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{
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"uuid": "4bee3012-f5c2-4896-a55c-5f4faeb9fc6d",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_026",
"title": "Anne Frank kijkt uit het raam van Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam, 22 juli 1941",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1dd17715-9779-a5ab-2daa-8af16c4caab1.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Twee stills (filmbeelden) uit de huwelijksfilm van het echtpaar Van Kalken-Burger waarbij Anne uit het raam kijkt. In handschrift Otto Frank (?) aan de achterkant: 'Hochzeit Kalken-Burger Merwedeplein 37' 22 juli 1941. Het beeld is gespiegeld. De film is gemaakt op 22 juli 1941, toen het buurmeisje van Merwedeplein 39-II van de Franks, Tine Burger, in het huwelijk trad met Van Kalken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.345283",
"longitude": "4.900967",
"events": [
{
"id": 61,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785/",
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"uuid": "e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785",
"name": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "De familie Frank woont op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until mid-February that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from November, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, Rosalie Holländer — Stern, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>5 december 1933 </strong>was Otto Frank op het Merwedeplein ingeschreven, de rest van zijn gezin vanaf de zevende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het duurde echter nog tot midden februari voordat allen daadwerkelijk in de nieuwe woning herenigd waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief uit november, gericht aan een vroeger buurmeisje uit Frankfurt, schreef Otto dat zij een woning hadden gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1934</strong> woonden er achtereenvolgens nog een aantal huishoudelijke hulpen, onderhuurder, familieleden en bekenden korter of langer bij het gezin. Van <strong>24 maart 1939</strong> tot <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> woonde Ediths moeder, Rosalie Holländer - Stern, bij het gezin.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until mid-February that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from November, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, Rosalie Holländer — Stern, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-12-05",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Edith Frank woonden vanaf 5 december 1933 op het adres Merwedeplein 37-II. Later die maand kwam Margot, en in februari 1934 kwam Anne naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04",
"name": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"name_nl": "Oma Holländer in Nederland",
"name_en": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"content": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nazomer van <strong>1938</strong> diende Edith Frank - Holländer met haar man bij de Nederlandse regering een verzoek in tot toelating van haar moeder tot Nederland. De regering had echter in <strong>mei</strong> van dat jaar de grenzen gesloten en wees het verzoek daarom af. Het was de zogenaamde <em>Novemberpogrom</em>, ook wel <em>Kristallnacht</em>, waardoor een extra zevenduizend vluchtelingen toegang tot Nederland kregen. Op <strong>17 november 1938 </strong>kreeg Rosa Holländer alsnog toestemming, zij het onder de voorwaarde dat niet ook haar zoons Julius en Walter naar Nederland zouden proberen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat zij Duitsland niet wilde verlaten voor haar zoons veilig waren, duurde het nog tot eind <strong>maart</strong> van het volgende jaar voor zij daadwerkelijk kwam. Op <strong>24 maart 1939 </strong>kwam zij bij station Simpelveld Nederland binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze woonde bij het gezin van haar dochter tot ze op <strong>29 januari 1942 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-09-14",
"date_end": "1942-01-29",
"summary": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"summary_nl": "In maart 1939 kwam de oma van Anne en Margot Frank, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, bij hen wonen op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. Ze bleef tot ze in januari 1942 overleed.",
"summary_en": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990",
"name": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank krijgt een oproep",
"name_en": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"content": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kreeg op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Anne schrijft in haar dagboek: '<em>(...) om ongeveer 3 uur kwam een politieagent bij moeder die riep beneden in de deur, mej. Margot Frank, moeder ging naar beneden en kreeg van die agent een kaart, waar opstond dat Margot Frank zich moest melden bij de S.S.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>Volgens Ilse Ledermann-Citroen moesten de ontvangers van deze oproepen de volgende dag (<strong>6 juli 1942</strong>) tussen acht en negen uur bij de Gestapo verschijnen, waar ze de aanzegging kregen de vijftiende om half drie 's nachts naar het treinstation (niet duidelijk welk) te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze oproep was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voorbereidingen daartoe waren al getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bracht Margot met de fiets in de vroege ochtend van <strong>6</strong> <strong>juli 1942 </strong>naar de Prinsengracht. De bronnen hierover vertonen kleine onderlinge verschillen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek A: '<em>Margot ging ook met een schooltas op de fiets (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek B: '<em>Margot stopte haar schooltas vol met schoolboeken, haalde haar fiets uit de stalling en reed achter Miep aan weg.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>Dat Margot haar eigen fiets nog had is heel waarschijnlijk.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in een interview: Om zeven uur haalde ze Margot op. Rond half acht waren zij in het Opekta-kantoor. Ze zetten de fietsen binnen en gingen naar boven. Ze maakte de deur van het Achterhuis open en duwde Margot naar binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in haar boek: Ze haalde Margot rond half acht 's morgens op en bracht haar via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam en Raadhuisstraat naar de Prinsengracht. Ze bracht haar naar het Achterhuis en litet haar daar achter. Kleiman kwam iets later en bracht Margots fiets ergens heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'De dag voor de onderduik', in <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Margot kreeg een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Dit was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.",
"summary_en": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 267,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21",
"name": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt afscheid van Moortje",
"name_en": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"content": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het Achterhuis denkt Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"summary_nl": "Toen Anne op 6 juli 1942 ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven.",
"summary_en": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124417,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"name": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"name_nl": "Gasten en personeel van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"description": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De eerste bewoners van Merwedeplein 37-II betrokken de toen nieuwe woning in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was <strong>eind 1933</strong> de vierde hoofdbewoner. Bouwer en beheerder van het hele blok was de N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis en de huur bedroeg zeventig gulden. Dat was inclusief twintig gulden voor de warmwatervoorziening en centrale verwarming die de stookkelder van de nabijgelegen z.g. 'Wolkenkrabber' leverde, de woontoren die nog altijd deel van het complex uitmaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Huishoudelijke hulpen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buiten de familie Frank kwamen ook tal van andere Duitsers, waaronder veel Joden, na het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP naar Nederland. Organisaties die al langer actief waren bij het helpen van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Oost-Europa speelden op deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in. Zo creëerde het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen werkgelegenheid in de huishoudelijke dienstverlening om zo vrouwen en meisjes kansen te bieden zich in Nederland te vestigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woning van het gezin Frank vond een aantal van deze vrouwen voor kortere of langere tijd werk of onderdak. Enkele van hen, Renate Wolf en Malli Aschenbrand, waren eveneens afkomstig uit Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen en Rosel Goldschmidt kwamen uit andere delen van Duitsland.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderhuurders</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de latere jaren dertig vond een verandering in de ecomische omstandigheden van het gezin plaats. Otto Frank reisde in <strong>1937</strong> verschillende keren naar Engeland in vruchteloze pogingen daar een zakelijk initiatief van de grond te krijgen. In <strong>juni 1938</strong> richtte Jo Kleiman in samenwerking met Otto Frank de nieuwe firma Pectacon op. De laatste huishoudelijke hulp vertrok <strong>half oktober 1937</strong>, en in <strong>juni 1938</strong> verscheen de eerste onderhuurder Ernst Katz. Hij zou de eerste van vier zijn: na hem kwamen nog Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker en Werner Goldschmidt. Over de onderhuurders schreef Anne haar verhaaltje 'Pension- of huurgasten'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker en Goldschmidt komen ook voor in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oma Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen in <strong>september 1938</strong> voor oma Holländer om toelating tot Nederland, zodat zij zich bij het gezin van haar dochter in Amsterdam kon voegen. Het Ministerie van Justitie wees dat af omdat de regering in mei van dat jaar de grens voor vluchtelingen sloot. Door een beperkte verruiming na de pogroms van november kon ze uiteindelijk toch komen en in <strong>maart 1939</strong> vestigde zij zich hier alsnog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Haar komst bracht het aantal personen in huis op zes.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>najaar van 1941</strong> kwam de poes Moortje er nog bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne schrijft over haar in een brief aan haar grootmoeder, en noemde haar later herhaaldelijk in haar dagboek. Moortje ging niet mee naar het Achterhuis, maar volgens het dagboek bracht Werner Goldschmidt haar naar de buren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het buurgezin Kupers op 39-III zou de verdere zorg op zich nemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Gezin Kohnke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Als laatsten verschenen de drie leden van het gezin Kohnke - Leyens. Leni Kohnke was een goede bekende van Edith en moest met haar man en dochtertje hun woonplaats Hilversum verlaten. Omstreeks <strong>mei 1942</strong> woonden ze enkele weken bij het gezin in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Oma Holländer was in januari overleden, dus in deze weken was het aantal personen in de woning acht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacués</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de familie Frank vertrok bleef onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt achter. Later vestigden zich in de woning evacués uit andere plaatsen die verplicht naar Amsterdam trokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel bronnen ontbreken lijkt hier de Joodse Raad een rol in te spelen. De huuradministratie van Hilwis laat zien dat de laatste evacué op <strong>20 juni 1943</strong> vertrok en dat de woning de 28e leeg was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De nieuwe hoofdbewoner Tim Choy stond per <strong>3 september 1943</strong> op dit adres in het bevolkingsregister ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks behielden alle vier de leden van het gezin Frank hun inschrijvingen op de woning nog tot <strong>27 oktober 1944</strong>, bijna twee maanden na hun deportatie naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Pension- of huurgasten", 15 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni, 20 en 22 oktober 1942 (Wronker), 14 en 22 augustus, 5 november 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank en haar familie woonden na hun komst naar Amsterdam acht en een half jaar in de woning Merwedeplein 37-II.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124510,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
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},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"parent": 396124553,
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{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6/",
"published": true,
"name": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"uuid": "838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"content": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne schreef hier voor het eerst in het dagboek dat ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>, kreeg. Drie weken later dook de familie Frank onder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Woningcorporatie Ymere kocht de woning in <strong>2004</strong> en restaureerde het pand in de oorspronkelijke jaren-dertig-stijl, in samenwerking met de Anne Frank Stichting,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die in <strong>2017</strong> eigenaar werd van de voormalige woning van de familie Frank aan het Merwedeplein.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vier <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan het verblijf van de familie Frank op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op de website en app van Google Arts & Culture kunnen bezoekers alle vertrekken van het voormalige woonhuis van de familie Frank bekijken door middel van 360 graden beelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Franks voormalige woonhuis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900967 52.345283)",
"summary": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Adres van de woning van de familie Frank van 1933 tot hun onderduik in juli 1942.",
"summary_en": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Merwedeplein 37-II",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
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