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"name": "OSIM00002000910",
"title": "De Bijenkorf in Amsterdam, april 1940",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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{
"id": 396124419,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
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"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"uuid": "64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337",
"name": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kleding, schoeisel en beddengoed in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Textielgoederen waren, net als vrijwel alle levensmiddelen, in de oorlogsjaren bijna niet vrij verkrijgbaar. De verdeling van textiel verliep via een puntensysteem, waarmee de verbruiker enige keus had in verschillende kwaliteiten en prijsklassen. Schoenen waren vanaf <strong>juni 1940</strong> alleen met individueel te verstrekken bonnen verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om dit te omzeilen, probeerde de industrie producten te ontwikkelen met zo weinig mogelijk leer en rubber. Voor de gang van zaken in het Achterhuis is Annes dagboek op dit terrein vrijwel de enige bron, waarbij het onderscheid tussen A- en B-versie tot verwarring kan leiden. Het is soms echter ook mogelijk aan te sluiten bij algemenere gegevens. De beschikbare informatie betreft vrijwel uitsluitend de familie Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Kleding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was bij de Franks voorafgaand aan de onderduik al langere tijd veel kleding de deur uitgedaan. Een gedeelte was opgeslagen in een kamer bij Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na Margots oproep op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> namen Jan en Miep Gies zoveel mogelijk spullen mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Vervolgens namen de Franks – althans Anne – bij vertrek naar het Achterhuis zoveel mogelijk kleren mee door ze over elkaar aan te trekken. Miep ging later nog naar de woning op het Merwedeplein terug om te proberen wat achtergebleven kleding van Werner Goldschmidt - de achtergebleven kostganger van de familie Frank - los te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Over het succes van haar poging is niets bekend. In <strong>september ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze haar vader het bont van mevrouw Dreher om zijn hoofd wikkelde. Otto Frank had voor de onderduikperiode veel contact met de Drehers, die alles van enige waarde verkochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleding werd schaars en duur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dat was een probleem, want de kinderen (althans Anne en Margot) groeiden uit hun kleren. Dit blijkt uit de ‘groeistreepjes’ in de kamer van de familie Frank, maar ook uit Annes dagboek. Haar nachtjapon werd veel te kort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot liep volgens haar zus met een 'twee maten te kleine bustehouder.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie werd in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> de mogelijkheid besproken dat Anne onder begeleiding naar een oogarts zou gaan, waarbij bleek dat ze inmiddels uit haar jas was gegroeid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstonden ook tekorten door slijtage. Anne beschrijft hoe haar vader rondliep met een gerafelde broek en versleten das, en dat haar moeders korset het van ouderdom begaf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep zorgde met hulp van haar zus Corry voor een doos kleren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was kleermaakster. Ze stond genoteerd als ‘ateliernaaister’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie kocht Bep rond dezelfde tijd rokken voor Anne en Margot in de Bijenkorf. Deze waren duur en van slechte kwaliteit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de A-versie komt de Bijenkorf niet voor; de B-versie zwijgt over Corry’s bijdrage. Toen het in september fris werd, realiseerde Anne zich dat ze niet veel warme kleding meer had. Ze ging toen een 'wit geval' breien, een trui met ritssluiting waar ze tot half november aan werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Met de nodige inventiviteit maakte Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> van een oude onderjurk van haar moeder een ‘dansjurk’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over kleding van de anderen is de informatie erg schaars. Pfeffer had een rood jasje<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> en mevrouw Van Pels een roze ‘bedjasje’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Herman van Pels uit geldnood zijn pak wilde verkopen, lukte dat niet - toen moest mevrouws mantel van konijnenbont eraan geloven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schoenen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen schrijft in haar herinneringen dat ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein ging, waar ze Annes nieuwe schoenen zag staan. Het verbaasde haar dat Anne die had achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In haar B-versie schrijft Anne over de avond voor het overhaaste vertrek naar het Achterhuis dat Jan en Miep Gies langskwamen en onder andere schoenen meenamen. Waar ze die heen brachten is niet bekend, maar later blijkt dat er schoenen van de Franks bij de familile Amende waren ondergebracht. Die wilden ze naar het Achterhuis laten komen toen vrees voor ontruiming van de hele stad ontstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar zover kwam het niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> paste Anne alleen haar skischoenen nog; ze kreeg een paar rieten schoentjes die zes gulden vijftig kostten en na een week al kapot waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt verder dat Miep in de <strong>zomer van ’43</strong> een paar suède schoenen voor haar meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Gezien de restricties op de schoenenhandel moest dat ofwel een clandestiene aankoop zijn gewesst, ofwel een oud paar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had gympen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Anne ook, en ze probeerde daar tevergeefs balletschoenen van te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Van Pfeffer schrijft Anne dat hij zwarte lakpantoffels had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Beddengoed, hand- en theedoeken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Allerlei goederen waren over een periode van maanden per pakketpost naar de Prinsengracht gebracht. Bij aankomst stonden de dozen en het beddengoed hoog opgestapeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup>De B-versie suggereert dat het dagelijkse beddengoed op het Merwedeplein was achtergebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto en Edith Frank sliepen niet op een matras, maar op twee opgestapelde ‘peluwen’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Toen Jan en Miep kwamen slapen brachten ze zelf twee dekens mee; de onderduikers hadden er ook nog twee over. Bovendien was er op de voorzolder nog een deken en een ‘plumeau’ - een halflange bedsprei - in de koffer van een verder onbekende ‘mijnheer Fuchs’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer kreeg van Charlotte Kaletta een en ander nagestuurd, maar aan te nemen valt dat hij sliep op een matras en onder dekens die al in het Achterhuis aanwezig waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels haalde haar slopen en lakens uit de kast en wilde (volgens Anne) eerst die van Edith verslijten, en haar eigen spullen goed houden voor na de oorlog. Ediths handdoeken waren ook al allemaal in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor de onderduikers en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name kwalitatief behoorlijk schoeisel was lastig te krijgen. Ondanks een gebrek aan bronnen is duidelijk dat de onderduikers in toenemende mate last van de slijtage ondervonden, ondanks dat er een zekere mate van aanvoer was. Deze aanvoer was echter zeer sterk afhankelijk van het beschikbare aanbod, en dat was erg beperkt. Vergeleken met de voedselvoorziening is er over textiel- en schoeiselkwesties minder bekend, en die vormen daarom een weerbarstiger thema.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september, 5 oktober en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 en 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 april en 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"summary_nl": "Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name goed schoeisel was lastig te krijgen.",
"summary_en": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
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"name": "Bijenkorf",
"name_nl": "Bijenkorf",
"name_en": "Bijenkorf",
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"content": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gevestigd op het Damrak te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van een fourniturenwinkeltje op de Nieuwendijk ontwikkelde de Bijenkorf zich tot een groot warenhuis aan het Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <strong>Eind november</strong> en begin <strong>december 1938</strong> was de Bijenkorf mikpunt van antisemitische acties van nationaal-socialistische jongeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarbij was ook Tonny Ahlers betrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ’40</strong> gooiden Nederlandse nationaal-socialisten enkele etalageruiten van de Bijenkorf in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl kocht in de Bijenkorf nieuwe rokken voor Margot en Anne Frank. '<em>Het is rotstof, net jute zakken'</em>, schrijft Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, één van de vrouwen die Anne Frank ontmoette in Kamp Westerbork, werkte van <strong>1928 tot 1941</strong> in de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf_(warenhuis)\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkof (warenhuis)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <em><a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\">Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</a>. </em>Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.893942 52.373344)",
"summary": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "De Bijenkorf is een groot warenhuis in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Damrak 90a",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
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"name": "PBKD00330000013",
"title": "Binnen Gasthuis, rond 1920",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/PBKD00330000013.jpg",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"latitude": "52.369059",
"longitude": "4.894398",
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 97,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f",
"name": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"name_nl": "De gezondheid van de onderduikers en de helpers",
"name_en": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"description": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1942</strong> schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1944</strong> komt ze erop terug, en toen was het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. <strong>Eind oktober 1942</strong> waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>april 1944</strong> had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: '<em>Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].'</em> Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in <strong>1951</strong> een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar <strong>1943</strong> ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bijkomende kwesties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, 19 mei en 1 augustus 1944; Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, 19 maart 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De tandarts”, 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en ook de helpers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes en soms met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab/",
"published": true,
"name": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"name_nl": "Binnen Gasthuis",
"name_en": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"uuid": "1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab",
"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Grimburgwal 10, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam, waarvan de geschiedenis teruggaat tot de tijd van de Reformatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijls vader, Johan Voskuijl, werd tijdens zijn ziekte opgenomen in het Binnen Gasthuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw verliet het ziekenhuis de binnenstad, en om deel uit te maken van het Academisch Medisch Centrum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894398 52.369059)",
"summary": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het Binnen Gasthuis was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Grimburgwal 10",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
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"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1061,
"uuid": "08ee627b-60cf-4315-a2e6-2a3aafb2efa1",
"name": "010009011403",
"title": "De kruising van de Zuider Amstellaan en de Waalstraat, met rechts boekhandel Blankevoort, 1934",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010009011403_j0BjEw0.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.344857",
"longitude": "4.900771",
"events": [
{
"id": 241,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2",
"name": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank krijgt een dagboek voor haar dertiende verjaardag",
"name_en": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>zondag 12 juni 1942</strong> een rood geruit dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Twee dagen later schrijft ze daarin:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee.) Vrijdag 12 Juni was ik al om zes uur wakker, en dat is heel begrijpelijk daar ik jarig was. (…) Om even na zevenen ging ik naar papa en mama en dan naar de huiskamer, om mijn cadeautjes uit te pakken, het was in de eerste plaats jij die ik te zien kreeg, en wat misschien wel een van mijn fijnste cadeaux is.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief aan Meyer Levin schreef Otto Frank: '<em>The diary was bought by my wife.'</em> Levin deed het in zijn toneelbewerking voorkomen dat Hanneli Goslar het dagboek aan Anne had gegeven. Otto heeft had daar geen bezwaar tegen ('<em>liberty of the write</em>r'), maar merkte wel op dat in werkelijkheid Edith het dagboek had gekocht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-06-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag een rood geruit dagboek. Het was gekocht bij Boekhandel Blankevoort, om de hoek.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
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"subjects": [
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
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"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"name": "Blankevoort, Bookshop and Reading Library",
"name_nl": "Blankevoort, Boekhandel en Leesbibliotheek",
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"content": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\" target=\"_blank\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Zuider Amstellaan 62 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier kwam het doosje kaartjes voor het <em>Varieté</em>-spel vandaan, dat Anne Frank in <strong>1942</strong> voor haar verjaardag kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zeer waarschijnlijk was ook het roodgeruite dagboekje hier gekocht, hoewel daar geen duidelijke bron voor is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De boekhandel was het bedrijf van Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). Hij begon het bedrijf in de Groen van Prinstererstraat en verhuisde dit in <strong>1931</strong> naar de Zuider Amstellaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\" target=\"_blank\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
"summary_nl": "Boekhandel in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt, waar mogelijk het roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank werd gekocht.",
"summary_en": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
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"name": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Hermine Santrouschitz gaat naar school in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, beter bekend als Miep Gies, zat in de jaren <strong>1920-1924</strong> op de <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4</em> aan de Maresingel in Leiden. Waarschijnlijk stond deze school op de hoek van de Maresingel en de Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit gebouw is begin jaren negentig afgebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na de verhuizing van de familie Nieuwenburg naar Amsterdam ging Miep kort naar de Boumanschool. De Boumanschool stond op de hoek van de Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het gebouw is er nog en heeft nu nummer 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het huisvest momenteel (2010) het Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een rapport voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> bewaard gebleven. Gezien de datum van de verhuizing heeft zij de school pas vanaf <strong>half mei</strong> bezocht. Dit is het <em>Verslag aangaande Hermine Santrouschitz</em> voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> van de <em>Boumanschool, openbare school voor uitgebreid lager onderwijs 1ste klasse</em>, Rustenburgerstraat 164. Het rapport is opgemaakt op <strong>29 juli 1924</strong> en betreft de zesde klas. De schaal is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lezen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Schrijven 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Rekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Nederlandsch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Tekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastiek 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Gedrag 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Vlijt 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Onderwijzeres C.E. ten Cate tekende aan: '<em>Gaat zonder examen naar 4j. U.L.O.'</em> Een vergissing of een misverstand, want Miep ging naar de 3-jarige ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens haar pleegouders ging Miep van de Boumanschool naar de 3-jarige MULO aan de Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Daar was de Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, overigens een 4-jarige ULO, met als schoolhoofd L.M.C. Brugman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De pleegouders gebruikten de term MULO, die afkomstig is uit de Onderwijswet van 1857, maar die in <strong>1920</strong> officieel is veranderd in ULO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1924-07-29",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
"summary_nl": "Na de verhuizing naar Amsterdam vervolgde Hermine daar haar schoolcarrière.",
"summary_en": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762",
"name": "Schools",
"name_nl": "Scholen",
"name_en": "Schools",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
"summary_en": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2390"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/c22d7f02-9e97-4dc3-a7cf-388ac0bcd8de/",
"published": true,
"name": "Boumanschool",
"name_nl": "Boumanschool",
"name_en": "Boumanschool",
"uuid": "c22d7f02-9e97-4dc3-a7cf-388ac0bcd8de",
"content": "<p> The building still exists and is now number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2npy0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2npy0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Amsterdam op de kaart: <a href=\"https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Rustenburgerstraat/246\" target=\"_blank\">Rustenburgerstraat 246</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het gebouw bestaat nog en heeft nu nummer 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4tr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4tr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Amsterdam op de kaart: <a href=\"https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Rustenburgerstraat/246\" target=\"_blank\">Rustenburgerstraat 246</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p> The building still exists and is now number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2npy0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2npy0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Amsterdam op de kaart: <a href=\"https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Rustenburgerstraat/246\" target=\"_blank\">Rustenburgerstraat 246</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89774 52.35255)",
"summary": "After moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents, Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool, a public school for primary education for boys and girls.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies ging na haar verhuizing met haar pleegouders naar Amsterdam naar de Boumanschool, een openbare school voor lager onderwijs der derde klasse voor jongens en meisjes.\r\n",
"summary_en": "After moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents, Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool, a public school for primary education for boys and girls.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Rustenburgerstraat 164",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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205
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{
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"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
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"parent": null,
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{
"id": 193,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795",
"name": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kolen, gas en licht in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Naast de aanvoer van kleding en levensmiddelen waren er in het Achterhuis meer zaken nodig, zoals brandstoffen, elektriciteit en gas. Voor de lichaamsverzorging waren zeep, cosmetica, medicijnen en verbandmiddelen nodig. Verder lukte het bij tal van feestelijke gelegenheden bloemen in huis te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brandstoffen en energie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>november 1942</strong> ging in het Achterhuis voor het eerst de kachel aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat betekent dat er toen ook brandstof moest zijn. Het particuliere kolenverbruik in Amsterdam was ongeveer 280.000 ton per jaar. Een gemiddeld huishouden gebruikte zo’n 1.200 kilo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Per 1<strong>0 november 1941</strong> gold voor de kolenhandel een stelsel van klantenbinding door middel van inschrijving bij een leverancier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De families Frank en Van Pels hadden daar als huurders van centraal verwarmde woningen niet mee te maken. Fritz Pfeffer kon als kamerhuurder geen kolentoewijzingen meenemen naar het Achterhuis, omdat die alleen geldig waren voor een specifiek en officieel gehuurd vertrek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het kan niet anders of de onderduikers liftten mee op de kolenvoorraad van Gies & Co. en Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagbladen waarschuwden in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> tegen te enthousiast stoken voordat het werkelijk koud werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het dagboekje dat twee Amsterdamse zusters tijdens de oorlogsjaren bijhielden, schreven zij op <strong>1 december 1942</strong> dat hun kolenleverancier al een maand geen antraciet had en zij daarom noodgedwongen parelcokes stookten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de eerste onderduikwinter was er in Amsterdam al een duidelijk tekort aan brandstof.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Sinterklaasgedicht van <strong>1943</strong> werd Peter van Pels geprezen omdat hij kolen haalde en hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Begin <strong>februari ‘44</strong>, toen de angst voor een evacuatie van de westelijke steden groeide, schrijft Anne dat er genoeg kolen en brandhout voorhanden waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In dezelfde maand schrijft ze dat Peter op de zolder hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De tweede winter in het Achterhuis liep toen al enigszins ten einde. Brandhout kon vanwege de lagere stookwaarde antraciet maar gedeeltelijk vervangen. In <strong>maart ‘44</strong> schrijft Anne dat '<em>de meeste mensen'</em> al een maand zonder kolen zaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Die bewering krijgt steun in de illegale pers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Over de situatie in het Achterhuis zegt ze niets. Ervan uitgaande dat de acht onderduikers samen een gemiddeld huishouden vormden, en bovendien hun huisvuil moesten verbranden, hadden ze dan toch zo’n tweeduizend kilo steenkool verstookt, dus er moet regelmatige aanvoer van brandstof zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het elektraverbruik van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was niet groot. Meer dan wat lampen, een stofzuiger, waarschijnlijk een elektrische strijkbout en na <strong>juli ’43</strong> een klein radiootje waren er niet aanwezig. In de rest van het gebouw waren zwaardere elektrische apparaten in bedrijf. Er kwamen in <strong>juni 1941</strong> machines met een gezamenlijk motorvermogen van zo'n 10 PK (7,45 kW) te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het machinepark was daarmee goed voor een aanzienlijk deel van het stroomverbruik in het pand. Annes bewering dat er een 14-daagse stroomafsluiting dreigde<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> kan niet juist zijn, althans niet in <strong>november ’42</strong>. Een dergelijke sanctie was pas op zijn vroegst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> werkelijk mogelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er is geen reden om aan te nemen dat die situatie zich daadwerkelijk voordeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kantoorkeuken had een gasgeiser en een tweepits komfoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In kamer van Van Pels was een kookgelegenheid, waarvan aan te nemen is – gezien het bakken door mevrouw<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> – dat deze van een oven was voorzien. Geiser en komfoor deden dienst bij het baden en de was. In de kantoorruimtes op de eerste verdieping stonden gaskachels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Evenals bij de elektriciteit was het gasrantsoen <strong>medio 1941</strong> bepaald op 75 procent van dezelfde perioden in het voorgaande jaar, waarbij een minimum van 60 m<sup>3 </sup>geldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicijnen, verbandmiddelen en toiletartikelen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Maandverband, watten en andere verbandmiddelen behoorden tot de textielgoederen die vrij van distributieregels blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Er was wel schaarste: Anne schrijft in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> over maandverband dat niet meer te krijgen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Het dagboek geeft verder nauwelijks inlichtingen over zaken als verband en pleisters. De <em>Rode-Kruis-doos</em> van de Franks behoorde tot de spullen die bij de familie Amende waren ondergebracht, en is dus niet in het Achterhuis aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels bestelde in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> verschillende toiletartikelen bij Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tandpasta “en dergelijke” werden volgens Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> nog altijd geleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Desondanks schrijft ze dat in <strong>mei ’43</strong> de shampoo op was, en ze haar moeders haar met groene zeep waste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Het gebrek aan middelen maakte de hygiëne steeds moeilijker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In de regel moest iedereen in Nederland het doen met ongeveer de helft van de voorheen gebruikelijke hoeveelheid zeep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit algemene zeeptekort en de hierdoor mede veroorzaakte landelijke vlooienplaag in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> deden zich ook in het Achterhuis gelden. Fritz Pfeffer kreeg eens per maand een stuk ‘luchtzeep’, en Anne trapte er per ongeluk een stuk af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Een stuk zeep per maand was de gebruikelijke hoeveelheid die de reguliere distributie verschafte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een verwant hygiënisch probleem deed zich voor bij de kattenbak van Mouschi. Hij plaste naast zijn bak toen er geen turfmolm voor verschoning meer voorhanden is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zowel de tandarts als de huisarts van het gezelschap. Bij een behandeling van het gebit van mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte hij kennelijk eau de cologne als ontsmettingsmiddel en vaseline als was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat hij na enige maanden een ‘trapboormachientje’ ontving, en verwachtte dan ook snel een tandartsbehandeling te zullen ondergaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls jongere zus Willy werkte tijdens de oorlogsjaren bij farmaceuticabedrijf Brocades Stheeman aan de Looiersgracht, overigens al sinds <strong>1933</strong> een zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Bep vroeg haar zus soms om medicijnen, waarvan later bleek dat die in het Achterhuis belandden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne noemt in haar dagboek de aanwezigheid van biomals, valeriaantjes en codeïne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bloemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels kreeg op <strong>29 september 1942</strong>, haar verjaardag, van haar man rode anjers, van de helpers chrysanten en van de familie Frank - Pfeffer kwam pas in november - rozen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Omdat er geen bolbloemen mochten worden opgekweekt, waren chrysanten het belangrijkste alternatief. De prijzen waren hoog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Bij de Sinterklaasviering in <strong>december</strong> van dat jaar kregen de dames van de inmiddels drie heren veel bloemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In die maand werkte de Aalsmeerder bloemenveiling wel, maar vanwege stookverboden en brandstofbeperkingen kwam het enige aanbod uit de ‘koude kas’. Daardoor waren veel gewilde soorten niet verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> waren er veel klachten over bloemenhandelaren die veel te hoge prijzen rekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Desondanks kreeg Otto Franks voor zijn verjaardag op <strong>12 mei</strong> rozen en anjers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Een maand later was Anne jarig en kreeg van Pfeffer lathyrussen, terwijl Peter voor haar een bos pioenrozen wist te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Bloemen waren toen nog steeds producten waar fors op werd verdiend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Bij dertig Amsterdamse bloemisten werd de hele voorraad in beslag genomen en gedwongen tegen vastgestelde prijzen verkocht, maar deze meevaller kwam voor Annes verjaardag net te laat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van Opekta en Gies & Co. in het pand. Kolentoewijzingen en stroomrantsoenen van de bedrijven gaven de onderduikers de gelegenheid zonder eigen inbreng – afgezien van financiële – te stoken en energie te gebruiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvoer van toiletartikelen, medicijnen en aanverwante artikelen was soms afhankelijk van de distributie, maar veeleer van de externe contacten van de helpers. Deze contacten hielden veelal weer verband met de netwerken rond de bedrijven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bloemen dienden natuurlijk het moreel, maar waren uiteindelijk toch een vorm van luxe. Uit de regelmatige aanvoer van bloemen blijkt dat er gedurende de hele onderduikperiode toch financiële ruimte voor zulke uitgaven was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944; Dagboek B, 17 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942; Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, ingevoegde notitie d.d. 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart en 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
"summary_nl": "De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van de kolenvoorraad en stroomrantsoenen van de in het pand gevestigde bedrijven Opekta en Gies & Co.",
"summary_en": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
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"name": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"name_nl": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"name_en": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"uuid": "17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"content": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For a profile of the company, see: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adressen:</strong> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, sinds <strong>1927</strong> voluit N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Firmant van het bedrijf was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De commissarissen van Brocades richtten op <strong>10 augustus 1934 </strong>de N.V. Sangostop op. Dit bedrijf was vernoemd naar het bloedstelpend middel dat door de vennootschap werd gefabriceerd. Naast dit middel maakte ze ook andere chemische en farmaceutische producten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop werd geproduceerd met pectine van Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdag <strong>20 november 1934</strong> demonstreerde een vertegenwoordiger van Brocades-Stheeman uit Meppel het artikel Opekta voor de Ned. Chr. Vrouwenbond in het Groene-Kruisgebouw in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Voor zover bekend was deze promotie, door een andere partij dan Opekta, eenmalig.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman was in <strong>1938 </strong>debiteur van Opekta voor ruim twaalfhonderd gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De fabriek van Brocades in Meppel vulde voor Opekta zakjes met droge pectine. In <strong>1940</strong> mengde het bedrijf voor Opekta nog wel twaalfhonderd kilo droge pectine, maar kon het verpakken er niet meer bij doen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls zus Willy werkt in de oorlogsjaren bij Brocades. Zij kon zo aan vitaminepreparaten en andere middelen komen, die zij deels ook aan Bep gaf.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een schets van het bedrijf, zie: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For a profile of the company, see: Geheugen van Drenthe: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">Brocades & Stheeman</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.881189 52.368266)",
"summary": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_nl": "Brocades-Stheeman was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_en": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Looiersgracht 27-35",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
{
"id": 163,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1078,
"uuid": "5765e71f-6157-4ac1-b4d0-2f9733235768",
"name": "012_008",
"title": "Uitzicht vanuit Prinsengracht 263 op de brug over de Bloemgracht, 1954",
"alt": "Maria Austria. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_008_brug_over_bloemgracht.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.37523",
"longitude": "4.883286",
"events": [
{
"id": 163,
"main_image": {
"id": 1060,
"uuid": "60834823-1faa-4d3f-a84f-e1563fb27687",
"name": "B_Diversen_B_009",
"title": "Brug over Bloemgracht bij Prinsengracht",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NL_AsdAFS_MCAF_B-Diversen-I_0009_0001.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/7308791d-5bce-455d-9f37-a512450e8951?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c7ead2fa-1289-4f8e-9919-d37f1bc78176?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bb316e57-dfee-461d-9042-d2afff20bd52?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e",
"name": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies was getuige van de arrestatie",
"name_en": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"content": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arriveerde zoals elke dag rond twaalf uur op het kantoor van Opekta voor het middageten, maar zijn vrouw Miep Gies stuurde hem direct weer weg. Hij kon ongehinderd ontkomen, en hij verklaarde ook geen SD’ers te hebben gezien. Hij keerde terug naar zijn kantoor aan de Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daar overlegde hij met zichzelf wat te doen en besloot Kleimans broer in te lichten, die bij de firma Paauwe aan de Bloemgracht werkte. Samen sloegen ze vanaf de brug bij de Prinsengracht het verdere verloop gade. Hij zag een donkerkleurige bestelwagen voor het pand geparkeerd staan, die er blijkbaar eerder nog niet was. Hij meende dat dit een arrestantenwagen van de Amsterdamse politie was, en in ieder geval geen Duits voertuig.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"summary_nl": "Nadat Jan Gies had gehoord dat de SD bij Opekta was, probeerde hij met de broer van Johannes Kleiman vanaf de overkant van de gracht te zien wat er gebeurde. Ze zagen de onderduikers en helpers in een arrestantenwagen stappen en wegrijden.",
"summary_en": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [],
"related_locations": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe/",
"published": true,
"name": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"name_nl": "Brug over de Bloemgracht",
"name_en": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"uuid": "36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe",
"content": "<p>At the request of the Theo Thijssen Museum, in 2023 bridge number 123 was named in after <em>Kees de jongen (Young Kees)</em>, the main character in Theo Thijssen's novel of the same name. Anne Frank also had wanted to read <em>Kees de jongen</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ng0wm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but it is unclear whether this happened. Not only does the story take place in the Jordaan, but Theo Thijssen's house can also be found nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c0bqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Today, from this bridge one has a view of the Anne Frank House located directly opposite the bridge and of the Westertoren and Westerkerk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ng0wm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c0bqn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_de_jongenbrug\" target=\"_blank\">Kees de jongenbrug</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op verzoek van het Theo Thijssen Museum werd de brug met nummer 123 in 2023 vernoemd naar <em>Kees de jongen</em>, de hoofdpersoon uit de gelijknamige roman van Theo Thijssen. Anne Frank had ook graag <em>Kees de jongen </em>willen lezen,<sup data-footnote-id=\"47cdn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar het is onduidelijk is of dat ook gebeurde. Niet alleen het verhaal speelt zich af in de Jordaan, maar in de buurt is ook het huis van Theo Thijssen te vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0g61f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vandaag de dag heeft men vanaf deze brug een uitzicht op het recht tegenover de brug gelegen Anne Frankhuis en op de Westertoren en Westerkerk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47cdn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0g61f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_de_jongenbrug\" target=\"_blank\">Kees de jongenbrug</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>At the request of the Theo Thijssen Museum, in 2023 bridge number 123 was named in after <em>Kees de jongen (Young Kees)</em>, the main character in Theo Thijssen's novel of the same name. Anne Frank also had wanted to read <em>Kees de jongen</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ng0wm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but it is unclear whether this happened. Not only does the story take place in the Jordaan, but Theo Thijssen's house can also be found nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c0bqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Today, from this bridge one has a view of the Anne Frank House located directly opposite the bridge and of the Westertoren and Westerkerk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ng0wm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c0bqn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_de_jongenbrug\" target=\"_blank\">Kees de jongenbrug</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Here, Jan Gies witnessed the arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was a competitor of Opekta on the Dutch pectin market. The Hartenstraat branch was probably a sales office or agency of the California Fruit Company of the United States, founded in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The company advertised a pectin product under the name Cinella in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1940</strong>, a shopkeeper in Delft advertised with Opekta, Penjel and Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the archive of the Dutch Opekta Mij. there are a few bags of Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Frans Hofhuis, pectin expert, pectin of Californian origin is made from citrus fruits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> still exists today. The company's lin of business includes the wholesale distribution of fresj fruits and vegetables.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":227,"y":22,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":448,"abs_y":1838}\" data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was een concurrent van Opekta op de Nederlandse pectinemarkt. De vestiging in de Hartenstraat is waarschijnlijk een verkoopkantoor of agentuur van de in <strong>1931</strong> opgerichte California Fruit Company uit de Verenigde Staten geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eruk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het bedrijf adverteerde in <strong>1939</strong> met een pectineproduct onder de naam Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":817,"y":80,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1038,"abs_y":1896}\" data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een winkelier in Delft adverteerde in <strong>1940 </strong>met zowel Opekta, Penjel alsook Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":255,"y":104,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":476,"abs_y":1920}\" data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het archief van de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. bevinden zich enkele zakjes Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":510,"y":141,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":731,"abs_y":1957}\" data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Frans Hofhuis, deskundig op het gebied van pectine, is pectine van Californische herkomst uit citrusvruchten gemaakt.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":751,"y":178,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":972,"abs_y":1994}\" data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":212,"w":1060,"h":187,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":2028}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":35,"y":229,"w":1030,"h":23,"abs_x":256,"abs_y":2045}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eruk8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> bestaat nog altijd. De activitieit van het bedrijf omvat de groothandel in verse groenten en fruit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was a competitor of Opekta on the Dutch pectin market. The Hartenstraat branch was probably a sales office or agency of the California Fruit Company of the United States, founded in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The company advertised a pectin product under the name Cinella in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1940</strong>, a shopkeeper in Delft advertised with Opekta, Penjel and Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the archive of the Dutch Opekta Mij. there are a few bags of Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Frans Hofhuis, pectin expert, pectin of Californian origin is made from citrus fruits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> still exists today. The company's lin of business includes the wholesale distribution of fresj fruits and vegetables.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a3d0946f-451c-41db-9474-b0eefd7426aa/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8?format=api"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a3d0946f-451c-41db-9474-b0eefd7426aa",
"name": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"name_nl": "Een vliegtuig stort neer achter het Carlton Hotel",
"name_en": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"content": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was tijdens de bezetting door de Duitsers in gebruik om er officieren van de <em>Luftwaffe</em> en hun aanhang onder te brengen. Ook andere gebouwen in de omgeving waren bij de <em>Luftwaffe</em> in gebruik. Dit trok natuurlijk de aandacht van de geallieerden maar het Duitse afweergeschut wist een RAF toestel te raken, het stortte neer op een aantal woonhuizen achter het Carlton Hotel waarbij ook veel schade ontstond aan het hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Het Carlton Hotel is kapot, twee Engelse vliegers met een grote lading brandbommen aan boord zijn precies op het "Offiziersheim" gevallen. De hele hoek Vijzelstraat-Singel is afgebrand.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De Duitsers moesten noodgedwongen het commando verplaatsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-26",
"date_end": "1943-04-27",
"summary": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton Hotel pand werd verwoest toen in de nacht van 26 op 27 april 1943 een Britse Halifax-bommenwerper achter het hotel neerstortte.",
"summary_en": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 194,
"image": {
"id": 970,
"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Carlton was in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> als een van prestigieuzere hotels van Amsterdam het decor van talloze concerten, feesten, vergaderingen, bridge- en schaakwedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het Carlton als <em>Luftgaukommando</em> door de Duitsers in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>26 op 27 april 1943</strong> stortte een vliegtuig vlak achter het Carlton in de Reguliersdwarsstraat neer. Het hotel en veel gebouwen in de omgeving zijn verwoest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 201-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "In the 1930s the Carlton was one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels. During the war years, the hotel was in use as a Luftgaukommando of the German occupation forces.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton was in de jaren dertig als een van prestigieuzere hotels van Amsterdam Tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het hotel in gebruik als Luftgaukommando van de Duitse bezetter.",
"summary_en": "In the 1930s the Carlton was one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels. During the war years, the hotel was in use as a Luftgaukommando of the German occupation forces.",
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"name": "Johannes Kleiman worked at Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman worked at Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"content": "<p>On <strong>19 November 1923</strong>, the <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> was founded in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To obtain Royal Assent, at government instructions on <strong>15 January 1924</strong>, the name was changed to <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Royal assent was granted on <strong>31 January 1924</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>28 February 1924</strong>, the <em>Staatscourant </em>(Government Gazette) published a notification regarding the foundation of the <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam, and its directors were Jacques Heuskin and Jo Kleiman. Its object was: <em>The pursuit of credit business and trade in the broadest sense of the word.</em> The authorised capital was NLG 200,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The supervisory directors to be appointed by the board of directors were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxembourg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Brief timeline of the company:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 June 1925</strong> Heuskin resigned as director. The company address became Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 July 1927</strong> Metz became supervisory director (again?).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 July 1928</strong> the address became Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 March 1929</strong> the address became Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 June 1933</strong> the address became Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 December 1933</strong> Metz stepped down as supervisory director. Otto Frank succeeded him the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 March 1934</strong> the firm moved to Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (where Opekta was also located).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 March 1935</strong> the address again became General Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In early <strong>1938</strong> the company moved to Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam </em>(General Address Book of the City of Amsterdam) of <strong>1938-1939</strong> still listed the company at Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> However, the Trade Register did not mention that address, nor did the address book of the previous year.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> was established at the address Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague on <strong>20 June 1938</strong>. No records have yet been encountered indicating any involvement of Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>19 november 1923</strong> werd in Amsterdam de <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> opgericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om de Koninklijke bewilliging te krijgen, werd op aanwijzing van regeringswege op <strong>15 januari 1924</strong> de naam gewijzigd in <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>31 januari 1924</strong> werd de Koninklijke bewilliging verleend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>28 februari 1924</strong> publiceerde de <em>Staatscourant</em> de oprichting van de <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verschillende zakenrelaties van Otto Frank waren bij dit bedrijf betrokken, onder wie Th. Metz, die ook in Frankfurt had gewoond. Toen Otto in <strong>1933</strong> in Amsterdam kwam wonen, volgde hij hem op als commissaris bij dit bedrijf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vennootschap was gevestigd op Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam en de directeuren waren Jacques Heuskin en Jo Kleiman. Doel was: <em>De uitoefening van het credietbedrijf, alsmede den handel in den ruimsten zin des woords.</em> Het maatschappelijk kapitaal bedroeg fl. 200.000,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De commissarissen die de directie moesten benoemen waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr. Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxemburg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Korte tijdlijn van het bedrijf:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 juni 1925</strong> Heuskin vertrekt als directeur. Het bedrijfsadres werd (Kleimans privé-adres) Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 juli 1927</strong> Metz wordt (opnieuw?) commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 juli 1928</strong> het adres wordt Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 maart 1929</strong> het adres wordt Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 juni 1933</strong> het adres wordt Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 december 1933</strong> Metz treedt terug als commissaris. Otto Frank volgt hem dezelfde dag op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 maart 1934</strong> de firma verhuist naar Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (waar ook Opekta gevestigd is).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 maart 1935</strong> het adres wordt opnieuw Generaal Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Begin <strong>1938</strong> het bedrijf verhuist naar de Lange Houtstraat 6 in Den Haag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> van <strong>1938-1939</strong> vermeldde het bedrijf nog op Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Het Handelsregister vermeldde dat adres echter niet, en het adresboek van het vorige jaar evenmin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Lange Houtstraat 6 in Den Haag werd op <strong>20 juni 1938</strong> de <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> gevestigd. Er zijn vooralsnog geen gegevens die duiden op enige betrokkenheid van Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>19 November 1923</strong>, the <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> was founded in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To obtain Royal Assent, at government instructions on <strong>15 January 1924</strong>, the name was changed to <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Royal assent was granted on <strong>31 January 1924</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>28 February 1924</strong>, the <em>Staatscourant </em>(Government Gazette) published a notification regarding the foundation of the <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam, and its directors were Jacques Heuskin and Jo Kleiman. Its object was: <em>The pursuit of credit business and trade in the broadest sense of the word.</em> The authorised capital was NLG 200,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The supervisory directors to be appointed by the board of directors were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxembourg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Brief timeline of the company:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 June 1925</strong> Heuskin resigned as director. The company address became Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 July 1927</strong> Metz became supervisory director (again?).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 July 1928</strong> the address became Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 March 1929</strong> the address became Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 June 1933</strong> the address became Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 December 1933</strong> Metz stepped down as supervisory director. Otto Frank succeeded him the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 March 1934</strong> the firm moved to Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (where Opekta was also located).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 March 1935</strong> the address again became General Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In early <strong>1938</strong> the company moved to Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam </em>(General Address Book of the City of Amsterdam) of <strong>1938-1939</strong> still listed the company at Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> However, the Trade Register did not mention that address, nor did the address book of the previous year.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> was established at the address Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague on <strong>20 June 1938</strong>. No records have yet been encountered indicating any involvement of Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1923-11-19",
"date_end": "1938-02-08",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman worked at the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie (Central Company for Trade and Industry). Several of Otto Frank's business associates were involved in this company, including Th. Metz, who had also lived in Frankfurt. When Otto came to live in Amsterdam in 1933, he succeeded him as supervisory director of this company.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkte bij de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie. Otto Frank was commissaris bij dit bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman worked at the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie (Central Company for Trade and Industry). Several of Otto Frank's business associates were involved in this company, including Th. Metz, who had also lived in Frankfurt. When Otto came to live in Amsterdam in 1933, he succeeded him as supervisory director of this company.",
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{
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"uuid": "707d29eb-58d5-4cdf-b587-4fc002e220a4",
"name": "Michael Frank & Zonen",
"title": "Michael Frank & Zonen, ontwerp 'Inserrat'.",
"alt": "Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Inserrat.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Advertentie ('Inserrat') in archief Industrie- und Handelskammer, inv. nr. 177.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2854cc8b-52c9-4453-8a07-7522f54eb6c5/",
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"name": "Johannes Kleiman works with Michael Frank & Zonen",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Michael Frank & Zonen",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman works with Michael Frank & Zonen",
"content": "<p>On <strong>23 May 1924</strong>, Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin obtained a joint power of attorney for <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, the Amsterdam branch of <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> from Frankfurt am Main. They were authorised for sums up to fl. 20,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> moved to Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, the home address of Kleiman. By then, the business was in the process of being liquidated. On account of Heuskin's dismissal, Kleinman was given full power of attorney. This change was registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>21 July 1925</strong>. Kleiman and <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> then moved to Frederik Hendrikstraat 24 in Amsterdam. This change was registered on <strong>23 July 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman remained in office until the dissolution of the firm, which was registered on <strong>12 February 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>23 mei 1924</strong> kreeg Johannes Kleiman met Jacques Heuskin een collectieve volmacht voor de firma <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, het Amsterdamse filiaal van het <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> uit Frankfurt am Main. Ze waren bevoegd tot fl. 20.000,=.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> verhuisde naar de Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, het huisadres van Kleiman. De zaak was toen al in liquidatie. Kleiman kreeg vanwege het ontslag van Heuskin algemene volmacht. Die wijziging werd op <strong>21 juli 1925</strong> ingeschreven bij de Kamer van Koophandel. Vervolgens verhuisden Kleiman en <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> naar de Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam. Die wijziging werd op <strong>23 juli 1928</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman bleef in functie tot de opheffing van de zaak, die op <strong>12 februari 1929</strong> werd ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>23 May 1924</strong>, Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin obtained a joint power of attorney for <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, the Amsterdam branch of <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> from Frankfurt am Main. They were authorised for sums up to fl. 20,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> moved to Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, the home address of Kleiman. By then, the business was in the process of being liquidated. On account of Heuskin's dismissal, Kleinman was given full power of attorney. This change was registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>21 July 1925</strong>. Kleiman and <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> then moved to Frederik Hendrikstraat 24 in Amsterdam. This change was registered on <strong>23 July 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman remained in office until the dissolution of the firm, which was registered on <strong>12 February 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1924-05-23",
"date_end": "1929-02-12",
"summary": "In addition to their work for the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, Kleiman and Heuskin also held positions with the firm of Michael Frank & Zonen.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve in de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel & Industrie hadden Kleiman en Heuskin ook functies bij de firma Michael Frank & Zonen.",
"summary_en": "In addition to their work for the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, Kleiman and Heuskin also held positions with the firm of Michael Frank & Zonen.",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_nl": "Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_en": "Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
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"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.889798 52.363805)",
"summary": "The company Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. The directors were Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin.",
"summary_nl": "De vennootschap Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was gevestigd op Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. De directeuren waren Johannes Kleiman en Jacques Heuskin. Dit was ook het adres van M. Frank en Zonen.",
"summary_en": "The company Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. The directors were Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin.",
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"street": "Keizersgracht 604",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"id": 1085,
"uuid": "ebd04b39-4ef0-40fa-8be7-febbbdd28fe3",
"name": "010009010103",
"title": "Centrale Markthallen, 16 oktober 1934",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"filetype": "image",
"description": "Centrale Markthallen, 16 oktober 1934",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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{
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"image": {
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"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
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"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Market Halls were opened in <strong>1934</strong> and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>March 22, 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane '<em>the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Also see:: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Markthallen waren in <strong>1934 </strong>geopend en dienden als centrum van levensmiddelen(groot-)handel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>22 maart 1944</strong> stortte een bommenwerper neer in de Spaarndammerstraat. Volgens Anne Frank moet het vliegtuig '<em>dicht bij de Markthallen overgekomen zijn</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Zie ook: Bianca Stiger, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Market Halls were opened in <strong>1934</strong> and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On <strong>March 22, 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane '<em>the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4flom\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st7tp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 1715.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0j3yo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Centrale Markt te Amsterdam in gebruik genomen”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 15 oktober 1934, p. 6. Also see:: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 277-278; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Markthallen\" target=\"_blank\">Centrale Markthallen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4flom\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The Marktet Halls, opened in 1934, served as a center for food (wholesale) trade.",
"summary_nl": "De in 1934 geopende Markthallen dienden als centrum van levensmiddelen(groot-)handel.",
"summary_en": "The Marktet Halls, opened in 1934, served as a center for food (wholesale) trade.",
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"street": "Jan van Galenstraat 14",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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