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"id": 898,
"uuid": "df9d9552-11ff-407c-9390-05c686de6877",
"name": "Algemeen Handelsblad 1-1-1938",
"title": "Krantenbericht over de aankomst van Joodse kinderen in Oldenzaal, Algemeen Handelsblad 1-1-1938",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
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"description": "Krantenbericht over de aankomst van Joodse kinderen in Oldenzaal, Algemeen Handelsblad 1-1-1938",
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"id": 2055,
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"id": 535,
"uuid": "7a9af503-4e00-41bc-8537-3e0c4a2abfd6",
"name": "A_Pfeffer_III_006.040",
"title": "Charlotte Kaletta, vermoedelijk 1939",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Vanwege de door de Nazi's afgekondigde Neurenberger-wetten die huwelijken tussen mensen van joodse en niet-joodse afkomst verbood, konden de Joodse Fritz Pfeffer en de niet-joodse Charlotte Kaletta in hun geboorteland Duitsland niet officieel trouwen. Wegens een verdrag uit 1902 dat bepaalde dat Duitse onderdanen zonder toestemming van de Duitse autoriteiten niet in Nederland konden trouwen, was een huwelijk ook na hun vlucht naar Nederland in 1938 niet mogelijk. Hierdoor genoot Fritz Pfeffer niet de bescherming tegen deporatie naar de concentratiekampen die de zogenoemde gemengd gehuwden doorgaans wel kregen. Uit correspondentie zoals deze brief blijkt dat Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta desondanks pogingen hebben ondernomen om alsnog in het huwelijk te kunnen treden, maar zonder het gewenste resultaat. De correspondentie tussen de twee ging ook tijdens de onderduik van Fritz Pfeffer in het Achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263 door, dankzij de hulp van Miep Gies. In 1953 besluit de Berlijnse Senator für Justiz de onmogelijk gemaakte huwelijken met terugwerkende kracht als rechtsgeldig te erkennen. In het geval van Charlotte Kaletta en Fritz Peffer is de huwelijksdatum postuum met terugwerkende kracht vastgesteld op 31 mei 1937.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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"uuid": "7f401256-5ce0-43cd-a15a-94336d90290d",
"first_name": "Charlotte Martha",
"last_name": "Kaletta",
"infix": "",
"title": "Charlotte Kaletta",
"title_nl": "Charlotte Kaletta",
"title_en": "Charlotte Kaletta",
"content": "<p>Charlotte Kaletta was the girlfriend of Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She came to the Netherlands by train via Oldenzaal on <strong>29 December 1938</strong>, and went back to Berlin on <strong>30 January 1939</strong>. On<strong> 30 March 1939</strong>, she came to the Netherlands again, via Zevenaar. From<strong> June 19 </strong>to <strong>July 1</strong>, she stayed in Brussels, and came back via Roosendaal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Due to the Nuremberg laws, she could not marry Fritz Pfeffer in Germany. Nor could she do so in the Netherlands because of an international treaty dating from <strong>1902</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1953</strong>, the Berlin <em>Senator für Justiz</em> decided to retroactively recognise as legally valid the marriages that had been made impossible. In the case of Charlotte Kaletta, the date of marriage was set at <strong>31 May 193</strong>7.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1947</strong> she found work as a glove seamstress at the Ceba company. Two years later she became an assistant to the physician Dr. M. van Wien in Deurloostraat. From <strong>1953</strong> she rented out rooms and in <strong>1955</strong> she received a widow's pension as a result of the recognition of her marriage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Pariserstrasse 21-22, Berlin; Daniël Willinkplein 23, Amsterdam; Brussels; Rivierenlaan 270 I, Amsterdam (at the Meijer-Schuster residence, 15 May 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to her as <em>Mrs Pfeffer</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. See also Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, 15 April 1944, 17 April 1944; Diary Version B, 1 May 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërshuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C.M. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Charlotte Kaletta was de vriendin van Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zij kwam op <strong>29 december 1938</strong> via Oldenzaal per trein naar Nederland, en ging op <strong>30 januari 1939</strong> terug naar Berlijn. Op <strong>30 maart 1939</strong> kwam ze via Zevenaar opnieuw naar Nederland. Van <strong>19 juni</strong> tot <strong>1 juli</strong> verbleef ze in Brussel, en kwam terug via Roosendaal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg van de Neurenberger wetten kon ze in Duitsland niet met Fritz Pfeffer trouwen. In Nederland kon dat ook niet vanwege een internationaal verdrag uit <strong>1902</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1953 </strong>besloot de Berlijnse <em>Senator für Justiz</em> de onmogelijk gemaakte huwelijken met terugwerkende kracht als rechtsgeldig te erkennen. In het geval van Charlotte Kaletta werd de huwelijksdatum vastgesteld op <strong>31 mei 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1947</strong> vond ze werk als handschoennaaister bij de firma Ceba. Twee jaar later werd ze assistente van de geneesheer dr. M. van Wien in de Deurloostraat. Vanaf <strong>1953</strong> verhuurde zij kamers en in <strong>1955</strong> kreeg ze als gevolg van de erkenning van haar huwelijk een weduwenpensioen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Pariserstrasse 21-22, Berlijn; Daniël Willinkplein 23, Amsterdam; Brussel; Rivierenlaan 270 I, Amsterdam (bij Meijer-Schuster, 15 mei 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>mevrouw Pfeffer</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Zie verder Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, 15 april 1944, 17 april 1944; Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërshuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C.M. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Charlotte Kaletta was the girlfriend of Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She came to the Netherlands by train via Oldenzaal on <strong>29 December 1938</strong>, and went back to Berlin on <strong>30 January 1939</strong>. On<strong> 30 March 1939</strong>, she came to the Netherlands again, via Zevenaar. From<strong> June 19 </strong>to <strong>July 1</strong>, she stayed in Brussels, and came back via Roosendaal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Due to the Nuremberg laws, she could not marry Fritz Pfeffer in Germany. Nor could she do so in the Netherlands because of an international treaty dating from <strong>1902</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1953</strong>, the Berlin <em>Senator für Justiz</em> decided to retroactively recognise as legally valid the marriages that had been made impossible. In the case of Charlotte Kaletta, the date of marriage was set at <strong>31 May 193</strong>7.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1947</strong> she found work as a glove seamstress at the Ceba company. Two years later she became an assistant to the physician Dr. M. van Wien in Deurloostraat. From <strong>1953</strong> she rented out rooms and in <strong>1955</strong> she received a widow's pension as a result of the recognition of her marriage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Pariserstrasse 21-22, Berlin; Daniël Willinkplein 23, Amsterdam; Brussels; Rivierenlaan 270 I, Amsterdam (at the Meijer-Schuster residence, 15 May 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"91fq5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to her as <em>Mrs Pfeffer</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. See also Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, 15 April 1944, 17 April 1944; Diary Version B, 1 May 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79w2v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mr0b4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërshuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zxkbu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atxk1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C.M. Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1908-06-16",
"death_date": "1986-06-13",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Ilmenau",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Charlotte Kaletta was the girlfriend of Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "Charlotte Kaletta was de vriendin van Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Charlotte Kaletta was the girlfriend of Fritz Pfeffer.",
"same_as": null,
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{
"id": 19215,
"image": {
"id": 1179,
"uuid": "36473086-3103-4cee-b384-130ee30f8709",
"name": "Ernst Pfeffer",
"title": "Ernst Pfeffer, Gießen, rond 1905",
"alt": "Atelier Zimmer. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/A_Pfeffer_III_046_-_Ernst.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Uitsnede van: https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/929e4f5b-bc9c-9133-5507-4b92f403142d.jpg",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
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{
"id": 1177,
"uuid": "0db78d43-f41c-4598-bd14-92e8ecc796e2",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer, met zijn broers Ernst Pfeffer (links) en Hans Pfeffer (rechts)",
"title": "Fritz Pfeffer, met zijn broers Ernst Pfeffer (links) en Hans Pfeffer (rechts), Gießen, rond 1905",
"alt": "Atelier Zimmer. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/929e4f5b-bc9c-9133-5507-4b92f403142d.jpg",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
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],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/a3213095-57cd-4c26-9872-6fd5618ad127/",
"subjects": [
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"published": true,
"uuid": "a3213095-57cd-4c26-9872-6fd5618ad127",
"first_name": "Ernst Elias",
"last_name": "Pfeffer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Ernst Pfeffer",
"title_nl": "Ernst Pfeffer",
"title_en": "Ernst Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Ernst Elias Pfeffer was the fifth child of Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch and a younger brother of Fritz Pfeffer. Like Fritz, he studied medicine at the University of Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19lfs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1918</strong> Ernst moved to Berlin, where he completed his dental training in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1929</strong> and <strong>1936</strong> he had a dental practice at Friedrich Wilhelm Straße 12 in Berlin-Tempelhof.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hagp2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of the Nazi persecutions in Germany, Ernst applied to the General Medical Council (GMC) in London for registration as a dentist in the United Kingdom in <strong>1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qilsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> His application was approved on <strong>13 November 1935 </strong>and he subsequently fled to England in <strong>1936</strong>. Here he continued to practice his profession as a dentist. About a thousand Jewish dentists from Nazi Germany and Austria applied for registration with the GMC in the <strong>1930s</strong>, just like Ernst, hoping to escape to the United Kingdom that way. Out of a thousand applications, about three hundred were approved. Fritz Pfeffer also started an application, but it was rejected by the GMC on <strong>5 May </strong><strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q74tu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, Fritz did manage to send his son, Werner Pfeffer, to England on the <strong>1 December 1938</strong> children's transport. Arriving in London via Harwich, Werner was taken in by his uncle Ernst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lu5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Werner survived the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A birthday card from <strong>1937</strong> or <strong>1938</strong> is known from Fritz addressed to Ernst, written on the back of a photo of Fritz with his son Werner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oaewi\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst died a natural death in Leicester on <strong>15 August 1944</strong>. He was 51 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Source <em>personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"abq1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Gießen; Lützowplatz 11 (1926-1930),<em> </em>Lützowplatz 21 (1931-1936), Berlin; 14 Park Lane, London; 2 Highpoint, North Hill, Highgate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19lfs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brief van Stadtarchiv Gießen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>John Zamet, <a href=\"https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/e0d3e236-585a-4c8e-a61f-ee0830585b0a/1/zamet2007German.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German and Austrian refugee dentists. </em><em>The response of the Britisch authorities 1933-1945</em></a>, Ph.D. thesis Oxford Brookes University, 2007,<em> </em>p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hagp2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin, <em>Berliner Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1929 </em>(Berlijn: Scherl, 1903-1943), 2002. <a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/\" target=\"_blank\">https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/</a> (geraadpleegd 03 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qilsp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zarnet, <em>German and Austrian refugee dentists</em>, p. 280; The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q74tu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an den Zahnarzt aus Gießen', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins Gießen</em>, NF 85, 2000, p. 100-102.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lu5zy\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oaewi\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"abq1t\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Find A Grave Index," database, <em>FamilySearch</em> (<a href=\"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ</a>: 10 September 2021), Ernst Elias Pfeffer; Burial, Leicester, Leicester Unitary Authority, Leicestershire, England, Gilroes Cemetery and Crematorium; citing record ID 168123291, <em>Find a Grave</em>, <a href=\"http://www.findagrave.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.findagrave.com</a> (geraadpleegd 21 december 2021).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ernst Elias Pfeffer was het vijfde kind van Ignatz Pfeffer en Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch en een jongere broer van Fritz Pfeffer. Net als Fritz studeerde hij medicijnen aan de universiteit van Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"svvih\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1918</strong> verhuisde Ernst naar Berlijn, waar hij in <strong>1920 </strong>zijn opleiding tandheelkunde afrondde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p5pfn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tussen <strong>1929</strong> en <strong>1936 </strong>had hij een tandartsenpraktijk op de Friedrich Wilhelm Straße 12 in Berlijn-Tempelhof.<sup data-footnote-id=\"munt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de nazivervolgingen in Duitsland deed Ernst in <strong>1935</strong> bij de General Medical Council (GMC) in Londen een verzoek tot registratie als tandarts in het Verenigd Koninkrijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"idduh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Zijn aanvraag werd op <strong>13 november 1935 </strong>goedgekeurd en hij vluchtte vervolgens in <strong>1936</strong> naar Engeland. Hier oefende hij zijn beroep als tandarts verder uit. Ongeveer duizend Joodse tandartsen uit nazi-Duitsland en Oostenrijk deden in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> net als Ernst een verzoek tot registratie bij de GMC, in de hoop op die manier te kunnen vluchten naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Van de duizend aanvragen werden er ongeveer driehonderd goedgekeurd. Fritz Pfeffer deed ook een verzoek, maar dit werd op <strong>5 mei</strong> <strong>1937</strong> afgewezen door de GMC.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieutq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wel lukte het Fritz om zijn zoon, Werner Pfeffer, met het kindertransport van <strong>1 december 1938</strong> naar Engeland te sturen. Via Harwich kwam Werner aan in Londen en werd daar opgevangen door zijn oom Ernst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7bnmn\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Werner overleefde de oorlog.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een verjaardagskaart uit <strong>1937</strong> of <strong>1938</strong> bekend van Fritz gericht aan Ernst, geschreven achterop een foto van Fritz met zijn zoon Werner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lq7i\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst stierf op <strong>15 augustus 1944</strong> in Leicester een natuurlijke dood. Hij was toen 51 jaar oud.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieutq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gocf0\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Gießen; Lützowplatz 11 (1926-1930),<em> </em>Lützowplatz 21 (1931-1936), Berlijn; 14 Park Lane, Londen; 2 Highpoint, North Hill, Highgate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p5pfn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"svvih\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brief van Stadtarchiv Gießen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p5pfn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>John Zamet, <a href=\"https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/e0d3e236-585a-4c8e-a61f-ee0830585b0a/1/zamet2007German.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German and Austrian refugee dentists: t</em><em>he response of the Britisch authorities 1933-1945</em></a>, Ph.D. thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2007,<em> </em>p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"munt1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin, <em>Berliner Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1929</em>, (Berlijn: Scherl, 1903-1943), 2002. <a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/\" target=\"_blank\">https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/</a> (geraadpleegd 3 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"idduh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zarnet, <em>German and Austiran refugee dentists</em>, p. 280; The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieutq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an den Zahnarzt aus Gießen', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins Gießen</em>, NF 85, 2000, p. 100-102.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7bnmn\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lq7i\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gocf0\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Find A Grave Index," database, <em>FamilySearch</em> (<a href=\"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ</a>: 10 September 2021), Ernst Elias Pfeffer; Burial, Leicester, Leicester Unitary Authority, Leicestershire, England, Gilroes Cemetery and Crematorium; citing record ID 168123291, <em>Find a Grave</em>, <a href=\"http://www.findagrave.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.findagrave.com</a> (geraadpleegd 21 december 2021).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Ernst Elias Pfeffer was the fifth child of Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch and a younger brother of Fritz Pfeffer. Like Fritz, he studied medicine at the University of Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19lfs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1918</strong> Ernst moved to Berlin, where he completed his dental training in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1929</strong> and <strong>1936</strong> he had a dental practice at Friedrich Wilhelm Straße 12 in Berlin-Tempelhof.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hagp2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of the Nazi persecutions in Germany, Ernst applied to the General Medical Council (GMC) in London for registration as a dentist in the United Kingdom in <strong>1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qilsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> His application was approved on <strong>13 November 1935 </strong>and he subsequently fled to England in <strong>1936</strong>. Here he continued to practice his profession as a dentist. About a thousand Jewish dentists from Nazi Germany and Austria applied for registration with the GMC in the <strong>1930s</strong>, just like Ernst, hoping to escape to the United Kingdom that way. Out of a thousand applications, about three hundred were approved. Fritz Pfeffer also started an application, but it was rejected by the GMC on <strong>5 May </strong><strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q74tu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, Fritz did manage to send his son, Werner Pfeffer, to England on the <strong>1 December 1938</strong> children's transport. Arriving in London via Harwich, Werner was taken in by his uncle Ernst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lu5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Werner survived the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A birthday card from <strong>1937</strong> or <strong>1938</strong> is known from Fritz addressed to Ernst, written on the back of a photo of Fritz with his son Werner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oaewi\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst died a natural death in Leicester on <strong>15 August 1944</strong>. He was 51 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Source <em>personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"abq1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Gießen; Lützowplatz 11 (1926-1930),<em> </em>Lützowplatz 21 (1931-1936), Berlin; 14 Park Lane, London; 2 Highpoint, North Hill, Highgate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19lfs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Brief van Stadtarchiv Gießen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zxogi\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>John Zamet, <a href=\"https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/e0d3e236-585a-4c8e-a61f-ee0830585b0a/1/zamet2007German.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German and Austrian refugee dentists. </em><em>The response of the Britisch authorities 1933-1945</em></a>, Ph.D. thesis Oxford Brookes University, 2007,<em> </em>p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hagp2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin, <em>Berliner Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1929 </em>(Berlijn: Scherl, 1903-1943), 2002. <a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/\" target=\"_blank\">https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/34115495_1929/2680/</a> (geraadpleegd 03 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qilsp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zarnet, <em>German and Austrian refugee dentists</em>, p. 280; The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q74tu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an den Zahnarzt aus Gießen', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins Gießen</em>, NF 85, 2000, p. 100-102.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lu5zy\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oaewi\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"abq1t\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Find A Grave Index," database, <em>FamilySearch</em> (<a href=\"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2WB-72ZJ</a>: 10 September 2021), Ernst Elias Pfeffer; Burial, Leicester, Leicester Unitary Authority, Leicestershire, England, Gilroes Cemetery and Crematorium; citing record ID 168123291, <em>Find a Grave</em>, <a href=\"http://www.findagrave.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.findagrave.com</a> (geraadpleegd 21 december 2021).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1892-10-21",
"death_date": "1944-08-15",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gießen",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Leicester",
"death_country": "Engeland",
"summary": "Ernst Pfeffer was a younger brother of Fritz Pfeffer",
"summary_nl": "Ernst Pfeffer was een jongere broer van Fritz Pfeffer",
"summary_en": "Ernst Pfeffer was a younger brother of Fritz Pfeffer",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 252,
"image": {
"id": 160,
"uuid": "1484a88e-d011-408e-afeb-30cad986ca15",
"name": "A_Pfeffer_III_054",
"title": "Portretfoto van Fritz Pfeffer, jaren '30",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/8b7393e6-b0ab-751a-16c5-cfd532c3bc94.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt in 1889 geboren in Giessen als zoon van Ignatz Pfeffer en zijn vrouw Jeanette Hirsch-Pfeffer. Zoals veel Duitse Joden was ook Fritz Pfeffer voorafgaand aan de machtsovername door de NSDAP in 1933 volledig geïntegreerd in de Duitse maatschappij en samenleving. Zo dient hij als dienstplichtig militair tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het Duitse leger, en richt hij in 1913 een tandartspraktijk op in Berlijn. Na het einde van de vijandelijkheden pakt hij zijn werk weer op en houdt tot 1938 deze praktijk aan. In dat jaar vlucht hij naar Nederland, nadat hij en veel andere Joden na de gebeurtenissen van de Kristallnacht Duitsland ontvluchten. Voorafgaand aan zijn eigen vlucht stuurt Fritz Pfeffer zijn elfjarige zoon Werner naar zijn broer Ernst Pfeffer in Engeland. Fritz Pfeffer heeft voogdij over zijn zoon, nadat hij in 1933 na een huwelijk van zeven jaar gescheiden is van Werner's moeder Vera Henriette Bythiner. Deze foto komt uit de persoonlijke collectie van Fritz Pfeffer of Charlotte Kaletta.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c/",
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"uuid": "780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c",
"first_name": "Friedrich",
"last_name": "Pfeffer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"title_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"title_en": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30 April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of Würzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>. The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on <strong>5</strong> <strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto's childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, "'He was all alone': Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank", in <em> Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer werd op <strong>30 april 1889</strong> in Giessen geboren als een zoon van textielhandelaar Ignatz Pfeffer en Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij had een zus en vier broers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst en Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het gymnasium in zijn geboortestad volgde hij in de jaren <strong>1908-1911</strong> een tandartsopleiding aan de universiteit van Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Van <strong>1913 tot 1938</strong> had hij een eigen praktijk in Berlijn-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h5461\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij onder meer deel uit van het 116e Infanterieregiment. De divisie waar dit regiment toe behoorde, nam deel aan de slagen om Verdun en aan de Somme. Terug in Berlijn hervatte hij zijn praktijk. Verder was hij een actief sporter, en deed vooral veel aan roeien in de waterrijke gebieden rond Berlijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong> trouwde Pfeffer met Vera Henriette Bythiner, met wie hij in <strong>1927</strong> een zoon genaamd Werner kreeg. Het huwelijk werd in <strong>1933</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <strong>Midden jaren dertig</strong> leerde hij Charlotte Kaletta kennen. Zij konden niet trouwen omdat inmiddels de rassenwetten van Neurenberg van kracht waren. Een onderdeel hiervan was een verbod op huwelijken tussen Joden en niet-Joodse Duitsers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer deed een poging naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk te emigreren, maar op<strong> 5</strong> <strong>mei 1937</strong> werd zijn aanvraag tot registratie als tandarts door de General Medical Council (GMC) in Londen afgewezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zijn jongere broer Ernst Pfeffer had anderhalf jaar eerder een zelfde verzoek gedaan en was wel toegelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Na de Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 november 1938</strong>) vluchtte Pfeffer naar Nederland. Hij wilde naar Chili om zich daar op de paardenfokkerij toe te leggen. Zijn verzoek om die aanvraag in Nederland te mogen afwachten wees minister Goseling in<strong> juni 1939</strong> af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Een huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta kon ook niet in Nederland gesloten worden omdat hier als gevolg van een verdrag uit <strong>1902</strong> toestemming van de Duitse overheid voor nodig was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pfeffer onderzocht de mogelijkheid in een ander land te trouwen, maar omdat hij sinds <strong>januari 1939</strong> niet meer over een geldig paspoort beschikte was dat bij voorbaat kansloos.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank ontmoette Pfeffer voor het eerst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong>. Pfeffer woonde toen in bij Otto’s jeugdvriendin Stephanie Schuster. Later betrok hij een kamer aan de Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ondanks de ontzegging van verblijf in Nederland is Pfeffer niet vertrokken. Hij werd ook niet uitgezet. Hij werkte in de praktijk van de tandarts Samuel van der Hoeden. In de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> werd de situatie voor hem gevaarlijk, daar hij formeel niet de relatief veilige status van gemengd gehuwde had. Door bemiddeling van Miep Gies, die patient bij hem was, kon hij op <strong>16 november 1942 </strong>in het Achterhuis terecht. Hij vertelde zijn hospes dat hij voor een nierkwaal naar het ziekenhuis moest en verdween. Via Miep hield hij het contact met Charlotte Kaletta in stand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Pfeffer in Westerbork terecht. Met het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> ging hij naar Auschwitz. Een kampoverlevende verklaarde later dat Pfeffer met een transport bestaande uit tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar Neuengamme was vertrokken. Daar overleed Fritz Pfeffer op 55-jarige leeftijd, volgens de overlijdensakte ten gevolge van een darmontsteking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h5461\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SSA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur; Menno Metselaar, "'Hij stond er alleen voor': Fritz Pfeffer, de kamergenoot van Anne Frank", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>De kamergenoot van Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2001 (herdruk); Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30 April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of Würzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>. The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on <strong>5</strong> <strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto's childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, "'He was all alone': Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank", in <em> Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-04-30",
"death_date": "1944-12-20",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gießen",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Neuengamme",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2264,
"image": {
"id": 1167,
"uuid": "4952118a-304b-4893-a27a-cf21f66ace90",
"name": "Vera Bythiner",
"title": "Vera Bythiner, 1926",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/984b104e-8099-0323-5909-85ff08869301.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/fcd90ebd-fb98-4c92-85e3-1824eeb72aaa/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "fcd90ebd-fb98-4c92-85e3-1824eeb72aaa",
"first_name": "Vera Henriëtte",
"last_name": "Bythiner",
"infix": "",
"title": "Vera Bythiner",
"title_nl": "Vera Bythiner",
"title_en": "Vera Bythiner",
"content": "<p>Vera Bythiner was the first wife of Fritz Pfeffer and the mother of their son Werner. The exact dates of their marriage and divorce are unclear. According to the Population Register of Amsterdam, her profession was housekeeper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Theophile de Bockstraat 29 I (7 Nov 1938); Zuider Amstellaan 24 I; Milletstraat 45 I; Roompotstraat 11hs; Haarlemmermeerstraat 100 II; Rijnstraat 110 III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart V.H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vera Bythiner was de eerste vrouw van Fritz Pfeffer en de moeder van hun zoon Werner. Over de exacte data van huwelijk en echtscheiding bestaat onduidelijkheid. Volgens het Amsterdamse Bevolkingsregister was haar beroep huishoudster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kohd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bron persoonsgegevens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kohd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Adressen: Theophile de Bockstraat 29 I (7 november 1938); Zuider Amstellaan 24 I; Milletstraat 45 I; Roompotstraat 11hs; Haarlemmermeerstraat 100 II; Rijnstraat 110 III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kohd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kohd5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart V.H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Vera Bythiner was the first wife of Fritz Pfeffer and the mother of their son Werner. The exact dates of their marriage and divorce are unclear. According to the Population Register of Amsterdam, her profession was housekeeper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Theophile de Bockstraat 29 I (7 Nov 1938); Zuider Amstellaan 24 I; Milletstraat 45 I; Roompotstraat 11hs; Haarlemmermeerstraat 100 II; Rijnstraat 110 III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e83dt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart V.H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1904-03-31",
"death_date": "1942-09-30",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Posen (Poznan)",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Sobibor",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Vera Bythiner was the first wife of Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "Vera Bythiner was de eerste vrouw van Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Vera Bythiner was the first wife of Fritz Pfeffer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2328,
"image": {
"id": 533,
"uuid": "b183e541-3bdd-4b5f-9482-fbdb5b375238",
"name": "A_Pfeffer_III_047",
"title": "Werner Pfeffer, Leicester, 1939",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/6e5a9dda-40e2-abe1-dab3-f80459370e97.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt in 1889 geboren in Giessen als zoon van Ignatz Pfeffer en zijn vrouw Jeanette Hirsch-Pfeffer. Zoals veel Duitse Joden was ook Fritz Pfeffer voorafgaand aan de machtsovername door de NSDAP in 1933 volledig geïntegreerd in de Duitse maatschappij en samenleving. Zo dient hij als dienstplichtig militair tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het Duitse leger, en richt hij in 1913 een tandartspraktijk op in Berlijn. Na het einde van de vijandelijkheden pakt hij zijn werk weer op en houdt tot 1938 deze praktijk aan. In dat jaar vlucht hij naar Nederland, nadat hij en veel andere Joden na de gebeurtenissen van de Kristallnacht Duitsland ontvluchten. Voorafgaand aan zijn eigen vlucht stuurt Fritz Pfeffer zijn elfjarige zoon Werner naar zijn broer Ernst Pfeffer in Engeland. Fritz Pfeffer heeft voogdij over zijn zoon, nadat hij in 1933 na een huwelijk van zeven jaar gescheiden is van Werner's moeder Vera Henriette Bythiner. Deze foto komt uit de persoonlijke collectie van Fritz Pfeffer of Charlotte Kaletta.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/ebfcf860-0a6a-45d6-bfb5-d2a31bbf01a6/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "ebfcf860-0a6a-45d6-bfb5-d2a31bbf01a6",
"first_name": "Werner",
"last_name": "Pfeffer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Werner Pfeffer",
"title_nl": "Werner Pfeffer",
"title_en": "Werner Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Werner Pfeffer was born from the marriage between Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Bythiner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Fritz and Vera's marriage ended in divorce in <strong>1933</strong>, Fritz was awarded custody of Werner. He had a domestic help, Else Messmer, who also regularly babysat Werner.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After <em>Kristallnacht </em>(The Night of Broken Glass), the explosion of violence against Jews organised by the Nazis in the night of <strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer decided to leave Germany. He arranged a place for Werner on a boat going to England. According to one statement, housekeeper Else Messmer put him on the boat; according to another it was Charlotte Kaletta, Fritz Pfeffer's partner, who did this. As per a British Home Office document, he arrived on <strong>1 December 1938</strong> under the auspices of the Refugee Children’s Movement in England.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On Fritz Pfeffer's registration card, the Amsterdam Immigration Service noted about Werner on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>: 'Is in London'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7o0mi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1943, </strong>he turned sixteen and, therefore, fell under the provisions for enemy nationals - after all, England was at war with his country of origin. Therefore he was put through a security screening. Various people stood as guarantors for his integrity and internment was not deemed necessary. He lived in Minehead to avoid the bombing of London. While there he was an A.R.P. Messenger, which is a courier for the Air Raid Precaution organisation, and went to Polytechnic College.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Fritz Pfeffer regularly reminisced about his wife and "his children", which must mean "his son", since Werner was his only child.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxhf6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote to him on <strong>20 September 1945</strong>. The fate of his father was still unknown at that time. Otto explained how he knew Pfeffer and how he viewed his efforts to marry Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether Werner replied or not is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war Werner moved to the United States. From 1952 he built up a business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the mid-nineties, Werner Pfeffer, who had assumed the name Peter Pepper in the States, was interviewed by Jon Blair in the documentary film <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spvww\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"gmy1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Passauerstrasse 33, Berlin (1927-1938);<sup data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> ‘The Institute’, Bancks Road, Minehead (1943);<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> 43-45 Fitzjohn Avenue, NW3 London (1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7o0mi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxhf6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.peterpepper.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.peterpepper.com</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spvww\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmy1e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Pepper, Peter: Sigi Pepper aan Dineke Stam, 14 februari 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_009).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner Pfeffer, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werner Pfeffer was de zoon uit het huwelijk van Fritz Pfeffer met Vera Bythiner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nadat het huwelijk van Fritz en Vera in <strong>1933</strong> op een scheiding was uitgelopen, kreegt Fritz de voogdij over Werner toegewezen. Hij had een hulp in de huishouding, Else Messmer, die ook regelmatig op Werner paste.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Kristallnacht, de door de nazi's georganiseerde uitbarsting van geweld tegen Joden in de nacht van <strong>9 op 10 november 1938,</strong> besloot Fritz Pfeffer om Duitsland te verlaten. Hij zorgde ervoor dat zijn zoon Werner een plaats kreeg op de boot naar Engeland. Volgens een verklaring zette mevrouw Messmer hem op de boot; volgens een andere verklaring was het Charlotte Kaletta, de vriendin van Fritz Pfeffer, die dit deed. Volgens een document van het Britse Home Office kwam hij op <strong>1 december 1938</strong> onder auspiciën van de Refugee Children’s Movement in Harwich aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op Fritz Pfeffers vreemdelingenkaart noteerde de Amsterdamse Vreemdelingendienst over Werner op <strong>16 januari 1939</strong>: '<em>Is in Londen</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x456o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij werd in <strong>1943 </strong>zestien jaar en viel daarmee onder de bepalingen voor vijandelijke onderdanen en omdat Engeland in oorlog was met zijn land van herkomst, werd hij aan een veiligheidsscreening onderworpen. Verschillende personen stonden borg voor zijn betrouwbaarheid en na screening werd internering niet nodig geacht. In Minehead, waar hij vanwege het gevaar in London verbleef, was hij <em>A.R.P.-Messenger</em>, d.w.z. koerier bij de <em>Air Raid Precaution</em> (Luchtbescherming). Ook bezocht hij daar het Polytechnic College.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer haalde volgens Anne regelmatig herinneringen op aan zijn vrouw en 'zijn kinderen', wat dan 'zijn zoon' geweest moet zijn, omdat Werner zijn enige kind was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"et7qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef Werner op <strong>20 september 1945</strong>. Het lot van zijn vader was toen nog onbekend. Otto zette uiteen hoe hij Pfeffer kende en hoe hij tegen diens trouwpogingen met Charlotte Kaletta aankeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een antwoord is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Werner vertrok na de oorlog naar de Verenigde Staten. Hij bouwde daar vanaf <strong>1952 </strong>een handelszaak op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Midden jaren negentig werd Werner Pfeffer, die in de VS de naam Peter Pepper had aangenomen, geïnterviewd in de documentairefilm <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em> van Jon Blair. Hij ontmoette hierin - voor het eerst - Miep Gies in Pfeffers en Annes kamer in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1i18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"uh7qi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Passauerstrasse 33, Berlijn (’27-’38);<sup data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> ‘The Institute’, Bancks Road, Minehead (’43);<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> 43-45 Fitzjohn Avenue, NW3 London (’45).<sup data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x456o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"et7qp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner Pfeffer, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.peterpepper.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.peterpepper.com</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1i18u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uh7qi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Pepper, Peter: Sigi Pepper aan Dineke Stam, 14 februari 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner Pfeffer, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Werner Pfeffer was born from the marriage between Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Bythiner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Fritz and Vera's marriage ended in divorce in <strong>1933</strong>, Fritz was awarded custody of Werner. He had a domestic help, Else Messmer, who also regularly babysat Werner.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After <em>Kristallnacht </em>(The Night of Broken Glass), the explosion of violence against Jews organised by the Nazis in the night of <strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer decided to leave Germany. He arranged a place for Werner on a boat going to England. According to one statement, housekeeper Else Messmer put him on the boat; according to another it was Charlotte Kaletta, Fritz Pfeffer's partner, who did this. As per a British Home Office document, he arrived on <strong>1 December 1938</strong> under the auspices of the Refugee Children’s Movement in England.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On Fritz Pfeffer's registration card, the Amsterdam Immigration Service noted about Werner on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>: 'Is in London'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7o0mi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1943, </strong>he turned sixteen and, therefore, fell under the provisions for enemy nationals - after all, England was at war with his country of origin. Therefore he was put through a security screening. Various people stood as guarantors for his integrity and internment was not deemed necessary. He lived in Minehead to avoid the bombing of London. While there he was an A.R.P. Messenger, which is a courier for the Air Raid Precaution organisation, and went to Polytechnic College.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Fritz Pfeffer regularly reminisced about his wife and "his children", which must mean "his son", since Werner was his only child.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxhf6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote to him on <strong>20 September 1945</strong>. The fate of his father was still unknown at that time. Otto explained how he knew Pfeffer and how he viewed his efforts to marry Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether Werner replied or not is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war Werner moved to the United States. From 1952 he built up a business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the mid-nineties, Werner Pfeffer, who had assumed the name Peter Pepper in the States, was interviewed by Jon Blair in the documentary film <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spvww\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"gmy1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Passauerstrasse 33, Berlin (1927-1938);<sup data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> ‘The Institute’, Bancks Road, Minehead (1943);<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> 43-45 Fitzjohn Avenue, NW3 London (1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqyfj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4r3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>National Archives, London, Home Office, PRO/HO396/67/439, ‘Regional Advisory Committee’: Advies 13 oktober 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7o0mi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxhf6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2pjmc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azy1r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.peterpepper.com\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.peterpepper.com</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spvww\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmy1e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Pepper, Peter: Sigi Pepper aan Dineke Stam, 14 februari 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vmze\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_009).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"48lsm\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_077: Otto Frank aan Werner Pfeffer, 20 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1927-04-03",
"death_date": "1995-02-14",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Berlijn",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "California",
"death_country": "USA",
"summary": "Werner Pfeffer was the son of Fritz Pfeffer and his first wife Vera Bythiner.",
"summary_nl": "Werner Pfeffer was de zoon van Fritz Pfeffer en Vera Bythiner, zijn eerste vrouw.",
"summary_en": "Werner Pfeffer was the son of Fritz Pfeffer and his first wife Vera Bythiner.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124409,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
"name": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie eind jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"description": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In <strong>maart 1938</strong> werd Oostenrij geannexeerd door Duitsland. Deze zogenaame '<em>Anschluss</em>' had tot gevolg dat zowel Joodse als niet-Joodse Oostenrijkers het land uitvluchtten. De annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije in <strong>oktober 1938</strong> leidde evens tot aan hausse aan vluchtelingen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em>, de beruchte pogrom van <strong>november 1938</strong> tegen de Joodse inwoners van Duitsland en de daarmee gepaard gaande moorden, mishandelingen, plunderingen en brandstichtingen brachten veel Joden ertoe Duitsland halsoverkop te verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Onder hen ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nooit meer terug naar dat land: verhalen van slachtoffers over de Kristallnacht 1938,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
"summary_nl": "Gebeurtenissen in 1938 en 1939 brachten wederom een grote stroom vluchtelingen op gang. De 'Anschluss' van Oostenrijk, de annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije door nazi-Duitsland en de beruchte Kristallnacht hadden een nieuwe exodus tot gevolg.",
"summary_en": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
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"latitude": "51.947863",
"longitude": "1.248064",
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{
"id": 157,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/4f040630-0080-4098-be8b-bfd97e809d87/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a4612841-d6d2-41ca-a67e-d909a7c37196?format=api"
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2a5c7562-2b9e-41ab-98db-c56055144c03?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4f040630-0080-4098-be8b-bfd97e809d87",
"name": "Werner Pfeffer's arrival in Harwich",
"name_nl": "Werner Pfeffers aankomst in Harwich",
"name_en": "Werner Pfeffer's arrival in Harwich",
"content": "<p>He arrived in Harwich by night boat on <strong>2 December 1938</strong>. He was under the supervision of the Refugee Children's Movement, bearing the registration number 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His group travelled on the <em>S.S. Prague</em> which operated the regular ferry service between the Hook of Holland and Harwich. There is film footage and photographs of this first group of children on their arrival at the quay and on their first stay at Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner was expected at a relative's house in England and was able to travel straight through and was therefore probably not filmed or photographed at Doverside Holiday Camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werner Pfeffer arriveerde in Harwich met de nachtboot op <strong>2 december 1938</strong>. Hij stond onder toezicht van het Refugee Children's Movement, voorzien van het registratienummer 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zijn groep reisde met de <em>s.s. Prague</em> die de reguliere veerdienst tussen Hoek van Holland en Harwich onderhield. Er zijn filmbeelden en foto's van deze eerste groep kinderen bij hun aankomst op de kade en bij hun eerste verblijf in Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner werd in Engeland bij een familielid verwacht en kon direct doorreizen en is daarom waarschijnlijk niet in Doverside Holiday Camp gefilmd of gefotografeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>He arrived in Harwich by night boat on <strong>2 December 1938</strong>. He was under the supervision of the Refugee Children's Movement, bearing the registration number 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His group travelled on the <em>S.S. Prague</em> which operated the regular ferry service between the Hook of Holland and Harwich. There is film footage and photographs of this first group of children on their arrival at the quay and on their first stay at Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner was expected at a relative's house in England and was able to travel straight through and was therefore probably not filmed or photographed at Doverside Holiday Camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-12-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Werner Pfeffer arrived in England with the first Kindertransport. The children's journey by train from Berlin to the Hook of Holland attracted attention from the Dutch press. Their arrival in Harwich was filmed.",
"summary_nl": "Werner Pfeffer kwam met het eerste Kindertransport in Engeland aan. De reis van de kinderen per trein van Berlijn naar Hoek van Holland trok aandacht van de Nederlandse pers. De aankomst in Harwich is gefilmd.",
"summary_en": "Werner Pfeffer arrived in England with the first Kindertransport. The children's journey by train from Berlin to the Hook of Holland attracted attention from the Dutch press. Their arrival in Harwich was filmed.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
898
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124407,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": null,
"files": [
835
]
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0eb7f3ea-0714-412a-a863-bcd821d5da23?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/27548fcb-0101-4287-bb54-8199ce1ed0cc?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bb8cc373-0362-40bf-814e-99196308412c?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6b6c4af-743d-4a49-8876-43b583dcfc25?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c631f396-52e9-486d-b1a1-1d971d8def39?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/2a5c7562-2b9e-41ab-98db-c56055144c03/",
"published": true,
"name": "Harwich",
"name_nl": "Harwich",
"name_en": "Harwich",
"uuid": "2a5c7562-2b9e-41ab-98db-c56055144c03",
"content": "<p>The port of Harwich was the main point of entry for most of the children who found refuge in Britain through the <em>Kindertransport</em> rescue programme, from <strong>December 1938</strong> to the outbreak of war in <strong>September 1939</strong>. Almost 10,000 children, mostly Jewish thus escaped Nazi persecution.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c6tqs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c6tqs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertransport\" target=\"_blank\">Kindertransport</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De haven van Harwich was van <strong>december 1938</strong> tot het uitbreken van de oorlog in <strong>september 1939</strong> de belangrijkste toegangspoort voor de meeste kinderen die via het <em>Kindertransport</em>-reddingsprogramma hun toevlucht in Groot-Brittannië vonden. Bijna 10.000 kinderen, voornamelijk Joods, ontsnapten zo aan de nazi-vervolging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bww8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bww8a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertransport\">Kindertransport</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The port of Harwich was the main point of entry for most of the children who found refuge in Britain through the <em>Kindertransport</em> rescue programme, from <strong>December 1938</strong> to the outbreak of war in <strong>September 1939</strong>. Almost 10,000 children, mostly Jewish thus escaped Nazi persecution.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c6tqs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c6tqs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertransport\" target=\"_blank\">Kindertransport</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (1.248064 51.947863)",
"summary": "Harwich is an English port city on the North Sea coast.",
"summary_nl": "Harwich is een Engelse havenstad aan de Noordzeekust.",
"summary_en": "Harwich is an English port city on the North Sea coast.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/18210"
],
"street": "Parkeston Quay",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Harwich",
"state": "",
"land": "Verenigd Koninkrijk",
"location_events": [
157
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/4f040630-0080-4098-be8b-bfd97e809d87/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4f040630-0080-4098-be8b-bfd97e809d87",
"name": "Werner Pfeffer's arrival in Harwich",
"name_nl": "Werner Pfeffers aankomst in Harwich",
"name_en": "Werner Pfeffer's arrival in Harwich",
"content": "<p>He arrived in Harwich by night boat on <strong>2 December 1938</strong>. He was under the supervision of the Refugee Children's Movement, bearing the registration number 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His group travelled on the <em>S.S. Prague</em> which operated the regular ferry service between the Hook of Holland and Harwich. There is film footage and photographs of this first group of children on their arrival at the quay and on their first stay at Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner was expected at a relative's house in England and was able to travel straight through and was therefore probably not filmed or photographed at Doverside Holiday Camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werner Pfeffer arriveerde in Harwich met de nachtboot op <strong>2 december 1938</strong>. Hij stond onder toezicht van het Refugee Children's Movement, voorzien van het registratienummer 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zijn groep reisde met de <em>s.s. Prague</em> die de reguliere veerdienst tussen Hoek van Holland en Harwich onderhield. Er zijn filmbeelden en foto's van deze eerste groep kinderen bij hun aankomst op de kade en bij hun eerste verblijf in Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner werd in Engeland bij een familielid verwacht en kon direct doorreizen en is daarom waarschijnlijk niet in Doverside Holiday Camp gefilmd of gefotografeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>He arrived in Harwich by night boat on <strong>2 December 1938</strong>. He was under the supervision of the Refugee Children's Movement, bearing the registration number 15252.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His group travelled on the <em>S.S. Prague</em> which operated the regular ferry service between the Hook of Holland and Harwich. There is film footage and photographs of this first group of children on their arrival at the quay and on their first stay at Doverside Holiday Camp. Werner was expected at a relative's house in England and was able to travel straight through and was therefore probably not filmed or photographed at Doverside Holiday Camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xaef\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>World Jewish Relief, Londen, indexkaarten op archief Kindertransporten, registratienummer 15252, Werner Pfeffer. Het onderliggende dossier is niet bewaard.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ccg3s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email Mike Levy aan AFS, 17 augustus 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-12-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Werner Pfeffer arrived in England with the first Kindertransport. The children's journey by train from Berlin to the Hook of Holland attracted attention from the Dutch press. Their arrival in Harwich was filmed.",
"summary_nl": "Werner Pfeffer kwam met het eerste Kindertransport in Engeland aan. De reis van de kinderen per trein van Berlijn naar Hoek van Holland trok aandacht van de Nederlandse pers. De aankomst in Harwich is gefilmd.",
"summary_en": "Werner Pfeffer arrived in England with the first Kindertransport. The children's journey by train from Berlin to the Hook of Holland attracted attention from the Dutch press. Their arrival in Harwich was filmed.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"files": [],
"persons": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"parent": 396124388,
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"latitude": "52.375368",
"longitude": "4.884115",
"events": [
{
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82?format=api"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 281,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ece3fba8-5b1e-4d3e-984e-8d190e2148ea?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4",
"name": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Elhoek",
"name_en": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"content": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was stoffeerderzaak Elhoek gevestigd. In <strong>november 1941</strong> was er bij Elhoek al eens geld uit de elektrameter gestolen. In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943 </strong>werd er geld en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf gestolen.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-07",
"date_end": "1943-04-08",
"summary": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"summary_nl": "Insluipers ontvreemdden zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
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"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Elhoek",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma was gevestid in het buurpand van Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was ook lederwarenfabrikant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De naam was een samentrekking van de namen Van Elburg en Hoekstra. De werkplaatsen waren op de tweede en derde verdieping. Het personeel at bij mooi weer tussen de middag wel eens in de dakgoot. Ze hoorden soms stemmen en wisten daardoor dat er mensen in het Achterhuis waren. Ze realiseerden zich echter niet dat het hier om onderduikers ging en ze dachten dat het deel van het pand van de firma Keg Thee en Koffie was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Firmant Hendrik Johan van Elburg meldde dat insluipers in de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> een bedrag van zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf hadden gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>meubelmakerij</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometehus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884115 52.375368)",
"summary": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"summary_nl": "Meubelstoffeerderij Elhoek was gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 261",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
300,
281
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null
}
]
}
