1975,</strong> Otto Frank noted that he was not aware of any attacks on the authenticity of the diary since the Stielau case in 1961. After the publication of Irving's book, they increased again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"571d1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 16 December 1975,</strong> Otto Frank approached an English lawyer to find out whether he could have Irving prosecuted (although the book had not been published in English).<sup data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 9 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank expressed dissatisfaction with the pace at which Fafflok was tackling the Ullstein case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> According to a letter from Fafflok, allegations of falsity of the diary had now appeared in <em>Das Ostpreussenblatt, Deutsche Wochenzeitung and Neue Ordnung, </em>among others<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"112s5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 22 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank wrote that he had been told from England that the chances against Irving were slim because his book had not been released there. <sup data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok called on Ullstein on <strong>18 February 1976</strong> on behalf of Otto Frank to publish in major daily and weekly newspapers no later than <strong>26 February 1976</strong> the notice that the claim in Irving's preface was incorrect, and that the authenticity of the diary was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v115w\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The <em>Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Büchhandlung</em> published Ullstein's correction <strong>on 30 April 1976</strong>, although in more circumlocutory terms than Otto Frank would have liked. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>On 16 June 1976</strong> Kempner wrote to Otto Frank that Ernst Cramer of Springer Verlag offered the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Springer Verlag would pay DM 7,000 to Otto Frank/the Anne Frank House. In addition, Mr Springer would pay a further DM 10,000 to the Anne Frank House.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would pay all court and legal fees.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would again place an announcement in the <em>Börsenblatt</em> and would call writers/publishers to account in the event of new allegations of forgery. <sup data-footnote-id=\"z3484\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 21 June 1976</strong> Otto Frank replied to Kempner that he accepted the proposal. He also informed Fafflok accordingly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Thereafter, the Irving issue remained quiet for over two years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>15 October 1979</strong>, Irving made a proposal to Otto Frank to have the diaries examined for authenticity by the firm Hehner & Cox, which had unmasked Canaris and Mussolini forgeries, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank replied on <strong>23 October 1979</strong> that he had already acceded to a similar request from the Hamburg court on condition that the taking of paper and ink samples would be done in his presence in Switzerland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"imk81\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving again urged Otto Frank on <strong>2 November 1979</strong> to submit to investigation by Hehner & Cox, suggesting that rejection indicated there was something to hide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> <strong>On 16 November 1979,</strong> Otto Frank replied that he trusted the competence of an expert appointed by a German court and did not appreciate further correspondence in the matter. <sup data-footnote-id=\"srruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving wrote to Otto Frank on <strong>16 January 1980</strong> that the latter wrongly refused to have the diary subjected to an impartial investigation. He believed this would reinforce the idea of a post-war fabrication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> On <strong>4 February 1980</strong>, Irving sent Otto Frank a letter indicating that he had engaged a lawyer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> The Otto Frank Archive contains no further correspondence in this matter.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Richard Harwood</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the aftermath of the Ullstein/Irving affair, Otto Frank came across a piece by Richard Harwood, published by the <em>Historical Review Press</em> in Surrey. He expressed his intention to bring a case against it as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>11 March 1976</strong>: Harwood turned out to be the pseudonym of Richard Verrall. He appeared to be a member of the National Front. However, this was not certain. The pamphlet in question was titled <em>Did Six Million Really Die?</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>30 November 1976</strong>: British magazine <em>Searchlight</em> determined that Harwood was indeed Verrall. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 December 1976</strong>: Otto Frank wanted to bring a case against Verrall, but doubted whether <em>Searchlight'</em> s evidence was even legally conclusive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>5 December 1977</strong>: Otto Frank and the other members of the Anne Frank Fund (Fritzi Frank-Markovits, Buddy Elias, Stephan Elias, Vincent Frank, Ernst Levy) decided to take legal action against Verrall and the <em>Historical Review Press.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 May 1979</strong>: Otto Frank finally decided to abandon a court case in England, mainly for health reasons. <sup data-footnote-id=\"285e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>It was pointed out to him from various quarters that there were opportunities to testify without travelling to London and appearing in court in person. Such suggestions came from the British judiciary, among other places. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 August 1979</strong>: given the major interest in the matter and the possibility of testifying from Switzerland, Otto Frank agreed to continue the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>18 March 1980</strong>: Fritzi Frank-Markovits wrote to Appleman, who was going to bring the case, that Otto Frank was very ill. Moreover, the English consulate in Basel had now been closed, making it impossible to give testimony there. She also pointed out that the case had been stalled for seven months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>With that, the case petered out.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Robert Faurisson</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the Anne Frank House, Otto Frank received a letter dated <strong>5 March</strong> <strong>1977 </strong>from Faurisson, who expressed interest in the diary as a scholar at the University of Lyon. Otto replied that he was willing to receive him on <strong>9 March 1977</strong> and show him the original diaries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>30 March</strong> <strong>1977</strong>, Otto Frank described Faurisson as an unsympathetic and suspicious man.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> On <strong>5 April 1978</strong>, Otto wrote that he had bad experiences with Faurisson, calling him a "disturbed man". According to Otto Frank, Faurisson did not believe the whole story of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the course of his research, Faurisson also wrote to Kugler (on <strong>28 March 1977</strong>), the Gies couple (on <strong>4 September 1978</strong>), among others<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> and he visited Bep Voskuijl at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Heinz Roth</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1976, Otto Frank brought a legal action before the District Court in Frankfurt against Heinz Roth, from Odenhausen in Germany. Through his own publishing company, Roth had distributed numerous neo-Nazi pamphlets with titles like <em>The Diary of Anne Frank – A Forgery</em>, and <em>The Diary of Anne Frank – The Great Fraud</em>, and in a reader's letter in <em>Neue Ordnung</em> he denied the authenticity of the diary, refering to the book of Robert Irving. Otto also responded with a letter to the editor, which was not initially published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote on <strong>30 March 1976</strong> that charges were pending against Roth, and that complaints had been made about the distribution of his pamphlet in Bochum, Hamburg and Wiesbaden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 June</strong> <strong>1978</strong>, the Frankfurt am Main court banned Roth from making certain claims in his publications. This concerned in particular the claims that the diary was a forgery and a scam by Otto Frank, and that this had been a proven fact for more than a decade. The court imposed a fine of DM500,000 or six months' imprisonment for each offence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> On appeal, Roth put forward the report of the French scientist Robert Faurisson in his defence, but this did not convince the German court. Although he had died in 1978, a higher appeal was still submitted to the Federal Supreme Court, which referred the case back to the Court of Appeal in Frankfurt. According to the Supreme Court, Roth had had too little opportunity to prove his allegations, and he should be given this opportunity in a retrial. The fact that the defendant had already been dead for two years apparently played no role in this judgement: ultimately the case never came before the Frankfurt Court of Appeal.Roth appealed, but this was rejected in <strong>1979</strong>. In the end, the case was not heard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"znwox\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ernst Römer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On the ocasion of the performances of <em>Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> in Hamburg, Römer distributed pamphlets in <strong>February 1976</strong>. These contained a translation of an article from the <em>Historical Review Press</em>. The pamphlet had the headline<em> 'Best-seller, ein Schwindel'</em>, and reappeared with the story about compensation to Meyer Levin. Otto Frank filed a lawsuit <strong>on 15 March 1976</strong>. Again, the findings of Minna Becker and Dr Hübner were cited. Römer was given a fine of DM 1,500.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank acted as a co-plaintiff and witness in this case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Edgar Werner Geiss</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During an appeal hearing in the Römer case on <strong>28 August 1978</strong>, Geiss distributed pamphlets attacking the authenticity of the diary. Geiss also arrived with Meyer Levin. He was sentenced to six months with the alternative of a fine of DM 1,500.<sup data-footnote-id=\"302xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Start of the ballpoint myth</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1-2 April 1980</strong>: In the Birsfelden town hall, experts examined the manuscripts on behalf of the Hamburg court. This was in connection with the cases against Römer and Geiss. They took samples of the paper and ink, and found, among other things, that correction marks - partly with biros due to later editing - had been applied. The paper and high-iron gallnut ink used were very common before <strong>1950</strong>. The exact age of the papers and inscriptions could not be determined unequivocally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> Otto was already too ill at that point to play any part in it. At the time of his death, two cases were still running, one in Hamburg and one in Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Aanklacht van de Staatsanwalt Lübeck, 13 januari 1961. De helpers leggen verklaringen af over de onderduikperiode en het schrijven van Anne.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_104: Tenlastelegging tegen Stielau en Buddeberg, p. 15. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 28 augustus 1975. Kempner was assistent-aanklager in de Neurenberg-processen en schreef <em>Anne Frank und Edith Stein. Zwei von Hunderttausend</em> (1968). Vanwege zijn persoonlijke bekendheid met Ullstein bemiddelt hij in de controverse op de achtergrond. Het Duitse strafrecht kent de mogelijkheid dat in bepaalde gevallen naast de staat, ook familieleden als aanklagers optreden. Otto Frank benutte die mogelijkheid verschillende keren.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq0c7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, prep. by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation; introd. by Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom and David Barnouw; with a summary of the report by the Netherlands Forensic Institute comp. by H.J.J. Hardy; ed. by David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom; transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003, p. 90.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo082\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Staatsaanwalt Bluhm aan Otto Frank, 21 november 1966</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"estvo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan Staatsaanwalt Bluhm, 9 december 1966. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rotns\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan herr Oberstatsanwalt, 18 februari 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Irving, <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1975; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan zijn juridisch adviseur Fritz Fafflok, 25 september 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Verklaring Otto Frank, 12 oktober 1975. Belangrijke getuigen-deskundigen in de Stielau zaak waren dr. Minna Becker, die handschrift onderzoek deed, en dr. Anne Marie Hübner. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Ernst Cramer aan Otto Frank, 27 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 30 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"truiz\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 14 november 1975. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06do3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 27 november 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"571d1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: P.S. voor Fritz Fafflok in conceptbrief Otto Frank aan W.J. Siedler van Ullstein. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Andrew Bateson. Bateson heeft al eerder een succesvol proces tegen Irving gevoerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 9 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"112s5\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld (Institute of Jewish Affairs, London).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v115w\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 18 februari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Advertentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z3484\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Robert Kempner aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 21 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 15 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"imk81\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 23 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 2 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srruq\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 16 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 16 januari 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 4 februari 1980. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 22 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Martin Savitt aan Otto Frank. Savitt is voorzitter van de Defence & Group Relations Department van The Board of Deputies of British Jews.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Anne Frank Stichting aan Otto Frank, 30 november 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Maurice Ludmer, 4 december 1976. Ludmer is hoofdredactreur van Searchlight.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Memorandum Anne Frank-Fonds.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"285e0\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Martin Savitt, 22 mei 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 16 augustus 1979. Appleman is advocaat bij Parmenter & Co. en behandelt de zaak in Engeland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Fritzi Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 18 maart 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Robert Faurisson, 9 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan L. de Jong, 30 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan C. Blom, 5 april 1978. Blom is een vroegere medewerker van Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Diverse correspondentie inzake Faurisson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Bep Voskuijl aan Otto en Fritzi Frank, 29 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976 en Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 21 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 30 maart 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_bdoc_03: Vonnis Landgericht Frankfurt am Main, 22 juni 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"znwox\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Website Anne Frank Stichting, "The authenticity of the diary of Anne Frank | Anne Frank House" (<a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/authenticity-diary-anne-frank/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/authenticity-diary-anne-frank</a>, geraadpleegd 20 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgerich Hamburg, 13 januari 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Antwoord op vragen in Senaat van Hamburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"302xv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgericht Hamburg-Altona, 6 april 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Rapport Bundeskriminalamt, 28 mei 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_062: Necrologie Otto Frank door: onbekend, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_nl": "<h1>De eerste aantijgingen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste aantijgingen tegen het dagboek verschenen in <strong>1957</strong> en <strong>1958</strong> in obscure Zweedse en Noorse tijdschriften. Daarin werd onder meer beweerd dat de Amerikaanse journalist en romanschrijver Meyer Levin de auteur van het dagboek was. Levin wilde in de VS een toneelbewerking en een film van het dagboek maken, maar werd daarin niet gesteund door Otto Frank. Het conflict tussen Meyer Levin en Otto Frank haalde de pers en werd door rechtsextremisten gebruikt als argument om de authenticiteit van het dagboek in twijfel te trekken. Het is onduidelijk of Otto Frank deze eerste aanvallen op het dagboek heeft gezien, maar feit is dat hij geen klacht heeft ingediend.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lothar Stielau en Heinrich Buddeberg</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin 1959 diende Otto tegen de Duitse leraar Lothar Stielau (leraar Engels in Lübeck en lid van de extreem-rechtse <em>Deutsche Reichspartei</em>) een strafklacht in wegens smaad, laster, laster, belastering van de nagedachtenis van een overledene en antisemitische uitlatingen. Stielau schreef in het blad van de <em>Vereinigung ehemaliger Schüler und der Freunde der Oberschüle zur Dom e.V. Lübeck</em> van <strong>10 oktober 1958</strong> een opstel "Tom Sawyers grosses Abenteuer"met daarin de passage: "De vervalste dagboeken van Eva Braun, van de koningin van Engeland en het nauwelijks authentiekere dagboek van Anne Frank hebben de profiteurs van de Duitse nederlaag weliswaar enkele miljoenen opgeleverd, maar ze hebben ook onze eigen hachjes flink opgestookt." ('<em>Die gefälschten Tagebücher der Eva Braun, der Königin von England und das nicht viel echtere der Anne Frank haben den Nutzniessern </em><em>der deutschen Niederlage zwar einige Millionen eingebracht, uns dafür aber auch recht empfindlich werden lassen.' </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was getuige in de zaak, net als (o.a.) Miep Gies, Jan Gies en Bep Voskuyl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank, de uitgevers G. Bermann-Fischer en Lambert Schneider voelden zich door de aantijging van Stielau over de onechtheid en door de kwalificatie 'profiteurs van de Duitse nederlaag' in hun eer gekrenkt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>17 oktober 1961</strong> diende de zaak voor de <em>III. Strafkammer des Landgericht Lübeck</em>. Otto Frank trad ook op als nevenaanklager. Zijn strafklacht was ook gericht tegen Stielau's partijgenoot Heinrich Buddeberg, die hem verdedigde in een brief aan de krant <em>Lübecker Nachrichten</em>. Na een uitgebreid en grondig onderzoek naar de echtheid van het handschrift van Anne Frank oordeelde de rechtbank in Lübeck dat het dagboek authentiek was en werd de klacht van Otto Frank gegrond verklaard.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een vonnis is nooit uitgesproken omdat Stielau en Buddeberg op basis van het vooronderzoek hun beschuldigingen introkken. Dit onderzoek en het kruisverhoor van de getuigen hadden hen ervan overtuigd dat het dagboek echt was. Zij betuigden spijt over hun verklaringen, die zij zonder poging tot bevestiging hadden afgelegd. Dientengevolge trokken Otto Frank en de anderen hun klacht in, waardoor het proces geen verdere doorgang vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hierop ging Otto Frank akkoord met een schikking, iets waar hij later spijt van kreeg: Als ik geweten had dat er mensen zijn voor wie een vergelijk in deze zaak iet als onvoldoende bewijs geldt [voor de echtheid van het dagboek], had ik het proeces wel doorgezet."<sup data-footnote-id=\"yd2zk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Walter Hainke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Oberstaatsanwalt in Darmstadt schreef op <strong>21 november 1966</strong> aan Otto Frank over een brief, die Walter Hainke, in april van dat jaar, aan de burgemeester van Offenbach stuurde. Dit naar aanleiding van het besluit een nieuwe school in Offenbach <em>Anne Frank Schule</em> te noemen. Walter Hainke noemde Anne het '<em>bedaurenwertens an Fleckfieber verstorbenes Mädchen'</em>, dat na haar dood werd misbruikt door haar '<em>geschäftstüchtige'</em> familie, die aan het overduidelijk vervalste dagboek schatten verdiende. De Oberstaatsanwalt stelde Otto Frank in de gelegenheid een strafklacht in te dienen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo082\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank deed dat op <strong>9 december 1966.</strong> Hij was bereid zijn klacht in te trekken als Hainke zijn beweringen openlijk zou herroepen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"estvo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 februari 1967</strong> trok Otto Frank zijn aanklacht in, ondanks de dubieuze formulering van Hainkes herroeping. Otto Frank vond dat de zaak weinig publieke aandacht verdiende en wilde geen extra aandacht door een proces. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rotns\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Uitgeverij Ullstein en David Irving</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de inleiding van het boek <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em> schreef David Irving in <strong>1975</strong>: '<em>Viele Fälschungen sind aktenkundig wie diejenige des Tagebuchs der Anne Frank, hier erbrachte ein von einem New-Yorker Drehbuchautor angestrengter Zivilprozess den Beweis, dass er es in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Vater des Mädchens geschrieben hatte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef <strong>12 oktober 1975</strong> een beëdigde verklaring waarin hij stelde de vader van Anne te zijn, dat het dagboek door Anne zelf was geschreven en dat dit in de zaak-Stielau genoegzaam - ook door grafologisch onderzoek - iwas vastgesteld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>27 oktober 1975</strong> schreef Ernst Cramer van Axel Springer Verlag (meerderheidsbelang in Ullstein sinds 1959) een excuusbrief aan Otto Frank. De opdracht om de gewraakte passage uit het voorwoord van Irving te schrappen, was al maanden eerder gegeven, maar de controle op de uitvoering was misgegaan. De banden met Irving waren inmiddels verbroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef <strong>30 oktober 1975</strong> aan zijn advocaat F. Fafflok dat hij de brief van Cramer, hoewel hoffelijk gesteld, als onoprecht opvatte. Hij geloofde niet in de genoemde opdracht en benadrukte het feit dat de aankondiging van het boek in nationaalsocialistische bladen verscheen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok schreef <strong>14 november 1975</strong> aan Ullstein dat hij namens Otto Frank een schadevergoeding vroeg van DM 30 000, die ten goede zou komen aan de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"truiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank zei dat hij in eerste instantie achter de uitgever aanging, omdat die e.e.a. openbaarde en de schade veroorzaakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06do3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Rond <strong>27 november 1975</strong> constateerde Otto Frank dat hem sinds de Stielau-zaak in 1961 geen aanvallen op de authenticiteit van het dagboek bekend waren. Na de uitgave van het boek van Irving namen ze weer toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"571d1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>16 december 1975</strong> benaderde Otto Frank een Engelse advocaat om uit te zoeken of hij Irving kon laten vervolgen (hoewel het boek niet in het Engels was verschenen).<sup data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>9 januari 1976</strong> toonde Otto Frank zich ontevreden met het tempo waarmee Fafflok de zaak Ullstein aanpakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Volgens een brief van Fafflok waren er inmiddels beweringen over onechtheid van het dagboek verschenen in o.a. <em>Das Ostpreussenblatt, Deutsche Wochenzeitung en Neue Ordnung.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"112s5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 januari 1976</strong> schreef Otto Frank dat hem vanuit Engeland was gezegd dat de kansen tegen Irving gering waren, omdat zijn boek daar niet was uitgebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok riep Ullstein <strong>18 februari 1976</strong> namens Otto Frank op om uiterlijk <strong>26 februari 1976</strong> in grote dag- en weekbladen het bericht te plaatsen dat de bewering in het voorwoord van Irving onjuist was, en dat de authenticiteit van het dagboek vaststond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v115w\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In het <em>Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Büchhandlung</em> verscheen <strong>30 april 1976</strong> de rectificatie van Ullstein, hoewel in omfloerstere bewoordingen dan Otto Frank graag had gezien. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>16 juni 1976</strong> schreef Kempner aan Otto Frank dat Ernst Cramer van Springer Verlag het volgende aanbood:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Springer Verlag zou DM 7.000 aan Otto Frank/Anne Frank Stichting betalen. Bovendien zou de heer Springer nog eens DM 10.000 aan de Anne Frank Stichting betalen.</li>\r\n\t<li>De uitgeverij zou alle gerechts- en advocatenkosten betalen.</li>\r\n\t<li>De uitgeverij zou opnieuw een advertentie in het <em>Börsenblatt</em> plaatsen en zou bij nieuwe beweringen over vervalsing schrijvers/uitgevers daarop aanspreken. <sup data-footnote-id=\"z3484\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>21 juni 1976</strong> antwoordde Otto Frank aan Kempner dat hij het voorstel aanneemt. Hij stelt ook Fafflok daarvan in kennis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Vervolgens bleef het in de kwestie-Irving ruim twee jaar stil.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 oktober 1979</strong> deed Irving aan Otto Frank het voorstel de dagboeken op echtheid te laten onderzoeken door de firma Hehner & Cox, die onder meer vervalsingen van Canaris en Mussolini had ontmaskerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank antwoorddde op <strong>23 oktober 1979</strong> dat hij al op een soortgelijk verzoek van de Hamburgse rechtbank ingegaan was, op voorwaarde dat het afnemen van papier- en inktmonsters in zijn aanwezigheid in Zwitserland zou gebeuren. <sup data-footnote-id=\"imk81\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving drong op <strong>2 november 1979</strong> opnieuw bij Otto Frank aan op onderzoek door Hehner & Cox, suggererend dat afwijzing erop duidde dat er iets te verbergen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> <strong>Op 16 november 1979</strong> antwoordde Otto Frank dat hij vertrouwde op de competentie van een door een Duitse rechtbank aangestelde deskundige en geen prijs stelde op verdere correspondentie. <sup data-footnote-id=\"srruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving schreef op <strong>16 januari 1980</strong> aan Otto Frank dat deze ten onrechte weigerde het dagboek aan een onpartijdig onderzoek te laten onderwerpen. Hij meende dat dit het idee van een naoorlogs maaksel zou versterken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 februari 1980</strong> stuurde Irving Otto Frank een brief waaruit bleek dat hij een advocaat heeft ingezet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Het Otto Frank Archief bevat geen verdere correspondentie in deze zaak.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Richard Harwood</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de nasleep van de Ullstein/Irving affaire kwam Otto Frank een publicatie tegen van Richard Harwood, uitgegeven door de <em>Historical Review Press</em> in Surrey. Hij uit het voornemen ook daar een zaak tegen te beginnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>11 maart 1976</strong>: Harwood bleek de schuilnaam van Richard Verrall te zijn. Hij bleek lid van het National Front te zijn. Zeker was dat echter niet. Het pamflet waar het om ging was getiteld <em>Did Six Million Really Die?</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>30 november 1976</strong>: het Britse blad <em>Searchlight</em> stelde vast dat Harwood inderdaad Verrall was. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 december 1976</strong>: Otto Frank wilde een zaak tegen Verrall beginnen, maar twijfelde of het bewijs van <em>Searchlight</em> ook juridisch sluitend was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>5 december 1977</strong>: Otto Frank en de andere leden van het Anne Frank Fonds (Fritzi Frank-Markovits, Buddy Elias, Stephan Elias, Vincent Frank, Ernst Levy) besloten tot juridische actie tegen Verrall en de <em>Historical Review Press.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 mei 1979</strong>: Otto Frank besloot definitief af te zien van een rechtzaak in Engeland, hoofdzakelijk om gezondheidsredenen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"285e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Van verschillende kanten werd hij erop gewezen dat er mogelijkheden waren te getuigen zonder persoonlijk naar London af te reizen en voor de rechtbank te verschijnen. Dergelijke geluiden kwamen onder meer uit de Britse rechterlijke macht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 augustus 1979</strong>: gezien het grote belang en de mogelijkheid vanuit Zwitserland te getuigen, ging Otto Frank akkoord met voortzetting van de zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>18 maart 1980</strong>: Fritzi Frank-Markovits schreef aan Appleman, die de zaak aanhangig zou maken, dat Otto Frank erg ziek was. Bovendien was het Engelse consulaat in Bazel inmiddels gesloten, waardoor het onmogelijk was geworden daar een getuigenverklaring af te leggen. Ze wees er ook op dat de zaak zeven maanden lang stilgelegen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarmee ging de zaak als een nachtkaars uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Robert Faurisson</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank kreeg via de Anne Frank Stichting een op <strong>5 maart 1977</strong> gedateerde brief van Faurisson, die als geleerde van de universiteit van Lyon interesse voor het dagboek toonde. Otto antwoordde bereid te zijn hem <strong>9 maart 1977</strong> te ontvangen en hem de originele dagboeken te tonen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank beschreef Faurisson in een brief van <strong>30 maart 1977</strong> als een onsympathieke en achterdochtige man.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Op <strong>5 april 1978</strong> schreef Otto dat hij slechte ervaringen met Faurisson had, en noemde hem een 'gestoorde man'. Faurisson geloofde volgens Otto Frank het hele onderduikverhaal niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Faurisson schreef in de loop van zijn onderzoek onder meer nog aan Kugler (op <strong>28 maart 1977</strong>), het echtpaar Gies (op <strong>4 september 1978</strong>)<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> en hij bezocht Bep Voskuijl thuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Heinz Roth</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1976</strong> spande Otto Frank voor de rechtbank in Frankfurt een rechtszaak aan tegen Heinz Roth uit Odenhausen in Duitsland. Roth had via zijn eigen uitgeverij talrijke neonazi-pamfletten verspreid met titels als <em>Het dagboek van Anne Frank - een vervalsing</em> en <em>Het dagboek van Anne Frank - de grote fraude</em>, en in een lezersbrief in <em>Neue Ordnung</em> ontkende hij n.a.v. het Irving-boek de authenticiteit van het dagboek. Otto reageerde ook met en ingezonden brief, die vooralsnog niet geplaatst werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef op <strong>30 maart 1976</strong> dat er een aanklacht tegen Roth liep, en dat er klachten waren ingediend wegens verspreiding van diens pamflet in Bochum, Hamburg en Wiesbaden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechtbank van Frankfurt am Main verbood Roth op <strong>22 juni 1978</strong> om in zijn publicaties bepaalde beweringen te doen. Dit ging met name om de beweringen dat het dagboek een vervalsing en een zwendel van Otto Frank was, en dat dit al meer dan tien jaar als bewezen feit gold. De rechtbank stelde Roth een dwangsom van 500.000 DM of 6 maanden hechtenis per overtreding in het vooruitzicht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In hoger beroep voerde Roth het rapport van de Franse wetenschapper Robert Faurisson ter verdediging aan, maar dit overtuigde de Duitse rechtbank niet. Hoewel hij in <strong>1978</strong> was overleden, werd alsnog een hoger beroep ingesteld bij het <em>Bundesgerichtshof</em>, dat de zaak terugverwees naar het Hof van Beroep in Frankfurt. Volgens het Hooggerechtshof had Roth te weinig gelegenheid gehad om zijn beweringen te bewijzen en moest hij die kans krijgen in een nieuw proces. Het feit dat de verdachte al twee jaar dood was speelde bij dit oordeel kennelijk geen rol: de zaak kwam uiteindelijk nooit voor het Hof van Beroep in Frankfurt. Uiteindelijk werd de zaak niet behandeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"znwox\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ernst Römer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij de voorstellingen van <em>Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> in Hamburg deelde Römer in <strong>februari 1976</strong> pamfletten uit. Deze bevatten een vertaling van een artikel uit de <em>Historical Review Press</em>. Het pamflet had de kop "<em>Bestseller - een leugen</em>" ('<em>Best-seller, ein Schwindel'</em>), en kwam met een verhaal over de schadevergoeding aan Meyer Levin. Otto Frank diende <strong>15 maart 1976</strong> een aanklacht in. Opnieuw werden de bevindingen van Minna Becker en dr. Hübner aangehaald. Römer kreeg een geldstraf van DM 1.500.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank trad in deze zaak als nevenaanklager en getuige op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Edgar Werner Geiss</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens een zitting in hoger beroep in de zaak-Römer op <strong>28 augustus 1978</strong> verspreidde Edgar Werner Geiss pamfletten met aanvallen op de authenticiteit van het dagboek, met ene verwijzing naar het rumor rond Meyer Levin. Hij kreeg zes maanden subsidiair DM 1.500 boete.<sup data-footnote-id=\"302xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Begin van de balpen-mythe</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1-2 april 1980</strong>: In het gemeentehuis van Birsfelden onderzochten deskundigen in opdracht van de Hamburgse rechtbank de manuscripten. Dit in het kader van de zaken tegen Römer en Geiss. Ze namen monsters van het papier en de inkt, en stelden onder meer vast dat er correctietekens – deels met balpen vanwege latere bewerkingen - aangebracht waren. Het gebruikte papier en hoog-ijzerhoudende galnoteninkt waren voor <strong>1950 </strong>zeer gebruikelijk. De precieze ouderdom van de papieren en de opschriften was niet eenduidig vast te stellen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> Otto was op dat moment al te ziek om daar een rol in te spelen. Op het moment van zijn overlijden liepen er nog twee zaken, een in Hamburg en een in Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Aanklacht van de Staatsanwalt Lübeck, 13 januari 1961. De helpers leggen verklaringen af over de onderduikperiode en het schrijven van Anne.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_104: Tenlastelegging tegen Stielau en Buddeberg, p. 15. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 28 augustus 1975. Kempner was assistent-aanklager in de Neurenberg-processen en schreef <em>Anne Frank und Edith Stein. Zwei von Hunderttausend</em> (1968). Vanwege zijn persoonlijke bekendheid met Ullstein bemiddelt hij in de controverse op de achtergrond. Het Duitse strafrecht kent de mogelijkheid dat in bepaalde gevallen naast de staat, ook familieleden als aanklagers optreden. Otto Frank benutte die mogelijkheid verschillende keren.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yd2zk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo082\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Staatsaanwalt Bluhm aan Otto Frank, 21 november 1966</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"estvo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan Staatsaanwalt Bluhm, 9 december 1966. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rotns\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan herr Oberstatsanwalt, 18 februari 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Irving, <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1975; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan zijn juridisch adviseur Fritz Fafflok, 25 september 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Verklaring Otto Frank, 12 oktober 1975. Belangrijke getuigen-deskundigen in de Stielau zaak waren dr. Minna Becker, die handschrift onderzoek deed, en dr. Anne Marie Hübner. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Ernst Cramer aan Otto Frank, 27 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 30 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"truiz\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 14 november 1975. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06do3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 27 november 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"571d1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: P.S. voor Fritz Fafflok in conceptbrief Otto Frank aan W.J. Siedler van Ullstein. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Andrew Bateson. Bateson heeft al eerder een succesvol proces tegen Irving gevoerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 9 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"112s5\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld (Institute of Jewish Affairs, London).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v115w\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 18 februari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Advertentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z3484\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Robert Kempner aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 21 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 15 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"imk81\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 23 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 2 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srruq\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 16 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 16 januari 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 4 februari 1980. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 22 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Martin Savitt aan Otto Frank. Savitt is voorzitter van de Defence & Group Relations Department van The Board of Deputies of British Jews.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Anne Frank Stichting aan Otto Frank, 30 november 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Maurice Ludmer, 4 december 1976. Ludmer is hoofdredactreur van Searchlight.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Memorandum Anne Frank-Fonds.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"285e0\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Martin Savitt, 22 mei 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 16 augustus 1979. Appleman is advocaat bij Parmenter & Co. en behandelt de zaak in Engeland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Fritzi Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 18 maart 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Robert Faurisson, 9 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan L. de Jong, 30 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan C. Blom, 5 april 1978. Blom is een vroegere medewerker van Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Diverse correspondentie inzake Faurisson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Bep Voskuijl aan Otto en Fritzi Frank, 29 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976 en Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 21 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 30 maart 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_bdoc_03: Vonnis Landgericht Frankfurt am Main, 22 juni 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"znwox\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Website Anne Frank Stichting, 'De authenticiteit van het dagboek van Anne Frank', <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-authenticiteit-van-het-dagboek-van-anne-frank/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-authenticiteit-van-het-dagboek-van-anne-frank/</a>, geraadpleegd 20 september 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgerich Hamburg, 13 januari 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Antwoord op vragen in Senaat van Hamburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"302xv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgericht Hamburg-Altona, 6 april 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Rapport Bundeskriminalamt, 28 mei 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_062: Necrologie Otto Frank door: onbekend, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_en": "<h1>The first allegations</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first allegations against the diary came in 1957 and 1958 in obscure Swedish and Norwegian periodicals. In them, among other claims, it was alleged that the American journalist and novelist Meyer Levin was the author of the diary. Levin wanted to make a stage adaptation and a film of the diary in the USA, but was not supported in this by Otto Frank. The conflict between Meyer Levin and Otto Frank reached the press, and was used by right-wing extremists as an argument to call the authenticity of the diary into question. It is unclear whether these first attacks on the diary were seen by Otto Frank, but the fact is that he did not lodge a complaint.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lothar Stielau and Heinrich Buddeberg</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Early in 1959 he lodged a criminal complaint on the grounds of libel, slander, defamation, maligning the memory of a deceased person and antisemitic utterances against the German teacher Lothar Stielau (a teacher of English in Lübeck, and member of the extreme right-wing Deutsche Reichspartei). Stielau wrote in the magazine of the <em>Vereinigung ehemaliger Schüler und der Freunde der Oberschüle zur Dom e.V. Lübeck</em> of <strong>10 October 1958</strong>, an essay "Tom Sawyer's grosses Abenteuer", which included the passage: '<em>‘The forged diaries of Eva Braun, of the Queen of England and the hardly more authentic one of Anne Frank may have earned several millions for the profiteers from Germany's defeat, but they have also raised our own hackles quite a bit.’</em>' (<em>'Die gefälschten Tagebücher der Eva Braun, der Königin von England und das nicht viel echtere der Anne Frank haben den Nutzniessern </em><em>der deutschen Niederlage zwar einige Millionen eingebracht, uns dafür aber auch recht empfindlich werden lassen.' ) </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was a witness in the case, as were (among others) Miep Gies, Jan Gies and Bep Voskuyl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank, the publishers G. Bermann-Fischer and Lambert Schneider felt Stielau's allegation of falsity and the qualification 'profiteers of the German defeat' were attacks on their honour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 October 1961,</strong> the case was heard before the <em>III. Strafkammer des Landgericht Lübeck</em>. Otto Frank also acted as a co-plaintiff. His criminal complaint was also directed against Stielau’s fellow party member Heinrich Buddeberg, who defended Stielau in a letter sent to the <em>Lübecker Nachrichten</em> newspaper. Following a detailed and thorough investigation into the authenticity of Anne Frank’s handwriting, the District Court in Lübeck ruled that the diary was authentic, and Otto Frank’s complaint was upheld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A sentence was never passed because Stielau and Buddeberg withdrew their allegations on the basis of the preliminary investigation. This investigation and the cross-examination of the witnesses had convinced them that the diary was genuine. They expressed remorse over their statements, which they had made without any attempted corroboration. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As a result, Otto Frank and the others withdrew their complaint, so the trial did not proceed any further. At this, Otto Frank agreed to a settlement, something that he later regretted: ‘<em>Had I but known that there would be people who would consider a settlement in this case as insufficient proof [of the authenticity of the diary], I should certainly not have dropped the case.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq0c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Walter Hainke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 November 1966</strong>, the Oberstaatsanwalt in Darmstadt wrote to Otto Frank about a letter, which Walter Hainke, in April of that year, had sent to the mayor of Offenbach. This was in response to the decision to name a new school in Offenbach <em>Anne Frank Schule</em>. Walter Hainke called Anne the<em> "bedaurenwertens an Fleckfieber verstorbenes Mädchen"</em>, who was abused after her death by her<em> "geschäftstüchtige"</em> family, which earned fortunes from the obviously forged diary. The Oberstaatsanwalt gave Otto Frank the opportunity to file a criminal complaint.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo082\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank did so on <strong>9 December 1966.</strong> He was prepared to withdraw his complaint if Hainke publicly recanted his allegations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"estvo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 February 1967</strong>, Otto Frank withdrew his indictment, despite the dubious wording of Hainke's recantation. Otto Frank felt that the case deserved little public attention and did not want additional attention through a trial. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rotns\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Publisher Ullstein and David Irving</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the introduction to the book <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, David Irving wrote in <strong>1975</strong>:<em> 'Viele Fälschungen sind aktenkundig wie diejenige des Tagebuchs der Anne Frank, hier erbrachte ein von einem New-Yorker Drehbuchautor angestrengter Zivilprozess den Beweis, dass er es in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Vater des Mädchens geschrieben hatte hatte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote an affidavit <strong>on 12 October 1975</strong> in which he asserted that he was Anne's father, that the diary had been written by Anne herself and that in the Stielau case this had been sufficiently established - also by graphological research.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 27 October 1975,</strong> Ernst Cramer of Axel Springer Verlag (which had had a majority stake in Ullstein since 1959) wrote a letter of apology to Otto Frank. The order to remove the challenged passage from Irving's preface had been given months earlier, but the verification of its execution had gone wrong. Ties with Irving had since been severed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote on <strong>30 October 1975</strong> to his lawyer F. Fafflok that, although courteously stated, he took Cramer's letter as insincere. He did not believe in the order referred to and stressed the fact that the announcement of the book appeared in National Socialist magazines.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok wrote to Ullstein <strong>on 14 November 1975</strong> asking for compensation of DM 30,000 on behalf of Otto Frank, which would benefit the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"truiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank said that he initially went after the publisher for making the various disclosures and causing the damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06do3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Around <strong>27 November 1975,</strong> Otto Frank noted that he was not aware of any attacks on the authenticity of the diary since the Stielau case in 1961. After the publication of Irving's book, they increased again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"571d1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 16 December 1975,</strong> Otto Frank approached an English lawyer to find out whether he could have Irving prosecuted (although the book had not been published in English).<sup data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 9 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank expressed dissatisfaction with the pace at which Fafflok was tackling the Ullstein case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> According to a letter from Fafflok, allegations of falsity of the diary had now appeared in <em>Das Ostpreussenblatt, Deutsche Wochenzeitung and Neue Ordnung, </em>among others<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"112s5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 22 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank wrote that he had been told from England that the chances against Irving were slim because his book had not been released there. <sup data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok called on Ullstein on <strong>18 February 1976</strong> on behalf of Otto Frank to publish in major daily and weekly newspapers no later than <strong>26 February 1976</strong> the notice that the claim in Irving's preface was incorrect, and that the authenticity of the diary was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v115w\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The <em>Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Büchhandlung</em> published Ullstein's correction <strong>on 30 April 1976</strong>, although in more circumlocutory terms than Otto Frank would have liked. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>On 16 June 1976</strong> Kempner wrote to Otto Frank that Ernst Cramer of Springer Verlag offered the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Springer Verlag would pay DM 7,000 to Otto Frank/the Anne Frank House. In addition, Mr Springer would pay a further DM 10,000 to the Anne Frank House.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would pay all court and legal fees.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would again place an announcement in the <em>Börsenblatt</em> and would call writers/publishers to account in the event of new allegations of forgery. <sup data-footnote-id=\"z3484\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 21 June 1976</strong> Otto Frank replied to Kempner that he accepted the proposal. He also informed Fafflok accordingly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Thereafter, the Irving issue remained quiet for over two years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>15 October 1979</strong>, Irving made a proposal to Otto Frank to have the diaries examined for authenticity by the firm Hehner & Cox, which had unmasked Canaris and Mussolini forgeries, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank replied on <strong>23 October 1979</strong> that he had already acceded to a similar request from the Hamburg court on condition that the taking of paper and ink samples would be done in his presence in Switzerland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"imk81\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving again urged Otto Frank on <strong>2 November 1979</strong> to submit to investigation by Hehner & Cox, suggesting that rejection indicated there was something to hide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> <strong>On 16 November 1979,</strong> Otto Frank replied that he trusted the competence of an expert appointed by a German court and did not appreciate further correspondence in the matter. <sup data-footnote-id=\"srruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving wrote to Otto Frank on <strong>16 January 1980</strong> that the latter wrongly refused to have the diary subjected to an impartial investigation. He believed this would reinforce the idea of a post-war fabrication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> On <strong>4 February 1980</strong>, Irving sent Otto Frank a letter indicating that he had engaged a lawyer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> The Otto Frank Archive contains no further correspondence in this matter.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Richard Harwood</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the aftermath of the Ullstein/Irving affair, Otto Frank came across a piece by Richard Harwood, published by the <em>Historical Review Press</em> in Surrey. He expressed his intention to bring a case against it as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>11 March 1976</strong>: Harwood turned out to be the pseudonym of Richard Verrall. He appeared to be a member of the National Front. However, this was not certain. The pamphlet in question was titled <em>Did Six Million Really Die?</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>30 November 1976</strong>: British magazine <em>Searchlight</em> determined that Harwood was indeed Verrall. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 December 1976</strong>: Otto Frank wanted to bring a case against Verrall, but doubted whether <em>Searchlight'</em> s evidence was even legally conclusive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>5 December 1977</strong>: Otto Frank and the other members of the Anne Frank Fund (Fritzi Frank-Markovits, Buddy Elias, Stephan Elias, Vincent Frank, Ernst Levy) decided to take legal action against Verrall and the <em>Historical Review Press.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 May 1979</strong>: Otto Frank finally decided to abandon a court case in England, mainly for health reasons. <sup data-footnote-id=\"285e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>It was pointed out to him from various quarters that there were opportunities to testify without travelling to London and appearing in court in person. Such suggestions came from the British judiciary, among other places. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 August 1979</strong>: given the major interest in the matter and the possibility of testifying from Switzerland, Otto Frank agreed to continue the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>18 March 1980</strong>: Fritzi Frank-Markovits wrote to Appleman, who was going to bring the case, that Otto Frank was very ill. Moreover, the English consulate in Basel had now been closed, making it impossible to give testimony there. She also pointed out that the case had been stalled for seven months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>With that, the case petered out.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Robert Faurisson</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the Anne Frank House, Otto Frank received a letter dated <strong>5 March</strong> <strong>1977 </strong>from Faurisson, who expressed interest in the diary as a scholar at the University of Lyon. Otto replied that he was willing to receive him on <strong>9 March 1977</strong> and show him the original diaries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>30 March</strong> <strong>1977</strong>, Otto Frank described Faurisson as an unsympathetic and suspicious man.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> On <strong>5 April 1978</strong>, Otto wrote that he had bad experiences with Faurisson, calling him a "disturbed man". According to Otto Frank, Faurisson did not believe the whole story of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the course of his research, Faurisson also wrote to Kugler (on <strong>28 March 1977</strong>), the Gies couple (on <strong>4 September 1978</strong>), among others<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> and he visited Bep Voskuijl at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Heinz Roth</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1976, Otto Frank brought a legal action before the District Court in Frankfurt against Heinz Roth, from Odenhausen in Germany. Through his own publishing company, Roth had distributed numerous neo-Nazi pamphlets with titles like <em>The Diary of Anne Frank – A Forgery</em>, and <em>The Diary of Anne Frank – The Great Fraud</em>, and in a reader's letter in <em>Neue Ordnung</em> he denied the authenticity of the diary, refering to the book of Robert Irving. Otto also responded with a letter to the editor, which was not initially published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote on <strong>30 March 1976</strong> that charges were pending against Roth, and that complaints had been made about the distribution of his pamphlet in Bochum, Hamburg and Wiesbaden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 June</strong> <strong>1978</strong>, the Frankfurt am Main court banned Roth from making certain claims in his publications. This concerned in particular the claims that the diary was a forgery and a scam by Otto Frank, and that this had been a proven fact for more than a decade. The court imposed a fine of DM500,000 or six months' imprisonment for each offence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> On appeal, Roth put forward the report of the French scientist Robert Faurisson in his defence, but this did not convince the German court. Although he had died in 1978, a higher appeal was still submitted to the Federal Supreme Court, which referred the case back to the Court of Appeal in Frankfurt. According to the Supreme Court, Roth had had too little opportunity to prove his allegations, and he should be given this opportunity in a retrial. The fact that the defendant had already been dead for two years apparently played no role in this judgement: ultimately the case never came before the Frankfurt Court of Appeal.Roth appealed, but this was rejected in <strong>1979</strong>. In the end, the case was not heard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"znwox\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ernst Römer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On the ocasion of the performances of <em>Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> in Hamburg, Römer distributed pamphlets in <strong>February 1976</strong>. These contained a translation of an article from the <em>Historical Review Press</em>. The pamphlet had the headline<em> 'Best-seller, ein Schwindel'</em>, and reappeared with the story about compensation to Meyer Levin. Otto Frank filed a lawsuit <strong>on 15 March 1976</strong>. Again, the findings of Minna Becker and Dr Hübner were cited. Römer was given a fine of DM 1,500.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank acted as a co-plaintiff and witness in this case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Edgar Werner Geiss</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During an appeal hearing in the Römer case on <strong>28 August 1978</strong>, Geiss distributed pamphlets attacking the authenticity of the diary. Geiss also arrived with Meyer Levin. He was sentenced to six months with the alternative of a fine of DM 1,500.<sup data-footnote-id=\"302xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Start of the ballpoint myth</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1-2 April 1980</strong>: In the Birsfelden town hall, experts examined the manuscripts on behalf of the Hamburg court. This was in connection with the cases against Römer and Geiss. They took samples of the paper and ink, and found, among other things, that correction marks - partly with biros due to later editing - had been applied. The paper and high-iron gallnut ink used were very common before <strong>1950</strong>. The exact age of the papers and inscriptions could not be determined unequivocally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> Otto was already too ill at that point to play any part in it. At the time of his death, two cases were still running, one in Hamburg and one in Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Aanklacht van de Staatsanwalt Lübeck, 13 januari 1961. De helpers leggen verklaringen af over de onderduikperiode en het schrijven van Anne.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_104: Tenlastelegging tegen Stielau en Buddeberg, p. 15. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 28 augustus 1975. Kempner was assistent-aanklager in de Neurenberg-processen en schreef <em>Anne Frank und Edith Stein. Zwei von Hunderttausend</em> (1968). Vanwege zijn persoonlijke bekendheid met Ullstein bemiddelt hij in de controverse op de achtergrond. Het Duitse strafrecht kent de mogelijkheid dat in bepaalde gevallen naast de staat, ook familieleden als aanklagers optreden. Otto Frank benutte die mogelijkheid verschillende keren.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq0c7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, prep. by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation; introd. by Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom and David Barnouw; with a summary of the report by the Netherlands Forensic Institute comp. by H.J.J. Hardy; ed. by David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom; transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003, p. 90.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo082\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Staatsaanwalt Bluhm aan Otto Frank, 21 november 1966</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"estvo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan Staatsaanwalt Bluhm, 9 december 1966. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rotns\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_111: Brief Otto Frank aan herr Oberstatsanwalt, 18 februari 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Irving, <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1975; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan zijn juridisch adviseur Fritz Fafflok, 25 september 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Verklaring Otto Frank, 12 oktober 1975. Belangrijke getuigen-deskundigen in de Stielau zaak waren dr. Minna Becker, die handschrift onderzoek deed, en dr. Anne Marie Hübner. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Ernst Cramer aan Otto Frank, 27 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 30 oktober 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"truiz\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 14 november 1975. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06do3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 27 november 1975.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"571d1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: P.S. voor Fritz Fafflok in conceptbrief Otto Frank aan W.J. Siedler van Ullstein. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Andrew Bateson. Bateson heeft al eerder een succesvol proces tegen Irving gevoerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Fafflok, 9 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"112s5\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld (Institute of Jewish Affairs, London).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v115w\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 18 februari 1976. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Advertentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z3484\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Robert Kempner aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan Robert Kempner, 21 juni 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 15 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"imk81\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 23 oktober 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 2 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srruq\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan David Irving, 16 november 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 16 januari 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: David Irving aan Otto Frank, 4 februari 1980. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vqi39\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 22 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tf52g\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Martin Savitt aan Otto Frank. Savitt is voorzitter van de Defence & Group Relations Department van The Board of Deputies of British Jews.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vdccu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Anne Frank Stichting aan Otto Frank, 30 november 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycndb\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Maurice Ludmer, 4 december 1976. Ludmer is hoofdredactreur van Searchlight.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mctt9\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Memorandum Anne Frank-Fonds.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"285e0\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Martin Savitt, 22 mei 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9le4o\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ioy5y\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Otto Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 16 augustus 1979. Appleman is advocaat bij Parmenter & Co. en behandelt de zaak in Engeland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4f9zd\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_112: Fritzi Frank aan Stuart Appleman, 18 maart 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1kr6f\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Robert Faurisson, 9 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snx6d\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan L. de Jong, 30 maart 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocybb\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan C. Blom, 5 april 1978. Blom is een vroegere medewerker van Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t4ce\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Diverse correspondentie inzake Faurisson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5jl1\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Bep Voskuijl aan Otto en Fritzi Frank, 29 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrqt5\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 107: Fritz Fafflok aan Ullstein Verlag, 15 januari 1976 en Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 21 januari 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h83a9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_107: Otto Frank aan C.C. Aronsfeld, 30 maart 1976.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1ies\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_bdoc_03: Vonnis Landgericht Frankfurt am Main, 22 juni 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"znwox\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Website Anne Frank Stichting, "The authenticity of the diary of Anne Frank | Anne Frank House" (<a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/authenticity-diary-anne-frank/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/authenticity-diary-anne-frank</a>, geraadpleegd 20 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lvnx\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgerich Hamburg, 13 januari 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5za3a\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Antwoord op vragen in Senaat van Hamburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"302xv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Vonnis Amtsgericht Hamburg-Altona, 6 april 1979.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0lil\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_108: Rapport Bundeskriminalamt, 28 mei 1980.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b57wa\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_062: Necrologie Otto Frank door: onbekend, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"summary": "From the late 1950’s until his death in 1980, Otto Frank opposed attacks on the authenticity of the diary in his words and writings, but also by legal means.",
"summary_nl": "Vanaf eind jaren vijftig tot aan zijn dood in 1980 heeft Otto Frank zich verzet tegen aanvallen op de authenticiteit van het dagboek. In woord en geschrift, maar ook met juridische middelen.",
"summary_en": "From the late 1950’s until his death in 1980, Otto Frank opposed attacks on the authenticity of the diary in his words and writings, but also by legal means.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124613,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60010658-62d2-4c3e-bb62-14f0f43117e3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60010658-62d2-4c3e-bb62-14f0f43117e3",
"name": "Otto Frank and the publication of Anne's Fables and Short Stories",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en de uitgave van Annes verhaaltjes",
"name_en": "Otto Frank and the publication of Anne's Fables and Short Stories",
"description": "<p>Even before the publication of 'The Secret Annex', Otto Frank approached several publishers to publish Anne's short stories, which she had written while in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne started writing these stories in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'A break in the Secret Annex sketches. A few weeks ago I started writing a story, something I made up from beginning to end, and I've enjoyed it so much that the products of my pen are piling up<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The short stories are recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook: Short stories, and events from the Secret Annex described by Anne Frank. Dedicated Thursday 2 September 1943.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got the idea to publish them during the period in hiding: '<em>Dear Kitty, (…) I want to ask the magazine The Prince if they'll take one of my fairy tales, under a pseudonym of course. But up to now all my fairy tales have been too long, so I don't think I have much of a chance'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank related in <strong>1959</strong> that Anne asked Jo Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em>, among others, under the name of his daughter Corrie (a pseudonym for Jopie Kleiman). But Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Otto Frank retrieved his daughter's writings, he first had the short stories written out and translated to send to his family <strong>in autumn 1945</strong>. The first story is: <em>Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic], </em>which is about a little bear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to his mother on <strong>12 December 1945</strong>:<em> 'Frl. Schütz wird Dir wohl eine Uebersetzung von Annes Märchen Eva's Traum senden, was sie mir im letzten Jahr zum Geburtstag gegeben hatte.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the little story <em>Why?</em> Otto Frank recognised the influence of the letter he had sent her when she was 10 and which she had pasted in her diary, through the text:<em> 'It will be a support to me for life</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, the little story <em>Give!</em> was childishly idealistic, but typical of Anne. Following the example of her mother and grandmother, she used the oft-used phrase:<em> 'No one has yet become poor from giving.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"doura\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank found the story <em>A Maths Lesson</em> telling about Anne's psychology.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On two occasions, Contact Publishers rejected the manuscript of the short stories.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Then Otto Frank tried in vain to interest other publishers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Eventually, he and Contact came to an agreement. The publisher suggested editing the collection in such a way that <em>Kaatje</em>, judged to be less strong, would not be included. Moreover, the school memories were given a place in the back, mainly because of their importance for Anne's "psychology". In <strong>1949.</strong> Contact nevertheless published<em> Do You</em> <em>Remember? Fables and Short Stories</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nA wider selection of Anne's stories was also published by Contact in <strong>1960</strong>: <em>Tales from the House Behind</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The publisher would have preferred a complete edition but understood that Otto Frank did not want the "weaker parts" published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 7 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat er geen dagboekaantekeningen van 6 december1942 tot 22 december 1943 in de A-versie zijn overgeleverd, is het niet duidelijk of Anne Frank in deze periode de verhaaltjes eerst in haar (tweede niet overgeleverde) dagboek heeft opgeschreven en wellicht later in het verhaaltjesboek in het net heeft overgeschreven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september en 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 12 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 1 januari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"doura\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 7 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 5 juli 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 5 november 1946 en 17 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Brief van De Bezige Bij aan Otto Frank,16 januari 1946 ('te zwak, te onrijp en te weinig evenwichtig'); Brief Otto Frank aan uitgeverij de Telg, 4 december 1946; Briefkaart van de Arbeiderspers aan Otto Frank, 22 december 1947; Brief van uitgeverij de Driehoek aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Weet je nog? Verhalen en sprookjes.</em> Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Contact, 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam/ Antwerpen: Contact, 1960. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 13 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Nog voor publicatie van 'Het Achterhuis' benaderde Otto Frank verschillende uitgevers om Annes verhaaltjes uit te geven, die zij tijdens de onderduikperiode had geschreven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne begon met het schrijven van deze verhaaltjes in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Een onderbreking in de Achterhuisschetsen. Ik ben een paar weken geleden begonnen om eens een verhaal te schrijven, iets dat helemaal verzonnen is en heb daar zo'n plezier aan gekregen dat m'n pennekinderen zich opstapelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De verhaaltjes zijn opgetekend in het dagboek, op de losse vellen en in een gekartonneerd schrift: <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank. Ingewijd Donderdag 2 september 1943.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduik kreeg Anne het idee om ze uit te geven: 'Liefste Kitty, (…) Ik wil bij de "Prins" aanvragen of ze een sprookje van me plaatsen, natuurlijk onder een pseudoniem, maar daar mijn sprookjes tot nu toe nog te lang zijn, denk ik niet dat ik veel kans op slagen heb.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover in <strong>1959</strong> dat Anne aan Jo Kleiman vroeg om onder andere het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen onder de naam van zijn dochter Corrie (= pseudoniem voor Jopie Kleiman). Maar Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Otto Frank de geschriften van zijn dochter kreeg, liet hij <strong>najaar 1945</strong> eerst de verhaaltjes uitschrijven en vertalen om aan zijn familie te sturen. Het eerste verhaaltje is: Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic], dat gaat over een beertje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef aan zijn moeder op <strong>12 december 1945</strong>: '<em>Frl. Schütz wird Dir wohl eine Uebersetzung von Annes Märchen Eva’s Traum senden, was sie mir im letzten Jahr zum Geburtstag gegeben hatte</em>.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het verhaaltje <em>Waarom?</em> herkende Otto Frank de invloed van de brief die hij haar op haar tiende had gestuurd en die zij in haar dagboek had geplakt, door de tekst: 'Het zal me een steun voor het leven zijn.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het verhaaltje <em>Geef!</em> was volgens Otto Frank kinderlijk idealistisch, maar wel typisch Anne. In navolging van haar moeder en grootmoeder gebruikte ze het veel gebezigde zinnetje: 'Niemand is nog van geven arm geworden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfg18\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Het verhaal <em>Een Wiskunde-les</em> vond Otto Frank veelzeggend over de psychologie van Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tot tweemaal toe wees Uitgeverij Contact het manuscript van de verhaaltjes af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Vervolgens probeerde Otto Frank tevergeefs andere uitgeverijen te interesseren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk werden hij en Contact het toch eens. De uitgeverij stelde voor de bundel zodanig te redigeren dat <em>Kaatje</em>, beoordeeld als minder sterk, er niet in kwam. Bovendien kregen de schoolherinneringen een plaats achterin, vooral vanwege hun belang voor de "psychologie" van Anne. Zo verscheen in <strong>1949</strong> <em>Weet je nog? Verhalen en sprookjes</em> toch bij Contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nIn <strong>1960</strong> verscheen bij Contact ook nog een ruimere selectie van Anne’s verhaaltjes: <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> De uitgever wilde het liefst een integrale uitgave maar begreep dat Otto Frank de "zwakkere gedeelten" niet gepubliceerd wilde zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 7 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat er geen dagboekaantekeningen van 6 december1942 tot 22 december 1943 in de A-versie zijn overgeleverd, is het niet duidelijk of Anne Frank in deze periode de verhaaltjes eerst in haar (tweede niet overgeleverde) dagboek heeft opgeschreven en wellicht later in het verhaaltjesboek in het net heeft overgeschreven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september en 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 12 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 1 januari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfg18\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 7 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 5 juli 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 5 november 1946 en 17 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Brief van De Bezige Bij aan Otto Frank,16 januari 1946 ('te zwak, te onrijp en te weinig evenwichtig'); Brief Otto Frank aan uitgeverij de Telg, 4 december 1946; Briefkaart van de Arbeiderspers aan Otto Frank, 22 december 1947; Brief van uitgeverij de Driehoek aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Weet je nog? Verhalen en sprookjes.</em> Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Contact, 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam/ Antwerpen: Contact, 1960. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 13 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Even before the publication of 'The Secret Annex', Otto Frank approached several publishers to publish Anne's short stories, which she had written while in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne started writing these stories in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'A break in the Secret Annex sketches. A few weeks ago I started writing a story, something I made up from beginning to end, and I've enjoyed it so much that the products of my pen are piling up<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The short stories are recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook: Short stories, and events from the Secret Annex described by Anne Frank. Dedicated Thursday 2 September 1943.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got the idea to publish them during the period in hiding: '<em>Dear Kitty, (…) I want to ask the magazine The Prince if they'll take one of my fairy tales, under a pseudonym of course. But up to now all my fairy tales have been too long, so I don't think I have much of a chance'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank related in <strong>1959</strong> that Anne asked Jo Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em>, among others, under the name of his daughter Corrie (a pseudonym for Jopie Kleiman). But Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Otto Frank retrieved his daughter's writings, he first had the short stories written out and translated to send to his family <strong>in autumn 1945</strong>. The first story is: <em>Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic], </em>which is about a little bear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to his mother on <strong>12 December 1945</strong>:<em> 'Frl. Schütz wird Dir wohl eine Uebersetzung von Annes Märchen Eva's Traum senden, was sie mir im letzten Jahr zum Geburtstag gegeben hatte.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the little story <em>Why?</em> Otto Frank recognised the influence of the letter he had sent her when she was 10 and which she had pasted in her diary, through the text:<em> 'It will be a support to me for life</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, the little story <em>Give!</em> was childishly idealistic, but typical of Anne. Following the example of her mother and grandmother, she used the oft-used phrase:<em> 'No one has yet become poor from giving.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"doura\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank found the story <em>A Maths Lesson</em> telling about Anne's psychology.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On two occasions, Contact Publishers rejected the manuscript of the short stories.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Then Otto Frank tried in vain to interest other publishers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Eventually, he and Contact came to an agreement. The publisher suggested editing the collection in such a way that <em>Kaatje</em>, judged to be less strong, would not be included. Moreover, the school memories were given a place in the back, mainly because of their importance for Anne's "psychology". In <strong>1949.</strong> Contact nevertheless published<em> Do You</em> <em>Remember? Fables and Short Stories</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nA wider selection of Anne's stories was also published by Contact in <strong>1960</strong>: <em>Tales from the House Behind</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The publisher would have preferred a complete edition but understood that Otto Frank did not want the "weaker parts" published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqepm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 7 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsk2q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat er geen dagboekaantekeningen van 6 december1942 tot 22 december 1943 in de A-versie zijn overgeleverd, is het niet duidelijk of Anne Frank in deze periode de verhaaltjes eerst in haar (tweede niet overgeleverde) dagboek heeft opgeschreven en wellicht later in het verhaaltjesboek in het net heeft overgeschreven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ju0bt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxksg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dstr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september en 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kmg56\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 12 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f5yre\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 1 januari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"doura\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 7 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7tmj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 5 juli 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1cki3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 5 november 1946 en 17 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"98y8y\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Brief van De Bezige Bij aan Otto Frank,16 januari 1946 ('te zwak, te onrijp en te weinig evenwichtig'); Brief Otto Frank aan uitgeverij de Telg, 4 december 1946; Briefkaart van de Arbeiderspers aan Otto Frank, 22 december 1947; Brief van uitgeverij de Driehoek aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puuvg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Weet je nog? Verhalen en sprookjes.</em> Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Contact, 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eoneu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam/ Antwerpen: Contact, 1960. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7shgu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 13 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Otto Frank was actively involved in the publication of Anne's diary and her short stories.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank was naast de publicatie van het dagboek van Anne actief betrokken bij de uitgave van haar verhaaltjes.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank was actively involved in the publication of Anne's diary and her short stories.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124612,
"image": {
"id": 1006,
"uuid": "7b8219a0-f26c-4cbd-88ba-263604d50da1",
"name": "Dagboekvertalingen",
"title": "",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Vertalingen.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De eerste vertaling van het dagboek van Anne Frank verscheen in Duitsland in 1950, in hetzelfde jaar gevolgd door een Franse vertaling. In 1952 verschenen de eerste Britse en Amerikaanse edities.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/82631f2a-775a-491a-9108-54d4b94c9b1a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "82631f2a-775a-491a-9108-54d4b94c9b1a",
"name": "Otto Frank and the translations of Het Achterhuis",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en de vertalingen van 'Het Achterhuis'",
"name_en": "Otto Frank and the translations of Het Achterhuis",
"description": "<p>Otto Frank also wanted a German and English translation of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dba33\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As with the Dutch edition, he had to go to great lengths to interest foreign publishers. Only after the success of the French edition did this change. Otto Frank was closely involved in the translations and also in choosing the writers of the foreword.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>French translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Calmann-Lévy published <em>Le Journal d'Anne Frank</em>, the first foreign edition of the diary, in <strong>March 1950</strong>. This translation was based on the first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> published by Contact and had a foreword by Daniel-Rops.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to Gilles de Neve of Contact on <strong>27 January 1949</strong> that Calmann-Lévy had the manuscript. On <strong>7 March 1949</strong>, Otto Frank signed the contract with Editions Calman-Lévy. Within 18 months of signing, Calmann-Lévy had to publish the book, otherwise the rights would return to Otto Frank. On <strong>11 March 1950</strong>, the French edition had still not been published. On <strong>26 March 1950</strong>, De Neve thanked Otto Frank for sending him the French edition. According to Otto Frank, this translation by Tylia Caren and Suzanne Lombard was so successful because, as a Dutch Frenchwoman, Tylia Caren had a perfect command of Dutch and Suzanne Lombard was well versed in the language of French youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eubjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This first French edition of the diary impressed Meyer Levin. He then worked on the English translation and became interested in the film rights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The success of the French edition meant that English and American publishers also became seriously interested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>German translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first translated excerpts of the stories and diary into German himself for his family in Basel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><em>'Endlich komme ich dazu, den Anfang von Anne’s Tagebuch in deutscher Uebersetzung zu senden und hoff, dass ich bald die Fortsetzung schicken kann. Da ich nur wenige exemplare habe muss das vorliegende weiter gegeben werden und ich füge eine Liste bei, wie ich mir den Weg denke. Es ist schwer, alles sinn- und stilgemäss in eine andere Sprache zu übertragen, viel vom original geht verloren. Das ist nicht zu vermeiden und ich bitte jeden von Euch, evtl. Unklarheiten oder Sprachfehler zu notieren und mir mit zuteilen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1945 - 1946</strong>, commissioned by Otto Frank, Anneliese Schütz began translating the diary into German. She did this on the basis of typescript II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <strong>By summer 1947</strong>, the manuscript was at Paul Szolnay Verlag in Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank was in contact with Dr Fritz Landshoff, the director of the German-language department of Querido publishers, about publishing the diary. At the end of <strong>1948</strong>, this came to nothing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Otto Frank approached several German publishers from late <strong>1948 </strong>to <strong>1950 </strong>including: Verlag Kurt Desch (Munich); Volk und Welt (Berlin); Rowohlt (Hamburg); Kiepenheuer Verlag (Berlin); Europa Express (Zurich); Limes Verlag (Wiesbaden); Societäts Verlag (Frankfurt) and an unnamed publisher in Koblenz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In searching for a publisher, he enlisted the help of the lawyer Max Cahn, a former classmate at the Lessing Grammar School and also his legal adviser E.D. Hirsch Ballin. Max Cahn in turn also enlisted the help of an old classmate, Walter Carstanjen, the chief editor of the <em>Börssenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel</em>. He sent Otto Frank a list of possible publishers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> One reason the German publishers rejected the diary was the crisis situation in the German book trade. As there had just been a money purge, no one dared to take a risk. Another reason was that the diary would not be literary enough and was therefore not suitable for the general German public.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 January 1950</strong>, Otto Frank met Lambert Schneider of the publishing house of the same name and gave him the German manuscript of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> On <strong>22 March 1950</strong>, Schneider responded positively and the contract was signed on <strong>25/28 July 1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Otto Frank was closely involved in the final translation and publication of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><em> Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> appeared in <strong>November 1950</strong> in an edition of 4,600 copies. The foreword was by Marie Baum. Previous candidates for the foreword were Herman Hesse (too ill) and Eugen Kogon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Sales figures were relatively low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank thought a wide distribution of the diary among German youth was very important. In his opinion, this was only possible with a cheaper edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, the paperback edition of the <em>Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> was published (under licence from the Lambert Schneider Verlag) by the <em>Fischer Bücherei</em> (Frankfurt am Main und Hamburg) in an edition of 50,000 copies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ah351\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The German translation by Anneliese Schütz had been revised by Maria Honeit, who corrected many errors and made the language use more 'natural'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Within a month, 30,000 copies were sold. <sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the German-language editions were based on a fuller version of Typescript II than the first Dutch edition of Contact, questions were raised not only about the person Anne Frank but also about the authenticity of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ernst Schnabel was therefore commissioned by the Fischer Bücherei to investigate the historicity of the character Anne Frank, which resulted in the book <em>Spur eines Kindes.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The proceeds were earmarked for the Anne Frank Stipend, which aimed to give Israeli students the opportunity to study in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank also attached great importance to a cheap edition in East Germany. In <strong>1957</strong>, Union Verlag published the diary there. <sup data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>English translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank had an English translation of the diary by Rosey Pool very early on. She, like Anneliese Schütz, was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and his family. With this translation, Otto approached English publishers. Rosey Pool began her translation at about the same time as Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pool had taught English to Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Literary agent Robert Harben approached Otto Frank about publishing the diary in England, but several English publishers turned it down, including: Heineman Ltd, Gollancz; Allen & Unwin; New Universal Encyclopedia; Falcon Press; Hamish Hamilton; Martin Secker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> According to Harben, because the publishers and the public were averse to more books on war and resistance. <sup data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the United States, Otto Frank was also in contact with several publishers: Secker & Warburg, Gollanz, Heineman, Allen & Unwin, Mc Millan, Scribners, Siggewick & Jackson, Doubleday Doran, Hutchinson, John Lehman, Viking Press, Vanguard Press, Warendorf, Simon & Shuster, Appleton Century, Knopf, Schocken, Random House, Little Brown & Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Due to the success of the French edition of the diary, the English publisher Vallentine Mitchell & Company offered to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because Rosey Pool's translation was not satisfactory, Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday was commissioned by Vallentine Mitchell to retranslate the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank kept in close contact with her about the translation and also had her translate some passages that were missing from the Dutch edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fots0\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <em>The Diary of a Young Girl</em>, with a foreword by writer Margaret Storm Jameson, was released in England on <strong>30 April 1952.</strong> Reviews were good, but sales were disappointing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nLengthy negotiations between Otto Frank and Little, Brown and Company for the American edition of the diary stranded in <strong>March 1951</strong> due to disagreements over the translation, Canadian rights and film rights to the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Then Otto Frank quickly reached an agreement with US publisher Doubleday and Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Through the mediation of Nathan Straus, the foreword was written by Eleanor Roosevelt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The diary was published in the United States on <strong>12 June 1952</strong> (Anne's birthday). After a wildly enthusiastic review by Meyer Levin in <em>The New York Times Book Review</em> of <strong>15 June 1952</strong>, the diary ranked sixth on the bestseller list in the United States five weeks after its publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dba33\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('… unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Iht kont Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen drin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in Deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english'.<em>)</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, .januari 1949 -maart 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eubjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 29 september 1959; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 21 november 1950 (over de Engelse vertaling). Zie ook: Myriam de Veth, '<a href=\"https://www.tijdschrift-filter.nl/jaargangen/2016/234/tylia-een-onvoltooid-portret-32-38/\">Tylia, een onvoltooid portret</a>', in: <em>Filter, tijdschrift over vertalen</em>, 23 (2016) 4, p, 32-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, september 1950, waarin Levin zegt het dagboek (gratis) te willen vertalen. Hij informeert over Engelse en Amerikaanse rechten voor het dagboek en ook naar de mogelijkheden van een verfilming.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 10 oktober1950, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, klad zonder datum; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdekker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Gilles de Neve/Uitgeverij Contact, 27 januari 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie 1948-1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124, Correspondentie, maart 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noten 10 en 11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_125: Otto Frank aan aan Lambert Schneider, 20 maart 1950. In deze brief herinnert hij Schneider aan zijn bezoek op 20 januari 1950 en overhandiging van het manuscript.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Lambert Schneider aan Otto Frank, 22 maart 1950; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Contract Lambert Schneider, Hamburg met Otto Frank, 25/28 juli 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met de uitgeverij van Lambert Schneider, oktober 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 212c, Anne Frank, inv. no. 5d: Landgericht Lübeck, procesdossier Stielau/ Buddeberg, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan S. Ficher Verlag, 8 mei 1954. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ah351\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Verlag (Christian Wegner) aan Otto Frank, 3 juli 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 7 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 17; NIOD (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. duk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortt de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank. In de Duitse vertaling van Annelise Schütz werden deze passages grotendeels gehandhaafd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes: ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan Lambert Schneider, 16 november 1956. Zie voor de DDR-uitgave van het dagboek, het archief Union Verlag (AFS, AFC, reg. code B_dagboek_I_008).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132, Brief Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchel and Co, 22 november 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 132 : Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947 - augustus 1948. Otto Frank kende Robert Harben van vroeger van diens ‘leesbibliotheek’ in de buurt van het Merwedeplein waar hij met zijn vrouw Edith kwam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Robert Harben aan Otto Frank, 7 augustus 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_150: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 25 september 1950. Heel veel vrienden en relaties zijn hem hierbij behulpzaam: Walter en Julius Holländer, Nathan Straus, Dola de Jong, Miriam Blumenthal, Annetje Reens, Meyer Levin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchel and Co. (de heer Japp) aan Otto Frank, 10 oktober 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950, AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. aan Otto Frank, 8 maart 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fots0\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday, 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp) aan Otto Frank, 29 mei 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 12 april 1951. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 33. Voor meer over het voorwoord door Eleanor Roosevelt, zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_ 154, OFA_172 en OFA_132. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp), 19 juli 1952. Meyer Levin, "The child behind ther secret door", in: <em>The New York Times Book Review</em>, 15 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Otto Frank wilde ook een Duitse en Engelse vertaling van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dba33\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Net als bij de Nederlandse uitgave moest hij veel moeite doen om buitenlandse uitgevers te interesseren. Pas na het succes van de Franse uitgave veranderde dat. Otto Frank was nauw betrokken bij de vertalingen en ook bij de keuze voor de schrijvers van het voorwoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Franse vertaling</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij Calmann-Lévy verscheen in <strong>maart 1950</strong> <em>Le Journal d’Anne Frank</em>, de eerste buitenlandse uitgave van het dagboek. Deze vertaling was gebaseerd op de eerste uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> bij Contact en had een voorwoord van Daniel-Rops.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef op <strong>27 januari 1949</strong> aan Gilles de Neve van Contact dat Calmann-Lévy het manuscript in handen had. Op <strong>7 maart 1949</strong> ondertekende Otto Frank het contract met Editions Calman-Lévy. Binnen achttien maanden na ondertekening zou Calmann-Lévy het boek uitgeven, anders vielen de rechten terug aan Otto Frank. Op <strong>11 maart 1950</strong> was de Franse editie nog steeds niet verschenen. Op <strong>26 maart 1950</strong> bedankte de Neve Otto Frank voor toezending van de Franse uitgave. Volgens Otto Frank was deze vertaling door Tylia Caren en Suzanne Lombard zo geslaagd omdat Tylia Caren als Nederlandse française het Nederlands perfect beheerste en Suzanne Lombard de taal van de Franse jeugd goed eigen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a5hu7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Deze eerste Franse editie van het dagboek maakte indruk op Meyer Levin. Hij beijverde zich vervolgens voor de Engelse vertaling en raakte geïnteresseerd in de filmrechten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het succes van de Franse uitgave zorgde ervoor dat ook Engelse en Amerikaanse uitgevers serieus geïnteresseerd raakten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Duitse vertaling</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertaalde eerst zelf fragmenten van de verhaaltjes en het dagboek in het Duits voor zijn familie in Bazel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><em>'Endlich komme ich dazu, den Anfang von Anne’s Tagebuch in deutscher Uebersetzung zu senden und hoff, dass ich bald die Fortsetzung schicken kann. Da ich nur wenige exemplare habe muss das vorliegende weiter gegeben werden und ich füge eine Liste bei, wie ich mir den Weg denke. Es ist schwer, alles sinn- und stilgemäss in eine andere Sprache zu übertragen, viel vom original geht verloren. Das ist nicht zu vermeiden und ich bitte jeden von Euch, evtl. Unklarheiten oder Sprachfehler zu notieren und mir mit zuteilen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In de winter van <strong>1945 – 1946</strong> begon Anneliese Schütz, in opdracht van Otto Frank met de vertaling van het dagboek in het Duits. Zij deed dit op basis van typescript II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <strong>Zomer 1947</strong> lag het manuscript bij Paul Szolnay Verlag in Wenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank had contact met Dr. Fritz Landshoff, de directeur van de Duitstalige afdeling van uitgeverij Querido over de uitgave van het dagboek. Eind <strong>1948</strong> liep dit op niets uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Otto Frank benaderde verschillende Duitse uitgevers van eind <strong>1948 </strong>tot <strong>1950 </strong>waaronder: Verlag Kurt Desch (München); Volk und Welt (Berlijn); Rowohlt (Hamburg); Kiepenheuer Verlag (Berlijn); Europa Express (Zürich); Limes Verlag (Wiesbaden); Societäts Verlag (Frankfurt) en een niet nader genoemde uitgeverij in Koblenz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het zoeken naar een uitgever schakelde hij de hulp in van de advocaat Max Cahn, een vroegere klasgenoot van het Lessing Gymnasium en ook van zijn juridisch adviseur E.D. Hirsch Ballin. Max Cahn schakelde op zijn beurt ook een oude klasgenoot in, Walter Carstanjen, de chef-redacteur van het <em>Börssenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel</em>. Hij stuurde Otto Frank een lijst toe met mogelijke uitgevers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Een reden waarom de Duitse uitgevers het dagboek afwezen was de crisissituatie in de Duitse boekhandel. Omdat er net een geldzuivering was geweest, durfde niemand risico te nemen. Een andere reden was dat het dagboek niet literair genoeg zou zijn en daarom niet geschikt was voor het grote Duitse publiek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>20 januari 1950</strong> ontmoette Otto Frank Lambert Schneider van de gelijknamige uitgeverij en gaf hem het Duitse manuscript van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Op <strong>22 maart 1950</strong> reageerde Schneider positief en op <strong>25/28 juli 1950</strong> werd het contract getekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Otto Frank was nauw betrokken bij de uiteindelijke vertaling en uitgave van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><em> Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> verscheen in <strong>november 1950</strong> in een oplage van 4.600 exemplaren. Het voorwoord was van Marie Baum. Eerdere kandidaten voor het voorwoord waren Herman Hesse (te ziek) en Eugen Kogon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> De verkoopcijfers waren relatief laag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vond een grote verspreiding van het dagboek onder de Duitse jeugd erg belangrijk. Dat was volgens hem alleen mogelijk bij een goedkopere uitgave.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1955</strong> verscheen (in licentie van het Lambert Schneider Verlag) de pocketuitgave van het <em>Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> bij de <em>Fischer Bücherei</em> (Frankfurt am Main und Hamburg) in een oplage van 50.000 exemplaren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ah351\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De Duitse vertaling van Anneliese Schütz was herzien door Maria Honeit die veel fouten verbeterde en het taalgebruik 'natuurlijker' maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup>Binnen een maand werden 30 000 exemplaren verkocht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de Duitstalige uitgaven waren gebaseerd op een vollediger versie van Typescript II dan de eerste Nederlandse editie van Contact, werden er behalve over de persoon Anne Frank ook vragen gesteld over de authenticiteit van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ernst Schnabel kreeg daarom opdracht van de Fischer Bücherei om de historiciteit van het personage Anne Frank te onderzoeken, wat resulteerde in het boek <em>Spur eines Kindes.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> De opbrengsten waren bestemd voor het Anne Frank Stipendium dat Israëlische studenten de gelegenheid moest geven in Europa te studeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank hechtte ook veel waarde aan een goedkope uitgave in Oost Duitsland. In <strong>1957</strong> verscheen daar het dagboek daar bij Union Verlag. <sup data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Engelse vertaling</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank beschikte al vroeg over een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek door Rosey Pool. Zij was net als Anneliese Schütz een bekende van Otto Frank en zijn gezin. Met deze vertaling benaderde Otto Engelse uitgevers. Rosey Pool begon ongeveer tegelijk met Anneliese Schütz aan haar vertaling.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pool had Engelse les gegeven aan Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Literair agent Robert Harben benaderde Otto Frank voor de uitgave van het dagboek in Engeland, maar verschillende Engelse uitgevers wezen het af, zoals: Heineman Ltd., Gollancz; Allen & Unwin; New Universal Encyclopedia; Falcon Press; Hamish Hamilton; Martin Secker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Volgens Harben omdat de uitgevers en het publiek afkerig stonden tegenover nog meer boeken over oorlog en verzet. <sup data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn de Verenigde Staten had Otto Frank ook contact met diverse uitgevers: Secker & Warburg, Gollanz, Heineman, Allen & Unwit, Mc Millan, Scribners, Siggewick & Jackson, Doubleday Doran, Hutchinson, John Lehman, Viking Press, Vanguard Press, Warendorf, Simon & Shuster, Appleton Century, Knopf, Schocken, Random House, Little Brown & Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Door het succes van de Franse uitgave van het dagboek bood de Engelse uitgever Vallentine Mitchell & Company zich aan het dagboek uit te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de vertaling van Rosey Pool niet voldeed, kreeg Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday de opdracht van Vallentine Mitchell het dagboek opnieuw te vertalen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank hield nauw contact met haar over de vertaling en liet haar ook een aantal passages vertalen die in de Nederlandse editie ontbraken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fots0\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <em>The Diary of a young girl</em>, met een voorwoord van schrijfster Margaret Storm Jameson, kwam in Engeland uit op <strong>30 april 1952.</strong> De besprekingen waren goed, maar de verkoopcijfers stelden teleur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nLangdurige onderhandelingen van Otto Frank met Little, Brown and Company over de Amerikaanse uitgave van het dagboek strandden <strong>maart 1951</strong> door onenigheid over de vertaling, de Canadese rechten en de filmrechten van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Daarna werd Otto Frank het snel eens met de Amerikaanse uitgeverij Doubleday and Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Door bemiddeling van Nathan Straus werd het voorwoord geschreven door Eleanor Roosevelt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Het dagboek verscheen op <strong>12 juni 1952</strong> (Annes geboortedag) in de Verenigde Staten. Na een laaiend enthousiaste recensie van Meyer Levin in <em>The New York Times Book Review</em> van <strong>15 juni 1952</strong> stond het dagboek vijf weken na verschijnen op de zesde plaats van de bestsellerlijst in de Verenigde staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dba33\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('… unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Iht kont Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen drin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in Deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english'.<em>)</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, .januari 1949 -maart 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a5hu7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 29 september 1959; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 21 november 1950 (over de Engelse vertaling). Zie ook: Myriam de Veth, '<a href=\"https://www.tijdschrift-filter.nl/jaargangen/2016/234/tylia-een-onvoltooid-portret-32-38/\" target=\"_blank\">Tylia, een onvoltooid portret</a>', in: <em>Filter, tijdschrift over vertalen</em>, 23 (2016) 4, p, 32-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, september 1950, waarin Levin zegt het dagboek (gratis) te willen vertalen. Hij informeert over Engelse en Amerikaanse rechten voor het dagboek en ook naar de mogelijkheden van een verfilming.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 10 oktober1950, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, klad zonder datum; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdekker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Gilles de Neve/Uitgeverij Contact, 27 januari 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie 1948-1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124, Correspondentie, maart 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noten 10 en 11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_125: Otto Frank aan aan Lambert Schneider, 20 maart 1950. In deze brief herinnert hij Schneider aan zijn bezoek op 20 januari 1950 en overhandiging van het manuscript.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Lambert Schneider aan Otto Frank, 22 maart 1950; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Contract Lambert Schneider, Hamburg met Otto Frank, 25/28 juli 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met de uitgeverij van Lambert Schneider, oktober 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 212c, Anne Frank, inv. no. 5d: Landgericht Lübeck, procesdossier Stielau/ Buddeberg, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan S. Ficher Verlag, 8 mei 1954. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ah351\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Verlag (Christian Wegner) aan Otto Frank, 3 juli 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 7 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 17; NIOD (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. duk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortt de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank. In de Duitse vertaling van Annelise Schütz werden deze passages grotendeels gehandhaafd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes: ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan Lambert Schneider, 16 november 1956. Zie voor de DDR-uitgave van het dagboek, het archief Union Verlag (AFS, AFC, reg. code B_dagboek_I_008).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132, Brief Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchel and Co, 22 november 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 132 : Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947 - augustus 1948. Otto Frank kende Robert Harben van vroeger van diens ‘leesbibliotheek’ in de buurt van het Merwedeplein waar hij met zijn vrouw Edith kwam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Robert Harben aan Otto Frank, 7 augustus 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_150: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 25 september 1950. Heel veel vrienden en relaties zijn hem hierbij behulpzaam: Walter en Julius Holländer, Nathan Straus, Dola de Jong, Miriam Blumenthal, Annetje Reens, Meyer Levin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchel and Co. (de heer Japp) aan Otto Frank, 10 oktober 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950, AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. aan Otto Frank, 8 maart 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fots0\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday, 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp) aan Otto Frank, 29 mei 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 12 april 1951. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 33. Voor meer over het voorwoord door Eleanor Roosevelt, zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_ 154, OFA_172 en OFA_132. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp), 19 juli 1952. Meyer Levin, "The child behind ther secret door", in: <em>The New York Times Book Review</em>, 15 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Otto Frank also wanted a German and English translation of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dba33\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As with the Dutch edition, he had to go to great lengths to interest foreign publishers. Only after the success of the French edition did this change. Otto Frank was closely involved in the translations and also in choosing the writers of the foreword.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>French translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Calmann-Lévy published <em>Le Journal d'Anne Frank</em>, the first foreign edition of the diary, in <strong>March 1950</strong>. This translation was based on the first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> published by Contact and had a foreword by Daniel-Rops.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to Gilles de Neve of Contact on <strong>27 January 1949</strong> that Calmann-Lévy had the manuscript. On <strong>7 March 1949</strong>, Otto Frank signed the contract with Editions Calman-Lévy. Within 18 months of signing, Calmann-Lévy had to publish the book, otherwise the rights would return to Otto Frank. On <strong>11 March 1950</strong>, the French edition had still not been published. On <strong>26 March 1950</strong>, De Neve thanked Otto Frank for sending him the French edition. According to Otto Frank, this translation by Tylia Caren and Suzanne Lombard was so successful because, as a Dutch Frenchwoman, Tylia Caren had a perfect command of Dutch and Suzanne Lombard was well versed in the language of French youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eubjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This first French edition of the diary impressed Meyer Levin. He then worked on the English translation and became interested in the film rights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The success of the French edition meant that English and American publishers also became seriously interested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>German translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first translated excerpts of the stories and diary into German himself for his family in Basel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><em>'Endlich komme ich dazu, den Anfang von Anne’s Tagebuch in deutscher Uebersetzung zu senden und hoff, dass ich bald die Fortsetzung schicken kann. Da ich nur wenige exemplare habe muss das vorliegende weiter gegeben werden und ich füge eine Liste bei, wie ich mir den Weg denke. Es ist schwer, alles sinn- und stilgemäss in eine andere Sprache zu übertragen, viel vom original geht verloren. Das ist nicht zu vermeiden und ich bitte jeden von Euch, evtl. Unklarheiten oder Sprachfehler zu notieren und mir mit zuteilen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1945 - 1946</strong>, commissioned by Otto Frank, Anneliese Schütz began translating the diary into German. She did this on the basis of typescript II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <strong>By summer 1947</strong>, the manuscript was at Paul Szolnay Verlag in Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank was in contact with Dr Fritz Landshoff, the director of the German-language department of Querido publishers, about publishing the diary. At the end of <strong>1948</strong>, this came to nothing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Otto Frank approached several German publishers from late <strong>1948 </strong>to <strong>1950 </strong>including: Verlag Kurt Desch (Munich); Volk und Welt (Berlin); Rowohlt (Hamburg); Kiepenheuer Verlag (Berlin); Europa Express (Zurich); Limes Verlag (Wiesbaden); Societäts Verlag (Frankfurt) and an unnamed publisher in Koblenz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In searching for a publisher, he enlisted the help of the lawyer Max Cahn, a former classmate at the Lessing Grammar School and also his legal adviser E.D. Hirsch Ballin. Max Cahn in turn also enlisted the help of an old classmate, Walter Carstanjen, the chief editor of the <em>Börssenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel</em>. He sent Otto Frank a list of possible publishers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> One reason the German publishers rejected the diary was the crisis situation in the German book trade. As there had just been a money purge, no one dared to take a risk. Another reason was that the diary would not be literary enough and was therefore not suitable for the general German public.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 January 1950</strong>, Otto Frank met Lambert Schneider of the publishing house of the same name and gave him the German manuscript of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> On <strong>22 March 1950</strong>, Schneider responded positively and the contract was signed on <strong>25/28 July 1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Otto Frank was closely involved in the final translation and publication of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><em> Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> appeared in <strong>November 1950</strong> in an edition of 4,600 copies. The foreword was by Marie Baum. Previous candidates for the foreword were Herman Hesse (too ill) and Eugen Kogon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Sales figures were relatively low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank thought a wide distribution of the diary among German youth was very important. In his opinion, this was only possible with a cheaper edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, the paperback edition of the <em>Tagebuch der Anne Frank</em> was published (under licence from the Lambert Schneider Verlag) by the <em>Fischer Bücherei</em> (Frankfurt am Main und Hamburg) in an edition of 50,000 copies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ah351\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The German translation by Anneliese Schütz had been revised by Maria Honeit, who corrected many errors and made the language use more 'natural'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Within a month, 30,000 copies were sold. <sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the German-language editions were based on a fuller version of Typescript II than the first Dutch edition of Contact, questions were raised not only about the person Anne Frank but also about the authenticity of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ernst Schnabel was therefore commissioned by the Fischer Bücherei to investigate the historicity of the character Anne Frank, which resulted in the book <em>Spur eines Kindes.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The proceeds were earmarked for the Anne Frank Stipend, which aimed to give Israeli students the opportunity to study in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank also attached great importance to a cheap edition in East Germany. In <strong>1957</strong>, Union Verlag published the diary there. <sup data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>English translation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank had an English translation of the diary by Rosey Pool very early on. She, like Anneliese Schütz, was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and his family. With this translation, Otto approached English publishers. Rosey Pool began her translation at about the same time as Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pool had taught English to Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Literary agent Robert Harben approached Otto Frank about publishing the diary in England, but several English publishers turned it down, including: Heineman Ltd, Gollancz; Allen & Unwin; New Universal Encyclopedia; Falcon Press; Hamish Hamilton; Martin Secker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> According to Harben, because the publishers and the public were averse to more books on war and resistance. <sup data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the United States, Otto Frank was also in contact with several publishers: Secker & Warburg, Gollanz, Heineman, Allen & Unwin, Mc Millan, Scribners, Siggewick & Jackson, Doubleday Doran, Hutchinson, John Lehman, Viking Press, Vanguard Press, Warendorf, Simon & Shuster, Appleton Century, Knopf, Schocken, Random House, Little Brown & Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Due to the success of the French edition of the diary, the English publisher Vallentine Mitchell & Company offered to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because Rosey Pool's translation was not satisfactory, Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday was commissioned by Vallentine Mitchell to retranslate the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank kept in close contact with her about the translation and also had her translate some passages that were missing from the Dutch edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fots0\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <em>The Diary of a Young Girl</em>, with a foreword by writer Margaret Storm Jameson, was released in England on <strong>30 April 1952.</strong> Reviews were good, but sales were disappointing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nLengthy negotiations between Otto Frank and Little, Brown and Company for the American edition of the diary stranded in <strong>March 1951</strong> due to disagreements over the translation, Canadian rights and film rights to the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Then Otto Frank quickly reached an agreement with US publisher Doubleday and Company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Through the mediation of Nathan Straus, the foreword was written by Eleanor Roosevelt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The diary was published in the United States on <strong>12 June 1952</strong> (Anne's birthday). After a wildly enthusiastic review by Meyer Levin in <em>The New York Times Book Review</em> of <strong>15 June 1952</strong>, the diary ranked sixth on the bestseller list in the United States five weeks after its publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dba33\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('… unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Iht kont Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen drin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in Deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english'.<em>)</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksrlf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, .januari 1949 -maart 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eubjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 29 september 1959; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 21 november 1950 (over de Engelse vertaling). Zie ook: Myriam de Veth, '<a href=\"https://www.tijdschrift-filter.nl/jaargangen/2016/234/tylia-een-onvoltooid-portret-32-38/\">Tylia, een onvoltooid portret</a>', in: <em>Filter, tijdschrift over vertalen</em>, 23 (2016) 4, p, 32-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb64k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, september 1950, waarin Levin zegt het dagboek (gratis) te willen vertalen. Hij informeert over Engelse en Amerikaanse rechten voor het dagboek en ook naar de mogelijkheden van een verfilming.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hke7y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 10 oktober1950, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccni3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, klad zonder datum; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdls3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdekker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qbg0b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hiojj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Gilles de Neve/Uitgeverij Contact, 27 januari 1949. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qvd0s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie 1948-1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzd5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124, Correspondentie, maart 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59gfi\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noten 10 en 11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjls0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_125: Otto Frank aan aan Lambert Schneider, 20 maart 1950. In deze brief herinnert hij Schneider aan zijn bezoek op 20 januari 1950 en overhandiging van het manuscript.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d84mz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Lambert Schneider aan Otto Frank, 22 maart 1950; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Contract Lambert Schneider, Hamburg met Otto Frank, 25/28 juli 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0rof4\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met de uitgeverij van Lambert Schneider, oktober 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uckgn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7nl7\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 212c, Anne Frank, inv. no. 5d: Landgericht Lübeck, procesdossier Stielau/ Buddeberg, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19yu2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan S. Ficher Verlag, 8 mei 1954. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ah351\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 28 februari 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzogj\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Verlag (Christian Wegner) aan Otto Frank, 3 juli 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuia\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Fischer Bücherei aan Otto Frank, 7 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klnjo\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 17; NIOD (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. duk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortt de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank. In de Duitse vertaling van Annelise Schütz werden deze passages grotendeels gehandhaafd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0ah7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes: ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2ycn\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_124: Otto Frank aan Lambert Schneider, 16 november 1956. Zie voor de DDR-uitgave van het dagboek, het archief Union Verlag (AFS, AFC, reg. code B_dagboek_I_008).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajvis\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132, Brief Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchel and Co, 22 november 1950. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja79q\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA 132 : Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Robert Harben, september 1947 - augustus 1948. Otto Frank kende Robert Harben van vroeger van diens ‘leesbibliotheek’ in de buurt van het Merwedeplein waar hij met zijn vrouw Edith kwam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k3dkc\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Robert Harben aan Otto Frank, 7 augustus 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j9v5\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_150: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 25 september 1950. Heel veel vrienden en relaties zijn hem hierbij behulpzaam: Walter en Julius Holländer, Nathan Straus, Dola de Jong, Miriam Blumenthal, Annetje Reens, Meyer Levin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27vyt\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchel and Co. (de heer Japp) aan Otto Frank, 10 oktober 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyp3w\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950, AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. aan Otto Frank, 8 maart 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fots0\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday, 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl1qt\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp) aan Otto Frank, 29 mei 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q1dvr\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 12 april 1951. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9u\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 33. Voor meer over het voorwoord door Eleanor Roosevelt, zie AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_ 154, OFA_172 en OFA_132. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go4rm\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co. (Japp), 19 juli 1952. Meyer Levin, "The child behind ther secret door", in: <em>The New York Times Book Review</em>, 15 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The first translations of Anne Frank's diary appeared in the early 1950s, thanks in part to Otto Frank's efforts.",
"summary_nl": "Begin jaren '50 verschenen de eerste vertaling van het dagboek van Anne Frank, mede dankzij de inspanningen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "The first translations of Anne Frank's diary appeared in the early 1950s, thanks in part to Otto Frank's efforts.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124608,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d",
"name": "Otto and the typescript of Anne's diary",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en het typescript van Annes dagboek",
"name_en": "Otto and the typescript of Anne's diary",
"description": "<p>Anne's diaries were retyped in parts by Otto Frank himself to give to his friends to read, and to be translated for his family in Switzerland. When the idea of publishing the diary took hold, the typescripts were created, eventually resulting in the publication of the first edition on <strong>25 June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ikpka\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>22 August 1945</strong>, Otto Frank writes to his mother: '<em> (...) Miep hat zufällig eine Alben [sic] retten können und auch Anne's Tagebucher. Ich habe jedoch noch nicht die Kraft darin zu lesen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Soon, however, he became engrossed in the diary as evidenced by a letter dated <strong>26 September 1945</strong> to his sister Leni:<em> 'Was ich da lese ist unbeschreiblich aufregend u. doch lese ich. Ich kann es euch nicht schildern, ich bin auch nicht fertig mit Lesen und will alles erst durchgelesen haben, bevor ich Auszüge oder übersetzungen mache.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank read from the manuscripts to friends who encouraged him to publish.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He first had the stories typed out, which he then had translated into German by Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He did not want to keep passing around the fables and short stories, and did not want to pass around the diaries at all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nBy <strong>mid-November 1945</strong>, he had not finished copying the diaries and he was not quite sure what to do with some passages, for example about his marriage to Edith: '<em> (...) it is a disagreeable feeling to publish things against her mother- and I have to do it.</em> <em>(…) It keeps my brains busy every day.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This first typescript created by Otto Frank has not survived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank sent diary excerpts translated into German to relatives in Switzerland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Typescripts I and II</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Otto Frank Archive there are two complete typescripts that have been referred to as Typescript I and II since the research for the scholarly edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Typescript I was compiled by Otto Frank on the basis of the loose sheets supplemented with fragments from diary A1, A2 and A3 (see the Manuscript entry). Some passages he deliberately left out:<em> 'There are passages I can scrap f.i</em> [for instance] <em>what she thought about my marriage, her view on politics.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn Typescript I, linguistic and stylistic changes were made. As a result, Typescript II was created. Typescript II is the modified version of Typescript I and it was typed out by Isa Cauvern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Annie and Jan Romein saw this second version.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Publisher Contact used Typescript II as the starting point for the first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efiac\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Typescript II was also the basis of the German translation by Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ikpka\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Leni Elias-Frank, 26 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('Freitag bei Jetty Cahn, bei Denen ich Annes Tagebuch angefangen habe vorzulesen, um Werners Urteil zu haben wegen der ausgabe. Er ist ja seit Jahren beim Verlag Querido, wo auch Jetty war. Nächsten Freitag Fortsetzung, aber schön jetzt der Eindruck: unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Ihr könnt Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen darin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english. Es behandelt alles was in der Zeit der Versteckseins [sic] im Kreise von verschiedenen Menschen vorkommt, alle Aengste, alle Zwischenfälle, alle Dispute, das Essen, die Politik, die Judenfrage das Wetter, die Stimmungen, die Erziehungsprobleme, Geburtstage, Erinnerungen, kurz alles. Frau Schütz, bei der ich denn Gestern war will nun ein Märchen Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic] für Euch übersetzen, eine Bärengeschichte'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945 ('Ich kann von Annes Tagebüchern nicht abbleiben dabei sind sie so unglaublich aufregend. Ich lasse ihr Geschichtenbuch eben abschreiben, da ich es nicht stets aus Handen geben möchte und einiges in Deutsch übersetzen für Euch. Die Tagebücher kann ich nicht aus der Hand geben, es steht zuviel drin, was für niemand anders bestimmt ist,aber auch da werde ich Auszüge machen'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield,16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deze informatie komt volgens de wetenschappelijke editie van het dagboek uit het verslag van het verhoor van Otto Frank, gedateerd 16 juli 1959. Zie Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 88, noot 12. Dit verhoor hebben wij vooralsnog niet teruggevonden in het daar genoemde procesdossier Stielau/Buddeberg (p. 41).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan familie, ongedateerd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 73; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_093: Typescript I; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Typescript II. Daarnaast is er nog een aantal doorslagen en typescripts overgeleverd. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_091, 092, 095, 096 en 097.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efiac\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortte de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdecker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan zijn Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Annes dagboeken werden door Otto Frank zelf in delen overgetypt om aan zijn vrienden te laten lezen en om te laten vertalen voor zijn familie in Zwitserland. Toen het idee om het dagboek uit te geven postvatte, ontstonden de typescripts die uiteindelijk resulteerden in de publicatie van de eerste editie op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a8qq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>22 augustus 1945</strong> schrijft Otto Frank aan zijn moeder: '<em>(…) Miep hat zufällig eine Alben [sic] retten können und auch Anne’s Tagebucher. Ich habe jedoch noch nicht die Kraft darin zu lesen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Al gauw raakte hij echter in de greep van het dagboek zoals blijkt uit een brief van <strong>26 september 1945</strong> aan zijn zus Leni: '<em>Was ich da lese ist unbeschreiblich aufregend u. doch lese ich. Ich kann es euch nicht schildern, ich bin auch nicht fertig mit Lesen und will alles erst durchgelesen haben, bevor ich Auszüge oder übersetzungen mache.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november 1945</strong> las Otto Frank voor uit de manuscripten aan vrienden die hem aanmoedigden tot publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hij liet eerst de verhaaltjes uittypen, die hij vervolgens door Anneliese Schütz in het Duits liet vertalen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De verhaaltjes wilde hij niet steeds uit handen geven, de dagboeken helemaal niet. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nHalverwege <strong>november 1945</strong> was hij nog niet klaar met het kopiëren van de dagboeken en hij wist niet goed wat hij met sommige passages, bijvoorbeeld over zijn huwelijk met Edith, aan moest: '<em>(…) it is a disagreeable feeling to publish things against her mother- and I have to do it. </em><em>(…) It keeps my brains busy every day.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Dit eerste, door Otto Frank gemaakte typescript is niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank stuurde in het Duits vertaalde dagboekfragmenten naar familie in Zwitserland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Typescripts I en II</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich twee complete typescripts die sinds het onderzoek voor de wetenschappelijke uitgave Typescript I en II worden genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Typescript I stelde Otto Frank samen op basis van de losse vellen aangevuld met fragmenten uit dagboek A1, A2 en A3 (zie lemma manuscript). Een aantal passages liet hij bewust weg: '<em>There are passages I can scrap f.i</em> [for instance] <em>what she thought about my marriage, her view on politics.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn Typescript I werden taalkundige en stilistische veranderingen aangebracht. Hierdoor ontstond Typescript II. Typescript II is de aangepaste versie van Typescript I en het werd door Isa Cauvern uitgetypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Annie en Jan Romein kregen deze tweede versie onder ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Uitgeverij Contact gebruikte Typescript II als uitgangspunt voor de eerste editie van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efiac\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Typescript II was ook de basis van de Duitse vertaling door Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a8qq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Leni Elias-Frank, 26 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('Freitag bei Jetty Cahn, bei Denen ich Annes Tagebuch angefangen habe vorzulesen, um Werners Urteil zu haben wegen der ausgabe. Er ist ja seit Jahren beim Verlag Querido, wo auch Jetty war. Nächsten Freitag Fortsetzung, aber schön jetzt der Eindruck: unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Ihr könnt Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen darin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english. Es behandelt alles was in der Zeit der Versteckseins [sic] im Kreise von verschiedenen Menschen vorkommt, alle Aengste, alle Zwischenfälle, alle Dispute, das Essen, die Politik, die Judenfrage das Wetter, die Stimmungen, die Erziehungsprobleme, Geburtstage, Erinnerungen, kurz alles. Frau Schütz, bei der ich denn Gestern war will nun ein Märchen Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic] für Euch übersetzen, eine Bärengeschichte'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945 ('Ich kann von Annes Tagebüchern nicht abbleiben dabei sind sie so unglaublich aufregend. Ich lasse ihr Geschichtenbuch eben abschreiben, da ich es nicht stets aus Handen geben möchte und einiges in Deutsch übersetzen für Euch. Die Tagebücher kann ich nicht aus der Hand geben, es steht zuviel drin, was für niemand anders bestimmt ist,aber auch da werde ich Auszüge machen'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield,16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deze informatie komt volgens de wetenschappelijke editie van het dagboek uit het verslag van het verhoor van Otto Frank, gedateerd 16 juli 1959. Zie Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 88, noot 12. Dit verhoor hebben wij vooralsnog niet teruggevonden in het daar genoemde procesdossier Stielau/Buddeberg (p. 41).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan familie, ongedateerd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 73; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_093: Typescript I; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Typescript II. Daarnaast is er nog een aantal doorslagen en typescripts overgeleverd. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_091, 092, 095, 096 en 097.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efiac\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortte de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdecker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan zijn Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne's diaries were retyped in parts by Otto Frank himself to give to his friends to read, and to be translated for his family in Switzerland. When the idea of publishing the diary took hold, the typescripts were created, eventually resulting in the publication of the first edition on <strong>25 June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ikpka\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>22 August 1945</strong>, Otto Frank writes to his mother: '<em> (...) Miep hat zufällig eine Alben [sic] retten können und auch Anne's Tagebucher. Ich habe jedoch noch nicht die Kraft darin zu lesen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Soon, however, he became engrossed in the diary as evidenced by a letter dated <strong>26 September 1945</strong> to his sister Leni:<em> 'Was ich da lese ist unbeschreiblich aufregend u. doch lese ich. Ich kann es euch nicht schildern, ich bin auch nicht fertig mit Lesen und will alles erst durchgelesen haben, bevor ich Auszüge oder übersetzungen mache.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank read from the manuscripts to friends who encouraged him to publish.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He first had the stories typed out, which he then had translated into German by Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He did not want to keep passing around the fables and short stories, and did not want to pass around the diaries at all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nBy <strong>mid-November 1945</strong>, he had not finished copying the diaries and he was not quite sure what to do with some passages, for example about his marriage to Edith: '<em> (...) it is a disagreeable feeling to publish things against her mother- and I have to do it.</em> <em>(…) It keeps my brains busy every day.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This first typescript created by Otto Frank has not survived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank sent diary excerpts translated into German to relatives in Switzerland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Typescripts I and II</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Otto Frank Archive there are two complete typescripts that have been referred to as Typescript I and II since the research for the scholarly edition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Typescript I was compiled by Otto Frank on the basis of the loose sheets supplemented with fragments from diary A1, A2 and A3 (see the Manuscript entry). Some passages he deliberately left out:<em> 'There are passages I can scrap f.i</em> [for instance] <em>what she thought about my marriage, her view on politics.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn Typescript I, linguistic and stylistic changes were made. As a result, Typescript II was created. Typescript II is the modified version of Typescript I and it was typed out by Isa Cauvern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Annie and Jan Romein saw this second version.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Publisher Contact used Typescript II as the starting point for the first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efiac\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Typescript II was also the basis of the German translation by Anneliese Schütz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ikpka\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f0mio\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kq39f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Leni Elias-Frank, 26 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zlidf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945 ('Freitag bei Jetty Cahn, bei Denen ich Annes Tagebuch angefangen habe vorzulesen, um Werners Urteil zu haben wegen der ausgabe. Er ist ja seit Jahren beim Verlag Querido, wo auch Jetty war. Nächsten Freitag Fortsetzung, aber schön jetzt der Eindruck: unbedingt veröffentlichen, ein ganz grosses Werk! Ihr könnt Euch nicht vorstellen, was da allen darin steht, ich kann leider vorerst nichts übersetzen, aber es wird kommen und es wird auch in deutsch heraus gegeben werden und in english. Es behandelt alles was in der Zeit der Versteckseins [sic] im Kreise von verschiedenen Menschen vorkommt, alle Aengste, alle Zwischenfälle, alle Dispute, das Essen, die Politik, die Judenfrage das Wetter, die Stimmungen, die Erziehungsprobleme, Geburtstage, Erinnerungen, kurz alles. Frau Schütz, bei der ich denn Gestern war will nun ein Märchen Blurry, der Weltentdekker [sic] für Euch übersetzen, eine Bärengeschichte'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqoi0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftp0f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945 ('Ich kann von Annes Tagebüchern nicht abbleiben dabei sind sie so unglaublich aufregend. Ich lasse ihr Geschichtenbuch eben abschreiben, da ich es nicht stets aus Handen geben möchte und einiges in Deutsch übersetzen für Euch. Die Tagebücher kann ich nicht aus der Hand geben, es steht zuviel drin, was für niemand anders bestimmt ist,aber auch da werde ich Auszüge machen'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09uxr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield,16 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b98h5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deze informatie komt volgens de wetenschappelijke editie van het dagboek uit het verslag van het verhoor van Otto Frank, gedateerd 16 juli 1959. Zie Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 88, noot 12. Dit verhoor hebben wij vooralsnog niet teruggevonden in het daar genoemde procesdossier Stielau/Buddeberg (p. 41).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqquz\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan familie, ongedateerd. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4dcs\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 73; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_093: Typescript I; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_094: Typescript II. Daarnaast is er nog een aantal doorslagen en typescripts overgeleverd. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_091, 092, 095, 096 en 097.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efiac\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, p. 81-83: Uitgeverij Contact kortte de tekst in door een aantal passages te schrappen, voerde redactionele veranderingen door en liet seksueel getinte fragmenten weg. Dit gebeurde met instemming van Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ddwy\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gesprek met mevr. R.E. Mengelberg-Draber. In november 1945 vertaalde Anneliese Schutz al <em>Blurry der Weltentdecker, eine Bärengeschichte</em> in opdracht van Otto Frank voor zijn familie in Bazel. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan zijn Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries were retyped by her father himself. Those typescripts resulted in the publication of the first edition of The Secret Annex in 1947.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank werden door haar vader zelf overgetypt. Die typescripts resulteerden in de publicatie van de eerste uitgave van Het Achterhuis in 1947.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries were retyped by her father himself. Those typescripts resulted in the publication of the first edition of The Secret Annex in 1947.",
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"name_nl": "Uitgeverij Contact",
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"content": "<p>In <strong>1933</strong>, Contact publishers was founded by Gilles Pieter de Neve. Contact was a distinctly left-wing publishing house during the <strong>1930s</strong>, with publications such as <em>We Slaves of Suriname</em> by the anti-colonial writer Anton de Kom. Contact saw it as its mission to warn of the dangers of national socialism and also published many anti-fascist works at the time, such as a critical biography by the historian Konrad Heiden on Adolf Hitler.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pym0z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands, Contact therefore destroyed some print runs as a precaution. Thirty-eight publications of the publishing house were banned during the occupation. Despite its earlier anti-fascist stance, the business was not banned or taken over. Contact took a pragmatic stance during the war and published works that were considered "safe". The proceeds were partly used to finance writers who did not join the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer. This institution was set up in the Netherlands by the occupying forces on <strong>22 January 1941</strong> to control and censor the press and the art world.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pw0in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Artists, journalists and writers had to join the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer to be allowed to publish. Contact's financial support allowed some writers to secretly work on books outside the restrictions of the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer, which Contact could then publish after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm0pg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1946</strong>, the front page of Het Parool featured the article 'Kinderstem' by Jan Romein, in which he wrote about Anne Frank's diary. Otto Frank had taken his daughter's book to several publishers, but was repeatedly turned down. After the publication in Het Parool, Contact publishers approached him and they started an exchange of letters about a contract.<sup data-footnote-id=\"738p3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Contact was keen to publish <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in the <em>Proloog</em> series. This was a book series linked to the literary magazine <em>Proloog</em>, founded in <strong>1945</strong>. It was to be a series of books by young authors. Initially, Otto Frank was not in favour of this. This was because the books in this series had a limit of 240 pages and were not illustrated. These objections were met by the publisher. The first edition of the diary was allowed more pages and included some photos and a map of the secret annex. In addition, Otto was keen to have it recorded that once the first edition was sold out there would be a reprint within six months and that the film and translation rights remained with him. These wishes were granted as well before Otto signed the contract.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35f99\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The basis for the first edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. In it, he had deliberately left out a number of passages. These included excerpts in which Anne was critical of her parents' marriage. Contact publishers edited this text and also removed some passages in consultation with Otto. However, there is uncertainty about who exactly made which changes. According to Chris Blom, co-director of Contact, Gilles Pieter de Neve allegedly removed Anne's comments on sexuality and menstruation at Otto Frank's request.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3lso\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In a letter to Chris Blom, Otto wrote that the publisher wished to delete these passages.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71lpm\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies that were sold out with the publisher by early<strong> July 1947</strong>. The second edition appeared in <strong>December 1947</strong> in an edition of 5,000 copies. Two years later in <strong>1949</strong>, Contact also published the book <em>Weet je nog</em>, a collection of eight short stories and fairy tales written by Anne Frank. In <strong>1960</strong>, Contact also published a wider selection of Anne's stories: <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mhqw3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1974</strong>, Contact was incorporated into Bert Bakker publishers. Contact's name was still used for a limited number of publications. Until <strong>1984</strong>, Contact's logo still appeared on the cover of <em>Het Achterhuis</em>, but at the 67th edition this was changed to Bert Bakker's logo. Contact made an independent restart in <strong>1985</strong>, but Bert Bakker continued to publish <em>Het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8wwnl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1993</strong>, Bert Bakker then became part of Prometheus publishers. Until <strong>2010</strong>, Bert Bakker's logo appeared on the cover of The Secret Annexe. That year, with the 58th edition of the <strong>1991</strong> version revised by Mirjam Pressler, this was changed to Prometheus' logo.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Contact publishers merged with a number of other publishing houses to form Atlas Contact in 2012.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7rkrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pym0z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Toef Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact 1933-2008: een kleine geschiedenis</em>, Amsterda: Uitgeverij Contact, 2007, p. 5-14.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pw0in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisette Lewin, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/lewi001clan01_01/lewi001clan01_01_0005.php\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Het clandestiene boek, 1940-1945</em></a>, 2e druk, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, Amsterdam, 1983, p. 45-49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm0pg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 15-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"738p3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php#047\" target=\"_blank\">‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’</a>, in: <em>De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent,</em> Jrg. 24, nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35f99\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 24-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3lso\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022, p. 58-59; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022, p. 52-53; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71lpm\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mhqw3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Correspondentie en stukken m.b.t. de uitgave van “Weet je nog” 1949 en “verhalen rondom het Achterhuis” 1960, uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8wwnl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 29 en 49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7rkrk\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"http:// https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Contact\" target=\"_blank\">Atlas Contact</a> (geraadpleegd 30 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>1933</strong> werd uitgeverij Contact opgericht door Gilles Pieter de Neve. Contact was gedurende de<strong> jaren dertig</strong> een uitgesproken linkse uitgeverij met publicaties als <em>Wij slaven van Suriname</em> van de antikoloniale schrijver Anton de Kom. Contact zag het als missie om te waarschuwen voor de gevaren van het nationaalsocialisme en gaf in die tijd ook veel antifascistische werken uit, zoals een kritische biografie van de historicus Konrad Heiden over Adolf Hitler.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm0la\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de inval van nazi-Duitsland in Nederland vernietigde Contact daarom uit voorzorg enkele oplagen. Van de uitgeverij werden er tijdens de bezetting achtendertig publicaties verboden verklaard. Ondanks de eerdere antifascistische opstelling, werd het bedrijf niet verboden of overgenomen. Contact nam tijdens de oorlog een pragmatische houding aan en publiceerde werken die als “veilig” werden beschouwd. De opbrengsten hiervan werden deels gebruikt om schrijvers te financieren die zich niet aansloten bij de Nederlandse Kultuurkamer. Dit instituut werd op <strong>22 januari 1942 </strong>door de bezetter opgericht om de pers en de kunstwereld te controleren en te censureren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0jznp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Kunstenaars, journalisten en schrijvers moesten zich bij de Nederlandse Kultuurkamer aansluiten om te mogen publiceren. Dankzij de financiële steun van Contact konden enkele schrijvers buiten de Nederlandse Kultuurkamer om toch in het geheim aan boeken werken. Contact zou dan na de oorlog deze boeken kunnen publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gv0md\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 april 1946 </strong>verscheen op de voorpagina van <em>Het</em> <em>Parool </em>het artikel 'Kinderstem' van Jan Romein, waarin hij schreef over het dagboek van Anne Frank. Otto Frank was met het boek van zijn dochter langs meerdere uitgevers geweest, maar werd steeds afgewezen. Na de publicatie in <em>Het Parool</em> benaderde uitgeverij Contact hem en er ontstond een briefwisseling over een contract.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yionz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Contact wilde <em>Het Achterhuis </em>graag publiceren in de <em>Proloogreeks</em>. Dit was een boekenserie die aansloot bij het in <strong>1945</strong> opgerichte literaire tijdschrift <em>Proloog</em>. Het moest een reeks boeken worden van jonge auteurs. Aanvankelijk was Otto Frank hier geen voorstander van. De boeken in deze reeks hadden namelijk een limiet van 240 bladzijden en waren niet geïllustreerd. Deze bezwaren werden door de uitgever tegemoetgekomen. De eerste editie van het dagboek mocht meer pagina’s bevatten en er werden enkele foto’s en een plattegrond van het achterhuis in opgenomen. Daarnaast wilde Otto graag vastgelegd hebben dat zodra de eerste uitgave was uitverkocht er binnen zes maanden een herdruk zou komen en dat de film- en vertaalrechten bij hem bleven. Ook deze wensen werden ingewilligd voordat Otto het contract ondertekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sybzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De basis voor de eerste uitgave was het door Otto Frank samengestelde typescript II. Hierin had hij een aantal passages bewust weggelaten. Dit waren onder andere fragmenten waarin Anne zich kritisch uitliet over het huwelijk van haar ouders. Uitgeverij Contact redigeerde deze tekst en verwijderde in overleg met Otto ook enkele passages. Er bestaat onduidelijkheid over wie precies welke aanpassingen heeft doorgevoerd. Volgens Chris Blom, mededirecteur van Contact, zou Gilles Pieter de Neve op verzoek van Otto Frank de opmerkingen van Anne over seksualiteit en menstruatie hebben verwijderd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fa2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In een brief aan Chris Blom schreef Otto dat de uitgever de wens had deze passages te schrappen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vlrrg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste editie van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong><strong> </strong>in een oplage van 3.000 exemplaren die begin <strong>juli 1947</strong> bij de uitgever waren uitverkocht. De tweede druk verscheen in <strong>december 1947 </strong>in een oplage van 5.000 exemplaren. Twee jaar later in <strong>1949 </strong>publiceerde Contact ook het boek <em>Weet je nog</em>, een bundel van acht korte verhaaltjes en sprookjes geschreven door Anne Frank. In <strong>1960 </strong>verscheen bij Contact ook een ruimere selectie van Anne’s verhaaltjes: <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ua3zt\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1974</strong> werd Contact ondergebracht bij uitgeverij Bert Bakker. De naam van Contact werd nog voor een beperkt aantal publicaties gebruikte. Tot <strong>1984</strong> stond het logo van Contact nog op de kaft van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>, maar bij de 67<sup>e</sup> druk werd dit veranderd in het logo van Bert Bakker. Contact maakte in <strong>1985</strong> een onafhankelijke doorstart, maar Bert Bakker bleef <em>Het Achterhuis </em>uitgeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4y0hw\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1993</strong> werd Bert Bakker vervolgens onderdeel van uitgeverij Prometheus. Tot <strong>2010</strong> stond het logo van Bert Bakker op de kaft van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>. In dat jaar werd dit bij de 58<sup>e</sup> druk van de door Mirjam Pressler herziene versie uit <strong>1991</strong> veranderd in het logo van Prometheus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uitgeverij Contact fuseerde in <strong>2012</strong> met een aantal andere uitgeverijen tot Atlas Contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q0h6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm0la\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Toef Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact 1933-2008: een kleine geschiedenis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 2007, p. 5-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0jznp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisette Lewin, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/lewi001clan01_01/lewi001clan01_01_0005.php\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Het clandestiene boek, 1940-1945</em></a>, 2e druk, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, Amsterdam, 1983, p. 45-49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gv0md\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 15-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yionz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’</a>, in: <em>De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent</em>, Jrg. 24, nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sybzp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 24-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fa2w\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022, p. 58-59; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022, p. 52-53; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vlrrg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ua3zt\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Correspondentie en stukken m.b.t. de uitgave van “Weet je nog” 1949 en “verhalen rondom het Achterhuis” 1960, uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4y0hw\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 29 en 49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q0h6a\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"http:// https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Contact\" target=\"_blank\">Atlas Contact</a> (geraadpleegd op 30 januari 2024). </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>1933</strong>, Contact publishers was founded by Gilles Pieter de Neve. Contact was a distinctly left-wing publishing house during the <strong>1930s</strong>, with publications such as <em>We Slaves of Suriname</em> by the anti-colonial writer Anton de Kom. Contact saw it as its mission to warn of the dangers of national socialism and also published many anti-fascist works at the time, such as a critical biography by the historian Konrad Heiden on Adolf Hitler.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pym0z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands, Contact therefore destroyed some print runs as a precaution. Thirty-eight publications of the publishing house were banned during the occupation. Despite its earlier anti-fascist stance, the business was not banned or taken over. Contact took a pragmatic stance during the war and published works that were considered "safe". The proceeds were partly used to finance writers who did not join the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer. This institution was set up in the Netherlands by the occupying forces on <strong>22 January 1941</strong> to control and censor the press and the art world.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pw0in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Artists, journalists and writers had to join the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer to be allowed to publish. Contact's financial support allowed some writers to secretly work on books outside the restrictions of the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer, which Contact could then publish after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm0pg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1946</strong>, the front page of Het Parool featured the article 'Kinderstem' by Jan Romein, in which he wrote about Anne Frank's diary. Otto Frank had taken his daughter's book to several publishers, but was repeatedly turned down. After the publication in Het Parool, Contact publishers approached him and they started an exchange of letters about a contract.<sup data-footnote-id=\"738p3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Contact was keen to publish <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in the <em>Proloog</em> series. This was a book series linked to the literary magazine <em>Proloog</em>, founded in <strong>1945</strong>. It was to be a series of books by young authors. Initially, Otto Frank was not in favour of this. This was because the books in this series had a limit of 240 pages and were not illustrated. These objections were met by the publisher. The first edition of the diary was allowed more pages and included some photos and a map of the secret annex. In addition, Otto was keen to have it recorded that once the first edition was sold out there would be a reprint within six months and that the film and translation rights remained with him. These wishes were granted as well before Otto signed the contract.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35f99\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The basis for the first edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. In it, he had deliberately left out a number of passages. These included excerpts in which Anne was critical of her parents' marriage. Contact publishers edited this text and also removed some passages in consultation with Otto. However, there is uncertainty about who exactly made which changes. According to Chris Blom, co-director of Contact, Gilles Pieter de Neve allegedly removed Anne's comments on sexuality and menstruation at Otto Frank's request.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3lso\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In a letter to Chris Blom, Otto wrote that the publisher wished to delete these passages.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71lpm\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies that were sold out with the publisher by early<strong> July 1947</strong>. The second edition appeared in <strong>December 1947</strong> in an edition of 5,000 copies. Two years later in <strong>1949</strong>, Contact also published the book <em>Weet je nog</em>, a collection of eight short stories and fairy tales written by Anne Frank. In <strong>1960</strong>, Contact also published a wider selection of Anne's stories: <em>Verhalen rondom het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mhqw3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1974</strong>, Contact was incorporated into Bert Bakker publishers. Contact's name was still used for a limited number of publications. Until <strong>1984</strong>, Contact's logo still appeared on the cover of <em>Het Achterhuis</em>, but at the 67th edition this was changed to Bert Bakker's logo. Contact made an independent restart in <strong>1985</strong>, but Bert Bakker continued to publish <em>Het Achterhuis</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8wwnl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1993</strong>, Bert Bakker then became part of Prometheus publishers. Until <strong>2010</strong>, Bert Bakker's logo appeared on the cover of The Secret Annexe. That year, with the 58th edition of the <strong>1991</strong> version revised by Mirjam Pressler, this was changed to Prometheus' logo.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Contact publishers merged with a number of other publishing houses to form Atlas Contact in 2012.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7rkrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pym0z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Toef Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact 1933-2008: een kleine geschiedenis</em>, Amsterda: Uitgeverij Contact, 2007, p. 5-14.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pw0in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisette Lewin, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/lewi001clan01_01/lewi001clan01_01_0005.php\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Het clandestiene boek, 1940-1945</em></a>, 2e druk, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, Amsterdam, 1983, p. 45-49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm0pg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 15-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"738p3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php#047\" target=\"_blank\">‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’</a>, in: <em>De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent,</em> Jrg. 24, nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35f99\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 24-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3lso\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022, p. 58-59; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022, p. 52-53; Kuitert, ‘De uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Anne Frank’, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71lpm\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mhqw3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Correspondentie en stukken m.b.t. de uitgave van “Weet je nog” 1949 en “verhalen rondom het Achterhuis” 1960, uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8wwnl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaeger, <em>Uitgeverij Contact</em>, p. 29 en 49.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7rkrk\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"http:// https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Contact\" target=\"_blank\">Atlas Contact</a> (geraadpleegd 30 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Uitgeverij Contact was the publisher of the first edition of Het Achterhuis",
"summary_nl": "Uitgeverij Contact was de uitgever van de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Uitgeverij Contact was the publisher of the first edition of Het Achterhuis",
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"title": "Prinsengracht 263, waar Opekta was gevestigd, 1947",
"alt": "Carel Blazer. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
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"name": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
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"name_en": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"content": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hans Wijnberg en zijn zus Els, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen. Ze hadden de noten al gepakt toen ze hoorden dat het toilet werd doorgetrokken. Ze begrepen toen dat er mensen in het pand waren en maakten zich snel uit de voeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In haar dagboek beschrijft Anne vier inbraken. De eerste inbraak werd gepleegd door twee kinderen uit de buurt.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
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"name_nl": "Inbraak in Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"content": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rond half tien in de avond van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ontdekte Peter, die in de regel de deuren voor de nacht controleerde, dat er iets loos was. Hij alarmeerde stilletjes 'de heren' en zij gingen poolshoogte nemen. Later vertelden zij de in de schuilplaats achtergebleven dames dat de inbrekers nog aan de magazijndeur wrikten toen zij vanaf de trap het pakhuis inkwamen. Van Pels riep 'politie', waarop de inbrekers vluchtten. Maar niet zonder nog eens een plank van de deur te trappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteraard was de kans groot dat de politie de geforceerde deur zou opmerken, en dat gebeurde ook. Slegers surveilleerde al jarenlang in binnenstad langs panden waarvoor hij als nachtwaker was ingehuurd. Daarbij trof hij geregeld verdachte situaties en zijn naam duikt dan ook in tal van politierapporten op. De agent die hij waarschuwde, Cornelis den Boef, doorzocht rond kwart voor elf het pand maar trof zijn inziens niets verdachts aan. Hij rapporteerde later op de avond aan de wachtcommandant van bureau Warmoesstraat: 'Binnenshuis was van diefstal echter niets te constateeren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de andere kant van de boekenkast zaten de onderduikers in grote angst. Anne schreef in haar dagboek: 'Stappen in huis, privékantoor, keuken, dan..... onze trap, niemand ademde nu hoorbaar, 8 harten bonkten, stappen op onze trap, dan gerammel aan de draaikast. Dit moment is onbeschrijvelijk.' Tot overmaat van ramp was het deze zondag eerste Paasdag, wat betekende dat het kantoorpersoneel pas dinsdag zou komen. Tot zolang verkeerden de onderduikers in onzekerheid over wat er gaande was en zaten zij in doodse stilte bijeen in de kamer van Van Pels, in de veronderstelling dat er wel politie in het gebouw de wacht zou houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdagochtend lukte het Jo Kleiman telefonisch te bereiken. Kort daarna verschenen Jan en Miep Gies, en bleek de kust - voorlopig - redelijk veilig. Later hoorde Jan van groenteman Van Hoeve dat ook hij het gat in de deur had opgemerkt, maar dacht er beter geen politie bij te halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-04-09",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In de avond van 9 april 1944 zag nachtwaker Martin Slegers dat er een deurpaneel van Prinsengracht 263 was geforceerd en waarschuwde een politieagent.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
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"title": "Overloop met de boekenkast",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
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"description": "De ruimte waar de draaibare boekenkast staat",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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"name": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"name_nl": "De ontdekking van de boekenkast",
"name_en": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de draaibare boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd helper Victor Kugler tijdens een inval van de Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst meegenomen om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Daarbij ontdekten zij de draaibare boekenkast die toegang gaf tot het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
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"uuid": "b0b7f0dd-563f-48c5-9190-8ab6fa6d72ee",
"name": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"name_nl": "De arrestatie van de onderduikers",
"name_en": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de SD al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriend drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers werden samen met Kleiman en Kugler voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werden de onderduikers overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> getransporteerd naar Westerbork. Kleiman en Kugler werden na verhoor opgesloten in het Huis van Bewaring II op de Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). Daar verbleven ze bijna zes weken totdat ze op <strong>7 september</strong> werden overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring I op de Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 deed een arrestatieteam van Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> rond half elf 's ochtends viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was. Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de <em>Sichterheitsdienst</em> (SD) al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriende drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde in<strong> januari 1948</strong> de SD' ers Karl Silberbauer en (rechercheurs) Gezinus Gringhuis en Willem Grootendorst die het kantoor binnenkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler, die op dat moment directeur van Opekta/Pectacon was. De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van de <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) na de oorlog, werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’ </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk werd Kugler samen met de acht onderduikers en Kleiman naar het gebouw van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Kugler noemde in zijn vrij summiere verklaring voor de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van <strong>14 januari 1948</strong> geen details over de arrestatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964), NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dosier van Maaren, procesverbaal; In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de inval van 4 augustus 1944 van het Achterhuis werden ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124465,
"image": {
"id": 1002,
"uuid": "74898da1-bdff-4cbb-8b9e-c3dd1c2a711a",
"name": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"title": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Papier_en_stempels_Gies__Co.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co. De locatie van het bedrijf, aan de voet van de Westertoren, zit verwerkt in het logo.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf",
"name": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_nl": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_en": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"description": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Share ownership</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_nl": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. werd opgezet omdat Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd. Aanvankelijk heette het bedrijf La Synthèse. Deze firma werd op <strong>23 oktober 1940</strong> opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies. Op <strong>4 november 1940</strong> werd de nieuwe firma ingeschreven in het handelsregister met Victor Kugler als eigenaar en directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris en aandeelhouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was gevestigd op het privé-adres van Victor Kugler in Hilversum. Kugler bezat vijftien aandelen ter waarde van 1.500 gulden in totaal; Jan Gies bezat de rest van de aandelen ter waarde van 500 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vertegenwoordigers waren Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naamsverandering</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Pectacon legde het bedrijf zich toe op handel in en fabricage van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>8 mei 1941 </strong>veranderden Kugler en Gies de bedrijfsnaam in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover in <strong>1963</strong> dat de zaak "<em>haar Frans klinkende naam, wijl zij een onderneming was van Duitse afkomst, moest laten vallen."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Aanwijzingen dat het ministerie bezwaar tegen Frans klinkende namen had zijn er verder niet. Wel bepaalde het vaker dat wijziging nodig was, bijvoorbeeld wanneer een bedrijfsnaam teveel op een andere leek. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam, en werd Jan Gies ingeschreven als commissaris van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als commissaris had Jan Gies de bevoegdheid alle lokaliteiten van de onderneming te betreden. Zodoende was het ook niet ongewoon dat hij veel aanwezig was en later bijvoorbeeld met nachtwaker Slegers over de inbraak van <strong>april 1944 </strong>sprak.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vliegende start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf<strong> september 1941 </strong>ging Pectacon, op voorstel van Johannes Kleiman, in liquidatie. De voorraden en machines werden met verlies aan Gies & Co. verkocht. Ook allerhande andere kosten kwamen nog ten laste van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kunstgreep voorkwam dat deze goederen, of hun waarde, ten goede kwamen van Duitse instellingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Gies & Co. op <strong>29 oktober 1941</strong> verhuisde naar de Prinsengracht 263, nam het het huurcontract over van Opekta. Opekta werd vervolgens onderhuurder van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ook ontving het een voorschot van 5.000 gulden van Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Met het voorschot van Opekta en de door Pectacon gedragen kosten kon Gies & Co. een vliegende start maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Cruciaal voor de onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vrijwel zeker was Gies & Co. het belangrijkst voor de financiering van de onderduik in het Achterhuis. Voor het belang van Gies & Co. in dit verband zijn drie aanwijzingen. Als eerste benoemde Otto Frank expliciet dat Kugler specerijen verkocht buiten de boekhouding ter financiering van de noden in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ten tweede was Gies & Co. volledig ‘arisch’ waardoor het zich makkelijk aan Duits toezicht kon onttrekken. Ten derde, Van Pels en Otto Frank waren woedend toen Kugler laboratoriumproefjes deed in plaats van de leverantie voor specerijenmakelaar Westermann in orde te maken. Dit alles onderstreept dat Gies & Co. van cruciaal belang was voor de onderduik.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Aandelenbezit</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren had Otto Frank uiteraard geen formele banden met het bedrijf. Een briefje in het Hofhuisarchief geeft een overzicht van het aandelenbezit, vermoedelijk gedateerd in eind <strong>1943</strong> of begin <strong>1944</strong>. Op papier bezat Kleiman 3.500, Gies 2.500 en Kugler 4.000 gulden. De investeringen in aandelen en deposito van Kleiman en Otto Frank liepen zo door elkaar heen, dat het erop lijkt alsof Otto's en Kleimans geld één geheel vormden. Wie welke aanspraak precies kon maken is niet helder. Wel is duidelijk dat Otto in Gies & Co. heeft geïnvesteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gaf op per <strong>1 september 1945</strong> aandelen Gies & Co. te bezitten met een nominale waarde van 5.800 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong> beschikte hij over 58 procent van de aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Forse verliezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april ’50</strong> traden Otto Frank en Pal Klein als commissarissen tot de N.V. toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In<strong> januari 1954 </strong>bezat Otto Frank voor 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co. (en 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Pectacon was uiteindelijk namelijk niet geliquideerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Het bedrijf leed in de <strong>eerste helft van de jaren '50</strong> forse verliezen. Over <strong>1953 </strong>respectievelijk 5.200 gulden en ruim 14.000 gulden over <strong>1954</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’55 </strong>kondigde Kugler liquidatie van Gies & Co. aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> maar een paar weken later was dit gevaar geweken, want Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel uit Rotterdam verklaarde zich onder voorwaarden bereid Gies & Co. over te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En dat gebuerde ook. Of Jan Gies bij de zaak betrokken bleef tot de overname door Verstegen is niet bekend. Kugler emigreerde in <strong>juni 1955</strong> naar Canada.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_en": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Share ownership</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"summary": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Gies & Co. was een nieuwe onderneming die, omdat het geen Joods bedrijf was, Otto Frank's bedrijf Pectacon verving in verband met anti-Joodse maatregelen.",
"summary_en": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124655,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140",
"name": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"name_nl": "Opekta en Gies & Co na de inval van 4 augustus 1944",
"name_en": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"description": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Jo Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Jo Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de inval van vier augustus bleven de firma’s Gies & Co en Opekta zonder directie achter. Het personeel, Bep Voskuijl en Miep en Miep Gies op kantoor en magazijnchef Willem van Maaren en zijn los-vaste werkers, zette de zaken desondanks voort. En natuurlijk met Jan Gies, die altijd nog commissaris van Gies & Co was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was een beetje improviseren. Aanvankelijk gaf de Duitse politieman Silberbauer de sleutels van het pand aan Miep, en zij gaf ze weer door aan Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong> zei Miep tegen de Rijksrecherche dat Van Maaren bij haar om de sleutels kwam omdat ‘ze’ (d.w.z. de <em>SD</em>) zeiden dat hij ze moest hebben. Volgens Van Maaren deed zij het uit eigen beweging. Hij gaf ook een praktisch argument: Kugler opende de deuren altijd om half negen voor het magazijnpersoneel, terwijl Miep pas om negen uur op kantoor kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler verklaarde in <strong>september 1945</strong> dat vertegenwoordiger Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar destijds had willen proberen de <em>directie</em>, dat wil zeggen Kugler en Kleiman, op de Euterpestraat vrij te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In een gesprek met de journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>eind jaren vijftig</strong> bevestigde Miep Gies het initiatief van Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zij sprak daar over de ‘Verhafteten’. In <strong>1963</strong> vertelde ze nog eens aan de Rijksrecherche dat zij met geld ‘de gearresteerden’ wilde vrijkopen, zonder daarbij Daatzelaar nog te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In hoeverre echt de hoop leefde ook de <em>onderduikers </em>vrij te kunnen kopen is niet te zeggen. De directeuren waren opgepakt om wat ze hadden gedaan, de onderduikers om wie ze waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de dagen na de inval ging Van Maaren nog naar het Huis van Bewaring (HvB) toe om wat receptuur aan Kugler te vragen. Toen Kleiman en Kugler uit het HvB vertrokken, was het aanvankelijk onduidelijk waar zij naartoe gingen. Op <strong>29 augustus</strong> schreef Miep Gies aan een hulpverleenster in Kamp Vught met de vraag of zij daar wellicht waren heengebracht. Zij schreef daarbij dat een van hen maaglijder was, en doelde daarmee op Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een antwoord is niet bekend, maar later zou blijken dat het tweetal in Kamp Amersfoort was opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 september</strong> kwam Jo Kleiman weer vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort. Vanwege zijn maagklachten had het Rode Kruis zich voor zijn vrijlating ingespannen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij verscheen weer op de Prinsengracht om zijn taak op zich te nemen. Zo gingen de twee bedrijven langzaamaan de laatste oorlogswinter tegemoet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel geen van de onderduikers Van Maaren kende, spraken zij met de helpers geregeld over hem. Zijn mogelijke betrokkenheid bij diefstallen uit het pand kwam daarbij naar voren. Er zijn echter geen aangiften uit de onderduikperiode bekend. Dat werd in de latere wintermaanden anders. Op <strong>16 januari 1945</strong> deed vertegenwoordiger Broks bij de recherche op politiebureau Singel namens Gies & Co. aangifte van diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker. Broks zei ‘geen vermoeden’ te hebben van de dader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Otto Frank en zijn medewerkers in <strong>1948</strong> een zaak tegen Van Maaren aanspanden bleek deze echter wel verdacht te zijn geweest. Zijn huis was door rechercheurs, kennelijk in het bijzijn van Broks, doorzocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Die huiszoeking leverde niets op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn weinig gegevens over hoe de bedrijven de laatste winter verder doorkwamen. In de persoonlijke sfeer valt te vermelden dat in december de moeder van Jan Gies en in februari de vader van Jo Kleiman overleden. In zakelijk opzicht zijn de bronnen schaars. Het jaarverslag van Opekta over <strong>1944</strong> vermeldde: ‘De goede verstandhouding en samenwerking met de firma Gies & Co., bleef even als voorheen bestendigd.’ Het vermeldde eveneens dat door de luchtoorlog tal van Duitse industrieën, waaronder pectineproducent Pomosin, waren stilgevallen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pas na de bevrijding kon serieus werk worden gemaakt van de wederopbouw van de bedrijven. En van het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Jo Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Jo Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
"summary_nl": "Door de arrestatie van de helpers Victor Kugler en Jo Kleiman was de directie van Gies & Co en Opekta weg. De drie andere helpers, Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl, bleven vrij en zetten het bedrijf voort. Kleiman kwam na zijn vrijlating (18 september 1944) terug op kantoor.",
"summary_en": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
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"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"uuid": "c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"content": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf 1960 is hier het Anne Frank Huis gevestigd.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884037 52.3753)",
"summary": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Kantoor en magazijn-werkplaats van Opekta, Pectacon en Gies & Co. van 1940 tot 1955. Het achterhuis was van juli 1942 tot augustus 1944 de schuilplaats van de familie Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
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"title": "Apollohal, 1934",
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"name": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"description": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Sport</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verschillende getuigenissen was Anne lichamelijk niet erg sterk; haar ledematen raakten snel uit de kom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Toch zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende ze verschillende andere sporten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gymnastiekclubje werd waarschijnlijk geleid door Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schaatsen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de winter van 1938-1939 leerde Anne schaatsen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> En op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan. Ik had tot nu toe nog altijd mijn oude schaatsen die Margot vroeger gedragen heeft, die schaatsen moeten met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd worden, en op de Kunstijsbaan hadden al mijn vriendinnetjes echte Kunstschaatsen, die met spijkers aan je schoenen vastgemaakt moeten worden, en dan gaan ze er niet meer af. Ik wou zo vreselijk graag ook zulke schaatsen hebben, en na lang zeuren, heb ik ze ook gekregen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Een foto uit <strong>1941</strong> toont Anne met andere kinderen op de schaats in het Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Deze foto kreeg Anton Witsel van de vader van het voorste meisje op de foto Ansje de Leeuw. Volgens het bijschrift van de foto woonde Ansje in de Verenigde Staten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 maart 1941</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma: <em>Ik wou dat ik alweer met schaatsrijden beginnen kon, maar daarvoor moet ik nog een poosje geduld hebben, tot de oorlog voorbij is (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tafeltennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni 1942</strong> schrijft Anne: <em>Wij met ons vijven vormen een club genaamd de kleine Beer, minus 2 afgekort d.k.B.-2. (…) Het is een ping-pongclub</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over haar hobbies schrijft Anne het volgende: <em>Lieve Kitty, je hebt me gevraagd, wat mijn hobby's en interessen zijn en daarop wil ik je antwoorden, maar ik waarschuw je, schrik niet, want het zijn er een heleboel. In de eerste plaats: schrijven, maar dat rekent eigenlijk niet als hobby</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schrijven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast haar overgeleverde dagboeken, verhaaltjes en brieven, heeft Anne ook gedichtjes geschreven in de poëziealbums van haar vriendinnetjes, o.a: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi en Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lezen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las graag. Ze kreeg van de pingpongclub voor haar dertiende verjaardag <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden</em>, maar per ongeluk gaven ze haar deel 2. Ze ruilde vervolgens de <em>Camera Obscura</em> voor deel 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze boeken waren geschreven door Josef Cohen. Deel 2 bevindt zich in de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deel 1 gaf Anne kort voor het onderduiken aan buurmeisje Toosje Kupers, die het nog steeds in bezit heeft. Voorin staat in Annes handschrift de opdracht '<em>Ter Herinnering aan Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Stambomen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde zijn dochters tijdens de onderduik over de familiegeschiedenis en over individuele familieleden. Anne maakte op basis daarvan stambomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft hier ook over in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Deze stambomen zijn niet bewaard gebleven: De stambomen die Anne op grote vellen papier had getekend zijn ook niet gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne maakte ook stambomen van diverse Europese vorstenhuizen: <em>Van de Franse, Duitse, Spaanse, Engelse, Oostenrijkse, Russische, Noordse en Nederlandse vorstenfamilies ben ik in alle kranten, boeken en papieren naar stambomen aan 't zoeken. Met vele ben ik al erg ver gevorderd, temeer daar ik allang uit al de biografieën of geschiedenisboeken, die ik lees, aantekeningen maak</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze haalde hiervoor veel informatie uit de biografie van Karel V.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> toen er kort daarna een bloemenvaas omviel, stroomde het water over haar stambomen. De schade bleek uiteindelijk echter beperkt. Aantekeningen over Maria de Medici’, Karel V, Willem van Oranje en Marie Antoinette moesten op zolder worden gedroogd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Geschiedenis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg van haar vader veel geschiedenisboeken. Ze kon niet wachten tot ze naar de Openbare Bibliotheek kon gaan om daar verder te lezen. Ze voelde ook veel voor kunstgeschiedenis. Ze schrijft daarover: <em>Ik zou graag een jaar naar Parijs en een jaar naar Londen om de taal te leren en kunstgeschiedenis te studeren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Ze deelde deze belangstelling met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Waar een schoolmeisje in één dag al niet van hoort, neem mij nu eens. Eerst vertaalde ik van Hollands in Engels een stuk van Nelson's laatste slag. Daarna nam ik het vervolg van de Noordse oorlog door (1700-1721), van Peter de Grote, Karel XII, Augustus de Sterke, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Voor-Pommeren, Achter-Pommeren en Denemarken + de gebruikelijke jaartallen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las de biografie van Galileï uit, omdat het terug moest naar de bibliotheek. Ze was er de vorige dag in begonnen. De volgende week kwam deel 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Griekse en Romeinse mythologie</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft drie dagen na haar dertiende verjaardag: <em>Nu krijg ik nog Mythen van Griekenland en Rome van mijn eigen geld</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook schrijft ze: <em>(...) hier heb ik verscheidene boeken over. De 9 muzen of 7 liefjes van Zeus kan ik je zo opnoemen. De vrouwen van Heracles enz. enz. ken ik op m'n duimpje.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook deze belangstelling deelde Anne met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg ongeveer in het najaar van 1941 een zwarte poes, die de naam Moortje kreeg.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944 en 8 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende verschillende andere sporten. Andere hobbies van haar waren lezen en schrijven.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/00b422b7-7011-4acb-bee7-0af3199cd124?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77?format=api"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/2e5f78fd-1234-4a2c-ae52-c5853ff4cda4/",
"published": true,
"name": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
"name_nl": "Apollohal",
"name_en": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
"uuid": "2e5f78fd-1234-4a2c-ae52-c5853ff4cda4",
"content": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1934</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">Apollohal</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het gebouw dateert van <strong>1934</strong> en werd jarenlang gebruikt voor tentoonstellingen, sportevenementen en vergaderingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Politieke bijeenkomsten waren er van allerlei soort. Naar aanleiding van de Neurenberger wetten hield het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen op <strong>19 september 1935</strong> een protestvergadering in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De zaal bood ook onderdak aan de NSB na de verloren verkiezingen van <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> en aan ‘Eenheid door Democratie’ met W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940 </strong>werd de installatie van de ‘N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan’ aan de Linnaeusstraat overgezet naar de Apollohal, en bleef daar tot <strong>1949 </strong>in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schrijft Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">Apollohal</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1934</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">Apollohal</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884287 52.348413)",
"summary": "Sports hall and space for events and exhibitions in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Sporthal en ruimte voor manifestaties en tentoonstellingen in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Sports hall and space for events and exhibitions in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Apollolaan 4",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.292722
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 99,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.368266",
"longitude": "4.881189",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
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},
{
"id": 193,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795",
"name": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kolen, gas en licht in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Naast de aanvoer van kleding en levensmiddelen waren er in het Achterhuis meer zaken nodig, zoals brandstoffen, elektriciteit en gas. Voor de lichaamsverzorging waren zeep, cosmetica, medicijnen en verbandmiddelen nodig. Verder lukte het bij tal van feestelijke gelegenheden bloemen in huis te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brandstoffen en energie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>november 1942</strong> ging in het Achterhuis voor het eerst de kachel aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat betekent dat er toen ook brandstof moest zijn. Het particuliere kolenverbruik in Amsterdam was ongeveer 280.000 ton per jaar. Een gemiddeld huishouden gebruikte zo’n 1.200 kilo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Per 1<strong>0 november 1941</strong> gold voor de kolenhandel een stelsel van klantenbinding door middel van inschrijving bij een leverancier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De families Frank en Van Pels hadden daar als huurders van centraal verwarmde woningen niet mee te maken. Fritz Pfeffer kon als kamerhuurder geen kolentoewijzingen meenemen naar het Achterhuis, omdat die alleen geldig waren voor een specifiek en officieel gehuurd vertrek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het kan niet anders of de onderduikers liftten mee op de kolenvoorraad van Gies & Co. en Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagbladen waarschuwden in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> tegen te enthousiast stoken voordat het werkelijk koud werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het dagboekje dat twee Amsterdamse zusters tijdens de oorlogsjaren bijhielden, schreven zij op <strong>1 december 1942</strong> dat hun kolenleverancier al een maand geen antraciet had en zij daarom noodgedwongen parelcokes stookten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de eerste onderduikwinter was er in Amsterdam al een duidelijk tekort aan brandstof.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Sinterklaasgedicht van <strong>1943</strong> werd Peter van Pels geprezen omdat hij kolen haalde en hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Begin <strong>februari ‘44</strong>, toen de angst voor een evacuatie van de westelijke steden groeide, schrijft Anne dat er genoeg kolen en brandhout voorhanden waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In dezelfde maand schrijft ze dat Peter op de zolder hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De tweede winter in het Achterhuis liep toen al enigszins ten einde. Brandhout kon vanwege de lagere stookwaarde antraciet maar gedeeltelijk vervangen. In <strong>maart ‘44</strong> schrijft Anne dat '<em>de meeste mensen'</em> al een maand zonder kolen zaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Die bewering krijgt steun in de illegale pers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Over de situatie in het Achterhuis zegt ze niets. Ervan uitgaande dat de acht onderduikers samen een gemiddeld huishouden vormden, en bovendien hun huisvuil moesten verbranden, hadden ze dan toch zo’n tweeduizend kilo steenkool verstookt, dus er moet regelmatige aanvoer van brandstof zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het elektraverbruik van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was niet groot. Meer dan wat lampen, een stofzuiger, waarschijnlijk een elektrische strijkbout en na <strong>juli ’43</strong> een klein radiootje waren er niet aanwezig. In de rest van het gebouw waren zwaardere elektrische apparaten in bedrijf. Er kwamen in <strong>juni 1941</strong> machines met een gezamenlijk motorvermogen van zo'n 10 PK (7,45 kW) te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het machinepark was daarmee goed voor een aanzienlijk deel van het stroomverbruik in het pand. Annes bewering dat er een 14-daagse stroomafsluiting dreigde<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> kan niet juist zijn, althans niet in <strong>november ’42</strong>. Een dergelijke sanctie was pas op zijn vroegst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> werkelijk mogelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er is geen reden om aan te nemen dat die situatie zich daadwerkelijk voordeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kantoorkeuken had een gasgeiser en een tweepits komfoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In kamer van Van Pels was een kookgelegenheid, waarvan aan te nemen is – gezien het bakken door mevrouw<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> – dat deze van een oven was voorzien. Geiser en komfoor deden dienst bij het baden en de was. In de kantoorruimtes op de eerste verdieping stonden gaskachels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Evenals bij de elektriciteit was het gasrantsoen <strong>medio 1941</strong> bepaald op 75 procent van dezelfde perioden in het voorgaande jaar, waarbij een minimum van 60 m<sup>3 </sup>geldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicijnen, verbandmiddelen en toiletartikelen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Maandverband, watten en andere verbandmiddelen behoorden tot de textielgoederen die vrij van distributieregels blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Er was wel schaarste: Anne schrijft in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> over maandverband dat niet meer te krijgen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Het dagboek geeft verder nauwelijks inlichtingen over zaken als verband en pleisters. De <em>Rode-Kruis-doos</em> van de Franks behoorde tot de spullen die bij de familie Amende waren ondergebracht, en is dus niet in het Achterhuis aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels bestelde in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> verschillende toiletartikelen bij Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tandpasta “en dergelijke” werden volgens Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> nog altijd geleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Desondanks schrijft ze dat in <strong>mei ’43</strong> de shampoo op was, en ze haar moeders haar met groene zeep waste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Het gebrek aan middelen maakte de hygiëne steeds moeilijker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In de regel moest iedereen in Nederland het doen met ongeveer de helft van de voorheen gebruikelijke hoeveelheid zeep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit algemene zeeptekort en de hierdoor mede veroorzaakte landelijke vlooienplaag in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> deden zich ook in het Achterhuis gelden. Fritz Pfeffer kreeg eens per maand een stuk ‘luchtzeep’, en Anne trapte er per ongeluk een stuk af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Een stuk zeep per maand was de gebruikelijke hoeveelheid die de reguliere distributie verschafte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een verwant hygiënisch probleem deed zich voor bij de kattenbak van Mouschi. Hij plaste naast zijn bak toen er geen turfmolm voor verschoning meer voorhanden is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zowel de tandarts als de huisarts van het gezelschap. Bij een behandeling van het gebit van mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte hij kennelijk eau de cologne als ontsmettingsmiddel en vaseline als was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat hij na enige maanden een ‘trapboormachientje’ ontving, en verwachtte dan ook snel een tandartsbehandeling te zullen ondergaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls jongere zus Willy werkte tijdens de oorlogsjaren bij farmaceuticabedrijf Brocades Stheeman aan de Looiersgracht, overigens al sinds <strong>1933</strong> een zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Bep vroeg haar zus soms om medicijnen, waarvan later bleek dat die in het Achterhuis belandden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne noemt in haar dagboek de aanwezigheid van biomals, valeriaantjes en codeïne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bloemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels kreeg op <strong>29 september 1942</strong>, haar verjaardag, van haar man rode anjers, van de helpers chrysanten en van de familie Frank - Pfeffer kwam pas in november - rozen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Omdat er geen bolbloemen mochten worden opgekweekt, waren chrysanten het belangrijkste alternatief. De prijzen waren hoog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Bij de Sinterklaasviering in <strong>december</strong> van dat jaar kregen de dames van de inmiddels drie heren veel bloemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In die maand werkte de Aalsmeerder bloemenveiling wel, maar vanwege stookverboden en brandstofbeperkingen kwam het enige aanbod uit de ‘koude kas’. Daardoor waren veel gewilde soorten niet verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> waren er veel klachten over bloemenhandelaren die veel te hoge prijzen rekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Desondanks kreeg Otto Franks voor zijn verjaardag op <strong>12 mei</strong> rozen en anjers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Een maand later was Anne jarig en kreeg van Pfeffer lathyrussen, terwijl Peter voor haar een bos pioenrozen wist te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Bloemen waren toen nog steeds producten waar fors op werd verdiend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Bij dertig Amsterdamse bloemisten werd de hele voorraad in beslag genomen en gedwongen tegen vastgestelde prijzen verkocht, maar deze meevaller kwam voor Annes verjaardag net te laat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van Opekta en Gies & Co. in het pand. Kolentoewijzingen en stroomrantsoenen van de bedrijven gaven de onderduikers de gelegenheid zonder eigen inbreng – afgezien van financiële – te stoken en energie te gebruiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvoer van toiletartikelen, medicijnen en aanverwante artikelen was soms afhankelijk van de distributie, maar veeleer van de externe contacten van de helpers. Deze contacten hielden veelal weer verband met de netwerken rond de bedrijven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bloemen dienden natuurlijk het moreel, maar waren uiteindelijk toch een vorm van luxe. Uit de regelmatige aanvoer van bloemen blijkt dat er gedurende de hele onderduikperiode toch financiële ruimte voor zulke uitgaven was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944; Dagboek B, 17 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942; Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, ingevoegde notitie d.d. 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart en 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
"summary_nl": "De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van de kolenvoorraad en stroomrantsoenen van de in het pand gevestigde bedrijven Opekta en Gies & Co.",
"summary_en": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
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"parent": 396124388,
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"content": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For a profile of the company, see: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adressen:</strong> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, sinds <strong>1927</strong> voluit N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Firmant van het bedrijf was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De commissarissen van Brocades richtten op <strong>10 augustus 1934 </strong>de N.V. Sangostop op. Dit bedrijf was vernoemd naar het bloedstelpend middel dat door de vennootschap werd gefabriceerd. Naast dit middel maakte ze ook andere chemische en farmaceutische producten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop werd geproduceerd met pectine van Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdag <strong>20 november 1934</strong> demonstreerde een vertegenwoordiger van Brocades-Stheeman uit Meppel het artikel Opekta voor de Ned. Chr. Vrouwenbond in het Groene-Kruisgebouw in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Voor zover bekend was deze promotie, door een andere partij dan Opekta, eenmalig.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman was in <strong>1938 </strong>debiteur van Opekta voor ruim twaalfhonderd gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De fabriek van Brocades in Meppel vulde voor Opekta zakjes met droge pectine. In <strong>1940</strong> mengde het bedrijf voor Opekta nog wel twaalfhonderd kilo droge pectine, maar kon het verpakken er niet meer bij doen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls zus Willy werkt in de oorlogsjaren bij Brocades. Zij kon zo aan vitaminepreparaten en andere middelen komen, die zij deels ook aan Bep gaf.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een schets van het bedrijf, zie: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For a profile of the company, see: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"name_nl": "Een vliegtuig stort neer achter het Carlton Hotel",
"name_en": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"content": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was tijdens de bezetting door de Duitsers in gebruik om er officieren van de <em>Luftwaffe</em> en hun aanhang onder te brengen. Ook andere gebouwen in de omgeving waren bij de <em>Luftwaffe</em> in gebruik. Dit trok natuurlijk de aandacht van de geallieerden maar het Duitse afweergeschut wist een RAF toestel te raken, het stortte neer op een aantal woonhuizen achter het Carlton Hotel waarbij ook veel schade ontstond aan het hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Het Carlton Hotel is kapot, twee Engelse vliegers met een grote lading brandbommen aan boord zijn precies op het "Offiziersheim" gevallen. De hele hoek Vijzelstraat-Singel is afgebrand.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De Duitsers moesten noodgedwongen het commando verplaatsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-26",
"date_end": "1943-04-27",
"summary": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton Hotel pand werd verwoest toen in de nacht van 26 op 27 april 1943 een Britse Halifax-bommenwerper achter het hotel neerstortte.",
"summary_en": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 194,
"image": {
"id": 970,
"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Carlton was in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> als een van prestigieuzere hotels van Amsterdam het decor van talloze concerten, feesten, vergaderingen, bridge- en schaakwedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het Carlton als <em>Luftgaukommando</em> door de Duitsers in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>26 op 27 april 1943</strong> stortte een vliegtuig vlak achter het Carlton in de Reguliersdwarsstraat neer. Het hotel en veel gebouwen in de omgeving zijn verwoest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 201-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"name": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"name_nl": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
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"content": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.392634\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau: de ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em></a>, Ph.D thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was gevestigd op Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telefoon 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit nummer stond ook met de toevoeging 'Arc' in Otto Franks agenda van <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's was <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> van de vorige eeuw opgericht. Juist doordat het bedrijfsleven in die jaren grote problemen had, kon het bureau goed gedijen: adverteerders waren sneller geneigd een nieuwe aanpak te kiezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1936</strong> combineerde Opekta een reclamecampagne met een actie van <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Wie persoonlijk aan de loketten van de krant een 'Speurder' ter waarde van minstens een gulden kwam opgeven, verschenen tussen <strong>28 juni</strong> en <strong>4 juli</strong> van dat jaar, kreeg gratis een Opekta-inmaakpakket. Deze pakketten waren door de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. beschikbaar gesteld. De advertentie die dit aankondigde, had in de marge het beeldmerk van de firma Arc's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.392634\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau: de ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em></a>, Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.392634\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau: de ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em></a>, Ph.D thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89712 52.37672)",
"summary": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
"summary_nl": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was een reclamebureau dat een campagne voor Opekta verzorgde.",
"summary_en": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"id": 1063,
"uuid": "7ccb73bc-9592-4e62-b398-a2514011725d",
"name": "OSIM00002000910",
"title": "De Bijenkorf in Amsterdam, april 1940",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/OSIM00002000910.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"latitude": "52.373344",
"longitude": "4.893942",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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{
"id": 94,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337",
"name": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kleding, schoeisel en beddengoed in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Textielgoederen waren, net als vrijwel alle levensmiddelen, in de oorlogsjaren bijna niet vrij verkrijgbaar. De verdeling van textiel verliep via een puntensysteem, waarmee de verbruiker enige keus had in verschillende kwaliteiten en prijsklassen. Schoenen waren vanaf <strong>juni 1940</strong> alleen met individueel te verstrekken bonnen verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om dit te omzeilen, probeerde de industrie producten te ontwikkelen met zo weinig mogelijk leer en rubber. Voor de gang van zaken in het Achterhuis is Annes dagboek op dit terrein vrijwel de enige bron, waarbij het onderscheid tussen A- en B-versie tot verwarring kan leiden. Het is soms echter ook mogelijk aan te sluiten bij algemenere gegevens. De beschikbare informatie betreft vrijwel uitsluitend de familie Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Kleding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was bij de Franks voorafgaand aan de onderduik al langere tijd veel kleding de deur uitgedaan. Een gedeelte was opgeslagen in een kamer bij Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na Margots oproep op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> namen Jan en Miep Gies zoveel mogelijk spullen mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Vervolgens namen de Franks – althans Anne – bij vertrek naar het Achterhuis zoveel mogelijk kleren mee door ze over elkaar aan te trekken. Miep ging later nog naar de woning op het Merwedeplein terug om te proberen wat achtergebleven kleding van Werner Goldschmidt - de achtergebleven kostganger van de familie Frank - los te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Over het succes van haar poging is niets bekend. In <strong>september ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze haar vader het bont van mevrouw Dreher om zijn hoofd wikkelde. Otto Frank had voor de onderduikperiode veel contact met de Drehers, die alles van enige waarde verkochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleding werd schaars en duur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dat was een probleem, want de kinderen (althans Anne en Margot) groeiden uit hun kleren. Dit blijkt uit de ‘groeistreepjes’ in de kamer van de familie Frank, maar ook uit Annes dagboek. Haar nachtjapon werd veel te kort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot liep volgens haar zus met een 'twee maten te kleine bustehouder.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie werd in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> de mogelijkheid besproken dat Anne onder begeleiding naar een oogarts zou gaan, waarbij bleek dat ze inmiddels uit haar jas was gegroeid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstonden ook tekorten door slijtage. Anne beschrijft hoe haar vader rondliep met een gerafelde broek en versleten das, en dat haar moeders korset het van ouderdom begaf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep zorgde met hulp van haar zus Corry voor een doos kleren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was kleermaakster. Ze stond genoteerd als ‘ateliernaaister’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie kocht Bep rond dezelfde tijd rokken voor Anne en Margot in de Bijenkorf. Deze waren duur en van slechte kwaliteit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de A-versie komt de Bijenkorf niet voor; de B-versie zwijgt over Corry’s bijdrage. Toen het in september fris werd, realiseerde Anne zich dat ze niet veel warme kleding meer had. Ze ging toen een 'wit geval' breien, een trui met ritssluiting waar ze tot half november aan werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Met de nodige inventiviteit maakte Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> van een oude onderjurk van haar moeder een ‘dansjurk’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over kleding van de anderen is de informatie erg schaars. Pfeffer had een rood jasje<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> en mevrouw Van Pels een roze ‘bedjasje’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Herman van Pels uit geldnood zijn pak wilde verkopen, lukte dat niet - toen moest mevrouws mantel van konijnenbont eraan geloven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schoenen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen schrijft in haar herinneringen dat ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein ging, waar ze Annes nieuwe schoenen zag staan. Het verbaasde haar dat Anne die had achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In haar B-versie schrijft Anne over de avond voor het overhaaste vertrek naar het Achterhuis dat Jan en Miep Gies langskwamen en onder andere schoenen meenamen. Waar ze die heen brachten is niet bekend, maar later blijkt dat er schoenen van de Franks bij de familile Amende waren ondergebracht. Die wilden ze naar het Achterhuis laten komen toen vrees voor ontruiming van de hele stad ontstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar zover kwam het niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> paste Anne alleen haar skischoenen nog; ze kreeg een paar rieten schoentjes die zes gulden vijftig kostten en na een week al kapot waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt verder dat Miep in de <strong>zomer van ’43</strong> een paar suède schoenen voor haar meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Gezien de restricties op de schoenenhandel moest dat ofwel een clandestiene aankoop zijn gewesst, ofwel een oud paar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had gympen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Anne ook, en ze probeerde daar tevergeefs balletschoenen van te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Van Pfeffer schrijft Anne dat hij zwarte lakpantoffels had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Beddengoed, hand- en theedoeken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Allerlei goederen waren over een periode van maanden per pakketpost naar de Prinsengracht gebracht. Bij aankomst stonden de dozen en het beddengoed hoog opgestapeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup>De B-versie suggereert dat het dagelijkse beddengoed op het Merwedeplein was achtergebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto en Edith Frank sliepen niet op een matras, maar op twee opgestapelde ‘peluwen’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Toen Jan en Miep kwamen slapen brachten ze zelf twee dekens mee; de onderduikers hadden er ook nog twee over. Bovendien was er op de voorzolder nog een deken en een ‘plumeau’ - een halflange bedsprei - in de koffer van een verder onbekende ‘mijnheer Fuchs’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer kreeg van Charlotte Kaletta een en ander nagestuurd, maar aan te nemen valt dat hij sliep op een matras en onder dekens die al in het Achterhuis aanwezig waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels haalde haar slopen en lakens uit de kast en wilde (volgens Anne) eerst die van Edith verslijten, en haar eigen spullen goed houden voor na de oorlog. Ediths handdoeken waren ook al allemaal in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor de onderduikers en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name kwalitatief behoorlijk schoeisel was lastig te krijgen. Ondanks een gebrek aan bronnen is duidelijk dat de onderduikers in toenemende mate last van de slijtage ondervonden, ondanks dat er een zekere mate van aanvoer was. Deze aanvoer was echter zeer sterk afhankelijk van het beschikbare aanbod, en dat was erg beperkt. Vergeleken met de voedselvoorziening is er over textiel- en schoeiselkwesties minder bekend, en die vormen daarom een weerbarstiger thema.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september, 5 oktober en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 en 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 april en 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"summary_nl": "Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name goed schoeisel was lastig te krijgen.",
"summary_en": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
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"content": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gevestigd op het Damrak te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van een fourniturenwinkeltje op de Nieuwendijk ontwikkelde de Bijenkorf zich tot een groot warenhuis aan het Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <strong>Eind november</strong> en begin <strong>december 1938</strong> was de Bijenkorf mikpunt van antisemitische acties van nationaal-socialistische jongeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarbij was ook Tonny Ahlers betrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ’40</strong> gooiden Nederlandse nationaal-socialisten enkele etalageruiten van de Bijenkorf in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl kocht in de Bijenkorf nieuwe rokken voor Margot en Anne Frank. '<em>Het is rotstof, net jute zakken'</em>, schrijft Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, één van de vrouwen die Anne Frank ontmoette in Kamp Westerbork, werkte van <strong>1928 tot 1941</strong> in de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf_(warenhuis)\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkof (warenhuis)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <em><a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\">Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</a>. </em>Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.893942 52.373344)",
"summary": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "De Bijenkorf is een groot warenhuis in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Damrak 90a",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"land": "Nederland",
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"title": "Centrale Markthallen, 16 oktober 1934",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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{
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
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{
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"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
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"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Market Halls were opened in <strong>1934</strong> and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>March 22, 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane '<em>the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Also see:: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Markthallen waren in <strong>1934 </strong>geopend en dienden als centrum van levensmiddelen(groot-)handel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>22 maart 1944</strong> stortte een bommenwerper neer in de Spaarndammerstraat. Volgens Anne Frank moet het vliegtuig '<em>dicht bij de Markthallen overgekomen zijn</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Zie ook: Bianca Stiger, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Market Halls were opened in <strong>1934</strong> and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>March 22, 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane '<em>the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Also see:: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"name": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
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"description": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1942</strong> schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1944</strong> komt ze erop terug, en toen was het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. <strong>Eind oktober 1942</strong> waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>april 1944</strong> had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: '<em>Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].'</em> Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in <strong>1951</strong> een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar <strong>1943</strong> ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bijkomende kwesties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, 19 mei en 1 augustus 1944; Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, 19 maart 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De tandarts”, 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en ook de helpers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes en soms met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab/",
"published": true,
"name": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"name_nl": "Binnen Gasthuis",
"name_en": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"uuid": "1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab",
"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Grimburgwal 10, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam, waarvan de geschiedenis teruggaat tot de tijd van de Reformatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijls vader, Johan Voskuijl, werd tijdens zijn ziekte opgenomen in het Binnen Gasthuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw verliet het ziekenhuis de binnenstad, en om deel uit te maken van het Academisch Medisch Centrum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894398 52.369059)",
"summary": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het Binnen Gasthuis was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Grimburgwal 10",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.292722
}
]
}
