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"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
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"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
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"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"title": "Auguste van Pels, 16 juli 1941",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Geen restricties bekend"
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"first_name": "Auguste",
"last_name": "Pels - Röttgen",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_nl": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_en": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"content": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Auguste Röttgen werd op <strong>29 september 1900 </strong>geboren in Buer, Kreis (district) Recklinghausen, Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was de dochter van Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had vier zussen: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha en Lotte. Na de oorlog verklaarde Margaretha dat Auguste economie had gestudeerd in Keulen en deze studie succesvol afrondde. Volgens het universiteitsarchief van Keulen schreef Auguste zich na een semester uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bewos\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 december 1925</strong> trouwde Auguste Röttgen in haar woonplaats Elberfeld met Hermann van Pels. Ze kreeg hierdoor automatisch de Nederlandse nationaliteit. Op <strong>8 november 1926</strong> werd zoon Peter geboren. Hij bleef enig kind. In <strong>1937 </strong>kwam Auguste met haar gezin naar Nederland. Na enkele verhuizingen kwamen ze terecht in een ruime vierkamerwoning aan de Zuider Amstellaan, ingericht met uit Duitsland meegebracht meubilair. Op <strong>30 oktober 1942</strong>, toen ze al enkele maanden waren ondergedoken, werd de woning leeggehaald.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1942</strong> ging ook Auguste van Pels onderduiken in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Wat we uit deze periode over haar weten komt uit Annes dagboek, met enige correcties en aanvullingen van Otto Frank en Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Auguste van Pels via Westerbork in Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht. Later werd ze doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen, naar Raguhn en vandaar naar Theresienstadt. Onderweg naar Theresienstadt kwam ze om. Ze was bij overlijden 44 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bewos\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-09-29",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Buer",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
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"uuid": "74dfd67d-877e-4ab7-9bb4-8f523e8f1e86",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.134",
"title": "Edith Frank-Holländer, Amsterdam, mei 1935 of 1936",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9006f8f0-6a33-baaf-a392-73cfcefdc04b.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Edith Frank-Holländer uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1935 of 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1935'. De datering is niet duidelijk: Anne dateert deze foto mei 1935, Otto andere foto's van dit vel mei 1936.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"first_name": "Edith",
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"infix": "",
"title": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_nl": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_en": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"content": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens haar geboorteakte werd Edith Holländer geboren op <strong>16 januari 1900</strong> in Aachen, op het adres Heinrichsallee 50. Zij was een dochter van Abraham Holländer en Rosalie Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith was de jongste van vier kinderen. Zij had twee broers: Julius en Walter. Bettina, de enige zuster, overleed op 16-jarige leeftijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith bezocht de <em>evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> aan de Warmweiherstrasse in haar geboorteplaats. In <strong>1916</strong> deed ze eindexamen. Ze was sportief en ze deed onder meer aan tennis. Voor haar huwelijk werkte ze enige tijd in het familiebedrijf. De door haar grootvader opgerichte firma <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em> handelde in stoomketels, apparaten en industriële installaties, maar ook in oud ijzer, oud papier en lompen. Er was een nevenvestiging in Keulen en sinds <strong>1914 </strong>had het bedrijf ook een wagonfabriek bij Hannover, waar Ediths broer Walter werkte. Op <strong>12 mei 1925</strong> trouwde Edith met Otto Frank en verhuisde naar Frankfurt. In <strong>1926</strong> werd Margot geboren en in <strong>1929</strong> volgde Anne. Nadat zij en Otto in <strong>1933</strong> besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Edith met de kinderen eerst enige tijd bij haar moeder in Aken wonen. Ze reisde veel naar Amsterdam heen en weer. Ze was daar onder meer druk met het zoeken naar een woning. In<strong> december 1933</strong> vertrok ze definitief naar Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gemis van haar oude leven viel Edith zwaar. Ze correspondeerde regelmatig met het vroegere Frankfurtse buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann en ze richtte zich verder vooral op haar gezin. Vanaf <strong>september 1938 </strong>ondernam ze met Otto pogingen haar moeder naar Nederland te halen. Kort na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> verleende het Ministerie van Justitie hiervoor ook toestemming. Ediths broers Walter en Julius slaagden erin naar Amerika te emigreren. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Edith via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Ze was aanvankelijk samen met haar dochters, maar die werden na ongeveer acht weken doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen. Edith leed hier erg onder. Over haar verdere lotgevallen is weinig bekend, maar een vriendin zag haar later in een ziekenbarak. Ze had hoge koorts en was door voedselgebrek en ziekte totaal uitgeput. Ze stierf enkele dagen later op 44-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, 'Wie was Edith Frank-Holländer?', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?,</em> Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-01-16",
"death_date": "1945-01-06",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Aken",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer was de moeder van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Edith-Frank"
],
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"image": {
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"uuid": "1484a88e-d011-408e-afeb-30cad986ca15",
"name": "A_Pfeffer_III_054",
"title": "Portretfoto van Fritz Pfeffer, jaren '30",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/8b7393e6-b0ab-751a-16c5-cfd532c3bc94.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt in 1889 geboren in Giessen als zoon van Ignatz Pfeffer en zijn vrouw Jeanette Hirsch-Pfeffer. Zoals veel Duitse Joden was ook Fritz Pfeffer voorafgaand aan de machtsovername door de NSDAP in 1933 volledig geïntegreerd in de Duitse maatschappij en samenleving. Zo dient hij als dienstplichtig militair tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het Duitse leger, en richt hij in 1913 een tandartspraktijk op in Berlijn. Na het einde van de vijandelijkheden pakt hij zijn werk weer op en houdt tot 1938 deze praktijk aan. In dat jaar vlucht hij naar Nederland, nadat hij en veel andere Joden na de gebeurtenissen van de Kristallnacht Duitsland ontvluchten. Voorafgaand aan zijn eigen vlucht stuurt Fritz Pfeffer zijn elfjarige zoon Werner naar zijn broer Ernst Pfeffer in Engeland. Fritz Pfeffer heeft voogdij over zijn zoon, nadat hij in 1933 na een huwelijk van zeven jaar gescheiden is van Werner's moeder Vera Henriette Bythiner. Deze foto komt uit de persoonlijke collectie van Fritz Pfeffer of Charlotte Kaletta.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c/",
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"first_name": "Friedrich",
"last_name": "Pfeffer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"title_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"title_en": "Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30 April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of Würzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>. The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on <strong>5</strong> <strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto's childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, "'He was all alone': Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank", in <em> Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer werd op <strong>30 april 1889</strong> in Giessen geboren als een zoon van textielhandelaar Ignatz Pfeffer en Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij had een zus en vier broers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst en Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het gymnasium in zijn geboortestad volgde hij in de jaren <strong>1908-1911</strong> een tandartsopleiding aan de universiteit van Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Van <strong>1913 tot 1938</strong> had hij een eigen praktijk in Berlijn-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h5461\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij onder meer deel uit van het 116e Infanterieregiment. De divisie waar dit regiment toe behoorde, nam deel aan de slagen om Verdun en aan de Somme. Terug in Berlijn hervatte hij zijn praktijk. Verder was hij een actief sporter, en deed vooral veel aan roeien in de waterrijke gebieden rond Berlijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong> trouwde Pfeffer met Vera Henriette Bythiner, met wie hij in <strong>1927</strong> een zoon genaamd Werner kreeg. Het huwelijk werd in <strong>1933</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <strong>Midden jaren dertig</strong> leerde hij Charlotte Kaletta kennen. Zij konden niet trouwen omdat inmiddels de rassenwetten van Neurenberg van kracht waren. Een onderdeel hiervan was een verbod op huwelijken tussen Joden en niet-Joodse Duitsers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer deed een poging naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk te emigreren, maar op<strong> 5</strong> <strong>mei 1937</strong> werd zijn aanvraag tot registratie als tandarts door de General Medical Council (GMC) in Londen afgewezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zijn jongere broer Ernst Pfeffer had anderhalf jaar eerder een zelfde verzoek gedaan en was wel toegelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Na de Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 november 1938</strong>) vluchtte Pfeffer naar Nederland. Hij wilde naar Chili om zich daar op de paardenfokkerij toe te leggen. Zijn verzoek om die aanvraag in Nederland te mogen afwachten wees minister Goseling in<strong> juni 1939</strong> af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Een huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta kon ook niet in Nederland gesloten worden omdat hier als gevolg van een verdrag uit <strong>1902</strong> toestemming van de Duitse overheid voor nodig was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pfeffer onderzocht de mogelijkheid in een ander land te trouwen, maar omdat hij sinds <strong>januari 1939</strong> niet meer over een geldig paspoort beschikte was dat bij voorbaat kansloos.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank ontmoette Pfeffer voor het eerst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong>. Pfeffer woonde toen in bij Otto’s jeugdvriendin Stephanie Schuster. Later betrok hij een kamer aan de Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ondanks de ontzegging van verblijf in Nederland is Pfeffer niet vertrokken. Hij werd ook niet uitgezet. Hij werkte in de praktijk van de tandarts Samuel van der Hoeden. In de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> werd de situatie voor hem gevaarlijk, daar hij formeel niet de relatief veilige status van gemengd gehuwde had. Door bemiddeling van Miep Gies, die patient bij hem was, kon hij op <strong>16 november 1942 </strong>in het Achterhuis terecht. Hij vertelde zijn hospes dat hij voor een nierkwaal naar het ziekenhuis moest en verdween. Via Miep hield hij het contact met Charlotte Kaletta in stand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Pfeffer in Westerbork terecht. Met het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> ging hij naar Auschwitz. Een kampoverlevende verklaarde later dat Pfeffer met een transport bestaande uit tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar Neuengamme was vertrokken. Daar overleed Fritz Pfeffer op 55-jarige leeftijd, volgens de overlijdensakte ten gevolge van een darmontsteking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h5461\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SSA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur; Menno Metselaar, "'Hij stond er alleen voor': Fritz Pfeffer, de kamergenoot van Anne Frank", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>De kamergenoot van Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2001 (herdruk); Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30 April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of Würzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>. The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on <strong>5</strong> <strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto's childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan 'Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas' in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gießen: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universität, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adreßbuch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, "'He was all alone': Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank", in <em> Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, 'Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gießen', in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; Jürgen Dauernheim, 'Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen: Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel": (eine Ergänzung)', in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-04-30",
"death_date": "1944-12-20",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gießen",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Neuengamme",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 250,
"image": {
"id": 159,
"uuid": "3a4c3587-900a-4e0e-9125-64481df8a44c",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_036",
"title": "Achter: Esther Troeder, Herman van Pels, Miep Gies. Voor: Bep Voskuijl, Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam, mei 1941",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/5a80a5ce-6bf1-6db4-8c33-00be880ee416.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Foto van de Opekta kantoormedewerkers in mei 1941. V.l.n.r. Esther Troeder, Bep Voskuijl, v. Pels en Miep Gies: op de achtergrond is een reclame affiche van Opekta te zien. (in handschrift van Bep: Hr. v. Pels, Esther, Miep en ik, op kantoor 1940).\r\n\r\nA_Opekta_III_008 of A_Opekta_III_009 is 'deze' foto / of 'dezelfde' maar andere oplage. Fysiek maar één foto aanwezig.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f/",
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"first_name": "Hermann",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Hermann van Pels",
"title_nl": "Hermann van Pels",
"title_en": "Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde on <strong>31 March 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is a place between Osnabrück and Oldenburg. The personal and family card of Hermann van Pels incorrectly states <strong>31 March 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is an administrative error that has taken on a life of its own. And the <em>Gedenkbuch</em> of the <strong>Bundesarchiv</strong> states the date as <strong>5 April 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zons\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This error probably occurred because the date of the birth certificate is 5 April. Hermann was a son of Aäron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger. He was the fourth of six children. His brother and sisters were: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara and Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about Hermann van Pels' childhood and schooling. From statements by his sister Ida we know of an apprenticeship with the firm Alsberg and of a job with Karstadt in Kiel. It is certain that he lived in Kiel from March to August 1917 and moved from there to Hamburg. In <strong>December 1925</strong> he married Auguste Röttgen in Elberfeld. Their son Peter was born in <strong>1926</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and his family lived in Osnabrück for years. When life became increasingly difficult for Jews under Nazi rule, he left for the Netherlands in <strong>1937</strong> and settled in Amsterdam-Zuid. Over the years he lived at many addresses, including with his parents-in-law. His arrival in the Netherlands did not cause any particular problems, because Van Pels had Dutch nationality. Because he was a Dutchman, he was subject to conscription. What practical consequences this had for him is not clear. In <strong>early 1939</strong> he was arrested as a deserter, but the matter ended quietly. Around the same time, the American consulate put him on the waiting list for emigration 'under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt, Van Pels had a trade in textile goods. He left this business in <strong>early 1939</strong> and went to work for Otto Frank's company Pectacon. In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Hermann van Pels and his family went into hiding in the Secret Annex. What is known about Van Pels during this period comes from Anne's diary, with some additions and corrections by Otto and Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels ended up in Westerbork after the arrest. From there he was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. In the men's camp he did heavy work, seriously hurting his thumb. He asked for <em>Stubendienst</em> but thus became a victim of an interim selection and it is almost certain that he was killed in the gas chamber. Hermann van Pels was 46 years old at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zons\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels werd op <strong>31 maart 1898</strong> in Gehrde geboren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wj5sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is een plaats tussen Osnabrück en Oldenburg. Op de persoons- en gezinskaart van Hermann van Pels staat foutief <strong>31 maart 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"261ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit is een administratieve vergissing die een eigen leven is gaan leiden. En het <em>Gedenkbuch</em> van het Bundesarchiv noemt als datum <strong>5 april 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7kdyt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Deze vergissing is waarschijnlijk ontstaan doordat de datum van de geboorteakte 5 april is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann was een zoon van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger. Hij was de vierde van zes kinderen. Zijn broer en zussen waren: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara en Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de jonge jaren en schoolopleiding van Hermann van Pels is niets bekend. Uit verklaringen van zijn zuster Ida weten we van een stage bij de firma Alsberg en van een werkkring bij Karstadt in Kiel. Het is zeker dat hij van <strong>maart tot en met augustus 1917</strong> in Kiel woonde en vandaar naar Hamburg ging. In <strong>december 1925</strong> trouwde hij in Elberfeld met Auguste Röttgen. Uit het huwelijk werd in <strong>1926</strong> zoon Peter geboren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels woonde met zijn gezin jarenlang in Osnabrück. Toen voor Joden het leven door het nazisme in toenemende mate moeilijk werd, vertrok hij in <strong>1937</strong> naar Nederland en streek in Amsterdam-Zuid neer. Hij had door de jaren heen veel inwoning, onder meer van zijn schoonouders. De komst naar Nederland leverde geen bijzondere moeilijkheden op omdat van Pels de Nederlandse nationaliteit had. Omdat hij Nederlander was, viel hij onder de dienstplichtwet. Welke praktische gevolgen dat voor hem heeft gehad is niet duidelijk. Wel werd hij <strong>begin 1939</strong> aangehouden omdat hij gesignaleerd stond als deserteur, maar die kwestie liep met een sisser af. Rond dezelfde tijd plaatste het Amerikaanse consulaat hem op de wachtlijst voor emigratie “under the German quota”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels had met zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt een handel in textielgoederen. Hier stapte hij <strong>begin 1939</strong> uit, en ging bij Otto Franks bedrijf Pectacon werken. In <strong>juli 1942</strong> dook Hermann van Pels met zijn gezin onder in het Achterhuis. Wat over deze periode over Van Pels bekend is, komt uit het dagboek van Anne, met enige aanvulling en correctie door Otto en Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels kwam na de arrestatie in Westerbork terecht. Hij ging vandaar met het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> naar Auschwitz. In het mannenkamp deed hij zwaar werk, waarbij hij zijn duim ernstig bezeerde. Hij vroeg om <em>Stubendienst</em> maar werd daardoor slachtoffer van een tussentijdse selectie en het is vrijwel zeker dat hij in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Hermann van Pels was toen 46 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wgolo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wj5sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"261ka\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7kdyt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgolo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde on <strong>31 March 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is a place between Osnabrück and Oldenburg. The personal and family card of Hermann van Pels incorrectly states <strong>31 March 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is an administrative error that has taken on a life of its own. And the <em>Gedenkbuch</em> of the <strong>Bundesarchiv</strong> states the date as <strong>5 April 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zons\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This error probably occurred because the date of the birth certificate is 5 April. Hermann was a son of Aäron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger. He was the fourth of six children. His brother and sisters were: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara and Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about Hermann van Pels' childhood and schooling. From statements by his sister Ida we know of an apprenticeship with the firm Alsberg and of a job with Karstadt in Kiel. It is certain that he lived in Kiel from March to August 1917 and moved from there to Hamburg. In <strong>December 1925</strong> he married Auguste Röttgen in Elberfeld. Their son Peter was born in <strong>1926</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and his family lived in Osnabrück for years. When life became increasingly difficult for Jews under Nazi rule, he left for the Netherlands in <strong>1937</strong> and settled in Amsterdam-Zuid. Over the years he lived at many addresses, including with his parents-in-law. His arrival in the Netherlands did not cause any particular problems, because Van Pels had Dutch nationality. Because he was a Dutchman, he was subject to conscription. What practical consequences this had for him is not clear. In <strong>early 1939</strong> he was arrested as a deserter, but the matter ended quietly. Around the same time, the American consulate put him on the waiting list for emigration 'under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt, Van Pels had a trade in textile goods. He left this business in <strong>early 1939</strong> and went to work for Otto Frank's company Pectacon. In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Hermann van Pels and his family went into hiding in the Secret Annex. What is known about Van Pels during this period comes from Anne's diary, with some additions and corrections by Otto and Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels ended up in Westerbork after the arrest. From there he was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. In the men's camp he did heavy work, seriously hurting his thumb. He asked for <em>Stubendienst</em> but thus became a victim of an interim selection and it is almost certain that he was killed in the gas chamber. Hermann van Pels was 46 years old at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zons\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1898-03-31",
"death_date": "1944-10-03",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gehrde",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "Polen",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels was an employee of Pectacon and was one of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels was medewerker van Pectacon en was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels was an employee of Pectacon and was one of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Hermann-van-Pels"
],
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"id": 193,
"image": {
"id": 168,
"uuid": "2d675b73-de06-4ea6-ae94-3f427033b518",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.086",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
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"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
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"content": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank werd geboren op zondag <strong>12 mei 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, als zoon van <em>Kaufman</em> (koopman) Michael Frank en Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Heinrich was het tweede kind uit een gezin van vier kinderen, allen geboren in Frankfurt am Main. Hij had twee broers, Robert Hermann en Herbert August, en een zus, genaamd Helène. Ten tijde van Otto Franks geboorte woonde het gezin Frank op Gärtnerweg 58 te Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Joodse familie Frank behoorde tot de gegoede kringen van Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto’s vader Michael slaagde erin de laatste decennia van de negentiende eeuw in een succesvol bankbedrijf op te zetten. De familie was een typisch product van het Duitse <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. Na het doorlopen van het Lessing Gymnasium ging Otto voor een zomersemester naar de universiteit van Heidelberg, waar hij colleges kunstgeschiedenis volgde. Hierna doorliep hij een leertijd bij de bank Ferdinand Sander in Frankfurt. Vervolgens vertrok hij naar New York. Hij werkte als stagiair in Macy’s en bij een bank in het Financial District. Terug in Duitsland werkte hij bij Fenestra, een fabrikant van allerhande staalconstructies en industriële installaties. Na het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog werkte Otto, alvorens in het leger te gaan, bij een hoefijzerfabriek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1915</strong> kwam hij terecht bij het derde <em>Regiment Fußartillerie</em> in Mainz. Na zijn opleiding kwam zijn eenheid in de omgeving van Bapaume terecht. Otto was telefonist en waarnemer, waardoor hij op enige afstand van de daadwerkelijke gevechtslinie zat. Na zijn demobilisatie nam hij de leiding van de familiebank op zich. Het bedrijf was door de economische en politieke chaos in Duitsland in zwaar weer terechtgekomen. In <strong>1923</strong> richtten Otto en enkele familieleden in Amsterdam twee bedrijven op die zich in de financiële sector bewogen. Jo Kleiman was bij beide bedrijven als directeur en procuratiehouder betrokken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925</strong> trouwde Otto met Edith Holländer. Haar familie had een bedrijf dat grote overeenkomsten vertoonde met Fenestra. Uit het huwelijk werden de dochters Margot en Anne geboren. Na <strong>1929</strong> werd de economische situatie slechter. Ook het politieke klimaat in Duitsland verslechterde snel. Na Hitlers machtsovername vertrokken Otto en zijn gezin naar Amsterdam. Otto richtte in de zomer van <strong>1933</strong> de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij op. In <strong>december '33</strong> werd hij commissaris van de ‘Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie’, waarvan Kleiman directeur was. <strong>Eind jaren dertig</strong> liep een poging een zaak in Engeland op te zetten op niets uit. De ‘Centrale Maatschappij’ verdween, waarna Otto en Kleiman zich op de opbouw van Pectacon toelegden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginfase van de oorlog probeerde Otto met zijn gezin naar de Verenigde Staten te emigreren, wat als gevolg van de onmogelijke procedure en bureaucratie mislukte. Toen de vervolgingsmaatregelen toenamen, ontstond het plan om onder te duiken. Op initiatief van Kleiman werd het Achterhuis hiervoor gereed gemaakt. Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> betrok het gezin de schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was de enige van de acht onderduikers die na de arrestatie en deportatie uit Auschwitz terugkeerde. Hij hervatte zijn werk en deed daarnaast veel om Joodse kinderen die ouderloos uit de oorlog kwamen bij familie of pleeggezinnen onder te brengen. Bovendien redigeerde hij Annes dagboek en zorgde dat het uitgegeven werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij zag Anne als representante van alle vermoorde Joodse kinderen en hoopte dat haar dagboek de mensheid tot bezinning zou brengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto woonde na terugkeer zeven jaar bij Miep en Jan Gies. Hij vertrok vervolgens naar Bazel en trouwde met Elfriede Markovits, die vergelijkbare oorlogservaringen had. Tot op hoge leeftijd correspondeerde hij met vooral jongeren van over de hele wereld over Anne en haar ideeënwereld. Hij overleed op 91-jarige leeftijd in een Zwitsers ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor biografieën, zie: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbouw, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-05-12",
"death_date": "1980-08-19",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bazel",
"death_country": "Zwitserland",
"summary": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank was de vader van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
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"title": "Peter van Pels, Amsterdam, 1942",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Foto in zwart wit van Peter van Pels, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in Amsterdam, 1942\r\n\r\nhttps://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/361c9375-f47c-abc7-ffb9-03b5d488f18a.jpg",
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"first_name": "Peter",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Peter van Pels",
"title_nl": "Peter van Pels",
"title_en": "Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels werd geboren op <strong>8 november 1926 </strong>in Osnabrück (Duitsland).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zijn ouders waren Hermann van Pels en Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Hij was enig kind. Hij groeide op in Osnabrück en kwam in <strong>1937</strong> met zijn ouders naar Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is weinig bekend over welke scholen Peter in Nederland bezocht. Volgens een oud-klasgenoot zat hij op de MULO in Diezestraat. Het is waarschijnlijk na de segregatie van het onderwijs dat Peter een technische beroepsopleiding ging volgen. Hij leerde onder meer meubels bekleden. In het kamp Mauthausen zou hij later dan ook geregistreerd worden als meubelmaker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In tegenstelling tot Anne, die Moortje bij de buren onderbracht, nam Peter zijn kat Mouschi mee naar het Achterhuis. Hij deed in het Achterhuis de meeste timmerklusjes, en hij sjouwde de aardappelen naar boven. Volgens Anne wou Peter na de oorlog naar Indonesië om daar op de plantages te leven. Wat er over Peter uit deze periode bekend is, komt voornamelijk uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben in later jaren hier nog iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Peter via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Hij ontmoette hier Max Stoppelman, de zoon van Jan en Mieps hospita. Stoppelman nam Peter onder zijn hoede. Volgens Otto Frank was Peter er getuige van dat zijn vader na een tussentijdse selectie werd afgevoerd om ter dood te worden gebracht. In <strong>januari 1945</strong> ontruimden de Duitsers het kamp. Otto Frank drong er bij Peter op aan dat hij zich verborg, en niet met de evacuatie, later betiteld als ‘dodenmarsen’, meeging. Peter vertrok toch, en kwam op <strong>25 januari</strong> in Mauthausen aan. Hij verrichtte nog werk, onder meer in <em>Aussenlager Melk</em>, alvorens in het <em>Sanitätslager</em> van het hoofdkamp terecht te komen. Er bestaat wat onduidelijkheid over de precieze overlijdensdatum van Peter. Een lijst die de Amerikanen bij de bevrijding van het kamp opstelden houdt het op <strong>5 mei 1945. </strong>Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt na de bevrijding van Mauthausen is Peter van Pels overleden op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>. Peter werd 18 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-11-08",
"death_date": "1945-05-10",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Osnabrück",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Mauthausen",
"death_country": "Oostenrijk",
"summary": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels was het enig kind van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen en één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Peter-van-Pels"
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
],
"parent": 396124393,
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"location": {
"id": 2,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1130,
"uuid": "93ced2e1-9cee-4b13-bb94-29a29a68acf8",
"name": "Westerbork boulevard des miseres",
"title": "De hoofdweg door kamp Westerbork. Langs deze weg lag de spoorweg en vertrokken de treinen, vanaf de zogenaamde 'Rampe', naar de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen in het oosten.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Westerbork_boulevard_des_miseres.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.9173",
"longitude": "6.607",
"events": [
{
"id": 139,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/70d46c84-cc19-4925-b4ed-19da7cfd76ae?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bfb8d2db-e3cb-4d5a-9e7e-2e10e2edf709?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40",
"name": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau worden gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-03-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 maart 1943 worden Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau opgepakt en naar Kamp Westerbork gebracht. Op 23 maart 1943 worden ze naar Vernietigingskamp Sobibor gedeporteerd, waar ze worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 134,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ff9f1c2f-e2d0-4f2d-a546-d639ae9c466f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3",
"name": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Clara van Pels wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-04-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Clara van Pels is een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels. Op 17 april 1943 wordt zij met haar man Günther Neumann gearresteerd en naar Westerbork gebracht. Daar worden zij op 26 april gedeporteerd naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor, waar ze, vermoedelijk op 29 april 1944, worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 148,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0d9ec16a-477c-45db-b33b-410e0d9c1306?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/64b06ab5-3490-46dc-9272-e33e03fa3279?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ee61e5a6-41f3-4089-8e1d-18d7d3d0c866?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247",
"name": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Ledermann wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1943 wordt de familie Ledermann in hun woning opgepakt bij een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid. Hun dochter Barbara is ondergedoken. Ze worden op 16 november 1943 naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 149,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/228fad8f-c9f9-46d1-88d7-18f4e36c68ac?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/706075d4-d796-4db8-a33b-69c1e2a7e1bc?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4",
"name": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Goslar wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1944 werd de familie Goslar opgepakt tijdens een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht. Hans Goslar had een zogenaamde Albersheimverklaring, waarmee hij de mogelijkheid had om door de Engelsen tegen gevangen Duitsers uitgewisseld te worden. Om daarvoor beschikbaar te zijn, werd hij met twee dochters op 15 februari 1944 naar Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 151,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1f4182-86bf-4083-adff-36d08b19b9d8?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1",
"name": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>31 augustus '43</strong> is zij naar Concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam <strong>16 juni 1945</strong> terug. Over haar man Max en hun zoon Günter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in <strong>juli 1945</strong> terug.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"date": "1943-08-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.",
"summary_en": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 20,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c",
"name": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer 'opgesloten' waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid. Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over een zieke jongen in de barak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze ’s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was op <strong>12 juni 1944</strong> vijftien jaar geworden en in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc's schoonmaken, nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>Het was vies en eentonig werk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 21,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52/",
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"name": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Aankomst en registratie onderduikers in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"content": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf <strong>1944</strong>, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (<em>Eingangsliste</em>), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (<em>Zentralkartei</em>) en ze kregen een <em>Lagerpass</em> (kamppas).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lagerpas</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle gevangenen krijgen een <em>Lagerpas </em>en<em> </em>mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van Lippmann Rosenthal in het kamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De strafgevallen moeten naast hun bagage en bezittingen ook hun kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van ‘strafgeval’, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de <em>Antragstelle</em>, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een <em>Sperre </em>(uitstel).<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een <em>Sperre</em> voor strafgevallen (de ‘S’ gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.",
"summary_en": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder was in de <strong>zomer van 1944 </strong>in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen. Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder zou net als Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels vanuit Westerbork via Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen terecht komen en ook in die kampen dichtbij hen blijven. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
"summary_nl": "In Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers onder meer Rachel Frankfoorder. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
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"name": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Brief Bram Asscher uit kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder: <em>‘Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel hè? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram zat zelf in het ‘vrije’ kampdeel en hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. De acht onderduikers hadden deze mogelijkheden niet omdat ze strafgevallen waren. Of Bram Margot, die dus in een ander, afgezonderd deel van het kamp zat, zelf heeft gezien of zelfs gesproken, blijkt niet uit de briefwisseling. Het is een van de weinige documenten over het verblijf van de familie Frank in Kamp Westerbork. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Bram Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 aan zijn moeder dat Margot in Westerbork was.",
"summary_en": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
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"name_nl": "Deportatie naar Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op zondag <strong>3 september 1944</strong> gingen de acht onderduikers op transport van Westerbork naar Auschwitz. In vergrendelde veewagons zaten steeds ongeveer 70 personen opgesloten. In iedere wagon stond een ton met water en een wc-ton. Het transport omvatte ruim 1000 personen: Anne Frank is nummer 309 op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een getuigenis van Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), die met de familie Frank in dezelfde wagon zat, zou Edith Frank tijdens de reis het rode bovenstuk van haar kleding hebben afgetornd. Ook vertelde Lenie dat veel van de kinderen in de wagon tegen hun moeder of vader aan sliepen, zo ook de zusjes Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5</strong> <strong>september 1944</strong>, laat in de avond, arriveerde het transport in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Rampe</em> (het perron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau vonden de selecties plaats en werden de mannen en vrouwen van elkaar gescheiden. De gevangenen moesten hun bagage in de wagons achterlaten en werden onder geschreeuw, hondengeblaf en schijnwerpers de <em>Rampe </em>(laadperron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau opgedreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-03",
"date_end": "1944-09-05",
"summary": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"summary_nl": "Op 3 september 1944 werden Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers uit Westerbork naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd. De reis duurde drie dagen.",
"summary_en": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124421,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3",
"name": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork werd voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door werk. Iedereen in Westerbork tussen de 15 en 65 jaar moest zes dagen in de week, tien uur per dag werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar strafgevallen kregen daarnaast op zondagochtend van zes tot acht uur ook nog strafexercitie (voor de mannen) of verplichte gymnastiek (voor de vrouwen).<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot en Anne Frank moesten ‘in de batterijen’ werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk. Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD) naar de douches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p89we\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De meeste mensen hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen. Wel kregen ze dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Batterijensloop</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat de andere onderduikers moesten doen is onbekend. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – wier echtgenoot Sal later in Auschwitz goed bevriend zou raken met Otto Frank – suggereert in een interview dat ook Otto Frank en Peter en Hermann van Pels bij de batterijensloop waren ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Er zijn geen andere gegevens gevonden die dit bevestigen, en ook uit Otto Franks eigen verklaringen wordt niet duidelijk of de mannen en vrouwen in Westerbork hetzelfde werk deden. Otto Frank heeft hier alleen over verklaard dat iedereen moest werken en ze ’s avonds vrij waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagritme</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is dus alleen in algemene zin iets bekend over het dagritme in Westerbork. ’s Ochtends om halfzes werden de gevangenen in de strafbarak gewekt. Na het wassen, kleden, eten halen en ontbijten moesten ze om kwart voor zeven naast de barak opgesteld staan in blokken van drie bij drie. Onder leiding van de OD gingen ze vervolgens door het hek naar de industriebarakken in het ‘vrije’ kamp. Daar werkten ze van zeven tot twaalf uur. Daarna onder begeleiding van de OD weer terug naar de barak om te eten (meestal stamppot van rodekool of knolraap) en vervolgens werden ze weer teruggebracht om van twee tot zeven uur te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens het werk mochten ze met elkaar praten, maar er werd ook streng door de OD op toegezien dat er geen contact was met gevangenen uit het andere kampdeel. Om naar de wc te gaan had je toestemming nodig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Na het werk en het douchen (voor hen die in de batterijen werkten) werd in de strafbarak brood gegeten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Ochtends en ’s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. Om tien uur ’s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p89we\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork moesten de onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten.",
"summary_en": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124395,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"http://https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2005"
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{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
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"name_en": "Westerbork camp",
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"content": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Westerbork fungeerde vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> als een vluchtelingenkamp voor Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen die, vooral na de <em>Kristallnacht</em>, naar Nederland waren gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de capitulatie in <strong>mei 1940</strong> bleef de leiding van het kamp vooralsnog in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het kamp officieel overgedragen aan de Duitse autoriteiten. Westerbork heette nu officieel <em>Polizeiliches </em><em>Judendurchgangslager</em> onder het gezag van de <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) en het <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). Het kamp maakte vanaf die datum deel uit van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde als belangrijk doorgangspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>15 juli 1942</strong> werden ruim 100.000 Joden vanuit het kamp doorgestuurd naar concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt. Soms werd onderweg gestopt om mannen bij Duitse werkkampen af te geven. In Westerbork werden naast Joden ook Roma, Sinti en soms verzetsmensen vastgehouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan het hoofd van Westerbork stond vanaf <strong>13 oktober 1942</strong> kampcommandant ss-Obersturmführer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>maart 1944</strong> werd in opdracht van Gemmeker een film gemaakt over het kamp, waarin hij wilde laten zien hoe goed en efficiënt het kamp georganiseerd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Deze film laat een duidelijk propagandistisch beeld zien van het functioneren van doorgangskamp Westerbork. Vijf maanden na de opnames van de film kwamen ook de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het laatste transport uit Westerbork was op <strong>4 september 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>De achtergebleven gevangenen zaten gevangen tot de bevrijding van het kamp op<strong> </strong><strong>12 april 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De film werd gemaakt door kampgevangene Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). De opnamen begonnen op 5 maart 1944. De film wordt bewaard in het <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\" target=\"_blank\">archief van Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"summary_nl": "Westerbork was het Nederlandse doorgangskamp voor de deportaties van met name Joden naar de concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt.",
"summary_en": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Schattenberg 4",
"zipcode": "9433 TA",
"city": "Zwiggelte",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52",
"name": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Aankomst en registratie onderduikers in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"content": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf <strong>1944</strong>, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (<em>Eingangsliste</em>), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (<em>Zentralkartei</em>) en ze kregen een <em>Lagerpass</em> (kamppas).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lagerpas</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle gevangenen krijgen een <em>Lagerpas </em>en<em> </em>mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van Lippmann Rosenthal in het kamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De strafgevallen moeten naast hun bagage en bezittingen ook hun kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van ‘strafgeval’, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de <em>Antragstelle</em>, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een <em>Sperre </em>(uitstel).<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een <em>Sperre</em> voor strafgevallen (de ‘S’ gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.",
"summary_en": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"main_image": null,
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{
"id": 70,
"image": {
"id": 165,
"uuid": "7f629d21-d66b-4f09-9f02-f66752dbc001",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb/",
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"first_name": "Auguste",
"last_name": "Pels - Röttgen",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_nl": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_en": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"content": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Auguste Röttgen werd op <strong>29 september 1900 </strong>geboren in Buer, Kreis (district) Recklinghausen, Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was de dochter van Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had vier zussen: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha en Lotte. Na de oorlog verklaarde Margaretha dat Auguste economie had gestudeerd in Keulen en deze studie succesvol afrondde. Volgens het universiteitsarchief van Keulen schreef Auguste zich na een semester uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bewos\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 december 1925</strong> trouwde Auguste Röttgen in haar woonplaats Elberfeld met Hermann van Pels. Ze kreeg hierdoor automatisch de Nederlandse nationaliteit. Op <strong>8 november 1926</strong> werd zoon Peter geboren. Hij bleef enig kind. In <strong>1937 </strong>kwam Auguste met haar gezin naar Nederland. Na enkele verhuizingen kwamen ze terecht in een ruime vierkamerwoning aan de Zuider Amstellaan, ingericht met uit Duitsland meegebracht meubilair. Op <strong>30 oktober 1942</strong>, toen ze al enkele maanden waren ondergedoken, werd de woning leeggehaald.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1942</strong> ging ook Auguste van Pels onderduiken in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Wat we uit deze periode over haar weten komt uit Annes dagboek, met enige correcties en aanvullingen van Otto Frank en Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Auguste van Pels via Westerbork in Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht. Later werd ze doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen, naar Raguhn en vandaar naar Theresienstadt. Onderweg naar Theresienstadt kwam ze om. Ze was bij overlijden 44 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bewos\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-09-29",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Buer",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.086",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Margot Frank",
"title_nl": "Margot Frank",
"title_en": "Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was de zus van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Margot-Frank"
],
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"image": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/6bc77428-56e8-4712-a115-751a1d080c09/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "6bc77428-56e8-4712-a115-751a1d080c09",
"first_name": "Marianne",
"last_name": "Brilleslijper",
"infix": "",
"title": "Jannie Brandes - Brilleslijper",
"title_nl": "Jannie Brandes - Brilleslijper",
"title_en": "Jannie Brandes - Brilleslijper",
"content": "<p>Marianne (Jannie) Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka witnessed Anne and Margot in the infirmary barracks in Bergen Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jannie Brilleslijper was born at Nieuwe Kerkstraat 81.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She grew up in a Jewish family that lived at various addresses in the centre of Amsterdam. In <strong>1936 </strong>they moved to the still new district of Bos en Lommer. Jannie's father was a fruit merchant and in her younger years she worked as a servant and as a dressmaker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 August 1939 </strong>she married Cornelis Teunis (Bob) Brandes in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sniy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> His parents were against the marriage. Witnesses to the marriage were an uncle of Marianne and her sister Rebekka.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> With her husband, Jannie was involved in socialist and communist groups.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 July 1944</strong>, she and her brother, sister and future brother-in-law were arrested during a raid on her home in Naarden. The party of nine was taken to the Police Headquarters in Amsterdam at ten minutes to six in the afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The following day, Jannie's parents followed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She arrived in Westerbork at the end of <strong>July 1944</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and from there, on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, was deported to Auschwitz on the last transport from the Netherlands. Her sister, her parents, and the people from the Secret Annex were also on this transport. Like her sister, Jannie was a mixed marriage member of the 'Schutzhäflinge', a group with a different status from the rest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jannie and her sister left Auschwitz-Birkenau as part of mass transports of women who were more or less fit for work to Bergen-Belsen from late <strong>October 1944</strong>. Anne and Margot Frank were also among them. They were all part of a group of mostly Dutch women who spent a lot of time together. Jannie witnessed the illness, but not the death of Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"img3x\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Brilleslijper sisters were still in Bergen-Belsen when British troops liberated the camp on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1945</strong>, Jannie stayed at a sanatorium in Bloemendaal. Through her sister she came into contact with Otto Frank, who was looking for people who knew more about the death of his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This was necessary in order to be able to obtain an official death certificate. On <strong>13 January 1946</strong>, she wrote and signed a note in which she made a statement to this effect.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Ernst Schnabel was working on his book about Anne Frank in <strong>1958</strong>, for unknown reasons he was unable to talk to Jannie. Otto Frank wanted her to record her memories of Anne and found Lewinsohn willing to make the recordings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It is not known whether this plan was implemented.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The story of Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka was turned by Roxane van Iperen into a novel, which was published in <strong>2018</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Source personal data.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zt8zk\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Addresses: Bloys van Treslongstraat 35, Amsterdam (1936);<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bankastraat 131, The Hague (Jan. 1939); Nieuwe Achtergracht 14-II, Amsterdam (March 1939); Bazarlaan 70, The Hague (Aug. 1939); 78 (Jan. 1940); Driftweg 2, Naarden (May 1943); Amstel 101, Amsterdam (Nov. 1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 7788, akte 12428.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J. Brilleslijper (1891).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sniy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten”, <em>Zaans Volksblad. Sociaal-democratisch dagblad</em>, 9 augustus en 10 oktober 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6552: Register van huwelijksakten 1939, deel 29, 16v, aktenr. 31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank. Het ongeschreven laatste hoofdstuk van het Dagboek</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Stichting, 1988, p. 59-60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 7202: fouilleringsregister 22 mei – 31 augustus 1944, 10 juli 1944, 17.50 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7202: 11 juli 1944, 21.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlanse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. (?): Lijst van personen die van 23. Juli t/m 29 Juli 1944 in het Lager Westerbork zijn gearriveerd, volgnr. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork – Auschwitz, 3 september 1944, nrs. 225-227, 306-309, 555-558, 788 en 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"img3x\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 92-93.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper, 4 oktober 1945 en Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper aan Otto Frank, 24 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.01205: Brief J. Brandes – Brilleslijper, 13 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Jannie Brandes – Brilleslijper, 8 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roxane van Iperen, <em>’t Hooge Nest</em>, Amsterdam: Lebowski Publishers, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zt8zk\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7788: register van geboorten 1916, deel 22, 42f, akte 12428; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Brandes – Brilleslijper: Rouwkaart Jannie Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart M. Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Marianne (Jannie) Brilleslijper werd geboren op het adres Nieuwe Kerkstraat 81.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze groeide op in een Joods gezin dat op verschillende adressen in de Amsterdamse binnenstad woonde. In <strong>1936 </strong>verhuisde het gezin naar de nog nieuwe wijk Bos en Lommer. Jannies vader was fruitkoopman en zij werkte in haar jonge jaren als dienstbode en kostuumnaaister.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>9 augustus 1939 </strong>trouwde ze in Amsterdam met Cornelis Teunis (Bob) Brandes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jq3bv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zijn ouders waren tegen het huwelijk. Getuigen waren een oom van Jannie en haar zus Rebekka.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Met haar man verkeerde ze in socialistische en communistische kringen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>10 juli 1944 </strong>werd ze met onder andere haar broer, zus en aanstaande zwager gearresteerd bij een inval in haar huis in Naarden. Het gezelschap van negen personen werd om tien voor zes ‘s middags ingesloten op het Hoofdbureau van Politie in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De dag daarna volgden Jannies ouders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze kwam <strong>eind juli 1944 </strong>aan in Westerbork<sup data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> en werd vandaaruit op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>met het laatste transport vanuit Nederland naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Bij dit transport zaten ook haar zus, haar ouders en de onderduikers uit het Achterhuis. Jannie behoorde net als haar zus als gemengd gehuwde tot de ‘Schutzhäflinge’, een groep met een andere status dan de rest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanuit Auschwitz-Birkenau vertrokken Jannie en haar zus, als onderdeel van massale transporten van min of meer arbeidsgeschikte vrouwen, die vanaf <strong>eind oktober 1944 </strong>naar Bergen-Belsen reden. Ook Anne en Margot Frank zaten hierbij. Allen maakten ze deel uit van een groepje veelal Nederlandse vrouwen die veel met elkaar optrokken. Jannie was getuige van de ziekte, maar niet van de dood van Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"img3x\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De zussen Brilleslijper waren nog in Bergen-Belsen toen Britse troepen het kamp op <strong>15 april 1945 </strong>bevrijdden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1945 </strong>verbleef Jannie in een sanatorium in Bloemendaal. Door haar zus kwam ze in contact met Otto Frank, die zocht naar mensen die meer over het overlijden van zijn kinderen wisten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Dat was nodig om tot een officiële overlijdensverklaring te komen. Op <strong>13 januari 1946 </strong>schreef en tekende ze een briefje waarin ze hierover een verklaring aflegde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Ernst Schnabel in <strong>1958 </strong>aan zijn boek over Anne Frank werkte, kon hij om onbekende redenen niet met Jannie spreken. Otto Frank wilde dat zij haar herinneringen aan Anne op een band insprak en vond Lewinsohn bereid die opnamen te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Onbekend is of dit plan uitvoering kreeg.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verhaal van Jannie Brilleslijper en haar zus Rebekka is in romanvorm opgeschreven door Roxane van Iperen in boek <em>'t Hooge Nest</em> en uitgegeven in <strong>2018</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0f1u\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Bloys van Treslongstraat 35, Amsterdam (1936);<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bankastraat 131, Den Haag (jan. 1939); Nieuwe Achtergracht 14-II, Amsterdam (maart 1939); Bazarlaan 70, Den Haag (aug. 1939); 78 (jan. 1940); Driftweg 2, Naarden (mei 1943); Amstel 101, Amsterdam (nov. 1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 7788, akte 12428.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J. Brilleslijper (1891).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jq3bv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten”, <em>Zaans Volksblad. Sociaal-democratisch dagblad</em>, 9 augustus en 10 oktober 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6552: Register van huwelijksakten 1939, deel 29, 16v, aktenr. 31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank. Het ongeschreven laatste hoofdstuk van het Dagboek</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 59-60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 7202: fouilleringsregister 22 mei – 31 augustus 1944, 10 juli 1944, 17.50 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7202: 11 juli 1944, 21.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. (?): Lijst van personen die van 23. Juli t/m 29 Juli 1944 in het Lager Westerbork zijn gearriveerd, volgnr. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork – Auschwitz, 3 september 1944, nrs. 225-227, 306-309, 555-558, 788 en 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"img3x\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 92-93.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper, 4 oktober 1945 en Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper aan Otto Frank, 24 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.01205: Brief J. Brandes – Brilleslijper, 13 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Jannie Brandes – Brilleslijper, 8 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roxane van Iperen, <em>’t Hooge Nest</em>, Amsterdam: Lebowski Publishers, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0f1u\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7788: register van geboorten 1916, deel 22, 42f, akte 12428; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Brandes – Brilleslijper: Rouwkaart Jannie Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart M. Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Marianne (Jannie) Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka witnessed Anne and Margot in the infirmary barracks in Bergen Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jannie Brilleslijper was born at Nieuwe Kerkstraat 81.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She grew up in a Jewish family that lived at various addresses in the centre of Amsterdam. In <strong>1936 </strong>they moved to the still new district of Bos en Lommer. Jannie's father was a fruit merchant and in her younger years she worked as a servant and as a dressmaker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 August 1939 </strong>she married Cornelis Teunis (Bob) Brandes in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sniy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> His parents were against the marriage. Witnesses to the marriage were an uncle of Marianne and her sister Rebekka.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> With her husband, Jannie was involved in socialist and communist groups.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 July 1944</strong>, she and her brother, sister and future brother-in-law were arrested during a raid on her home in Naarden. The party of nine was taken to the Police Headquarters in Amsterdam at ten minutes to six in the afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The following day, Jannie's parents followed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She arrived in Westerbork at the end of <strong>July 1944</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and from there, on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, was deported to Auschwitz on the last transport from the Netherlands. Her sister, her parents, and the people from the Secret Annex were also on this transport. Like her sister, Jannie was a mixed marriage member of the 'Schutzhäflinge', a group with a different status from the rest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jannie and her sister left Auschwitz-Birkenau as part of mass transports of women who were more or less fit for work to Bergen-Belsen from late <strong>October 1944</strong>. Anne and Margot Frank were also among them. They were all part of a group of mostly Dutch women who spent a lot of time together. Jannie witnessed the illness, but not the death of Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"img3x\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Brilleslijper sisters were still in Bergen-Belsen when British troops liberated the camp on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1945</strong>, Jannie stayed at a sanatorium in Bloemendaal. Through her sister she came into contact with Otto Frank, who was looking for people who knew more about the death of his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This was necessary in order to be able to obtain an official death certificate. On <strong>13 January 1946</strong>, she wrote and signed a note in which she made a statement to this effect.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Ernst Schnabel was working on his book about Anne Frank in <strong>1958</strong>, for unknown reasons he was unable to talk to Jannie. Otto Frank wanted her to record her memories of Anne and found Lewinsohn willing to make the recordings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It is not known whether this plan was implemented.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The story of Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka was turned by Roxane van Iperen into a novel, which was published in <strong>2018</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Source personal data.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zt8zk\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Addresses: Bloys van Treslongstraat 35, Amsterdam (1936);<sup data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bankastraat 131, The Hague (Jan. 1939); Nieuwe Achtergracht 14-II, Amsterdam (March 1939); Bazarlaan 70, The Hague (Aug. 1939); 78 (Jan. 1940); Driftweg 2, Naarden (May 1943); Amstel 101, Amsterdam (Nov. 1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j64ye\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 7788, akte 12428.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kusmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J. Brilleslijper (1891).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sniy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten”, <em>Zaans Volksblad. Sociaal-democratisch dagblad</em>, 9 augustus en 10 oktober 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1g7ky\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6552: Register van huwelijksakten 1939, deel 29, 16v, aktenr. 31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o2cf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank. Het ongeschreven laatste hoofdstuk van het Dagboek</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Stichting, 1988, p. 59-60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvbu3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 7202: fouilleringsregister 22 mei – 31 augustus 1944, 10 juli 1944, 17.50 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exfvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7202: 11 juli 1944, 21.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aipsa\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlanse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. (?): Lijst van personen die van 23. Juli t/m 29 Juli 1944 in het Lager Westerbork zijn gearriveerd, volgnr. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ppc5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork – Auschwitz, 3 september 1944, nrs. 225-227, 306-309, 555-558, 788 en 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"img3x\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6whv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 92-93.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k8dwd\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper, 4 oktober 1945 en Lien Rebling–Brilleslijper aan Otto Frank, 24 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8os1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.01205: Brief J. Brandes – Brilleslijper, 13 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57q4x\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Jannie Brandes – Brilleslijper, 8 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v68rq\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roxane van Iperen, <em>’t Hooge Nest</em>, Amsterdam: Lebowski Publishers, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zt8zk\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7788: register van geboorten 1916, deel 22, 42f, akte 12428; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Brandes – Brilleslijper: Rouwkaart Jannie Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn3hl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart M. Brilleslijper.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1916-10-24",
"death_date": "2003-08-15",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka were in the same transport as the Frank family to Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_nl": "Jannie Brilleslijper en haar zus Rebekka zaten in hetzelfde transport als de familie Frank naar Auschwitz-Birkenau en waren getuigen van het ziekbed van Anne en Margot in Bergen Belsen.",
"summary_en": "Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka were in the same transport as the Frank family to Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
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"files": []
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],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
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"location": {
"id": 26,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.801088",
"longitude": "9.953753",
"events": [
{
"id": 28,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/715fbf3f-b97a-4b0c-b155-096cc5449acf/",
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"persons": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/3e426d6a-4607-4dd4-a82b-68edb209f8b6?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "715fbf3f-b97a-4b0c-b155-096cc5449acf",
"name": "Journey to Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Reis naar Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Journey to Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>In Auschwitz, Anne and Margot, together with Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women, were selected for a transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The transport left on the night of <strong>1 November</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. On departure, everyone was given a piece of bread, sausage or cheese. A barrel of water accompanied each wagon. The train, with about 70 women per locked wagon, regularly stopped and sometimes came under fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52by3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The women did not know the final destination of the transport.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ght95\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two days later, on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1944,</strong> the train arrived at a loading platform near Bergen. Witnesses, such as Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper and Cato Polak, regularly mentioned Celle as the place of arrival, but the transports arrived at an originally military loading dock, which was 2 kilometres north of the main entrance to the barracks complex, between the towns of Bergen and Belsen, about 6 kilometres from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to line up in blocks of five by five. Accompanied by armed guards with dogs, the women then walked the approximately seven kilometres to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Margot Rosenthal (inmiddels Margret Drach) aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1957; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_14: Nanny Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945. Nanny Blitz schrijft vanuit een sanatorium in Santpoort waar Margot Rosenthal naast haar ligt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52by3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 82, 115.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ght95\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.90,126; Odette Abadi, <em>Terre de détresse</em>, Editions L' Harmattan, Parijs, 1995, p. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html\">http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html</a> (oktober 2014). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 231-232.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne en Margot werden samen met Auguste van Pels en ongeveer duizend andere vrouwen op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>in Auschwitz geselecteerd voor een transport naar Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Het transport vertrok in de nacht van <strong>1 november</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Bij vertrek kreeg iedereen een stukje brood, worst of kaas. Per wagon ging er een vat water mee. De trein, met ongeveer zeventig vrouwen per vergrendelde wagon, stond regelmatig stil en werd soms beschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52by3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De vrouwen wisten niet wat de eindbestemming van het transport was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ght95\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Twee dagen later, op <strong>3 november</strong> <strong>1944</strong> kwam de trein aan op een laadperron nabij Bergen. Getuigen, als Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper en Cato Polak, noemden regelmatig Celle als plaats van aankomst, maar de transporten kwamen aan op een van oorsprong militaire laadperron, dat 2 kilometer ten noorden lag van de hoofdingang van het kazernecomplex, tussen de plaatsjes Bergen en Belsen in, op ongeveer 6 kilometer van het concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gevangenen moesten zich opstellen in blokken van vijf bij vijf. Begeleid door gewapende bewakers met honden liepen de vrouwen vervolgens de ongeveer zeven kilometer naar het concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Margot Rosenthal (inmiddels Margret Drach) aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1957; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_14: Nanny Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945. Nanny Blitz schrijft vanuit een sanatorium in Santpoort waar Margot Rosenthal naast haar ligt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52by3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 82, 115.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ght95\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.90,126; Odette Abadi, <em>Terre de détresse</em>, Editions L' Harmattan, Parijs, 1995, p. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html\">http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html</a> (oktober 2014). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 231-232.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In Auschwitz, Anne and Margot, together with Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women, were selected for a transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The transport left on the night of <strong>1 November</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. On departure, everyone was given a piece of bread, sausage or cheese. A barrel of water accompanied each wagon. The train, with about 70 women per locked wagon, regularly stopped and sometimes came under fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52by3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The women did not know the final destination of the transport.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ght95\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two days later, on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1944,</strong> the train arrived at a loading platform near Bergen. Witnesses, such as Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper and Cato Polak, regularly mentioned Celle as the place of arrival, but the transports arrived at an originally military loading dock, which was 2 kilometres north of the main entrance to the barracks complex, between the towns of Bergen and Belsen, about 6 kilometres from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to line up in blocks of five by five. Accompanied by armed guards with dogs, the women then walked the approximately seven kilometres to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44ogg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Margot Rosenthal (inmiddels Margret Drach) aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1957; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_14: Nanny Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945. Nanny Blitz schrijft vanuit een sanatorium in Santpoort waar Margot Rosenthal naast haar ligt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52by3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 82, 115.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ght95\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.90,126; Odette Abadi, <em>Terre de détresse</em>, Editions L' Harmattan, Parijs, 1995, p. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cxrtx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html\">http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/de/gedenkstaette/historische-orte.html</a> (oktober 2014). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"st0cg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 231-232.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-01",
"date_end": "1944-11-03",
"summary": "In Auschwitz, Anne and Margot, along with Auguste van Pels, were selected for a transport to Bergen-Belsen on 30 October 1944. The train left on 1 November and arrived on 3 November.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot worden samen met Auguste van Pels op 30 oktober 1944 in Auschwitz geselecteerd voor een transport naar Bergen-Belsen. De trein vertrekt op 1 november en komt op 3 november aan.",
"summary_en": "In Auschwitz, Anne and Margot, along with Auguste van Pels, were selected for a transport to Bergen-Belsen on 30 October 1944. The train left on 1 November and arrived on 3 November.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a23c0f3c-9eae-4977-a900-226d49960078/",
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"name": "Arrival at Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Aankomst in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Arrival at Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>After a train journey of three days and two nights in cattle wagons, Anne, Margot, Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women from Auchwitz arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. For Anne and Margot, this was the first time without their mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The women were counted on arrival at the camp and, as in Auschwitz, registered and given a new prisoner number. Registration records from Bergen-Belsen have not survived, but through reconstructions by the Dutch Red Cross we know that the numbers of the 3 November 1944 transport were between 7270 and 7360. It is thought that Auguste van Pels was given the number 7306.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in the camp, the women were first housed in tents set up on a flat piece of ground in the south-western part of the camp, next to the Wehrmacht shooting ranges. The women were given a horse blanket and a mess tin or pan, and then had to wait for hours. It was here that Janny Brilleslijper saw Anne and Margot again for the first time since Westerbork and remembered how the two sisters were waiting with the blankets around them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When it got dark, the women were given some kind of soup and then sent into the tents in groups of four to five hundred women. The tents were leaky and had no beds so everyone lay mixed up on dirty straw. The next day, the women had to be at roll call at six o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the fourth night in the tents, a violent storm raged, causing some of the tents to collapse. There were deaths and injuries and the women had to wait in the rain for some time, after which they were confined to a few storage huts for several days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Eventually, the women were moved to different huts in the camp. In this, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een treinreis van drie dagen en twee nachten in veewagons kwamen Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels en zo´n duizend andere vrouwen uit Auchwitz aan in concentratiekamp Bergen Belsen. Anne en Margot waren nu voor het eerst zonder hun moeder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vrouwen werden bij aankomst in het kamp geteld en, net als in Auschwitz, geregistreerd en kregen een nieuw gevangenennummer. De registratiegegevens uit Bergen Belsen zijn niet bewaard gebleven, maar door reconstructies van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis weten we dat de nummers van het transport van 3 november 1944 lagen tussen de 7270 en 7360. Auguste van Pels zou het nummer 7306 hebben gekregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eenmaal in het kamp werden de vrouwen eerst ondergebracht in tenten die op een vlakte in het zuidwestelijke deel van het kamp stonden, naast de schietbanen van de Wehrmacht. De vrouwen kregen een paardendeken en een gamel of een pannetje, en moesten vervolgens uren wachten. Janny Brilleslijper zag hier Anne en Margot voor het eerst sinds Westerbork weer terug, wachtend, met dekens om zich heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen het donker werd kregen de vrouwen een soort soep en werden ze in groepen van vier- tot vijfhonderd vrouwen de tenten in gestuurd. De tenten waren lek en hadden geen bedden waardoor iedereen door elkaar lag op vies stro. De volgende dag moesten de vrouwen om zes uur op appel staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de vierde nacht in de tenten woedde er een hefige storm, waardoor een deel van de tenten instortten. Er vallen doden en gewonden en de vrouwen moesten in de regen blijven. Daarna werden ze enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk werden de vrouwen verplaatst naar verschillende barakken in het kamp. Anne en Margot kwamen hierbij terecht in het <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After a train journey of three days and two nights in cattle wagons, Anne, Margot, Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women from Auchwitz arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. For Anne and Margot, this was the first time without their mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The women were counted on arrival at the camp and, as in Auschwitz, registered and given a new prisoner number. Registration records from Bergen-Belsen have not survived, but through reconstructions by the Dutch Red Cross we know that the numbers of the 3 November 1944 transport were between 7270 and 7360. It is thought that Auguste van Pels was given the number 7306.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in the camp, the women were first housed in tents set up on a flat piece of ground in the south-western part of the camp, next to the Wehrmacht shooting ranges. The women were given a horse blanket and a mess tin or pan, and then had to wait for hours. It was here that Janny Brilleslijper saw Anne and Margot again for the first time since Westerbork and remembered how the two sisters were waiting with the blankets around them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When it got dark, the women were given some kind of soup and then sent into the tents in groups of four to five hundred women. The tents were leaky and had no beds so everyone lay mixed up on dirty straw. The next day, the women had to be at roll call at six o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the fourth night in the tents, a violent storm raged, causing some of the tents to collapse. There were deaths and injuries and the women had to wait in the rain for some time, after which they were confined to a few storage huts for several days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Eventually, the women were moved to different huts in the camp. In this, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-11-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After a 3-day train journey, Anne, Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels arrived in Bergen-Belsen. They had to walk three miles from the station to the camp. There they spent the night in large, leaky tents with straw on the floor, which were destroyed by a storm after four days.",
"summary_nl": "Na een treinreis van drie dagen kwamen Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels aan in Bergen-Belsen. Ze moesten vijf kilometer lopen van het station naar het kamp. Daar overnachtten ze in grote, lekke tenten met stro op de vloer, die na vier dagen door een storm werden vernield.",
"summary_en": "After a 3-day train journey, Anne, Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels arrived in Bergen-Belsen. They had to walk three miles from the station to the camp. There they spent the night in large, leaky tents with straw on the floor, which were destroyed by a storm after four days.",
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"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Bergen-Belsen camp - Rampe",
"name_nl": "Kamp Bergen-Belsen - Rampe",
"name_en": "Bergen-Belsen camp - Rampe",
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"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (9.953753000000001 52.801088)",
"summary": "Platform where prisoners came off the train for Bergen-Belsen, five kilometres from the camp.",
"summary_nl": "Perron waar gevangenen voor Bergen-Belsen uit de trein kwamen, vijf kilometer van het kamp.",
"summary_en": "Platform where prisoners came off the train for Bergen-Belsen, five kilometres from the camp.",
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"name": "Arrival at Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Aankomst in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Arrival at Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>After a train journey of three days and two nights in cattle wagons, Anne, Margot, Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women from Auchwitz arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. For Anne and Margot, this was the first time without their mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The women were counted on arrival at the camp and, as in Auschwitz, registered and given a new prisoner number. Registration records from Bergen-Belsen have not survived, but through reconstructions by the Dutch Red Cross we know that the numbers of the 3 November 1944 transport were between 7270 and 7360. It is thought that Auguste van Pels was given the number 7306.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in the camp, the women were first housed in tents set up on a flat piece of ground in the south-western part of the camp, next to the Wehrmacht shooting ranges. The women were given a horse blanket and a mess tin or pan, and then had to wait for hours. It was here that Janny Brilleslijper saw Anne and Margot again for the first time since Westerbork and remembered how the two sisters were waiting with the blankets around them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When it got dark, the women were given some kind of soup and then sent into the tents in groups of four to five hundred women. The tents were leaky and had no beds so everyone lay mixed up on dirty straw. The next day, the women had to be at roll call at six o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the fourth night in the tents, a violent storm raged, causing some of the tents to collapse. There were deaths and injuries and the women had to wait in the rain for some time, after which they were confined to a few storage huts for several days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Eventually, the women were moved to different huts in the camp. In this, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een treinreis van drie dagen en twee nachten in veewagons kwamen Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels en zo´n duizend andere vrouwen uit Auchwitz aan in concentratiekamp Bergen Belsen. Anne en Margot waren nu voor het eerst zonder hun moeder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vrouwen werden bij aankomst in het kamp geteld en, net als in Auschwitz, geregistreerd en kregen een nieuw gevangenennummer. De registratiegegevens uit Bergen Belsen zijn niet bewaard gebleven, maar door reconstructies van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis weten we dat de nummers van het transport van 3 november 1944 lagen tussen de 7270 en 7360. Auguste van Pels zou het nummer 7306 hebben gekregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eenmaal in het kamp werden de vrouwen eerst ondergebracht in tenten die op een vlakte in het zuidwestelijke deel van het kamp stonden, naast de schietbanen van de Wehrmacht. De vrouwen kregen een paardendeken en een gamel of een pannetje, en moesten vervolgens uren wachten. Janny Brilleslijper zag hier Anne en Margot voor het eerst sinds Westerbork weer terug, wachtend, met dekens om zich heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen het donker werd kregen de vrouwen een soort soep en werden ze in groepen van vier- tot vijfhonderd vrouwen de tenten in gestuurd. De tenten waren lek en hadden geen bedden waardoor iedereen door elkaar lag op vies stro. De volgende dag moesten de vrouwen om zes uur op appel staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de vierde nacht in de tenten woedde er een hefige storm, waardoor een deel van de tenten instortten. Er vallen doden en gewonden en de vrouwen moesten in de regen blijven. Daarna werden ze enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk werden de vrouwen verplaatst naar verschillende barakken in het kamp. Anne en Margot kwamen hierbij terecht in het <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After a train journey of three days and two nights in cattle wagons, Anne, Margot, Auguste van Pels and about a thousand other women from Auchwitz arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. For Anne and Margot, this was the first time without their mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The women were counted on arrival at the camp and, as in Auschwitz, registered and given a new prisoner number. Registration records from Bergen-Belsen have not survived, but through reconstructions by the Dutch Red Cross we know that the numbers of the 3 November 1944 transport were between 7270 and 7360. It is thought that Auguste van Pels was given the number 7306.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in the camp, the women were first housed in tents set up on a flat piece of ground in the south-western part of the camp, next to the Wehrmacht shooting ranges. The women were given a horse blanket and a mess tin or pan, and then had to wait for hours. It was here that Janny Brilleslijper saw Anne and Margot again for the first time since Westerbork and remembered how the two sisters were waiting with the blankets around them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When it got dark, the women were given some kind of soup and then sent into the tents in groups of four to five hundred women. The tents were leaky and had no beds so everyone lay mixed up on dirty straw. The next day, the women had to be at roll call at six o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the fourth night in the tents, a violent storm raged, causing some of the tents to collapse. There were deaths and injuries and the women had to wait in the rain for some time, after which they were confined to a few storage huts for several days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Eventually, the women were moved to different huts in the camp. In this, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Kleine Frauenlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"31u14\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvitw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nc36z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28gw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 246.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8tpyf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung". Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen</em>, Paderborn: Schöning, 2000, p. 347.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31u14\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wenck, <em>Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung"</em>, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-11-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After a 3-day train journey, Anne, Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels arrived in Bergen-Belsen. They had to walk three miles from the station to the camp. There they spent the night in large, leaky tents with straw on the floor, which were destroyed by a storm after four days.",
"summary_nl": "Na een treinreis van drie dagen kwamen Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels aan in Bergen-Belsen. Ze moesten vijf kilometer lopen van het station naar het kamp. Daar overnachtten ze in grote, lekke tenten met stro op de vloer, die na vier dagen door een storm werden vernield.",
"summary_en": "After a 3-day train journey, Anne, Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels arrived in Bergen-Belsen. They had to walk three miles from the station to the camp. There they spent the night in large, leaky tents with straw on the floor, which were destroyed by a storm after four days.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 101,
"main_image": null,
"files": [],
"persons": [
{
"id": 2112,
"image": {
"id": 891,
"uuid": "1b42e6ee-4e28-4cca-be91-b9a529c7caee",
"name": "A_vPels_III_003",
"title": "Aaron van Pels, vermoedelijk Osnabrück, 22 maart 1936",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/711346eb-a5b4-42f1-f99e-5f328e8d4b7f.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Foto in zwart wit van Aron van Pels, de vader van Hermann van Pels, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in vermoedelijk Osnabrück, 22 maart 1936",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/a0c52fe0-3e14-44a5-b205-75885d8e7bb2/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "a0c52fe0-3e14-44a5-b205-75885d8e7bb2",
"first_name": "Aäron David",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Aäron van Pels",
"title_nl": "Aäron van Pels",
"title_en": "Aäron van Pels",
"content": "<p>Aäron van Pels married Lina Vorsänger on <strong>15 April 1893</strong> in Quakenbrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had six children. Because Aaron van Pels had remained a Dutchman, his children were given Dutch nationality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1922</strong>, he established a trading company in butcher's supplies in Osnabrück..<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Lina died on<strong> 21 November 1923</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His son Hermann worked in his father's business from about <strong>1932 </strong>until his emigration in <strong>1937</strong>. The business was closed down on <strong>19 September 1938</strong> as a result of National Socialist measures..<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>February 1939</strong> he came to Amsterdam. He moved in with his daughter, Henny. Four of his five other children also settled in and around Amsterdam at the end of the 1930s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>24 May 1939</strong>, he received a certificate of good conduct from the municipality of Amsterdam, because of his intention to leave for South America..<sup data-footnote-id=\"djy73\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He was planning to join his daughter Meta in Brazil, but that country rejected his visa application. An application to the United States failed because of the rigidity of the procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twikv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Gehrde; Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6 I, Amsterdam (Feb. ’39); Zuider Amstellaan 114c III (June ’39); Minervalaan 49 I (3 May 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A.D. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Hannover (NLH), Entschädigungsakten Hermann van Pels, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538, beschikking inzake "Entschädigung", 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten A.D. van Pels, D.M. van Pels (1893), H. van Pels (1890, abusief), H. van Pels (1895), I.H. van Pels (1896) en C. van Pels (1900).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"djy73\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief Secretarie, Afdeling Algemene Zaken, toegang 5181, inv. nr. 7641, indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en van goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 5546.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twikv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NLH, Nds 110W, Acc. 75/95 Nr. 538, Entschädigungsakten A.D. van Pels, beëdigde verklaring Ida Selowsky - van Pels, 21 maart 1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6940, registers van overlijdens 1941, deel 13, akte 382.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels trouwde op <strong>15 april 1893</strong><strong> </strong>in Quakenbrück met Lina Vorsänger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zij kregen zes kinderen. Omdat Aäron van Pels Nederlander was gebleven, kregen zijn kinderen de Nederlandse nationaliteit.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij vestigde in <strong>1922 </strong>in Osnabrück een handelsfirma in slagerijbenodigdheden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 november 1923 </strong>overleed Lina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zoon Hermann werkte van ongeveer <strong>1932 </strong>tot zijn emigratie in <strong>1937 </strong>in zijn vaders bedrijf. De zaak werd als gevolg van nationaal-socialistische maatregelen op <strong>19 september 1938 </strong>opgeheven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>februari 1939 </strong>kwam hij naar Amsterdam. Hij trok in bij zijn dochter, Henny. Vier van zijn vijf andere kinderen vestigden zich eind jaren dertig ook in en om Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>24 mei 1939 </strong>kreeg hij van de gemeente Amsterdam een verklaring van goed gedrag, vanwege een voornemen naar Zuid-Amerika te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"djy73\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hij was van plan zich bij zijn dochter Meta in Brazilië te voegen, maar dat land wees zijn visumaanvraag af. Een aanvraag voor de Verenigde Staten strandde op de stroefheid van de procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twikv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens.<em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></em> <em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></em></em> <em>Adressen: </em>Gehrde; Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6 I, Amsterdam (feb. ’39); Zuider Amstellaan 114c III (juni ’39); Minervalaan 49 I (3 mei 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A.D. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Hannover (NLH), Entschädigungsakten Hermann van Pels, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538, beschikking inzake "Entschädigung", 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten: Archiefkaarten A.D. van Pels, D.M. van Pels (1893), H. van Pels (1890, abusief), H. van Pels (1895), I.H. van Pels (1896) en C. van Pels (1900).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"djy73\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief Secretarie, Afdeling Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7641, indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en van goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 5546.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twikv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NLH, Nds 110W, Acc. 75/95 Nr. 538, Entschädigungsakten A.D. van Pels, beëdigde verklaring Ida Selowsky - van Pels, 21 maart 1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6940, registers van overlijdens 1941, deel 13, akte 382.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Aäron van Pels married Lina Vorsänger on <strong>15 April 1893</strong> in Quakenbrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had six children. Because Aaron van Pels had remained a Dutchman, his children were given Dutch nationality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1922</strong>, he established a trading company in butcher's supplies in Osnabrück..<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Lina died on<strong> 21 November 1923</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His son Hermann worked in his father's business from about <strong>1932 </strong>until his emigration in <strong>1937</strong>. The business was closed down on <strong>19 September 1938</strong> as a result of National Socialist measures..<sup data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>February 1939</strong> he came to Amsterdam. He moved in with his daughter, Henny. Four of his five other children also settled in and around Amsterdam at the end of the 1930s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>24 May 1939</strong>, he received a certificate of good conduct from the municipality of Amsterdam, because of his intention to leave for South America..<sup data-footnote-id=\"djy73\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He was planning to join his daughter Meta in Brazil, but that country rejected his visa application. An application to the United States failed because of the rigidity of the procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twikv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Gehrde; Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6 I, Amsterdam (Feb. ’39); Zuider Amstellaan 114c III (June ’39); Minervalaan 49 I (3 May 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7wb5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A.D. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kwnpg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Hannover (NLH), Entschädigungsakten Hermann van Pels, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538, beschikking inzake "Entschädigung", 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten A.D. van Pels, D.M. van Pels (1893), H. van Pels (1890, abusief), H. van Pels (1895), I.H. van Pels (1896) en C. van Pels (1900).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"djy73\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief Secretarie, Afdeling Algemene Zaken, toegang 5181, inv. nr. 7641, indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en van goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 5546.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twikv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NLH, Nds 110W, Acc. 75/95 Nr. 538, Entschädigungsakten A.D. van Pels, beëdigde verklaring Ida Selowsky - van Pels, 21 maart 1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z54f6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6940, registers van overlijdens 1941, deel 13, akte 382.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1869-03-13",
"death_date": "1941-12-27",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Oude Pekela",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Aäron van Pels was the father of Hermann van Pels and the grandfather of Peter.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron van Pels was de vader van Hermann van Pels en de grootvader van Peter.",
"summary_en": "Aäron van Pels was the father of Hermann van Pels and the grandfather of Peter.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2309,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/8e5c41dc-692f-4e46-86d4-ccc63b2ddacd/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "8e5c41dc-692f-4e46-86d4-ccc63b2ddacd",
"first_name": "Henny",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Henny van Pels",
"title_nl": "Henny van Pels",
"title_en": "Henny van Pels",
"content": "<p>Henny van Pels was one of six children born to Aaron and Lina van Pels and was an older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was not married and was the owner of a tailor's workshop at Möserstrasse 5 in Osnabrück. She was the first of the Van Pels family to levae Osnabrück for Amsterdam, where she worked as a seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>May 1940</strong>, her sister Clara moved in with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1942</strong>, she married Erich Marx, a Jewish resident of Weesp 15 years her junior, in Amsterdam. Witnesses were her brother-in-law Günther Neumann and Auguste van Pels' father Leo Röttgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Marx was an immigrant who, together with his father, had owned a sausage factory in Weesp since <strong>1938</strong>. In the last years of his life he suffered from TB, and he died in Sobibor on <strong>21 May 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Henny eventually became a furrier for the German <em>Wehrmacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result, she belonged to the group of approximately 3,800 <em>Rüstungsjuden</em>. This group received protective "stamps" from<strong> 21 September 1942 </strong>for working in industries of great importance to the war effort. In the end, all the stamps proved to be worthless.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Albeit relatively late, Henny van Pels also perished in Auschwitz.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"du1sc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Am Domhof 8, Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6, Amsterdam (1935); Minervalaan 49-I (April 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6764: register van huwelijksakten 1942, deel 56, 2v, nr. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. van Zomeren, <em>Geschiedenis van de Joodse gemeenschap in Weesp, </em>Weesp: Heureka, 1983, p. 37-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom 1940 – 1945, </em>Den Haag: Staatsuitgeverij, 1985, Deel I, p. 290-291, 296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du1sc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895); SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7396: A-register 85, 76v, nr. 450.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Henny van Pels werd geboren als een van de zes kinderen van Aaron en Lina van Pels en was een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Ze was niet gehuwd en was eigenaresse van een kleermakersatelier aan de Möserstrasse 5 in Osnabrück. Zij was de eerste van de familie Van Pels die uit Osnabrück naar Amsterdam kwam en werkte daar als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>mei 1940</strong> trok haar zus Clara bij haar in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>2 september 1942 </strong>trouwde ze in Amsterdam met een vijftien jaar jongere Joodse inwoner van Weesp, Erich Marx. Getuigen waren haar zwager Günther Neumann en Auguste van Pels’ vader Leo Röttgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Marx was een immigrant die sinds <strong>1938 </strong>samen met zijn vader een worstfabriekje in Weesp bezat. In de laatste jaren van zijn leven leed hij aan TBC, en op <strong>21 mei 1943 </strong>stierf hij in Sobibor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Henny werd uiteindelijk bontwerkster voor de Duitse <em>Wehrmacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Daarmee behoorde zij tot de groep van ongeveer 3.800 <em>Rüstungsjuden</em>. Die groep kreeg vanaf <strong>21 september 1942 </strong>beschermende ‘stempels’ vanwege werk in industrieën met groot belang voor de oorlogvoering. Uiteindelijk bleken alle stempels op langere termijn waardeloos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zij het betrekkelijk laat, ook Henny van Pels kwam om in Auschwitz.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gmplv\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Am Domhof 8, Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6, Amsterdam (1935); Minervalaan 49-I (april 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6764: register van huwelijksakten 1942, deel 56, 2v, nr. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. van Zomeren, <em>Geschiedenis van de Joodse gemeenschap in Weesp, </em>Weesp: Heureka, 1983, p. 37-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom 1940 – 1945, </em>Den Haag: Staatsuitgeverij, 1985, Deel I, p. 290-291, 296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmplv\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895); SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7396: A-register 85, 76v, nr. 450.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Henny van Pels was one of six children born to Aaron and Lina van Pels and was an older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was not married and was the owner of a tailor's workshop at Möserstrasse 5 in Osnabrück. She was the first of the Van Pels family to levae Osnabrück for Amsterdam, where she worked as a seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>May 1940</strong>, her sister Clara moved in with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1942</strong>, she married Erich Marx, a Jewish resident of Weesp 15 years her junior, in Amsterdam. Witnesses were her brother-in-law Günther Neumann and Auguste van Pels' father Leo Röttgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Marx was an immigrant who, together with his father, had owned a sausage factory in Weesp since <strong>1938</strong>. In the last years of his life he suffered from TB, and he died in Sobibor on <strong>21 May 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Henny eventually became a furrier for the German <em>Wehrmacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result, she belonged to the group of approximately 3,800 <em>Rüstungsjuden</em>. This group received protective "stamps" from<strong> 21 September 1942 </strong>for working in industries of great importance to the war effort. In the end, all the stamps proved to be worthless.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Albeit relatively late, Henny van Pels also perished in Auschwitz.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"du1sc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Am Domhof 8, Osnabrück; Okeghemstraat 6, Amsterdam (1935); Minervalaan 49-I (April 1940).<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8yks\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ii7ba\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kh9qo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6764: register van huwelijksakten 1942, deel 56, 2v, nr. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5pk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. van Zomeren, <em>Geschiedenis van de Joodse gemeenschap in Weesp, </em>Weesp: Heureka, 1983, p. 37-38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp1x4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9tdz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom 1940 – 1945, </em>Den Haag: Staatsuitgeverij, 1985, Deel I, p. 290-291, 296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du1sc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels (1895); SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7396: A-register 85, 76v, nr. 450.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1895-04-30",
"death_date": "1943-09-17",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Gehrde",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Henny van Pels was an older sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels was een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels was an older sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124660,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures",
"description": "<p>The oppression of Jews in Germany began when Hitler came to power with the NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong>. Anti-Jewish laws made life impossible for them in Germany and many fled the country in desperation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Exclusion</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After coming to power on <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, the Nazis started reshaping society in line with their ideals. They saturated not only politics but also the cultural and social life in cities and villages with Nazi ideology. This process is called <em>Gleichschaltung</em>, and it included the exclusion of ‘enemies’. German Jews were the most actively targeted group. Discriminatory laws allowed the Nazis to progressively restrict their rights. There were more than half a million Jews in Germany at this time - about 0.75 per cent of the population.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 April 1933</strong> the regime passed the ‘Civil Service Restoration Act’, allowing the Nazis to create a loyal public administration. Political opponents and Jews were fired or forced to retire. University professors, who were classed as public servants in Germany, were included. The Nazis also purged the judiciary. Some Jewish lawyers were denied access to the courts. In a year, thousands of people lost their jobs. Yet a large percentage could continue their work more or less as usual, because First World War veterans were exempt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other professions also faced discrimination. Jewish doctors and dentists were excluded from the national health insurance system, which meant they lost a large proportion of their patients. Jewish actors and writers were not permitted to join the professional bodies set up by the Nazis. The Nazis also restricted access to education. Only 1.5 per cent of new pupils were allowed to be Jewish. Many students had to change courses or schools. Others could not graduate because of the restrictions. Associations and sports clubs often refused to accept Jewish members, so Jews started setting up their own clubs. But this reinforced segregation, and Germans and Jews were driven further and further apart.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Race laws</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the anti-Jewish laws, there was in fact no clear definition of ‘Jewish’ in the early stages of the Third Reich. In <strong>September 1935</strong> this changed. At the annual party rally in the German city of Nuremberg the Nazis unveiled the so-called Nuremberg race laws, which defined who was a Jew and who was not. Anyone with four ‘Aryan’ grandparents was a German. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was a Jew. People with or two Jewish grandparents were classed as <em>Mischling</em> or of mixed blood. The Nuremberg race laws turned Jews into second-class citizens. They had fewer rights because they were no longer Germans, according to the Nazis. Marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and ‘Aryans’ were now forbidden. It became vital for many Germans to be able to demonstrate their racial purity. A special document was created: the <em>Ahnenpass</em> or certificate of ancestry.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some German Jews still hoped that things would get better. They hoped for legislation against the arbitrary treatment and harassment. They thought perhaps they could rebuild life as a minority group. Meanwhile, the Nazi regime did not launch any major anti-Jewish regulations during <strong>1936</strong>, to avoid negative attention during the Olympic Games and the occupation of the Rhineland. But the Jews’ hope was vain. The boycotts, exclusions and violent harassment continued.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1937</strong> on, pressure on Jess increased to leave the country. One of the measures was the ‘aryanisation’ of Jewish possessions. This involved basically forced sales, often for prices that were far too low. Jews lost their possessions and even had to pay an emigration tax, so there was no money left to maintain them in the countries to which they wanted to flee. These countries therefore refused to take many refugees. Many Jews also did not want to leave because they still felt German, they did not want to give up their way of life and they were frightened of the unknown. Even so, between <strong>1933</strong> and the <strong>end of 1937</strong>, some 130,000 Jews leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the Nazi regime continued unchecked with its anti-Jewish moves. There was almost no opposition, because the important government roles were in the hands of loyal Nazis. Jews with non-recognisably ‘Jewish’ first names were forced to adopt the additional name of Israel or Sara. Their passports were also stamped with a ‘J’ to emphasise their Jewishness. More and more Jews lost their jobs or their businesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Anschluss in <strong>March 1938</strong>, when Austria was incorporated into Germany, the 200,000 Austrian Jews also suffered from discrimination. In <strong>May 1938</strong>, the Nazis arrested 2,000 Jews in Vienna for transportation to Dachau. Jews were still being arrested in Germany too. In a crackdown on so-called ‘asocial elements’ more than 1,000 Jews were rounded up by the Nazis in Berlin. The regime resorted to deportation. East European Jews without German citizenship were put out of the country. In <strong>October 1938</strong> the Nazis deported 18,000 Polish Jews in two days.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 November 1938</strong> a young Polish Jew shot dead a German diplomat in Paris in revenge for the deportation of his parents. It was a prime opportunity for the Nazis to launch large scale anti-Jewish action. The shooting was an excuse rather than the cause, because the plans had already been drawn up. In the night of <strong>9 to 10 November</strong>, synagogues across Germany were set ablaze. The Nazi smashed up Jewish-owned shops. This night is known as <em>Kristallnacht</em> (Night of Borken Glass), because of the broken glass in the streets.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The misnomer <em>Kristallnacht</em> conceals the level of violence the Nazis used. Dozens of Jews are killed. That is why today the designation November pogrom is preferred. At least 25,000 were rounded up and sent to concentration camps, where the guards humiliated and abused them. Hundreds more died because of the conditions in the camps. Jews were now the majority group of prisoners. However, many were released quite quickly if they promised to leave the country. As a final humiliation, the Nazis declared the Jewish community responsible for the damage. They demanded a ‘compensation payment’ of one billion <em>Reichsmark</em>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Toen Hitler met de NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong> aan de macht kwam, begon de onderdrukking van de Joden in Duitsland. Anti-Joodse wetgeving maakte het leven in Duitsland voor hen onmogelijk. Velen ontvluchtten wanhopig het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Uitsluiting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Machtsovername van <strong>30 januari 1933</strong> deden de nazi’s er alles aan de samenleving volgens hun idealen in te richten. Niet alleen de politiek, maar ook het culturele en sociale leven in steden en dorpen doordrenkten ze met de nazi-ideologie. Dit proces staat bekend als <em>Gleichschaltung</em> (gelijkschakeling). Hierbij hoorde ook het uitsluiten van vijanden. De Joden in Duitsland waren de actiefst bestreden groep. Met behulp van discriminerende wetgeving perkten de nationaalsocialisten hun rechten steeds verder in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 april 1933</strong> vaardigde het regime de ‘wet op het herstel van de ambtenarij’ uit. Hiermee wilden de nazi’s een loyaal overheidsapparaat creëren. Dit betekende ontslag of gedwongen pensionering voor politieke tegenstanders en Joden. Universiteitsprofessoren, die in Duitsland als ambtenaar golden, vielen ook onder deze wet. De nazi’s zuiverden ook het juridisch apparaat. Sommige Joodse juristen werd zelfs de toegang tot de rechtbank ontzegd. Duizenden mensen verloren binnen één jaar hun baan. Toch kon een groot deel hun werk min of meer voortzetten, omdat er uitzonderingen bestaan voor Eerste Wereldoorlogsveteranen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook andere beroepsgroepen werden gediscrimineerd. Joodse dokters en tandartsen mochten niet langer meedraaien in het ziektekostenverzekeringssysteem. Hierdoor verloren ze een groot deel van hun klanten. Acteurs en schrijvers konden geen lid worden van de door de nazi’s ingestelde beroepsorganisaties. De nazi’s beperkten ook de toegang tot onderwijs. Slechts 1,5 procent van de nieuwe leerlingen mocht nog Joods zijn. Studenten moesten daarom van opleiding of school wisselen. Anderen konden niet afstuderen door de beperkende maatregelen. Verenigingen en sportclubs namen vaak geen Joodse leden meer aan. Daarom richtten Joden clubs voor zichzelf op. Dit werkte segregatie in de hand. Duitsers en Joden raaktn steeds verder van elkaar verwijderd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Rassenwetten</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks de anti-Joodse wetten was er in de beginfase van het Derde Rijk nog geen duidelijke definitie van ‘Joods’. In <strong>september 1935</strong> veranderde dit. Op de partijdag in de Duitse stad Neurenberg maakten de nazi’s de zogeheten Rassenwetten van Neurenberg bekend. Hierin definieerde het regime wie Joods was en wie niet. Als Duitser gold iedereen met vier ‘Arische’ grootouders. Met drie of meer Joodse grootouders was je een Jood. Wie één of twee Joodse grootouders had, gold als <em>Mischling</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Neurenberger Rassenwetten maakten tweederangsburgers van de Joden. Joden kregen minder rechten, want ze waren volgens de nazi’s geen Duitser meer. Huwelijken en seksuele relaties tussen Joden en ’Ariërs’ waren voortaan verboden. Hierdoor was het voor steeds meer Duitsers belangrijk hun raszuiverheid aan te tonen. Daar was een speciaal document voor beschikbaar: de <em>Ahnenpass</em>, een 'voorouderpaspoort'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige Joden in Duitsland hoopten nog steeds dat de situatie verbeterde. Ze hoopten dat wetgeving een einde maakte aan willekeur en pesterijen. Misschien konden ze als minderheid in Duitsland een bestaan opbouwen. Bovendien ondernam het regime in <strong>1936</strong> geen nieuwe grootschalige anti-Joodse maatregelen. Het naziregime wilde tijdens de Olympische Spelen en in de periode van de Rijnlandbezetting negatieve aandacht vermijden. Maar de hoop was tevergeefs. Joden bleven in deze periode slachtoffer van boycots, uitsluiting en gewelddadige pesterijen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>1937</strong> nam de druk op de Joden toe om het land te verlaten. Eén van de methoden was het ‘ariseren’ van Joods bezit. Dit kwam neer op gedwongen verkoop, vaak tegen te lage prijzen. De Joden waren hun bestaansmiddelen kwijt en moesten zelfs een emigratiebelasting betalen. Daarom hadden ze geen geld meer om in hun eigen onderhoud te voorzien in de landen waar ze heen vluchtten. Deze landen namen daarom maar weinig vluchtelingen op. Veel Joden widlen bovendien het land nog steeds niet verlaten omdat ze zich nog altijd Duitser voelden, hun bestaan niet konden opgeven en bang warenn voor het onbekende. Toch verlieten tussen <strong>begin 1933</strong> en <strong>eind 1937</strong> zo’n 130.000 Joden het land. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het naziregime ging in <strong>1938</strong> onverminderd door met de anti-Joodse acties. Het kreeg daarbij nauwelijks tegenstand, omdat de belangrijkste overheidsfuncties in handen waren van trouwe nationaalsocialisten. Joden met niet als ‘Joods’ herkenbare voornamen werden gedwongen de extra naam Israel of Sara aan te nemen. Ook kregen ze een ‘J’ in hun paspoort gestempeld. Zo benadrukten de nazi’s hun Joods-zijn. Meer en meer Joden verloren hun baan of bedrijf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Anschluss, de inlijving van Oostenrijk bij Duitsland in <strong>maart 1938</strong>, kregen ook de 200.000 Oostenrijkse Joden met discriminatie te maken. In <strong>mei 1938</strong> arresteerden de nazi’s 2.000 Joden in Wenen om ze naar Dachau te deporteren. Ook in Duitsland arresteerden de nazi’s Joden. In het kader van acties tegen ‘asocialen’ pakten de nazi’s in Berlijn meer dan 1.000 Joden op. Het regime ging ook over tot verbanning. Oost-Europese Joden zonder Duits staatsburgerschap werden het land uitgezet. In <strong>oktober 1938</strong> deporteerden de nazi’s in twee dagen 18.000 Poolse Joden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 november 1938</strong> schoot een jonge Poolse Jood in Parijs een Duitse diplomaat dood. Hij wilde zo de deportatie van zijn ouders wreken. Dit was een uitgelezen kans voor de nazi’s om een grootschalige anti-Joodse actie op touw te zetten. De aanslag was hierbij meer een excuus dan een oorzaak, want de plannen bestonden al. In de nacht van <strong>9 op 10 november</strong> brandden in heel Duitsland synagogen. De nazi’s sloegen winkels van Joodse eigenaren kort en klein. Deze gebeurtenis stond bekend als <em>Kristallnacht</em>, dat verwees naar de glasscherven op straat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De benaming <em>Kristallnacht</em> verhult de hoeveelheid geweld die de nazi’s tegen mensen gebruikten. Tientallen Joden vonden de dood. Daarom spreekt men tegenwoording liever van <em>Novemberpogrom</em>. Minstens 25.000 Joden werden opgepakt en opgesloten in concentratiekampen. De bewakers vernederden en mishandelden hen. In honderden gevallen leidden de omstandigheden in de kampen tot de dood. De Joden vormden nu een meerderheid onder de gevangenen. Niettemin kwamen veel van de opgepakte mensen snel weer vrij als ze beloofden het land te verlaten. Als laatste vernedering stelden de nazi’s de Joodse gemeenschap aansprakelijk voor de schade. Ze eisten een ‘compensatiebetaling’ van 1 miljard Reichsmark.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The oppression of Jews in Germany began when Hitler came to power with the NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong>. Anti-Jewish laws made life impossible for them in Germany and many fled the country in desperation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Exclusion</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After coming to power on <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, the Nazis started reshaping society in line with their ideals. They saturated not only politics but also the cultural and social life in cities and villages with Nazi ideology. This process is called <em>Gleichschaltung</em>, and it included the exclusion of ‘enemies’. German Jews were the most actively targeted group. Discriminatory laws allowed the Nazis to progressively restrict their rights. There were more than half a million Jews in Germany at this time - about 0.75 per cent of the population.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 April 1933</strong> the regime passed the ‘Civil Service Restoration Act’, allowing the Nazis to create a loyal public administration. Political opponents and Jews were fired or forced to retire. University professors, who were classed as public servants in Germany, were included. The Nazis also purged the judiciary. Some Jewish lawyers were denied access to the courts. In a year, thousands of people lost their jobs. Yet a large percentage could continue their work more or less as usual, because First World War veterans were exempt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other professions also faced discrimination. Jewish doctors and dentists were excluded from the national health insurance system, which meant they lost a large proportion of their patients. Jewish actors and writers were not permitted to join the professional bodies set up by the Nazis. The Nazis also restricted access to education. Only 1.5 per cent of new pupils were allowed to be Jewish. Many students had to change courses or schools. Others could not graduate because of the restrictions. Associations and sports clubs often refused to accept Jewish members, so Jews started setting up their own clubs. But this reinforced segregation, and Germans and Jews were driven further and further apart.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Race laws</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the anti-Jewish laws, there was in fact no clear definition of ‘Jewish’ in the early stages of the Third Reich. In <strong>September 1935</strong> this changed. At the annual party rally in the German city of Nuremberg the Nazis unveiled the so-called Nuremberg race laws, which defined who was a Jew and who was not. Anyone with four ‘Aryan’ grandparents was a German. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was a Jew. People with or two Jewish grandparents were classed as <em>Mischling</em> or of mixed blood. The Nuremberg race laws turned Jews into second-class citizens. They had fewer rights because they were no longer Germans, according to the Nazis. Marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and ‘Aryans’ were now forbidden. It became vital for many Germans to be able to demonstrate their racial purity. A special document was created: the <em>Ahnenpass</em> or certificate of ancestry.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some German Jews still hoped that things would get better. They hoped for legislation against the arbitrary treatment and harassment. They thought perhaps they could rebuild life as a minority group. Meanwhile, the Nazi regime did not launch any major anti-Jewish regulations during <strong>1936</strong>, to avoid negative attention during the Olympic Games and the occupation of the Rhineland. But the Jews’ hope was vain. The boycotts, exclusions and violent harassment continued.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1937</strong> on, pressure on Jess increased to leave the country. One of the measures was the ‘aryanisation’ of Jewish possessions. This involved basically forced sales, often for prices that were far too low. Jews lost their possessions and even had to pay an emigration tax, so there was no money left to maintain them in the countries to which they wanted to flee. These countries therefore refused to take many refugees. Many Jews also did not want to leave because they still felt German, they did not want to give up their way of life and they were frightened of the unknown. Even so, between <strong>1933</strong> and the <strong>end of 1937</strong>, some 130,000 Jews leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the Nazi regime continued unchecked with its anti-Jewish moves. There was almost no opposition, because the important government roles were in the hands of loyal Nazis. Jews with non-recognisably ‘Jewish’ first names were forced to adopt the additional name of Israel or Sara. Their passports were also stamped with a ‘J’ to emphasise their Jewishness. More and more Jews lost their jobs or their businesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Anschluss in <strong>March 1938</strong>, when Austria was incorporated into Germany, the 200,000 Austrian Jews also suffered from discrimination. In <strong>May 1938</strong>, the Nazis arrested 2,000 Jews in Vienna for transportation to Dachau. Jews were still being arrested in Germany too. In a crackdown on so-called ‘asocial elements’ more than 1,000 Jews were rounded up by the Nazis in Berlin. The regime resorted to deportation. East European Jews without German citizenship were put out of the country. In <strong>October 1938</strong> the Nazis deported 18,000 Polish Jews in two days.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 November 1938</strong> a young Polish Jew shot dead a German diplomat in Paris in revenge for the deportation of his parents. It was a prime opportunity for the Nazis to launch large scale anti-Jewish action. The shooting was an excuse rather than the cause, because the plans had already been drawn up. In the night of <strong>9 to 10 November</strong>, synagogues across Germany were set ablaze. The Nazi smashed up Jewish-owned shops. This night is known as <em>Kristallnacht</em> (Night of Borken Glass), because of the broken glass in the streets.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The misnomer <em>Kristallnacht</em> conceals the level of violence the Nazis used. Dozens of Jews are killed. That is why today the designation November pogrom is preferred. At least 25,000 were rounded up and sent to concentration camps, where the guards humiliated and abused them. Hundreds more died because of the conditions in the camps. Jews were now the majority group of prisoners. However, many were released quite quickly if they promised to leave the country. As a final humiliation, the Nazis declared the Jewish community responsible for the damage. They demanded a ‘compensation payment’ of one billion <em>Reichsmark</em>.</p>",
"summary": "Anti-Jewish measures are measures imposed against Jews during the Nazi regime: including deprivation of citizenship; not being allowed to hold public office; exclusion of Jews from education and jobs; loss of the right to vote, ban on marriages and sexual contacts between Jews and non-Jews; confiscation of Jewish property, compulsory wearing of the Jewish star.",
"summary_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen zijn maatregelen die tijdens het naziregime tegen de Joden werden ingesteld: o.a. ontneming staatsburgerschap; niet mogen bekleden van openbare ambten; uitsluiting van Joden voor onderwijs en banen; verlies van stemrecht, verbod op huwelijken en seksuele contacten tussen Joden en niet-Joden; inbeslagname Joodse bezittingen, verplichte dracht van de Jodenster.",
"summary_en": "Anti-Jewish measures are measures imposed against Jews during the Nazi regime: including deprivation of citizenship; not being allowed to hold public office; exclusion of Jews from education and jobs; loss of the right to vote, ban on marriages and sexual contacts between Jews and non-Jews; confiscation of Jewish property, compulsory wearing of the Jewish star.",
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{
"id": 396124409,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
"name": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie eind jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"description": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In <strong>maart 1938</strong> werd Oostenrij geannexeerd door Duitsland. Deze zogenaame '<em>Anschluss</em>' had tot gevolg dat zowel Joodse als niet-Joodse Oostenrijkers het land uitvluchtten. De annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije in <strong>oktober 1938</strong> leidde evens tot aan hausse aan vluchtelingen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em>, de beruchte pogrom van <strong>november 1938</strong> tegen de Joodse inwoners van Duitsland en de daarmee gepaard gaande moorden, mishandelingen, plunderingen en brandstichtingen brachten veel Joden ertoe Duitsland halsoverkop te verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Onder hen ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nooit meer terug naar dat land: verhalen van slachtoffers over de Kristallnacht 1938,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
"summary_nl": "Gebeurtenissen in 1938 en 1939 brachten wederom een grote stroom vluchtelingen op gang. De 'Anschluss' van Oostenrijk, de annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije door nazi-Duitsland en de beruchte Kristallnacht hadden een nieuwe exodus tot gevolg.",
"summary_en": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
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"parent": 396124387,
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{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6f578205-c4f4-443b-adb0-0d1b6e87f10e/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645?format=api"
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6f578205-c4f4-443b-adb0-0d1b6e87f10e",
"name": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij vestigde zich in Amsterdam-Zuid als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was de eerste uit het gezin van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger die naar Amsterdam trok. Wel was hun nicht Bertel Hess haar al in <strong>1933</strong> voorgegaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op termijn zouden al haar broers en zussen, net als hun vader, hun thuisstad Osnabrück verlaten. Allen wilden ook verder naar Noord- of Zuid-Amerika, maar dat zou slechts enkelen lukken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-10-30",
"date_end": "1943-02-24",
"summary": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels is een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Zij was de eerste van haar familie die naar Amsterdam vertrok.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
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"files": []
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{
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"uuid": "588f6db0-3f3c-4b1f-96d9-26f2134af198",
"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1580fb81-9e32-4eee-b692-34f682972b9e/",
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"name": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
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"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"uuid": "588f6db0-3f3c-4b1f-96d9-26f2134af198",
"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"main_image": null,
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb/",
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Anne-Frank"
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"image": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/fee45840-1768-451a-86b4-a10dfd3eaabc/",
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"uuid": "fee45840-1768-451a-86b4-a10dfd3eaabc",
"first_name": "Julius",
"last_name": "Holländer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Julius Holländer",
"title_nl": "Julius Holländer",
"title_en": "Julius Holländer",
"content": "<p>Julius Holländer was a brother of Edith Frank-Holländer, and an uncle of Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fact that he had been injured in World War I saved him from being sent to a concentration camp after his arrest on Kristallnacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Julius applied for permission to emigrate to the United States in the course of <strong>1938</strong>. A required affidavit was issued to him. Because of the threatening situation in Germany, Otto Frank wanted to take him in and look after him while he was waiting for the definitive visa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1939</strong> he left on the <em>SS Veendam</em> for the United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovcrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He travelled on a visa that was issued on <strong>24 February</strong> in Stuttgart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Julius worked in America as a night oven man at Canton Japanning Company ('41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"88neq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The Holländer brothers could not get over the stresses endured and the loss of family members. Julius wrote to Otto in the summer of <strong>1945</strong>: “Our lives are empty now. Edith and the girls was all we had”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With his brother Walter, he transferred one hundred dollars in <strong>1963 </strong>to support the work of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the 1960s, Julius suffered from various ailments and was very nervous. He had a poor diet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Julius died following an accident.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4uwy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Pastorplatz 1, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> 138 High Street, Canton, Massachussets, USA.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as (one of) <em>my two uncles</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, 5e</em>, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bakker, 2013, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 503: Otto Frank aan het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 17 november 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovcrd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/5A529609B63E43B8B2A5D67286AD45EA\">Afvaart 'SS Veendam' op 25-03-1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>US National Archives, Washington DC, Immigration and Naturalization [Papers??]: ship's manifest s.s. Veendam, 25 maart - 5 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88neq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO, Otto Frank File, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Julius Holländer aan Otto Frank, augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4uwy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p. 1571; <em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust</em>, p. 1571.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Julius Holländer was een broer van Edith Frank-Holländer, en een oom van Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het feit dat hij tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog gewond was geraakt, behoedde hem na arrestatie in de Kristallnacht voor doorzending naar een concentratiekamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Julius vroeg in de loop van <strong>1938</strong> toestemming aan voor emigratie naar de Verenigde Staten. Een benodigd affidavit stond tot zijn beschikking. Vanwege de dreigende toestand in Duitsland wilde Otto Frank hem, in afwachting van de definitieve visa, in huis nemen en onderhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1939</strong> vertrok hij met de <em>SS Veendam</em> naar de Verenigde Staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dqezm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hij reisde met een visum dat <strong>24 februari</strong> in Stuttgart was afgegeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Julius werkte in Amerika als <em>night oven man</em> bij Canton Japanning Company ('41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"88neq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Over de doorstane spanningen en het verlies van familieleden kwamen de broers Holländer niet heen. Julius schreef Otto in de zomer van <strong>1945</strong>: “Our lives are empty now. Edith and the girls was all we had.”<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met zijn broer Walter maakte hij in <strong>1963 </strong>honderd dollar over ter ondersteuning van het werk van de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In de jaren zestig leed Julius aan diverse kwalen en was zeer nerveus. Hij at slecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Julius kwam om het leven ten gevolge van een ongeluk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0dc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Pastorplatz 1, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> 138 High Street, Canton, Massachussets, USA.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: (een van) <em>m'n twee ooms</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, 5e</em>, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bakker, 2013, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 503: Otto Frank aan het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 17 november 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dqezm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/5A529609B63E43B8B2A5D67286AD45EA\" target=\"_blank\">Afvaart 'SS Veendam' op 25-03-1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>US National Archives, Washington DC, Immigration and Naturalization [Papers??]: ship's manifest s.s. Veendam, 25 maart - 5 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88neq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO, Otto Frank File, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Julius Holländer aan Otto Frank, augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0dc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p. 1571; <em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust</em>, p. 1571.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Julius Holländer was a brother of Edith Frank-Holländer, and an uncle of Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fact that he had been injured in World War I saved him from being sent to a concentration camp after his arrest on Kristallnacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Julius applied for permission to emigrate to the United States in the course of <strong>1938</strong>. A required affidavit was issued to him. Because of the threatening situation in Germany, Otto Frank wanted to take him in and look after him while he was waiting for the definitive visa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1939</strong> he left on the <em>SS Veendam</em> for the United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovcrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He travelled on a visa that was issued on <strong>24 February</strong> in Stuttgart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Julius worked in America as a night oven man at Canton Japanning Company ('41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"88neq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The Holländer brothers could not get over the stresses endured and the loss of family members. Julius wrote to Otto in the summer of <strong>1945</strong>: “Our lives are empty now. Edith and the girls was all we had”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With his brother Walter, he transferred one hundred dollars in <strong>1963 </strong>to support the work of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the 1960s, Julius suffered from various ailments and was very nervous. He had a poor diet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Julius died following an accident.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4uwy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Pastorplatz 1, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> 138 High Street, Canton, Massachussets, USA.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d9isd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as (one of) <em>my two uncles</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p07cg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, 5e</em>, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bakker, 2013, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7i3w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 503: Otto Frank aan het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 17 november 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovcrd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/5A529609B63E43B8B2A5D67286AD45EA\">Afvaart 'SS Veendam' op 25-03-1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y2msq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>US National Archives, Washington DC, Immigration and Naturalization [Papers??]: ship's manifest s.s. Veendam, 25 maart - 5 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88neq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO, Otto Frank File, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoynv\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Julius Holländer aan Otto Frank, augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1pyx6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjjrm\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqkwd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4uwy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p. 1571; <em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a5fa\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust</em>, p. 1571.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6fte0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1894-12-11",
"death_date": "1967-10-04",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Eschweiler",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "New York",
"death_country": "USA",
"summary": "Julius Holländer was a brother of Edith Holländer, Otto Frank's wife and mother of Margot and Anne.",
"summary_nl": "Julius Holländer was een broer van Edith Frank",
"summary_en": "Julius Holländer was a brother of Edith Holländer, Otto Frank's wife and mother of Margot and Anne.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.086",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
"path": null,
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Margot Frank",
"title_nl": "Margot Frank",
"title_en": "Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was de zus van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
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"uuid": "e56e90a2-a5b7-4685-b94b-c3c80c923562",
"name": "Rosa Höllander-Stern",
"title": "Paspoortfoto van Rosa Höllander-Stern, 8 februari 1939",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
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"first_name": "Rosalie",
"last_name": "Holländer - Stern",
"infix": "",
"title": "Rosa Holländer-Stern",
"title_nl": "Rosa Holländer - Stern",
"title_en": "Rosa Holländer-Stern",
"content": "<p>Rosa Holländer-Stern was the mother of Edith Frank-Holländer and the grandmother of Margot and Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She married Abraham Holländer on <strong>19 July 1893</strong> in Bad Schwalbach. The marriage ended when he died on <strong>19 January 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>1933 </strong>Rosa Holländer was living with her sons Walter and Julius Holländer at Monheimsallee 42 - 44 in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their previous house was on Liebfrauenstrasse, which was renamed Else Brandströmstrasse in <strong>1937</strong>. There are a couple of photos of the house, taken by Dineke Stam in 1995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This is where Edith, Margot and Anne stayed before they moved to Amsterdam. Edith went to Amsterdam in September 1933, Margot followed in December and Anne in February 1934.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank's family ticket from Frankfurt am Main states: <em>Frau nach Aachen zuruck </em>(undated).<sup data-footnote-id=\"skaox\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In early <strong>April 1935</strong> Rosa Holländer-Stern moved with both of her sons to Pastorplatz 1. The address is listed in the Aachen address book, and correpsondence suggests that the move took place in the spring of 1935: <em>Anfang April muss meine Mutter umziehen, wenn’s geht, möchte ich ihr gern helfen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>14 September 1938</strong> (therefore shortly before the November pogrom of <em>Kristallnacht</em>), Otto and Edith Frank asked the Minister of Justice to permit Rosa Holländer to come to the Netherlands. Permission was granted on <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, on condition that neither Julius nor Walter came to the Netherlands. However, she didn't want to leave Germany until her sons were safe. A letter from Otto Frank to the Office of Border Control indicates that she entered the country on <strong>24 March 1939</strong> via the Dutch town of Simpelveld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her death, an obituary was placed in the American magazine <em>Aufbau</em> by her children Walter, Julius and Edith and son-in-law Otto Frank<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><em> </em>Otto and Edith Frank also placed an advert in the <em>Joodsche Weekblad </em>to express gratitude for all condolences received.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Monheimsallee 42-44, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Pastorplatz 1;<sup data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Merwedeplein 37 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, 2 and 28 September 1942, 3rd, 29 December 1943, 3 March 1944 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart R. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932 en 1933 (kopie bij Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map: naslagwerk telefoon- adresboeken).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map documentatie familie Frank & Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skaox\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, Null-Kartei Kaste Nr.451: Gezinskaart Otto Frank (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, Vol. VIII, nr. 14, 3 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 februari 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen </em>1934, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em>, 1936, p. 151.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rosa Holländer-Stern was de moeder van Edith Frank-Holländer en de grootmoeder van Margot en Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zij trouwde op <strong>19 juli 1893</strong> in Bad Schwalbach met Abraham Holländer. Het huwelijk eindigde door zijn overlijden op <strong>19 januari 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Rosa Holländer verhuisde met haar zoons Walter en Julius Holländer in <strong>1933</strong> naar Monheimsallee 42 - 44 in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De Liebfrauenstrasse heette sinds 1937 Else Brandströmstrasse. Van het huis zijn een paar foto's, gemaakt door Dineke Stam in 1995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op dit adres logeerden Edith, Margot en Anne voordat zij naar Amsterdam vertrokken. Edith ging in september 1933 naar Amsterdam, Margot in december en Anne volgde in februari 1934.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op de gezinskaart van Otto Frank uit Frankfurt am Main staat: Frau nach Aachen zuruck (zonder datum).<sup data-footnote-id=\"skaox\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Begin <strong>april 1935</strong> verhuisde Rosa Holländer-Stern met haar beide zoons naar Pastorplatz 1. In het Aachener Adressbuch van 1936 wordt het adres Pastorplatz 1 genoemd. Uit correspondentie blijkt dat de verhuizing voorjaar 1935 was: <em>Anfang April muss meine Mutter umziehen, wenn’s geht, möchte ich ihr gern helfen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen de Minister van Justitie op <strong>14 september 1938</strong> (dus nog ruim voor de Kristallnacht) om Rosa Holländer tot Nederland toe te laten. De toestemming werd op <strong>17 november 1938 </strong>verleend, op voorwaarde dat Julius en Walter niet ook naar Nederland kwamen. Zelf wilde ze Duitsland niet verlaten voor haar zoons veilig waren. Blijkens een brief van Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking kwam zij op <strong>24 maart 1939</strong> via Simpelveld Nederland binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na haar overlijden verscheen een door haar kinderen Walter, Julius en Edith en schoonzoon Otto Frank geplaatste rouwadvertentie in het Amerikaanse blad <em>Aufbau.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><em> </em>Ook plaatsten Otto en Edith Frank een advertentie in het <em>Joodsche Weekblad </em>om te bedanken voor de ondervonden deelneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Monheimsallee 42-44, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Pastorplatz 1;<sup data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Merwedeplein 37 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, 2 en 28 september 1942, 3e, 29 december 1943, 3 maart 1944 en 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart R. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932 en 1933 (kopie bij Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map: naslagwerk telefoon- adresboeken).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map documentatie familie Frank & Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek, A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skaox\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, Null-Kartei Kaste Nr.451: Gezinskaart Otto Frank (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, Vol. VIII, nr. 14, 3 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 februari 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen </em>1934, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em>, 1936, p. 151.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rosa Holländer-Stern was the mother of Edith Frank-Holländer and the grandmother of Margot and Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She married Abraham Holländer on <strong>19 July 1893</strong> in Bad Schwalbach. The marriage ended when he died on <strong>19 January 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>1933 </strong>Rosa Holländer was living with her sons Walter and Julius Holländer at Monheimsallee 42 - 44 in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their previous house was on Liebfrauenstrasse, which was renamed Else Brandströmstrasse in <strong>1937</strong>. There are a couple of photos of the house, taken by Dineke Stam in 1995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This is where Edith, Margot and Anne stayed before they moved to Amsterdam. Edith went to Amsterdam in September 1933, Margot followed in December and Anne in February 1934.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank's family ticket from Frankfurt am Main states: <em>Frau nach Aachen zuruck </em>(undated).<sup data-footnote-id=\"skaox\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In early <strong>April 1935</strong> Rosa Holländer-Stern moved with both of her sons to Pastorplatz 1. The address is listed in the Aachen address book, and correpsondence suggests that the move took place in the spring of 1935: <em>Anfang April muss meine Mutter umziehen, wenn’s geht, möchte ich ihr gern helfen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>14 September 1938</strong> (therefore shortly before the November pogrom of <em>Kristallnacht</em>), Otto and Edith Frank asked the Minister of Justice to permit Rosa Holländer to come to the Netherlands. Permission was granted on <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, on condition that neither Julius nor Walter came to the Netherlands. However, she didn't want to leave Germany until her sons were safe. A letter from Otto Frank to the Office of Border Control indicates that she entered the country on <strong>24 March 1939</strong> via the Dutch town of Simpelveld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her death, an obituary was placed in the American magazine <em>Aufbau</em> by her children Walter, Julius and Edith and son-in-law Otto Frank<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><em> </em>Otto and Edith Frank also placed an advert in the <em>Joodsche Weekblad </em>to express gratitude for all condolences received.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Monheimsallee 42-44, Aachen;<sup data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Pastorplatz 1;<sup data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Merwedeplein 37 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d73d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, 2 and 28 September 1942, 3rd, 29 December 1943, 3 March 1944 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddz6v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart R. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wuzd1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932 en 1933 (kopie bij Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map: naslagwerk telefoon- adresboeken).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1y9s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, map documentatie familie Frank & Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0oikp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skaox\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, Null-Kartei Kaste Nr.451: Gezinskaart Otto Frank (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcjwx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9opg\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j8llu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, Vol. VIII, nr. 14, 3 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4hpc\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 februari 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efyqp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen </em>1934, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z6w9m\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener Adressbuch</em>, 1936, p. 151.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1866-12-25",
"death_date": "1942-01-29",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Bad Schwalbach",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Rosa Holländer-Stern was the mother of Edith Frank and the grandmother of Margot and Anne.",
"summary_nl": "Rosa Holländer-Stern was de moeder van Edith Frank en de grootmoeder van Margot en Anne.",
"summary_en": "Rosa Holländer-Stern was the mother of Edith Frank and the grandmother of Margot and Anne.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2078,
"image": {
"id": 1181,
"uuid": "a93b3e49-650d-4107-abad-5412a1f441a1",
"name": "A_FamilieledenFrank_III_082",
"title": "Foto van Edith Frank-Höllander met haar broer Walter Höllander, niet gedateerd",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Collectie Familie Frank",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/33f3afef-cd76-b766-298c-5564a1a1ac6e.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/6cea18cc-b7cf-4a97-9a35-52b95d33f453/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/0cec6378-1cef-4376-961f-bdcc3c411542?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/33fccf8a-d8ce-43ec-ba4a-8fd86bf56fd8?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4b9eefa0-32d3-4366-b9bd-b78c479cc28f?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "6cea18cc-b7cf-4a97-9a35-52b95d33f453",
"first_name": "Walter",
"last_name": "Holländer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Walter Holländer",
"title_nl": "Walter Holländer",
"title_en": "Walter Holländer",
"content": "<p>Walter Holländer was a brother<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> of Edith Holländer, the wife of Otto Frank. Walter Holländer worked in the companies of his father, Abraham. In <strong>May 1916</strong> he became the managing director of the car factory Heine & Holländer G.m.b.H. in Elze, near Hannover. On <strong>3 May 1933</strong> his powers were revoked.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vhnlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Otto Frank and his family had moved into their home on Merwedeplein, Walter and his brother Julius reunited their niece Margot with her parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Following 'Kristallnacht', Walter was sent to a concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"29oid\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank managed to get permission to get him sent to a Dutch refugee camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qydku\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He arrived in the Netherlands via Nijmegen on <strong>26 December 1938</strong>, and travelled on to Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inifc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>27 December 1938</strong> the Population Register of Amsterdam listed him as a resident of Camp Zeeburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"triz8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>17 December 1939</strong> he left for the United States with the <em>SS Volendam</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1o8tw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>early 1960s </strong>he developed arthritis and diabetes. He also had lung problems and anxiety issues. He ate badly and smoked a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7esic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1963 </strong>he gave up work for health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>1963 </strong>he and his brother Julius transferred one hunderd dollars to support the work of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> After the accidental death of Julius, Walter placed an obiturary in <em>Aufbau.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"agm10\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Liebfrauenstrasse 5, Aachen; Bahnhofstrasse 54, Elze (near Hannover);<sup data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> 69 Merriam Avenue, Leominster, Massachussets, USA (1941).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as: (one of) <em>my two uncles</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vhnlh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, in: W. Beermann, <em>Die Elzer Waggon. Die Geschichte der Fabrik von Heine und Holländer bis Waggonbau Graaff/VTG</em>, Elze: Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Elze und Seiner Ortsteile, 2009, p. 9-29, aldaar p. 19, 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084-1: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, waarschijnlijk zaterdag 23 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29oid\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998, p. 82.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qydku\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45,inv. nr. 1697: Begeleidend schrijven, 6 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inifc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 389: Otto Frank aan Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 27 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"triz8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1o8tw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4168: Vreemdelingenkaartje; Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/33EE9EA43595467BAB4DF27021053ED3\" target=\"_blank\">Afvaart 'SS Volendam' op 17-12--1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7esic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 26 juli 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"agm10\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Aachen, Geboortakte register A I, nr. 455, 10 februari 1897; County of New York, Surrogate's Court: nalatenschap Walter Holländer, dossiernr. 6645, 1968, Probate Petition.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Walter Holländer was een broer<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> van Edith Holländer, de echtgenote van Otto Frank. Walter Holländer werkte in de bedrijven van zijn vader Abraham. In <strong>mei 1916</strong> werd hij bedrijfsleider van de Waggonfabrik Heine & Holländer G.m.b.H. in Elze, bij Hannover. Op <strong>3 mei 1933</strong> werden zijn bevoegdheden ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twl9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Otto Frank en zijn gezin hun woning aan het Merwedeplein betrokken, herenigden Walter en zijn broer Julius hun nichtje Margot met haar ouders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Na de Kristallnacht kwam hij in een concentratiekamp terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"29oid\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het lukte Otto Frank toestemming voor hem te krijgen om naar een Nederlands vluchtelingenkamp te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qydku\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hij kwam op <strong>26 december 1938</strong> via Nijmegen in Nederland aan, en reisde door naar Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inifc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het Amsterdamse Bevolkingsregister schreef hem op <strong>27 december 1938</strong> als ingezetene van het kamp Zeeburg in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"triz8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>17 december 1939</strong> vertrok hij met de SS<em> Volendam</em> naar de Verenigde Staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h5hjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin jaren zestig</strong> leed Walter aan artritis en diabetes. Verder had hij longproblemen en is nerveus. Hij at slecht en rookte erg veel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7esic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> <strong>Juni ’63 </strong>stopte hij om gezondheidsredenen met werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Met zijn broer Julius maakte hij in <strong>1963 </strong>honderd dollar over ter ondersteuning van het werk van de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Na het verongelukken van Julius plaatste Walter een overlijdensbericht in <em>Aufbau.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens.</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"3zw7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Liebfrauenstrasse 5, Aachen; Bahnhofstrasse 54, Elze (bij Hannover);<sup data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> 69 Merriam Avenue, Leominster, Massachussets, USA (’41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: (een van) <em>m'n twee ooms</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twl9t\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, in: W. Beermann, <em>Die Elzer Waggon. Die Geschichte der Fabrik von Heine und Holländer bis Waggonbau Graaff/VTG</em>, Elze: Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Elze und Seiner Ortsteile, 2009, p. 9-29, aldaar p. 19, 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084-1: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, waarschijnlijk zaterdag 23 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29oid\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998, p. 82.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qydku\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45,inv. nr. 1697: Begeleidend schrijven, 6 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inifc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 389: Otto Frank aan Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 27 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"triz8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h5hjq\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4168: Vreemdelingenkaartje; Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/33EE9EA43595467BAB4DF27021053ED3\" target=\"_blank\">Afvaart 'SS Volendam' op 17-12--1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7esic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 26 juli 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zw7r\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Aachen, Geboortakte register A I, nr. 455, 10 februari 1897; County of New York, Surrogate's Court: nalatenschap Walter Holländer, dossiernr. 6645, 1968, Probate Petition.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Walter Holländer was a brother<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> of Edith Holländer, the wife of Otto Frank. Walter Holländer worked in the companies of his father, Abraham. In <strong>May 1916</strong> he became the managing director of the car factory Heine & Holländer G.m.b.H. in Elze, near Hannover. On <strong>3 May 1933</strong> his powers were revoked.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vhnlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Otto Frank and his family had moved into their home on Merwedeplein, Walter and his brother Julius reunited their niece Margot with her parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Following 'Kristallnacht', Walter was sent to a concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"29oid\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank managed to get permission to get him sent to a Dutch refugee camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qydku\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He arrived in the Netherlands via Nijmegen on <strong>26 December 1938</strong>, and travelled on to Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inifc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>27 December 1938</strong> the Population Register of Amsterdam listed him as a resident of Camp Zeeburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"triz8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>17 December 1939</strong> he left for the United States with the <em>SS Volendam</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1o8tw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>early 1960s </strong>he developed arthritis and diabetes. He also had lung problems and anxiety issues. He ate badly and smoked a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7esic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1963 </strong>he gave up work for health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>1963 </strong>he and his brother Julius transferred one hunderd dollars to support the work of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> After the accidental death of Julius, Walter placed an obiturary in <em>Aufbau.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"agm10\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Liebfrauenstrasse 5, Aachen; Bahnhofstrasse 54, Elze (near Hannover);<sup data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> 69 Merriam Avenue, Leominster, Massachussets, USA (1941).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zumr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as: (one of) <em>my two uncles</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vhnlh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, in: W. Beermann, <em>Die Elzer Waggon. Die Geschichte der Fabrik von Heine und Holländer bis Waggonbau Graaff/VTG</em>, Elze: Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Elze und Seiner Ortsteile, 2009, p. 9-29, aldaar p. 19, 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci7r1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084-1: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, waarschijnlijk zaterdag 23 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29oid\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998, p. 82.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qydku\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45,inv. nr. 1697: Begeleidend schrijven, 6 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inifc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 389: Otto Frank aan Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, 27 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"triz8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Holländer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1o8tw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4168: Vreemdelingenkaartje; Stadsarchief Rotterdam, Passagiers Holland Amerika Lijn (H.A.L.), <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/33EE9EA43595467BAB4DF27021053ED3\" target=\"_blank\">Afvaart 'SS Volendam' op 17-12--1939 vanaf haven Rotterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7esic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 9 juli 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9rhc0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Heinz Jacobowitz aan Otto Frank, 26 juli 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4q7r\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_073: Julius en Walter Holländer aan J. Soetendorp, 12 mei 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyvpr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aufbau</em>, 13 oktober 1967. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"agm10\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Aachen, Geboortakte register A I, nr. 455, 10 februari 1897; County of New York, Surrogate's Court: nalatenschap Walter Holländer, dossiernr. 6645, 1968, Probate Petition.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2h2wn\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Friedrich Dreyer, ‘Von der Zuckerfabrik zur Waggonfabrik’, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enmg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Otto Frank File, New York, NY: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, cop. 2007, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1897-02-06",
"death_date": "1968-09-19",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Aken",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "New York",
"death_country": "USA",
"summary": "Walter Holländer was a brother of Edith Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Walter Holländer was een broer van Edith Frank.",
"summary_en": "Walter Holländer was a brother of Edith Frank.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"parent": 396124413,
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"name": "Anne Frank memorial Aachen",
"title": "Gedenkplaat bij het huis van Anne Franks oma Rosa Holländer-Stern in Aken",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/WgdV_-_Aachen_Monheimsallee_1uUdKWl.jpg",
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"author": "Arthur McGill, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"latitude": "50.77997",
"longitude": "6.09289",
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"uuid": "5cb12a99-f156-4715-9488-d86d4d5f2044",
"name": "Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"name_nl": "Anne en Margot Frank in Aken | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"name_en": "Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"content": "<p>After Alice Frank-Stern, Otto Frank's mother, moved from Frankfurt to her daughter in Basel in September 1933, Anne and Margot went to stay with their other grandmother, Rosa Holländer-Stern at the address Monheimsallee 42-44 in Aachen from <strong>September 1933 </strong>on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot until <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne until <strong>mid-February 1934. </strong>From this address, Margot sent a letter to Gertrud Naumann, a girl who used to live next door to her in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto had already gone to Amsterdam in June to set up Opekta and Edith traveled back and forth between the three cities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From Aachen, Margot moved to the Netherlands where she was registered as of <strong>7 December 1933</strong> at Merwedeplein 37-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to Gertrud Naumann just before <strong>Christmas 1933</strong> that her brothers would bring Margot and: "<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird's schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nAs of <strong>7 December 1933</strong>, Anne Frank was also registered at Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> However, Anne's diaries state that she did not come to Amsterdam until <strong>February 1934</strong>, Margot's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat Alice Frank-Stern, de moeder van Otto Frank, in <strong>september 1933</strong> van Frankfurt naar haar dochter in Bazel was verhuisd, gingen Anne en Margot logeren bij hun andere oma, Rosa Holländer-Stern, op het adres Monheimsallee 42-44 te Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot tot <strong>december 1933</strong>; Anne tot <strong>half februari 1934. </strong>Vanaf dit adres stuurde Margot een brief aan Gertrud Naumann, haar oude buurmeisje in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Drie <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan hun verblijf in Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8ldi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was al in juni naar Amsterdam gegaan om Opekta op poten te zetten en Edith reisde tussen de drie steden heen en weer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9y2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanuit Aken verhuisde Margot naar Nederland waar zij per <strong>7 december 1933</strong> stond ingeschreven op Merwedeplein 37-II te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef aan Gertrud Naumann vlak voor <strong>kerstmis 1933</strong> dat haar broers Margot zouden komen brengen en: '<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird’s schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <br />\r\nPer <strong>7 december 1933</strong> stond Anne Frank ook ingeschreven op Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In Annes dagboeken staat echter dat zij pas in <strong>februari 1934</strong> naar Amsterdam kwam, op de verjaardag van Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8ldi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9y2v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5421: Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After Alice Frank-Stern, Otto Frank's mother, moved from Frankfurt to her daughter in Basel in September 1933, Anne and Margot went to stay with their other grandmother, Rosa Holländer-Stern at the address Monheimsallee 42-44 in Aachen from <strong>September 1933 </strong>on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot until <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne until <strong>mid-February 1934. </strong>From this address, Margot sent a letter to Gertrud Naumann, a girl who used to live next door to her in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto had already gone to Amsterdam in June to set up Opekta and Edith traveled back and forth between the three cities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From Aachen, Margot moved to the Netherlands where she was registered as of <strong>7 December 1933</strong> at Merwedeplein 37-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to Gertrud Naumann just before <strong>Christmas 1933</strong> that her brothers would bring Margot and: "<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird's schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nAs of <strong>7 December 1933</strong>, Anne Frank was also registered at Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> However, Anne's diaries state that she did not come to Amsterdam until <strong>February 1934</strong>, Margot's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-09-01",
"date_end": "1934-02-16",
"summary": "From September 1933, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Edith also stayed there a lot. Margot went to Amsterdam at the end of December, Anne on February 16, 1934.",
"summary_nl": "Vanaf september 1933 woonden Anne en Margot Frank bij hun grootmoeder in Aken. Ook Edith Frank verbleef daar veel. Margot ging eind december naar Amsterdam, Anne op 16 februari 1934.",
"summary_en": "From September 1933, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Edith also stayed there a lot. Margot went to Amsterdam at the end of December, Anne on February 16, 1934.",
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{
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"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name_en": "Holländer family home, Aachen",
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"content": "<p>From <strong>September 1933</strong>, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Their mother Edith also stayed there a lot. A memorial plaque at the underground parking garage now located on this site marks the former home of Anne Frank's grandmother Rosa Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0yebt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyqo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0yebt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/monheimsallee\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyqo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>september 1933</strong> woonden Anne en Margot bij hun grootmoeder in Aken. Ook moeder Edith verbleef daar veel. Een gedenkplaat bij de nu op deze plek gevestigde ondergrondse parkeergarage markeert het voormalige huis van Anne Franks oma Rosa Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cadnr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Drie <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan hun verblijf in Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"637ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cadnr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/monheimsallee\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"637ea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>September 1933</strong>, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Their mother Edith also stayed there a lot. A memorial plaque at the underground parking garage now located on this site marks the former home of Anne Frank's grandmother Rosa Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0yebt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyqo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0yebt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/monheimsallee\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyqo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (6.09289 50.77997)",
"summary": "Home of Rosa Holländer-Stern, the maternal grandmother of Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen.",
"summary_nl": "Woning van Rosa Holländer-Stern, de grootmoeder aan moederskant van Anne en Margot Frank in Aken.",
"summary_en": "Home of Rosa Holländer-Stern, the maternal grandmother of Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Monheimsallee 42-44",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Aken",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
"location_events": [
212
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5cb12a99-f156-4715-9488-d86d4d5f2044/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5cb12a99-f156-4715-9488-d86d4d5f2044",
"name": "Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"name_nl": "Anne en Margot Frank in Aken | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"name_en": "Anne and Margot Frank in Aachen | Monheimsallee 42-44",
"content": "<p>After Alice Frank-Stern, Otto Frank's mother, moved from Frankfurt to her daughter in Basel in September 1933, Anne and Margot went to stay with their other grandmother, Rosa Holländer-Stern at the address Monheimsallee 42-44 in Aachen from <strong>September 1933 </strong>on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot until <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne until <strong>mid-February 1934. </strong>From this address, Margot sent a letter to Gertrud Naumann, a girl who used to live next door to her in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto had already gone to Amsterdam in June to set up Opekta and Edith traveled back and forth between the three cities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From Aachen, Margot moved to the Netherlands where she was registered as of <strong>7 December 1933</strong> at Merwedeplein 37-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to Gertrud Naumann just before <strong>Christmas 1933</strong> that her brothers would bring Margot and: "<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird's schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nAs of <strong>7 December 1933</strong>, Anne Frank was also registered at Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> However, Anne's diaries state that she did not come to Amsterdam until <strong>February 1934</strong>, Margot's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat Alice Frank-Stern, de moeder van Otto Frank, in <strong>september 1933</strong> van Frankfurt naar haar dochter in Bazel was verhuisd, gingen Anne en Margot logeren bij hun andere oma, Rosa Holländer-Stern, op het adres Monheimsallee 42-44 te Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot tot <strong>december 1933</strong>; Anne tot <strong>half februari 1934. </strong>Vanaf dit adres stuurde Margot een brief aan Gertrud Naumann, haar oude buurmeisje in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Drie <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan hun verblijf in Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8ldi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was al in juni naar Amsterdam gegaan om Opekta op poten te zetten en Edith reisde tussen de drie steden heen en weer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9y2v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanuit Aken verhuisde Margot naar Nederland waar zij per <strong>7 december 1933</strong> stond ingeschreven op Merwedeplein 37-II te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef aan Gertrud Naumann vlak voor <strong>kerstmis 1933</strong> dat haar broers Margot zouden komen brengen en: '<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird’s schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <br />\r\nPer <strong>7 december 1933</strong> stond Anne Frank ook ingeschreven op Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In Annes dagboeken staat echter dat zij pas in <strong>februari 1934</strong> naar Amsterdam kwam, op de verjaardag van Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8ldi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9y2v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5421: Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After Alice Frank-Stern, Otto Frank's mother, moved from Frankfurt to her daughter in Basel in September 1933, Anne and Margot went to stay with their other grandmother, Rosa Holländer-Stern at the address Monheimsallee 42-44 in Aachen from <strong>September 1933 </strong>on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot until <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne until <strong>mid-February 1934. </strong>From this address, Margot sent a letter to Gertrud Naumann, a girl who used to live next door to her in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Three <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate their stay in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto had already gone to Amsterdam in June to set up Opekta and Edith traveled back and forth between the three cities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From Aachen, Margot moved to the Netherlands where she was registered as of <strong>7 December 1933</strong> at Merwedeplein 37-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to Gertrud Naumann just before <strong>Christmas 1933</strong> that her brothers would bring Margot and: "<em>Anne will auch mitkommem. Oma wird's schwer haben, das Kind noch ein paar Wochen dort zu halten.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nAs of <strong>7 December 1933</strong>, Anne Frank was also registered at Merwedeplein 37-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> However, Anne's diaries state that she did not come to Amsterdam until <strong>February 1934</strong>, Margot's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2k6me\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l5qs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_053: Envelop met Margot Frank als afzender, gericht aan Gertrud Naumann. Omdat een filatelist de postzegel verwijderd heeft, is geen precieze datering mogelijk. Aangezien er "Gebt zur Winter(hilfe?)" op gestempeld staat, is het waarschijnlijk eind 1933 geweest.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jjv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/stolpersteine/personenverzeichnis/frank,-anne\" target=\"_blank\">Wege gegen das Vergessen: Aachen 1933–1945</a> (geraadpleegd 12 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ipfk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_082: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Nauman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pkgy7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam , Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart O.H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4npl\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_084: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd: Samstag.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-09-01",
"date_end": "1934-02-16",
"summary": "From September 1933, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Edith also stayed there a lot. Margot went to Amsterdam at the end of December, Anne on February 16, 1934.",
"summary_nl": "Vanaf september 1933 woonden Anne en Margot Frank bij hun grootmoeder in Aken. Ook Edith Frank verbleef daar veel. Margot ging eind december naar Amsterdam, Anne op 16 februari 1934.",
"summary_en": "From September 1933, Anne and Margot lived with their grandmother in Aachen. Edith also stayed there a lot. Margot went to Amsterdam at the end of December, Anne on February 16, 1934.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 26,
"main_image": null,
"files": [],
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{
"id": 70,
"image": {
"id": 165,
"uuid": "7f629d21-d66b-4f09-9f02-f66752dbc001",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb/",
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"uuid": "74dfd67d-877e-4ab7-9bb4-8f523e8f1e86",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.134",
"title": "Edith Frank-Holländer, Amsterdam, mei 1935 of 1936",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9006f8f0-6a33-baaf-a392-73cfcefdc04b.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Edith Frank-Holländer uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1935 of 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1935'. De datering is niet duidelijk: Anne dateert deze foto mei 1935, Otto andere foto's van dit vel mei 1936.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
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"last_name": "Frank - Holländer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_nl": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_en": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"content": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens haar geboorteakte werd Edith Holländer geboren op <strong>16 januari 1900</strong> in Aachen, op het adres Heinrichsallee 50. Zij was een dochter van Abraham Holländer en Rosalie Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith was de jongste van vier kinderen. Zij had twee broers: Julius en Walter. Bettina, de enige zuster, overleed op 16-jarige leeftijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith bezocht de <em>evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> aan de Warmweiherstrasse in haar geboorteplaats. In <strong>1916</strong> deed ze eindexamen. Ze was sportief en ze deed onder meer aan tennis. Voor haar huwelijk werkte ze enige tijd in het familiebedrijf. De door haar grootvader opgerichte firma <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em> handelde in stoomketels, apparaten en industriële installaties, maar ook in oud ijzer, oud papier en lompen. Er was een nevenvestiging in Keulen en sinds <strong>1914 </strong>had het bedrijf ook een wagonfabriek bij Hannover, waar Ediths broer Walter werkte. Op <strong>12 mei 1925</strong> trouwde Edith met Otto Frank en verhuisde naar Frankfurt. In <strong>1926</strong> werd Margot geboren en in <strong>1929</strong> volgde Anne. Nadat zij en Otto in <strong>1933</strong> besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Edith met de kinderen eerst enige tijd bij haar moeder in Aken wonen. Ze reisde veel naar Amsterdam heen en weer. Ze was daar onder meer druk met het zoeken naar een woning. In<strong> december 1933</strong> vertrok ze definitief naar Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gemis van haar oude leven viel Edith zwaar. Ze correspondeerde regelmatig met het vroegere Frankfurtse buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann en ze richtte zich verder vooral op haar gezin. Vanaf <strong>september 1938 </strong>ondernam ze met Otto pogingen haar moeder naar Nederland te halen. Kort na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> verleende het Ministerie van Justitie hiervoor ook toestemming. Ediths broers Walter en Julius slaagden erin naar Amerika te emigreren. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Edith via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Ze was aanvankelijk samen met haar dochters, maar die werden na ongeveer acht weken doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen. Edith leed hier erg onder. Over haar verdere lotgevallen is weinig bekend, maar een vriendin zag haar later in een ziekenbarak. Ze had hoge koorts en was door voedselgebrek en ziekte totaal uitgeput. Ze stierf enkele dagen later op 44-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, 'Wie was Edith Frank-Holländer?', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?,</em> Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-01-16",
"death_date": "1945-01-06",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Aken",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer was de moeder van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Edith-Frank"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2497,
"image": {
"id": 946,
"uuid": "e1c6699d-824f-4985-985a-51f91a53fc85",
"name": "Frieda Brommet_HCKW",
"title": "Frieda Brommet, ongedateerd",
"alt": "Foto: Godfried de Groot. Collectie Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Frieda_Brommet_HCKW.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Frieda Brommet, zonder datum. Foto afkomstig van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten Derden)"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/bb4db7e1-1da5-4f12-ab18-555a53edd500/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb4db7e1-1da5-4f12-ab18-555a53edd500",
"first_name": "Frieda",
"last_name": "Menco - Brommet",
"infix": "",
"title": "Frieda Menco - Brommet",
"title_nl": "Frieda Menco - Brommet",
"title_en": "Frieda Menco - Brommet",
"content": "<p>Frieda Brommet was born on <strong>11 August 1925</strong> in Amsterdam, where she grew up at Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (now Rooseveltlaan) in the Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. Her mother Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989) was a housewife; her father Joel (Jo) Brommet (1896-1945) was a window dresser for De Bijenkorf, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda went to the Dintel School, at 5-7 Dintelstraat. After that, she went to the three-year Trade School. When she was in the third grade there, the war broke out in the Netherlands and she became aware of her Jewishness for the first time. As she would often say later: "On 10 May, I became Jewish."<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Hiding and betrayal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the third grade, Frieda continued at the Secondary Trade School. When she transferred there to the fifth grade, she had to leave school because of anti-Jewish measures and went to the HBS School on Mauritskade, which was specially set up for Jewish students.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>July 1942,</strong> Frieda received a call-up to report for labour. Like Margot Frank, she was 16 when she received the call-up. Frieda's father got the idea of faking scarlet fever and went to the <em>Zentralstelle</em> on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>, arranging a postponement. On the way home from the <em>Zentralstelle</em>, there was an unexpected raid and Jo Brommet was rounded up, along with 700 other Jewish people. He eventually managed to escape and decided to go into hiding with his family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Brommet family had to pay large sums of money for hiding and were not given enough to eat. In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, it was therefore decided to find another solution. This came through the daughter of the family hiding them. She had contacts with a couple who could take the Brommet family to Switzerland for a fee. But after paying 15,000 guilders, there was no trace of the couple and instead, on <strong>29 June 1944</strong>, the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) raided the house and the Brommet family was arrested. The Brommet family had been betrayed by two notorious SD infiltrators: married couple Jeanne Valkenburg and Joop Bom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"py63y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda was first taken with her father and mother to Euterpestraat in Amsterdam for interrogation. The family was then detained in the prison on Weteringschans. Here Frieda met the poet Rozette (Ronnie) Goldstein-van Cleef (1921-2008), with whom she became good friends. She helped her write poems for the men in prison.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1944,</strong> Frieda arrived at Camp Westerbork. A month later, the Frank family was also brought there and they met in the staff barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Before going into hiding, the Brommet family and the Frank family lived close together and knew each other from the neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Like the Frank family, Frieda and her mother were put to work on the batteries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944,</strong> Frieda was put on a transport to Auschwitz with her parents, like the people from the Secret Annex. At the selection at the <em>Rampe</em>, she saw her father for the last time. After registration, the women were shaved bald and had a number tattooed on their arm. Frieda's number was A25080, her mother's A25079. Once in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, Frieda, like her mother, had to perform forced labour. They lugged stones from one side of the camp to the other side, and back again. Ronnie van Cleef wrote a poem for her about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6097m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Frieda Brommet soon found herself in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. Ronnie van Cleef had already been admitted there with scarlet fever; Frieda also became infected and was put in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> with her and the Frank sisters. Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> were bad. To help their daughters, Frieda Brommet and Edith Frank's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><sup> </sup>Frieda recalled how she was fed through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>''And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they ... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Frieda soon became even sicker, contracting typhus fever, <em>Durchfall </em>(diarrhoea) and eventually pleurisy. She thus ended up in several infirmary huts and was reunited with her mother who had also fallen ill. <strong>In mid-January 1945,</strong> Auschwitz was cleared for the approaching Soviet army. Frieda and her mother remained in the infirmary hut and were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It took Frieda months to recover from the illnesses she contracted in Auschwitz. She therefore devoted the first years after the war to her recovery, as well as attending various courses and evening grammar school. She also got work as a telephone operator, which she could perform lying down while recovering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1951</strong>, she married Herman Samuel Menco (1925-2002), who had also survived Auschwitz. They had two sons together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8177\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda later recounted her war experiences in schools and in interviews. She said about this: "<em>What I can still do today, against indifference and against injustice. For me, that is the basis of everything.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>15 March 2011</strong>, Frieda was at the Anne Frank House for the opening of the exhibition <em>Margot, sister of Anne</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Amsterdam, Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (until summer '42);<sup data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Tilburg (May-June '45);<sup data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Amsterdam, Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (summer '45); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 Mar '47).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf het school jaar 1941/1942 moesten Joodse leerlingen naar een aparte Joodse school. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam</a> (geraadpleegd 16 september 2022); Van Liempt, <em>Frieda, </em>p. 19; AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"py63y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda zou na de oorlog in het proces tegen dit echtpaar getuigen. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 35-38, 85-87. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda Brommet zat net als de familie Frank in strafbarak 67. Het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Kaart Frieda Brommet, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 19 september 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt<em>,</em> <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6097m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010; Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 60-62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari -2010. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8177\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Politierapporten '40-'45, Archiefnummer 5225, inventarisnummer 6650.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 79-81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Frieda Brommet werd op <strong>11 augustus 1925</strong> in Amsterdam geboren en groeide daar op aan de Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (nu Rooseveltlaan) in de Rivierenbuurt. Haar moeder Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989) was huisvrouw; haar vader Joel (Jo) Brommet (1896-1945) was etaleur voor onder meer de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda ging naar de Dintelschool, op de Dintelstraat 5-7. Daarna ging ze naar de driejarige Handelsschool. Toen ze daar in de derde klas zat, brak de oorlog uit in Nederland en werd ze zich voor het eerst bewust van haar Joods-zijn. Zoals ze later vaak zou zeggen: ‘<em>Op 10 mei werd ik Joods</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderduik en verraad</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de derde klas ging Frieda op de Tweede Handelsschool verder. Toen ze daar naar de vijfde klas overging, moest ze vanwege de anti-Joodse maatregelen van school en ging ze naar de speciaal voor Joodse leerlingen opgerichte HBS aan de Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>juli 1942</strong> kreeg Frieda de oproep om zich te melden voor tewerkstelling. Net als Margot Frank was ze zestien jaar toen ze de oproep kreeg. Frieda’s vader kreeg het idee om te doen alsof ze roodvonk had en ging op <strong>14 juli 1942</strong> naar de <em>Zentralstelle</em> en regelde zo uitstel. Onderweg naar huis vanaf de <em>Zentralstelle</em> was er een onverwachte razzia en werd Jo Brommet net als 700 andere Joodse mensen opgepakt. Uiteindelijk wist hij te ontsnappen en besloot hij om met zijn gezin onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Brommet moest voor het onderduiken grote geldbedragen betalen en kreeg te weinig te eten. In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> werd er daarom besloten een andere oplossing te zoeken. Deze kwam via de dochter van het onderduikgezin. Zij had contacten met een echtpaar dat de familie Brommet tegen betaling naar Zwitserland kon brengen. Maar na het betalen van 15.000 gulden was er geen spoor meer van het echtpaar te bekennen en viel in plaats daarvan op <strong>29 juni 1944</strong><strong> </strong>de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) binnen en werd de familie Brommet gearresteerd. De familie Brommet was verraden door twee beruchte infiltranten van de SD: het echtpaar Jeanne Valkenburg en Joop Bom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"py63y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda werd met haar vader en moeder eerst voor verhoor naar de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam gebracht. Daarna werd de familie opgesloten in de gevangenis aan de Weteringschans. Hier ontmoette Frieda de dichtster Rozette (Ronnie) Goldstein - van Cleef (1921-2008), met wie ze goed bevriend raakte. Ze hielp haar om gedichten te schrijven voor de mannen in de gevangenis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1944</strong> kwam Frieda aan in kamp Westerbork. Een maand later werd ook de familie Frank daar binnengebracht en ontmoetten ze elkaar in de stafbarak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De familie Brommet en de familie Frank woonden voor de onderduiktijd dichtbij elkaar en kenden elkaar uit de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Net als de familie Frank kwam Frieda met haar moeder bij de batterijen te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 september 1944</strong> werd Frieda samen met haar ouders, net als de onderduikers uit het Achterhuis, op transport gesteld naar Auschwitz. Bij de selectie op de <em>Rampe</em> zag ze haar vader voor het laatst. Na de registratie werden de vrouwen kaalgeschoren en kregen ze een nummer op hun arm getatoeëerd. Het nummer van Frieda was A25080, dat van haar moeder A25079. Eenmaal in het kamp van Auschwitz-Birkenau moest Frieda net als haar moeder dwangarbeid verrichten. Ze sjouwden stenen van de ene kant, naar de andere kant van het kamp en weer terug. Ronnie van Cleef schreef er voor haar een gedicht over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6097m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na haar aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau kwam Frieda Brommet al snel in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht. Ronnie van Cleef was daar al opgenomen met roodvonk, Frieda raakte ook besmet en kwam met haar en de zusjes Frank in het <em>Krätzeblock</em>. De omstandigheden in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> waren slecht. Om hun dochters te helpen, groeven de moeder van Frieda Brommet en Edith Frank, geholpen door Lenie de Jong, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><sup> </sup>Frieda herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat te eten kreeg:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>''En in die periode dat Ronnie en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze… Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ (...) En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (…).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <em>Krätzeblock </em>werd Frieda snel nog zieker, ze kreeg tyfus, <em>Durchfall </em>(diaree) en uiteindelijk ook pleuritis. Ze kwam zo in verschillende ziekenbarakken terecht en werd herenigd met haar moeder die ook ziek was geworden. <strong>Half januari 1945</strong> werd Auschwitz ontruimd voor het naderende Sovjetleger. Frieda en haar moeder blijven in de ziekenbarak achter en werden op <strong>27 januari 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Na de bevrijding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde maanden voordat Frieda hersteld was van de ziektes die ze in Auschwitz had opgelopen. Ze wijdde zich dan ook de eerste jaren na de oorlog aan haar herstel en daarnaast aan het volgen van verschillende cursussen en avondgymnasium. Ook kreeg ze werk als telefoniste dat ze liggend kon uitvoeren terwijl ze herstelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> in <strong>januari 1951</strong> trouwede ze met Herman Samuel Menco (1925-2002), die ook Auschwitz had overleefd. Ze kregen samen twee zoons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8177\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over haar oorlogservaringen vertelde Frieda later op scholen en in interviews. Ze zei daarover: ‘<em>Wat ik vandaag de dag nog kan doen, tegen onverschilligheid en tegen onrechtvaardigheid. Dat is voor mij de basis van alles</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 maart 2011</strong> was Frieda in het Anne Frank Huis bij de opening van de tentoonstelling <em>Margot, zus van Anne</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <em>Adressen: </em>Amsterdam, Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (tot de zomer '42);<sup data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Tilburg (mei-juni' 45);<sup data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Amsterdam, Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (zomer '45); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 mrt '47).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf het school jaar 1941/1942 moesten Joodse leerlingen naar een aparte Joodse school. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam</a> (geraadpleegd 16 september 2022); Van Liempt, <em>Frieda, </em>p. 19; AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"py63y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda zou na de oorlog in het proces tegen dit echtpaar getuigen. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 35-38, 85-87. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda Brommet zat net als de familie Frank in strafbarak 67. Het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Kaart Frieda Brommet, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 19 september 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt<em>,</em> <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6097m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010; Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 60-62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari -2010. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8177\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Politierapporten '40-'45, Archiefnummer 5225, inventarisnummer 6650.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 79-81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Frieda Brommet was born on <strong>11 August 1925</strong> in Amsterdam, where she grew up at Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (now Rooseveltlaan) in the Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. Her mother Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989) was a housewife; her father Joel (Jo) Brommet (1896-1945) was a window dresser for De Bijenkorf, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda went to the Dintel School, at 5-7 Dintelstraat. After that, she went to the three-year Trade School. When she was in the third grade there, the war broke out in the Netherlands and she became aware of her Jewishness for the first time. As she would often say later: "On 10 May, I became Jewish."<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Hiding and betrayal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the third grade, Frieda continued at the Secondary Trade School. When she transferred there to the fifth grade, she had to leave school because of anti-Jewish measures and went to the HBS School on Mauritskade, which was specially set up for Jewish students.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>July 1942,</strong> Frieda received a call-up to report for labour. Like Margot Frank, she was 16 when she received the call-up. Frieda's father got the idea of faking scarlet fever and went to the <em>Zentralstelle</em> on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>, arranging a postponement. On the way home from the <em>Zentralstelle</em>, there was an unexpected raid and Jo Brommet was rounded up, along with 700 other Jewish people. He eventually managed to escape and decided to go into hiding with his family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Brommet family had to pay large sums of money for hiding and were not given enough to eat. In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, it was therefore decided to find another solution. This came through the daughter of the family hiding them. She had contacts with a couple who could take the Brommet family to Switzerland for a fee. But after paying 15,000 guilders, there was no trace of the couple and instead, on <strong>29 June 1944</strong>, the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) raided the house and the Brommet family was arrested. The Brommet family had been betrayed by two notorious SD infiltrators: married couple Jeanne Valkenburg and Joop Bom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"py63y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda was first taken with her father and mother to Euterpestraat in Amsterdam for interrogation. The family was then detained in the prison on Weteringschans. Here Frieda met the poet Rozette (Ronnie) Goldstein-van Cleef (1921-2008), with whom she became good friends. She helped her write poems for the men in prison.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1944,</strong> Frieda arrived at Camp Westerbork. A month later, the Frank family was also brought there and they met in the staff barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Before going into hiding, the Brommet family and the Frank family lived close together and knew each other from the neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Like the Frank family, Frieda and her mother were put to work on the batteries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944,</strong> Frieda was put on a transport to Auschwitz with her parents, like the people from the Secret Annex. At the selection at the <em>Rampe</em>, she saw her father for the last time. After registration, the women were shaved bald and had a number tattooed on their arm. Frieda's number was A25080, her mother's A25079. Once in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, Frieda, like her mother, had to perform forced labour. They lugged stones from one side of the camp to the other side, and back again. Ronnie van Cleef wrote a poem for her about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6097m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Frieda Brommet soon found herself in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. Ronnie van Cleef had already been admitted there with scarlet fever; Frieda also became infected and was put in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> with her and the Frank sisters. Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> were bad. To help their daughters, Frieda Brommet and Edith Frank's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><sup> </sup>Frieda recalled how she was fed through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>''And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they ... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Frieda soon became even sicker, contracting typhus fever, <em>Durchfall </em>(diarrhoea) and eventually pleurisy. She thus ended up in several infirmary huts and was reunited with her mother who had also fallen ill. <strong>In mid-January 1945,</strong> Auschwitz was cleared for the approaching Soviet army. Frieda and her mother remained in the infirmary hut and were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It took Frieda months to recover from the illnesses she contracted in Auschwitz. She therefore devoted the first years after the war to her recovery, as well as attending various courses and evening grammar school. She also got work as a telephone operator, which she could perform lying down while recovering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1951</strong>, she married Herman Samuel Menco (1925-2002), who had also survived Auschwitz. They had two sons together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8177\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda later recounted her war experiences in schools and in interviews. She said about this: "<em>What I can still do today, against indifference and against injustice. For me, that is the basis of everything.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>15 March 2011</strong>, Frieda was at the Anne Frank House for the opening of the exhibition <em>Margot, sister of Anne</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Amsterdam, Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (until summer '42);<sup data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Tilburg (May-June '45);<sup data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Amsterdam, Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (summer '45); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 Mar '47).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wx9hq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dvdxj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mxpf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf het school jaar 1941/1942 moesten Joodse leerlingen naar een aparte Joodse school. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam</a> (geraadpleegd 16 september 2022); Van Liempt, <em>Frieda, </em>p. 19; AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5qcuq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"py63y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda zou na de oorlog in het proces tegen dit echtpaar getuigen. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 35-38, 85-87. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k5r1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frieda Brommet zat net als de familie Frank in strafbarak 67. Het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Kaart Frieda Brommet, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&t=2574865&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 19 september 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpi8s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcvse\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt<em>,</em> <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6097m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010; Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oiimu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 60-62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7sww4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari -2010. Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r7r7t\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8177\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 90-91.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jea8\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e6omf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l8dt1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Politierapporten '40-'45, Archiefnummer 5225, inventarisnummer 6650.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hnue6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 79-81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9a98c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1925-08-11",
"death_date": "2019-02-22",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Frieda Brommet knew the Frank family from the neighbourhood and had contact with them in the various concentration camps. Together with Anne and Margot Frank, she spent some time in the scabies barrack in Auschwitz.",
"summary_nl": "Frieda Brommet kende de familie Frank uit de buurt en had contact met hen in verschillende concentratiekampen. Samen met Anne en Margot Frank lag ze enige tijd in de Schurftbarak in Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Frieda Brommet knew the Frank family from the neighbourhood and had contact with them in the various concentration camps. Together with Anne and Margot Frank, she spent some time in the scabies barrack in Auschwitz.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2495,
"image": {
"id": 924,
"uuid": "96513968-b25a-45e9-8051-8da690e91d54",
"name": "Lenie de Jong - van Naarden",
"title": "Persoonsbewijs van Lenie de Jong - van Naarden",
"alt": "Uit: 'De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank' door Willy Lindwer, Just Publishers, ISBN 9789089751881",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/074_-_Lenie_de_Jong_-_van_Naarden.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/10dbd0f8-2c6f-4fc8-9a15-5f8ae2f83378/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e6090c55-5e26-4b2b-9dc9-8c5d1fe3b98b?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "10dbd0f8-2c6f-4fc8-9a15-5f8ae2f83378",
"first_name": "Leentje",
"last_name": "Jong - van Naarden",
"infix": "de",
"title": "Lenie de Jong - van Naarden",
"title_nl": "Lenie de Jong - van Naarden",
"title_en": "Lenie de Jong - van Naarden",
"content": "<p>The eight people from the Secret Annex met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was Leentje (Lenie) de Jong-van Naarden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie van Naarden was born in Amsterdam on <strong>18 July 1915</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The van Naarden family consisted of father Wolf van Naarden (1877-1943), mother Netje van Naarden-Meijer (1883-1943), brother Louis van Naarden (1908-1994) and sister Judith Lena Halberstadt-van Naarden (1909-1964).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The family lived in Zandvoort until <strong>1927</strong>, after which they moved to Tugelaweg 127-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The family were practising Jews and attended synagogue in Zandvoort. The Van Naarden children also each received Jewish lessons from a teacher from Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After completing MULO school, Lenie worked at the HEMA head office from the age of seventeen. Around <strong>July 1942,</strong> all Jewish employees there were fired, including Lenie and her husband-to-be, whom she had met at HEMA.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 August 1942,</strong> Lenie van Naarden married Philip Felix de Jong (1913-1972) in Amsterdam. This was no longer allowed at the town hall, so they married in the Jewish community building at Plantage Parklaan 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1943</strong>, the couple <strong>went into hiding </strong>together with a cousin of Lenie's husband in The Hague. They stayed there until they were betrayed <strong>in late 1943</strong>. Lenie and her husband took the train to Amsterdam, where they were able to go into hiding temporarily with friends. From there, a hiding address in Friesland was arranged. From <strong>March or April 1944,</strong> they were in hiding with a working-class family with two children. <strong>In early August 1944</strong>, the house was betrayed and Lenie, her husband and the husband of the family providing the hiding place were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie's parents had already been killed at Camp Sobibor on <strong>21 May 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie and Philip van Naarden arrived at Camp Westerbork, via Lemmer, Leeuwarden and Assen, on <strong>12 August 1944</strong>. There they were designated as punishment cases and, like the Frank family, ended up in punishment hut 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"guldb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> They were put to work on the batteries. In Westerbork, they met the Frank family for the first time. Philip already had good contact with Otto Frank there; contact between Lenie and Edith Frank was established later in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, Lenie and her husband were put on a transport to Auschwitz, along with the Frank family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After a three-day journey, they arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on the night of<strong> 5-6 September 1944</strong>. The women were shaved bald and tattooed with a number. Lenie was issued the number A25145.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hw493\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She remembered having to perform forced labour, lugging stones from one place to another, which another group then had to lug back to the beginning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uml41\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz, she formed a group with about a dozen other Dutch women, including Bloeme Emden and Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef. After the war, Lenie stated that she would not have made it without this little group.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v129t\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie stayed in the same hut as Edith, Anne and Margot Frank. After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot contracted scabies, and were put temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> - the hut for scabies sufferers. Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> were poor. To help her daughters, Edith, with the help of Lenie and Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, whose daughter was also in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut through which they gave food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the <strong>end of October 1944,</strong> Lenie, like 50 other Dutch women, was put on a transport again. This time to an <em>Arbeitslager</em> in Libau, Upper Silesia, where they had to perform forced labour. Conditions were bad because of the hard work and cold weather. On <strong>8 May 1945</strong>, Lenie was liberated by the Soviet army.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the liberation, she and the group of Dutch women returned to the Netherlands, where they arrived in<strong> July 1945</strong>. Upon arrival, Lenie went to an address she had agreed with her husband to go to if they survived. There, Philip was already waiting for her. Like Otto Frank, he had survived Auschwitz and had travelled back to the Netherlands at the same time as Otto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Zandvoort; Tugelaweg 127-II, Amsterdam (Aug '27); Lekstraat 162-I (Jul '45), Stadionweg 214-II (Aug '45), UIterwaardestraat 142hs (Jun '48), Jekerstraat 63-I (Feb '63), Rondeel 29 (Sep '90).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaartem (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Leentje van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Wolf van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>; Archiefkaart Netje Meijer, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interviews Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010; Stefan Vermeulen, <em>De slag om Hema. Hoe een nationaal icoon werd uitgekleed</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p. 149. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/</a> (geraadpleegd 13 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"guldb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. </em>p. 152-154; Arolsen Archives - Internatiobal Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen: Kaart Leentje de Jong-van Naarden: <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0</a>; Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 84.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 156-157; Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 84; Arolsen Archives: Kaart Leentje de JOng-van Naarden<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hw493\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 149-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uml41\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 165<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v129t\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 175.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em><em>,</em> p. 166-167<em>.</em> AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, </em>p. 171-174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 174-175.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was Leentje (Lenie) de Jong - van Naarden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie van Naarden werd op <strong>18 juli 1915 </strong>geboren in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gezin Van Naarden bestond uit vader Wolf van Naarden (1877-1943), moeder Netje van Naarden-Meijer (1883-1943), broer Louis van Naarden (1908-1994) en zus Judith Lena Halberstadt-van Naarden (1909-1964).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gezin woonde tot <strong>1927</strong> in Zandvoort, waarna het naar de Tugelaweg 127-II in Amsterdam verhuisde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gezin was praktiserend Joods en ging naar de synagoge in Zandvoort. Ook kregen de kinderen Van Naarden ieder joodse les van een leraar uit Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het afronden van de MULO werkte Lenie vanaf haar zeventiende bij het hoofdkantoor van de HEMA. Rond <strong>juli 1942</strong> werden daar alle Joodse werknemers ontslagen, zo ook Lenie en haar aanstaande man die ze bij de HEMA had leren kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 augustus 1942</strong> trouwde Lenie van Naarden met Philip Felix de Jong (1913-1972) in Amsterdam. Dit mocht niet meer bij het stadhuis, dus trouwden ze in het gebouw van de joodse gemeente op de Plantage Parklaan 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin 1943 </strong>dook het stel samen onder bij een neef van Lenie’s man in Den Haag. Daar verbleven ze tot ze <strong>ind 1943</strong> verraden werden. Lenie en haar man gingen met de trein naar Amsterdam waar ze tijdelijk bij vrienden konden onderduiken. Vandaaruit werd een onderduikadres in Friesland geregeld. Vanaf <strong>maart of april 1944</strong> waren ze ondergedoken bij een arbeidersgezin met twee kinderen. <strong>Begin augustus 1944</strong> werd het huis verraden en werden Lenie, haar man en de man van het onderduikgezin gearresteerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De ouders van Lenie waren al op <strong>21 mei 1943</strong> om het leven gebracht in kamp Sobibór.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Via Lemmer, Leeuwarden en Assen, kwamen Lenie en Philip van Naarden op <strong>12 augustus 1944</strong> in kamp Westerbork aan. Daar werden ze gerekend tot strafgevallen en kwamen ze, net als de familie Frank, in strafbarak 67 terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"guldb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze werden tewerkgesteld bij de batterijen. In Westerbork ontmoetten ze voor het eerst de familie Frank. Philip had daar al goed contact met Otto Frank; het contact tussen Lenie en Edith Frank kwam later in Auschwitz tot stand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen Lenie en haar man net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Na een reis van drie dagen kwamen ze in de nacht van<strong> 5 op 6 september 1944</strong> aan in Auschwitz-Birkenau. De vrouwen werden kaalgeschoren en kregen een nummer getatoeëerd. Lenie kreeg het nummer A25145.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hw493\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze dwangarbeid moest verrichten en daarbij stenen van de ene plek naar de andere plek moest sjouwen, die een andere groep weer terug moest sjouwen naar het begin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uml41\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz vormde ze een groepje met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen, onder wie Bloeme Emden en Ronnie Goldstein - van Cleef. Na de oorlog verklaarde Lenie dat ze het zonder dit groepje niet zou hebben gered.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v129t\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie verbleef in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot Frank. Na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven Anne en Margot vanwege schurft tijdelijk in het zogenaamde <em>Krätzeblock</em> – de barak voor schurftlijders. De omstandigheden in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> waren slecht. Om haar dochters te helpen, groef Edith met hulp van Lenie en Rebecca Brommet - Ritmeester, wiens dochter ook in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> lag, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat waardoor ze eten aan de kinderen gaven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond <strong>eind oktober 1944</strong> ging Lenie net als 50 andere Nederlandse vrouwen opnieuw op transport. Ditmaal naar een <em>Arbeitslager</em> in Libau, Opper-Silezië, waar ze dwangarbeid moesten verrichten. De omstandigheden waren slecht vanwege het zware werk en het koude weer. Op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> werd Lenie door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de bevrijding keerde ze samen met het groepje Nederlandse vrouwen terug naar Nederland, waar ze in<strong> juli 1945</strong> aankwamen. Lenie ging na aankomst naar een adres waar ze met haar man had afgesproken naar toe te gaan als ze het zouden overleven. Daar zat Philip al op haar te wachten. Hij had net als Otto Frank Auschwitz overleefd en was tegelijk met Otto naar Nederland teruggereisd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em>Adressen: </em>Zandvoort; Tugelaweg 127-II, Amsterdam (aug '27); Lekstraat 162-I (jul '45), Stadionweg 214-II (aug '45), UIterwaardestraat 142hs (jun '48), Jekerstraat 63-I (feb '63), Rondeel 29 (sep '90). </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaartem (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Leentje van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Wolf van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>; Archiefkaart Netje Meijer, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interviews Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010; Stefan Vermeulen, <em>De slag om Hema. Hoe een nationaal icoon werd uitgekleed</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p. 149. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/</a> (geraadpleegd 13 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"guldb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. </em>p. 152-154; Arolsen Archives - Internatiobal Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen: Kaart Leentje de Jong-van Naarden: <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0</a>; Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 84.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 156-157; Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 84; Arolsen Archives: Kaart Leentje de JOng-van Naarden<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hw493\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 149-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uml41\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 165<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v129t\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 175.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em><em>,</em> p. 166-167<em>.</em> AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, </em>p. 171-174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 174-175.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The eight people from the Secret Annex met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was Leentje (Lenie) de Jong-van Naarden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie van Naarden was born in Amsterdam on <strong>18 July 1915</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The van Naarden family consisted of father Wolf van Naarden (1877-1943), mother Netje van Naarden-Meijer (1883-1943), brother Louis van Naarden (1908-1994) and sister Judith Lena Halberstadt-van Naarden (1909-1964).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The family lived in Zandvoort until <strong>1927</strong>, after which they moved to Tugelaweg 127-II in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The family were practising Jews and attended synagogue in Zandvoort. The Van Naarden children also each received Jewish lessons from a teacher from Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After completing MULO school, Lenie worked at the HEMA head office from the age of seventeen. Around <strong>July 1942,</strong> all Jewish employees there were fired, including Lenie and her husband-to-be, whom she had met at HEMA.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 August 1942,</strong> Lenie van Naarden married Philip Felix de Jong (1913-1972) in Amsterdam. This was no longer allowed at the town hall, so they married in the Jewish community building at Plantage Parklaan 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1943</strong>, the couple <strong>went into hiding </strong>together with a cousin of Lenie's husband in The Hague. They stayed there until they were betrayed <strong>in late 1943</strong>. Lenie and her husband took the train to Amsterdam, where they were able to go into hiding temporarily with friends. From there, a hiding address in Friesland was arranged. From <strong>March or April 1944,</strong> they were in hiding with a working-class family with two children. <strong>In early August 1944</strong>, the house was betrayed and Lenie, her husband and the husband of the family providing the hiding place were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie's parents had already been killed at Camp Sobibor on <strong>21 May 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Deportation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie and Philip van Naarden arrived at Camp Westerbork, via Lemmer, Leeuwarden and Assen, on <strong>12 August 1944</strong>. There they were designated as punishment cases and, like the Frank family, ended up in punishment hut 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"guldb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> They were put to work on the batteries. In Westerbork, they met the Frank family for the first time. Philip already had good contact with Otto Frank there; contact between Lenie and Edith Frank was established later in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, Lenie and her husband were put on a transport to Auschwitz, along with the Frank family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After a three-day journey, they arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on the night of<strong> 5-6 September 1944</strong>. The women were shaved bald and tattooed with a number. Lenie was issued the number A25145.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hw493\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She remembered having to perform forced labour, lugging stones from one place to another, which another group then had to lug back to the beginning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uml41\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz, she formed a group with about a dozen other Dutch women, including Bloeme Emden and Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef. After the war, Lenie stated that she would not have made it without this little group.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v129t\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lenie stayed in the same hut as Edith, Anne and Margot Frank. After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot contracted scabies, and were put temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> - the hut for scabies sufferers. Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock</em> were poor. To help her daughters, Edith, with the help of Lenie and Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, whose daughter was also in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut through which they gave food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the <strong>end of October 1944,</strong> Lenie, like 50 other Dutch women, was put on a transport again. This time to an <em>Arbeitslager</em> in Libau, Upper Silesia, where they had to perform forced labour. Conditions were bad because of the hard work and cold weather. On <strong>8 May 1945</strong>, Lenie was liberated by the Soviet army.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the liberation, she and the group of Dutch women returned to the Netherlands, where they arrived in<strong> July 1945</strong>. Upon arrival, Lenie went to an address she had agreed with her husband to go to if they survived. There, Philip was already waiting for her. Like Otto Frank, he had survived Auschwitz and had travelled back to the Netherlands at the same time as Otto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Zandvoort; Tugelaweg 127-II, Amsterdam (Aug '27); Lekstraat 162-I (Jul '45), Stadionweg 214-II (Aug '45), UIterwaardestraat 142hs (Jun '48), Jekerstraat 63-I (Feb '63), Rondeel 29 (Sep '90).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wnxr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaartem (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Leentje van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/64293997-739d-4b0a-aeca-b351f9386309?person=9853342f-0b04-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6vnxm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Wolf van Naarden, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-5b0b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333f2-5b0c-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>; Archiefkaart Netje Meijer, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\">https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-7a3a-56a3-e053-b784100ade19?person=985333e2-7a3b-56a3-e053-b784100ade19</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hgf3q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mf3il\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interviews Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010; Stefan Vermeulen, <em>De slag om Hema. Hoe een nationaal icoon werd uitgekleed</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jupu7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p. 149. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/plantage-parklaan/</a> (geraadpleegd 13 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"guldb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. </em>p. 152-154; Arolsen Archives - Internatiobal Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen: Kaart Leentje de Jong-van Naarden: <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130313369?s=Leentje%20van%20Naarden&t=2574889&p=0</a>; Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 84.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5pe\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 156-157; Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 84; Arolsen Archives: Kaart Leentje de JOng-van Naarden<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hw493\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 149-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uml41\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 165<em>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v129t\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 175.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3nrw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em><em>,</em> p. 166-167<em>.</em> AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm7gq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, </em>p. 171-174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25aj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 174-175.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1915-07-18",
"death_date": "2015-10-13",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Lenie de Jong-van Naarden met the Frank family in Westerbork. In Auschwitz, she helped Edith Frank dig a hole through which she could feed Anne and Margot in the infirmary hut.",
"summary_nl": "Lenie de Jong - van Naarden leerde de familie Frank in Westerbork kennen. In Auschwitz hielp ze Edith Frank met het graven van een gat waardoor ze Anne en Margot eten kon geven in de ziekenbarak.",
"summary_en": "Lenie de Jong-van Naarden met the Frank family in Westerbork. In Auschwitz, she helped Edith Frank dig a hole through which she could feed Anne and Margot in the infirmary hut.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.086",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
"path": null,
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Margot Frank",
"title_nl": "Margot Frank",
"title_en": "Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was de zus van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Margot-Frank"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2518,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/bf160a80-d231-4969-9ad5-f1759c7c4b70/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf160a80-d231-4969-9ad5-f1759c7c4b70",
"first_name": "Rebecca",
"last_name": "Brommet - Ritmeester",
"infix": "",
"title": "Rebecca Brommet - Ritmeester",
"title_nl": "Rebecca Brommet - Ritmeester",
"title_en": "Rebecca Brommet - Ritmeester",
"content": "<p>After two years in hiding, the Brommet family was betrayed by two notorious SD infiltrators: married couple Jeanne Valkenburg and Joop Bom. The couple said they could transfer the family to Switzerland on payment of thousands of guilders. But after paying 15,000 guilders, there was no trace of the couple and instead, on <strong>29 June 1944,</strong> an SD raid took place in which the Brommet family was arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1944</strong>, Rebecca arrived at Camp Westerbork with her husband Joël and daughter Frieda. A month later, the Frank family was also brought in there and they met in the staff barracks. The Brommet family and the Frank family lived close to each other before going into hiding and knew each other from the neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Like the Frank women, Rebecca was put to work on the batteries with her daughter Frieda.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 3 September 1944, Rebecca and her daughter were transported to Auschwitz. The Frank family was also put on this transport. Upon arrival at Auschwitz on 6 September 1944, the men and women were separated. Rebecca wrote to her brother in 1945:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'We were separated from the men. Jo still flew at me to kiss me. It was unfortunately for the last time.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rebecca was given the number A25079 on arrival, daughter Frieda A25080. Like the women Frank, Rebecca and Frieda then ended up in <em>Frauenblock </em>29. Soon daughter Frieda contracted scarlet fever and ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. There she met the Frank sisters, who were already in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kma\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. To help their daughters, Rebecca and Edith Frank, helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Daughter Frieda recalled how she got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie [van Cleef] and I were there together, my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they ... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones left in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of October</strong>, Ronnie van Cleef and sister Frank were discharged from the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. Frieda Brommet remained alone in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, but when Rebecca also fell ill, mother and daughter were reunited. As they both suffered from <em>Durchfall</em> (diarrhoea), they were transferred to the special <em>Durchfall-lager. </em>There Rebecca improved slightly, but her daughter got sicker and sicker. When the Germans evacuated the camp in January 1945 because of the approaching Allied troops, mother and daughter were actually supposed to join the death march, but because of sick Frieda, they were eventually left together in the sick barracks. There they were liberated by the Soviet army in late <strong>January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h563g\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Frieda recounted after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Alone I would not have survived. Alone you couldn't have survived. My mother helped me survive physically, and I helped her survive mentally. (...)'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Amsterdam, Amstellaan 74-I (8 Dec 1942); Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (May 1945); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 Mar 1947); Brooklyn (USA), 423 street 83 (10 Apr 1947); Amsterdam, Louise de Colignystraat 29I (22 July 1960); Bussum, Ceintuurbaan 281 (26 Sept 1979).<sup data-footnote-id=\"942wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 35-38; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geciteerd in Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kma\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 57, 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h563g\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archhiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"942wp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na twee jaar onderduik werd de familie Brommet verraden door twee beruchte infiltranten van de SD: het echtpaar Jeanne Valkenburg en Joop Bom. Het echtpaar zei tegen betaling van duizenden guldens de familie naar Zwitserland over te kunnen brengen. Maar na het betalen van 15.000 gulden was er geen spoor meer van het echtpaar te bekennen en in plaats daarvan vond op <strong>29 juni 1944</strong> een inval van de SD plaats waarbij de familie Brommet werd gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1944</strong> kwam Rebecca samen met haar man Joël en dochter Frieda aan in kamp Westerbork. Een maand later werd ook de familie Frank daar binnen gebracht en ontmoetten ze elkaar in de stafbarak. De familie Brommet en de familie Frank woonden voor de onderduik dichtbij elkaar en kenden elkaar uit de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Net als de vrouwen Frank kwam Rebecca met haar dochter Frieda bij de batterijen te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op 3 september 1944 werd Rebecca samen met haar dochter op transport gesteld naar Auschwitz. Ook de familie Frank moest met dit transport mee. Bij aankomst in Auschwitz op 6 september 1944 werden de mannen en vrouwen van elkaar gescheiden. Rebecca schreef in 1945 aan haar broer: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Wij werden van de mannen gescheiden. Jo vloog nog op mij af om mij te zoenen. Het was helaas voor het laatst.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rebecca kreeg bij aankomst het nummer A25079, dochter Frieda A25080. Net als de vrouwen Frank kwamen Rebecca en Frieda vervolgens in het Frauenblock 29 terecht. Al snel kreeg dochter Frieda roodvonk en belandde ze in het Krätzeblock. Daar kwam ze de zusjes Frank tegen, die al eerder in het Krätzeblock terecht waren gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kma\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in het Krätzeblock waren slecht. Om hun dochters te helpen groeven Rebecca en Edith Frank, geholpen door Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te kunnen geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dochter Frieda herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat extra eten kreeg:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En in die periode dat Ronnie [van Cleef] en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze… Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (…).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind oktober</strong> werden Ronnie van Cleef en de zusje Frank uit het Krätzeblock ontslagen. Frieda Brommet bleef alleen in het Krätzeblock, maar toen Rebecca ook ziek werd, werden moeder en dochter weer herenigd. Omdat ze beiden aan <em>D</em><em>urchfall</em> (diarree) lijden werden ze overgebracht naar het speciale <em>Durchfall-lager. </em>Daar werd Rebecca iets beter, maar haar dochter steeds zieker. Toen de Duitsers in januari 1945 het kamp ontruimden vanwege de naderende geallieerde troepen, moesten moeder en dochter eigenlijk mee op dodenmars, maar door de zieke Frieda bleven ze uiteindelijk samen achter in de ziekenbarak. Daar werden ze eind <strong>januari 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h563g\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Frieda vertelde na de oorlog: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Alleen had ik het niet overleefd. Alleen kón je het niet overleven. Mijn moeder heeft mij fysiek helpen overleven, en ik heb haar mentaal laten overleven. (...)'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> </blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Amsterdam, Amstellaan 74-I (8 dec 1942); Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (mei 1945); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 mrt 1947); Brooklyn (Verenigde Staten), 423 street 83 (10 apr 1947); Amsterdam, Louise de Colignystraat 29I (22 juli 1960); Bussum, Ceintuurbaan 281 (26 sept 1979).<sup data-footnote-id=\"942wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 35-38; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geciteerd in Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kma\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 57, 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h563g\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archhiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"942wp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After two years in hiding, the Brommet family was betrayed by two notorious SD infiltrators: married couple Jeanne Valkenburg and Joop Bom. The couple said they could transfer the family to Switzerland on payment of thousands of guilders. But after paying 15,000 guilders, there was no trace of the couple and instead, on <strong>29 June 1944,</strong> an SD raid took place in which the Brommet family was arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1944</strong>, Rebecca arrived at Camp Westerbork with her husband Joël and daughter Frieda. A month later, the Frank family was also brought in there and they met in the staff barracks. The Brommet family and the Frank family lived close to each other before going into hiding and knew each other from the neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Like the Frank women, Rebecca was put to work on the batteries with her daughter Frieda.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 3 September 1944, Rebecca and her daughter were transported to Auschwitz. The Frank family was also put on this transport. Upon arrival at Auschwitz on 6 September 1944, the men and women were separated. Rebecca wrote to her brother in 1945:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'We were separated from the men. Jo still flew at me to kiss me. It was unfortunately for the last time.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rebecca was given the number A25079 on arrival, daughter Frieda A25080. Like the women Frank, Rebecca and Frieda then ended up in <em>Frauenblock </em>29. Soon daughter Frieda contracted scarlet fever and ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. There she met the Frank sisters, who were already in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kma\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. To help their daughters, Rebecca and Edith Frank, helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Daughter Frieda recalled how she got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie [van Cleef] and I were there together, my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they ... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones left in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of October</strong>, Ronnie van Cleef and sister Frank were discharged from the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. Frieda Brommet remained alone in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, but when Rebecca also fell ill, mother and daughter were reunited. As they both suffered from <em>Durchfall</em> (diarrhoea), they were transferred to the special <em>Durchfall-lager. </em>There Rebecca improved slightly, but her daughter got sicker and sicker. When the Germans evacuated the camp in January 1945 because of the approaching Allied troops, mother and daughter were actually supposed to join the death march, but because of sick Frieda, they were eventually left together in the sick barracks. There they were liberated by the Soviet army in late <strong>January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h563g\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Frieda recounted after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Alone I would not have survived. Alone you couldn't have survived. My mother helped me survive physically, and I helped her survive mentally. (...)'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Amsterdam, Amstellaan 74-I (8 Dec 1942); Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (May 1945); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 Mar 1947); Brooklyn (USA), 423 street 83 (10 Apr 1947); Amsterdam, Louise de Colignystraat 29I (22 July 1960); Bussum, Ceintuurbaan 281 (26 Sept 1979).<sup data-footnote-id=\"942wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zeewt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 35-38; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/600848/verraad</a> (geraadpleegd 2 augustus 2022). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzzyi\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda,</em> p. 45-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j7rnl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri4bo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geciteerd in Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kma\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 57, 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tr5b\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2i0sb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h563g\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p. 63-69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9uavh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Liempt, <em>Frieda</em>, p.66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tetmd\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archhiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester; <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/327284/rebecca-brommet-ritmeester</a> (geraadpleegd 30 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"942wp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rebecca Ritmeester.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1897-01-21",
"death_date": "1983-06-03",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester was the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was with Anne and Margot Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau's Krätzeblock.",
"summary_nl": "Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester was de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die met Anne en Margot Frank in het Krätzeblock van Auschwitz-Birkenau lag.",
"summary_en": "Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester was the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was with Anne and Margot Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau's Krätzeblock.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"id": 2498,
"image": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/93853815-6040-41b7-9805-0f98908c9c7b/",
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"uuid": "93853815-6040-41b7-9805-0f98908c9c7b",
"first_name": "Rozette",
"last_name": "Goldstein - van Cleef",
"infix": "",
"title": "Ronnie Goldstein - van Cleef",
"title_nl": "Ronnie Goldstein - van Cleef",
"title_en": "Ronnie Goldstein - van Cleef",
"content": "<p>Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef was born in Amersfoort on <strong>28 June 1921</strong> and grew up in a liberal Jewish family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"885ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Her younger brother Heiman and sister Alida were born in <strong>1929</strong> and died a few months apart in <strong>1931.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"70qph\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Her father, Meijer van Cleef (1897-1943), was a sales representative and through his business trips to Germany was well informed about the situation in Germany and what was happening to the Jewish population there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1936</strong>, the family moved from Amersfoort to Pletterijstraat 53 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At seventeen, Ronnie became a member of the Jewish youth association <em>Tot Ons Plezier</em> (TOP).<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At an early age, she started singing and writing poetry; something she kept doing even in the camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Resistance</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the German invasion, Ronnie joined the resistance as early as <strong>early 1941</strong>. Together with her then boyfriend Kurt Heinz Reiner (1921-1944), she was in a - mostly Jewish - resistance group consisting of four young men and two young women.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The group arranged hiding addresses and forged identity cards. One of the women worked as a manager in the <em>KINO- EN FOTOHANDEL KIFO</em> at Fahrenheitstraat 555 in The Hague, where the group met in the back of the shop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njuys\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>early 1941</strong>, a<em> Verwalter </em>(business agent appointed by the Nazis) was assigned to Ronnie's father's business and the family decided to stop living at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With her parents, cousins and nieces, rooms were rented from a boarding house owner friend in The Hague. When the first razzias took place in The Hague <strong>in mid-1942</strong>, the Van Cleef family went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A period followed during which Ronnie lived in hiding at various addresses. On <strong>3 March 1943</strong>, after being betraying by the tenant, her father was arrested in a castle in Almelo where he was in hiding with others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Meijer van Cleef arrived in Westerbork on <strong>6 March</strong> and was put on a transport to Sobibor on <strong>10 March 1943</strong>. There he was murdered immediately after arriving on <strong>13 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her father's arrest, Ronnie van Cleef became more active in the resistance. She started working with Willem Mondriaan (uncle Willem), who was part of Hendrik (Henk) Höften's (1913-1944) group in Almelo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For him, she travelled with people in hiding, and took false papers and voucher cards to Almelo, The Hague, Amsterdam and Zwolle, among other places.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Betrayal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Ronnie met a former schoolmate who asked her for help. That schoolmate turned out to be working as an informant for the notorious SD officer Cornelis (Kees) Johannes Kaptein (1915-1949) and arranged for Ronnie to be followed by Kaptein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1944</strong>, she was arrested on the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After interrogation at Euterpestraat in Amsterdam, Ronnie was transferred to Detention Centre I (Weteringschans).<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> There, in the cell, she met Frieda Menco-Brommet (1925-2019), with whom she became good friends. Frieda Brommet recalled in an interview with the Anne Frank House that she helped Ronnie van Cleef write poems for the male prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>July 1944,</strong> Ronnie van Cleef ended up in one of the prison barracks in Westerbork. On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, like the people from the Secret Annex, she was put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. The transport arrived on<strong> 6 September 1944</strong>, and after the first selections, Ronnie was put in the same barracks as Edith, Anne and Margot Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The Frank sisters regularly stood near her during roll calls, Ronnie recalled in an interview with Willy Lindwer in 1988.<sup data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz-Birkenau, prisoners had to perform forced labour by lugging stones from one side of the camp to the other, and back again. Ronnie wrote a poem for Frieda Brommet about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Ronnie recalled that she braved the horrors of the camp by immersing herself in memories of beautiful things and mainly in music.<sup data-footnote-id=\"otugs\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not long after arriving at the camp, she contracted scarlet fever and ended up in a sick barracks. That is also where Frieda and the Frank sisters eventually ended up. Frieda's mother, Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989), and Edith Frank, provided food for the four in the infirmary by digging a hole under the hut through which they passed the food.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34kza\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Ronnie recalled how she would sing for the Frank girls in the barracks to keep their spirits up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After six weeks there, she had recovered enough to be released from the infirmary and managed to join the 50 Dutch women selected for forced labour in Libau. The women worked six and a half days a week in a factory and were free on Sunday afternoons. One of her camp mates, Bloeme Evers-Emden (1926-2016), recalled that during those free hours, songs were sung that Ronnie had written to opera and operetta melodies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 May 1945</strong>, the women in Libau were liberated by the Soviet army. On <strong>18 May</strong>, they began their journey back to the Netherlands. Via Prague, Limburg and Eindhoven, Ronnie eventually arrived in The Hague and was reunited with her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the trial of SD officer Cornelis Kaptein, Ronnie van Cleef was among the witnesses. Kaptein was given the death penalty on <strong>21 July 1949</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1949</strong>, Ronnie married Benjamin Jacques van Dijk (1921-2001) whom she divorced in <strong>1968</strong>. In <strong>1971</strong>, she married Fritz Goldstein (1921-2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To process her war trauma, Ronnie took up drawing and poetry. In <strong>1990</strong>, she published her poems about the concentration camps in a book <em>Een hoed vol liefde</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"885ki\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam (SAA), DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/76cdc3fe-04fe-46a2-b848-0cfde7e05729?person=9853343b-16e1-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef</a>; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 177.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70qph\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Saar Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd. Ronnie Goldstein-Van Cleef over jeugd, verzet, concentratiekampen en het leven daarna.</em> Kampen: Ten Have, 2005, p. 19-20. Zie ook; <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777\">https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777</a> (geraadpleegd 7 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 27. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonsoonkaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mogelijk gaat dit om deTOP-groep, een Joodse padvinderijgroep in Den Haag; daar is ze echter in haar memoires niet helemaal duidelijk over. Zie : <a href=\"https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/\">https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/</a> (geraadpleegd 29 oktober 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In haar memoires staan verschillende van haar gedichten en voorbeelden van welke muziek ze in haar hoofd had in het kamp. Zie bijvoorbeeld Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Reiner werd uiteindelijk verraden en kwam om in Auschwitz. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20</a> (geraadpleegd 30 september 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njuys\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Advertentie KIFO', in: <em>Haagsche courant,</em> 19 april 1940, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096</a>; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34-35. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.35; <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kaart V. Cleef, Meijer, Document ID 130270702, Arolsen Archives, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften\">https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022); <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20H%C3%B6ften\">https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20Höften</a> (3 oktober 2022); Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.181; Roelofs, <em>Nog Altijd</em>, p.38-48.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 181-182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cornelis Kaptein zou zichzelf tijdens de oorlog de ‘grootste jodenhater’ hebben genoemd. Hij werd na de oorlog ter dood veroordeeld en op 21 juli 1947 geëxecuteerd. Zie onder andere ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21-07-1949, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028</a> en ‘Jodin in dienst der S.D.: Op één dag 29 menschen verraden’ in: <em>Nijmeegsch dagblad</em>, 28-12-1946, via Delpher <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 182-183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Ronnie zelf vertelde over het maken van gedichtjes en briefjes in de gevangenis. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p.184; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In een interview met de Anne Frank Stichting vertelde Ronnie dat ze in Auschwitz in blok 29 zat met de familie Frank. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Ronnie Goldstein van Cleef, 13 december 1994. Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 191.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 195.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,</em> Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 58. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"otugs\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 194; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 59, 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"34kza\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 78-84; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 197, 201. Ook Frieda Brommet vertelde hierover. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p .200.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 139; AFS, Getuigenarchief. Interview Bloeme Everts-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Haar moeder Vrouwtje van Cleef-Hilversum (1898-1971) wist de oorlog door onderduik te overleven. Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 107-114.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 123; ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21 juli 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef werd op <strong>28 juni 1921</strong> geboren in Amersfoort en groeide op in een liberaal Joods gezin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"885ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haar jongere broertje Heiman en haar zusje Alida werden in <strong>1929</strong> geboren en stierven enkele maanden na elkaar in <strong>1931.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"70qph\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Haar vader, Meijer van Cleef (1897-1943), was handelsvertegenwoordiger en was door zijn zakenreizen naar Duitsland goed op de hoogte van de situatie in Duitsland en wat er met de Joodse bevolking daar gebeurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1936</strong> verhuisde het gezin van Amersfoort naar de Pletterijstraat 53 in Den Haag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op haar zeventiende werd Ronnie lid van de Joodse jeugdvereniging <em>Tot Ons Plezier</em> (TOP).<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Al op jonge leeftijd begon ze met zingen en het schrijven van gedichten; iets wat ze ook in de kampen bleef vohouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Verzet</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Duitse inval ging Ronnie al <strong>begin 1941</strong> in het verzet. Samen met haar toenmalige vriendje Kurt Heinz Reiner (1921-1944) zat ze in een - grotendeels Joodse - verzetsgroep die bestond uit vier jonge mannen en twee jonge vrouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De groep regelde onderduikadressen en vervalste persoonsbewijzen. Eén van de vrouwen werkte als bedrijfsleider in de <em>KINO- EN FOTOHANDEL KIFO</em> op de Fahrenheitstraat 555 in Den Haag, waar de groep achter in de zaak samenkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njuys\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>begin 1941</strong> kwam er in de zaak van Ronnie’s vader een<em> Verwalter </em>(door de nazi’s aangewezen zaakwaarnemer) en besloot het gezin niet meer thuis te wonen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Met haar ouders, neven en nichten werden er kamers gehuurd bij een bevriende pensioneigenaar in Den Haag. Toen <strong>midden 1942</strong> de eerste razzia’s in Den Haag plaatsvonden, dook het gezin Van Cleef onder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er volgde een periode waarin Ronnie op verschillende adressen onderdook. Op <strong>3 maart 1943</strong> werd haar vader, na verraad van de pachter, gearresteerd in een kasteel in Almelo waar hij samen met anderen ondergedoken zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Meijer van Cleef kwam op <strong>6 maart</strong> aan in Westerbork en werd op <strong>10 maart 1943</strong> op transport gesteld naar Sobibor. Daar werd hij na aankomst op <strong>13 maart 1943</strong> meteen vermoord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie van haar vader zou Ronnie van Cleef actiever zijn geworden in het verzet. Ze ging samenwerken met Willem Mondriaan (oom Willem), die deel was van de groep van Hendrik (Henk) Höften (1913-1944) in Almelo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Voor hem reisde ze met onderduikers, valse papieren en bonkaarten onder meer naar Almelo, Den Haag, Amsterdam en Zwolle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Verraad</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> kwam Ronnie een oud-schoolgenoot tegen die haar om hulp vroeg. Die schoolgenoot bleek als informant voor de beruchte SD’er Cornelis (Kees) Johannes Kaptein (1915-1949) te werken en zorgde ervoor dat Ronnie geschaduwd werd door Kaptein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In <strong>juni 1944</strong> werd ze in de trein gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na verhoor op de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam werd Ronnie overgeplaatst naar het Huis van Bewaring I (Weteringschans).<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Daar leerde ze in de cel Frieda Menco - Brommet (1925-2019) kennen, met wie ze goed bevriend raakte. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich in een interview met de Anne Frank Stichting dat ze Ronnie van Cleef hielp met het maken van gedichten voor de mannelijke gevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>juli 1944</strong> kwam Ronnie van Cleef in een van de strafbarakken in Westerbork terecht. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>werd ze, net als de onderduikers uit het Achterhuis, op transport gesteld naar concentratie- en vernietigingskamp Auschwitz. Op<strong> 6 september 1944 </strong>kwam het transport aan en na de eerste selecties kwam Ronnie met Edith, Anne en Margot Frank in dezelfde barak in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook tijdens het appel stonden de zusje Frank regelmatig in de buurt van haar, herinnerde Ronnie zich in een interview met Willy Lindwer in 1988.<sup data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz-Birkenau moesten de gevangenen dwangarbeid verrichten door stenen van de ene kant, naar de andere kant van het kamp te sjouwen en weer terug. Ronnie schreef er voor Frieda Brommet een gedicht over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Ronnie herinnerde zich dat ze de verschrikkingen in het kamp trotseerde door weg te duiken in herinneringen aan mooi dingen en voornamelijk in muziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"otugs\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Niet lang na aankomst in het kamp kreeg ze roodvonk en kwam ze in een ziekenbarak terecht. Daar kwamen uiteindelijk ook Frieda en de zusjes Frank te liggen. De moeder van Frieda, Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989), en Edith Frank, zorgden voor eten voor de vier zieken door een gat te graven onder de barak waar ze het voedsel doorheen gaven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34kza\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Ronnie herinnerde dat ze in de barak veel voor de meisjes Frank heeft gezongen om de moed erin te houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na zes weken in de ziekenbarak was ze genoeg opgeknapt om uit de ziekenbarak te worden ontslagen en wist ze mee te komen met de 50 Nederlandse vrouwen die geselecteerd waren voor dwangarbeid in Libau. De vrouwen werkten zes en halve dag per week in een fabriek en waren op zondagmiddag vrij. Een van haar kampgenoten, Bloeme Evers-Emden (1926-2016) herinnerde zich dat tijdens die vrije uren liedjes werden gezongen die Ronnie had geschreven op opera- en operettemelodieën.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bevrijding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> werden de vrouwen in Libau door het Sovjetleger bevrijd. Op <strong>18 mei </strong>begonnen ze aan hun terugreis naar Nederland. Via Praag, Limburg en Eindhoven kwam Ronnie uiteindelijk in Den Haag aan en werd ze herenigd met haar moeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens het proces van SD’er Cornelis Kaptein was Ronnie van Cleef van de getuigen. Kaptein kreeg op <strong>21 juli 1949 </strong>de doodstraf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1949</strong> trouwde Ronnie met Benjamin Jacques van Dijk (1921-2001) waar ze in <strong>1968</strong> van scheidde. In <strong>1971</strong> hertrouwde ze met Fritz Goldstein (1921-2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Om haar oorlogstrauma’s te verwerken, ging Ronnie tekenen en dichten. In <strong>1990</strong> publiceerde ze haar gedichten over de concentratiekampen in een boek <em>Een hoed vol liefde</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"885ki\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam (SAA), DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/76cdc3fe-04fe-46a2-b848-0cfde7e05729?person=9853343b-16e1-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef</a>; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 177.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70qph\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Saar Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd. Ronnie Goldstein-Van Cleef over jeugd, verzet, concentratiekampen en het leven daarna.</em> Kampen: Ten Have, 2005, p. 19-20. Zie ook; <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777\">https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777</a> (geraadpleegd 7 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 27. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonsoonkaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mogelijk gaat dit om deTOP-groep, een Joodse padvinderijgroep in Den Haag; daar is ze echter in haar memoires niet helemaal duidelijk over. Zie : <a href=\"https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/\">https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/</a> (geraadpleegd 29 oktober 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In haar memoires staan verschillende van haar gedichten en voorbeelden van welke muziek ze in haar hoofd had in het kamp. Zie bijvoorbeeld Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Reiner werd uiteindelijk verraden en kwam om in Auschwitz. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20</a> (geraadpleegd 30 september 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njuys\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Advertentie KIFO', in: <em>Haagsche courant,</em> 19 april 1940, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096</a>; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34-35. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.35; <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/</a> (03-10-2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kaart V. Cleef, Meijer, Document ID 130270702, Arolsen Archives, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften\">https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022); <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20H%C3%B6ften\">https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20Höften</a> (3 oktober 2022); Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.181; Roelofs, <em>Nog Altijd</em>, p.38-48.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 181-182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cornelis Kaptein zou zichzelf tijdens de oorlog de ‘grootste jodenhater’ hebben genoemd. Hij werd na de oorlog ter dood veroordeeld en op 21 juli 1947 geëxecuteerd. Zie onder andere ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21-07-1949, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028</a> en ‘Jodin in dienst der S.D.: Op één dag 29 menschen verraden’ in: <em>Nijmeegsch dagblad</em>, 28-12-1946, via Delpher <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 182-183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Ronnie zelf vertelde over het maken van gedichtjes en briefjes in de gevangenis. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p.184; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In een interview met de Anne Frank Stichting vertelde Ronnie dat ze in Auschwitz in blok 29 zat met de familie Frank. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Ronnie Goldstein van Cleef, 13 december 1994. Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 191.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 195.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,</em> Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 58. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"otugs\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 194; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 59, 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"34kza\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 78-84; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 197, 201. Ook Frieda Brommet vertelde hierover. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p .200.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 139; AFS, Getuigenarchief. Interview Bloeme Everts-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Haar moeder Vrouwtje van Cleef-Hilversum (1898-1971) wist de oorlog door onderduik te overleven. Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 107-114.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 123; ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21 juli 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef was born in Amersfoort on <strong>28 June 1921</strong> and grew up in a liberal Jewish family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"885ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Her younger brother Heiman and sister Alida were born in <strong>1929</strong> and died a few months apart in <strong>1931.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"70qph\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Her father, Meijer van Cleef (1897-1943), was a sales representative and through his business trips to Germany was well informed about the situation in Germany and what was happening to the Jewish population there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1936</strong>, the family moved from Amersfoort to Pletterijstraat 53 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At seventeen, Ronnie became a member of the Jewish youth association <em>Tot Ons Plezier</em> (TOP).<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At an early age, she started singing and writing poetry; something she kept doing even in the camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Resistance</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the German invasion, Ronnie joined the resistance as early as <strong>early 1941</strong>. Together with her then boyfriend Kurt Heinz Reiner (1921-1944), she was in a - mostly Jewish - resistance group consisting of four young men and two young women.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The group arranged hiding addresses and forged identity cards. One of the women worked as a manager in the <em>KINO- EN FOTOHANDEL KIFO</em> at Fahrenheitstraat 555 in The Hague, where the group met in the back of the shop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njuys\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>early 1941</strong>, a<em> Verwalter </em>(business agent appointed by the Nazis) was assigned to Ronnie's father's business and the family decided to stop living at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With her parents, cousins and nieces, rooms were rented from a boarding house owner friend in The Hague. When the first razzias took place in The Hague <strong>in mid-1942</strong>, the Van Cleef family went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A period followed during which Ronnie lived in hiding at various addresses. On <strong>3 March 1943</strong>, after being betraying by the tenant, her father was arrested in a castle in Almelo where he was in hiding with others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Meijer van Cleef arrived in Westerbork on <strong>6 March</strong> and was put on a transport to Sobibor on <strong>10 March 1943</strong>. There he was murdered immediately after arriving on <strong>13 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her father's arrest, Ronnie van Cleef became more active in the resistance. She started working with Willem Mondriaan (uncle Willem), who was part of Hendrik (Henk) Höften's (1913-1944) group in Almelo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For him, she travelled with people in hiding, and took false papers and voucher cards to Almelo, The Hague, Amsterdam and Zwolle, among other places.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Betrayal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Ronnie met a former schoolmate who asked her for help. That schoolmate turned out to be working as an informant for the notorious SD officer Cornelis (Kees) Johannes Kaptein (1915-1949) and arranged for Ronnie to be followed by Kaptein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1944</strong>, she was arrested on the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After interrogation at Euterpestraat in Amsterdam, Ronnie was transferred to Detention Centre I (Weteringschans).<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> There, in the cell, she met Frieda Menco-Brommet (1925-2019), with whom she became good friends. Frieda Brommet recalled in an interview with the Anne Frank House that she helped Ronnie van Cleef write poems for the male prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>July 1944,</strong> Ronnie van Cleef ended up in one of the prison barracks in Westerbork. On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, like the people from the Secret Annex, she was put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. The transport arrived on<strong> 6 September 1944</strong>, and after the first selections, Ronnie was put in the same barracks as Edith, Anne and Margot Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The Frank sisters regularly stood near her during roll calls, Ronnie recalled in an interview with Willy Lindwer in 1988.<sup data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz-Birkenau, prisoners had to perform forced labour by lugging stones from one side of the camp to the other, and back again. Ronnie wrote a poem for Frieda Brommet about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Ronnie recalled that she braved the horrors of the camp by immersing herself in memories of beautiful things and mainly in music.<sup data-footnote-id=\"otugs\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not long after arriving at the camp, she contracted scarlet fever and ended up in a sick barracks. That is also where Frieda and the Frank sisters eventually ended up. Frieda's mother, Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989), and Edith Frank, provided food for the four in the infirmary by digging a hole under the hut through which they passed the food.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34kza\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Ronnie recalled how she would sing for the Frank girls in the barracks to keep their spirits up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After six weeks there, she had recovered enough to be released from the infirmary and managed to join the 50 Dutch women selected for forced labour in Libau. The women worked six and a half days a week in a factory and were free on Sunday afternoons. One of her camp mates, Bloeme Evers-Emden (1926-2016), recalled that during those free hours, songs were sung that Ronnie had written to opera and operetta melodies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 May 1945</strong>, the women in Libau were liberated by the Soviet army. On <strong>18 May</strong>, they began their journey back to the Netherlands. Via Prague, Limburg and Eindhoven, Ronnie eventually arrived in The Hague and was reunited with her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the trial of SD officer Cornelis Kaptein, Ronnie van Cleef was among the witnesses. Kaptein was given the death penalty on <strong>21 July 1949</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1949</strong>, Ronnie married Benjamin Jacques van Dijk (1921-2001) whom she divorced in <strong>1968</strong>. In <strong>1971</strong>, she married Fritz Goldstein (1921-2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To process her war trauma, Ronnie took up drawing and poetry. In <strong>1990</strong>, she published her poems about the concentration camps in a book <em>Een hoed vol liefde</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"885ki\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam (SAA), DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/76cdc3fe-04fe-46a2-b848-0cfde7e05729?person=9853343b-16e1-56a3-e053-b784100ade19\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef</a>; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 177.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70qph\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Saar Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd. Ronnie Goldstein-Van Cleef over jeugd, verzet, concentratiekampen en het leven daarna.</em> Kampen: Ten Have, 2005, p. 19-20. Zie ook; <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777\">https://www.geni.com/people/Heiman-van-Cleef/6000000042768243777</a> (geraadpleegd 7 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w24iw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 27. Zie ook <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/143067/meijer-van-cleef</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5oaah\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonsoonkaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart Rozette van Cleef.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1lxf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mogelijk gaat dit om deTOP-groep, een Joodse padvinderijgroep in Den Haag; daar is ze echter in haar memoires niet helemaal duidelijk over. Zie : <a href=\"https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/\">https://www.joodserfgoeddenhaag.nl/t-o-p-groep-een-joodse-padvindersgroep-in-den-haag-1932-1941/</a> (geraadpleegd 29 oktober 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 25-26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3y31w\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In haar memoires staan verschillende van haar gedichten en voorbeelden van welke muziek ze in haar hoofd had in het kamp. Zie bijvoorbeeld Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3mw5e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Reiner werd uiteindelijk verraden en kwam om in Auschwitz. Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/540294/about-kurt-heinz-reiner%20</a> (geraadpleegd 30 september 2022); Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njuys\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Advertentie KIFO', in: <em>Haagsche courant,</em> 19 april 1940, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110527851:mpeg21:a0096</a>; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 34-35. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrdo1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.35; <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/verwalter/</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bojsn\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p.36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d94ev\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wo7k\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kaart V. Cleef, Meijer, Document ID 130270702, Arolsen Archives, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130270702?s=Meijer%20Cleef&t=2575089&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktokber 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7zwk\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften\">https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/personen/67413/hendrik-huften</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022); <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20H%C3%B6ften\">https://www.oorlogsbronnen.nl/thema/Groep%20Henk%20Höften</a> (3 oktober 2022); Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.181; Roelofs, <em>Nog Altijd</em>, p.38-48.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3s7qu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 181-182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sxzh6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cornelis Kaptein zou zichzelf tijdens de oorlog de ‘grootste jodenhater’ hebben genoemd. Hij werd na de oorlog ter dood veroordeeld en op 21 juli 1947 geëxecuteerd. Zie onder andere ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21-07-1949, via Delpher: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828971:mpeg21:a0028</a> en ‘Jodin in dienst der S.D.: Op één dag 29 menschen verraden’ in: <em>Nijmeegsch dagblad</em>, 28-12-1946, via Delpher <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002\">https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRANM03:048374072:mpeg21:a00002</a> (geraadpleegd 3 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5whyl\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn2xm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 49-53; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 182-183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebsii\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Ronnie zelf vertelde over het maken van gedichtjes en briefjes in de gevangenis. Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p.184; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mksyu\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In een interview met de Anne Frank Stichting vertelde Ronnie dat ze in Auschwitz in blok 29 zat met de familie Frank. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Ronnie Goldstein van Cleef, 13 december 1994. Lindwer<em>, De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 191.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"odj3t\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 195.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ndxc2\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork,</em> Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 58. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"otugs\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 194; Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 59, 77.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"34kza\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 78-84; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 197, 201. Ook Frieda Brommet vertelde hierover. AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9il3\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p .200.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kzlkh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 139; AFS, Getuigenarchief. Interview Bloeme Everts-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya95u\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Haar moeder Vrouwtje van Cleef-Hilversum (1898-1971) wist de oorlog door onderduik te overleven. Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 107-114.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y7tug\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Roelofs, <em>Nog altijd</em>, p. 123; ‘Doodvonnis C.J. Kaptein voltrokken’ in: <em>Het Parool</em>, 21 juli 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbdo4\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Goldstein-van_Cleef</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1921-06-28",
"death_date": "2008-01-29",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amersfoort",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Ronnie van Cleef was with Anne and Margot Frank in the scabies hut at Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_nl": "Ronnie van Cleef lag samen met Anne en Margot Frank in de schurftbarak in Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_en": "Ronnie van Cleef was with Anne and Margot Frank in the scabies hut at Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124423,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"description": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Krätzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
"summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
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"name": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"name_nl": "Anne en Margot in de schurftbarak",
"name_en": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"content": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven Anne en Margot vanwege schurft tijdelijk in het zogenaamde Krätzeblock – de barak voor schurftlijders. Het is onduidelijk wanneer en hoe lang Anne en Margot precies in deze ziekenbarak hebben verbleven, maar er zijn verschillende getuigen die de aanwezigheid van de zusjes in het Krätzeblock bevestigen. Zo kwamen ook Ronnie van Cleef en Frieda Brommet al snel na hun aankomst in het Krätzeblock terecht en trokken ze daar samen op met Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in het Krätzeblock waren slecht. De zieken werden grotendeels aan hun lot overgelaten en waren afhankelijk van hun medegevangenen. Om haar dochters te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, de moeder van Frieda Brommet, en geholpen door Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te kunnen geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat extra eten kregen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En in die periode dat Ronnie en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze… Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ (...) En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (…).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot volgens Frieda Brommet uit de ziekenbarak ontslagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-10-30",
"summary": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot verbleven vanwege schurft tijdelijk in een ziekenbarak. Hun moeder Edith groef samen met andere vrouwen een gat onder de houten barakwand om extra eten te geven aan haar dochters.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
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"name": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels' date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck's timeline, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when 101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over het lot van Herman van Pels zijn slechts enkele summiere getuigenissen overgeleverd. Vermoedelijk werd op <strong>3 oktober 1944</strong> Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn een verklaring van <strong>februari 1961</strong> zegt het Rode Kruis, Hermann van Pels op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> als gestorven te beschouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dat zou betekenen dat hij direct bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau is vergast. Hermann van Pels is echter bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau zesenveertig jaar oud en behoort dus niet tot de leeftijdscategorie (vijftig jaar en ouder) die in de regel (behoudens vele uitzonderingen) meteen geselecteerd wordt voor de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog geprobeerd de deportaties naar Auschwitz en andere kampen, langs de weg van collectieve reconstructie, in kaart te brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Rode Kruis reconstrueert de overlijdensdatum van vermisten van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de eerste selectie op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> overleefden, tussen <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong> en uiterlijk <strong>15 maart 1945</strong>. Hierdoor wordt in sommige bronnen <strong>15 maart 1945</strong> genoemd als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nVolgens Fritzi Frank heeft Otto Frank herhaaldelijk verklaard dat Hermann van Pels de eerste selectie van <strong>6 september 1944</strong> is doorgekomen. Tijdens werkzaamheden in een buitencommando bezeert hij enkele weken later in oktober of november ernstig zijn duim. Hij krijgt daarom Zimmerdienst. Vervolgens komt er een selectie die Van Pels noodlottig zou zijn geworden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In een ander interview uit noemt Otto Frank ook <strong>5 oktober 1944</strong> als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>juli 1943</strong> waren er geen vergassingen meer In Auschwitz I, het kamp waar Hermann van Pels gevangen zat. Als Hermann van Pels vergast is, dan is dit gebeurd in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) waar de crematoria in werking waren tot <strong>november 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, een medegevangene uit het transport van <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>van Westerbork naar Auschwitz, heeft verklaard dat hij Hermann van Pels niet meer gezien heeft na een selectie van mensen die <em>Blockschonung </em>hadden (dispensatie van werk vanwege een arbeidskwetsuur).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van gegevens uit het kalendarium van Danuta Czeck zijn <strong>2</strong> en <strong>7 oktober 1944</strong> mogelijke data waarop Hermann van Pels na selectie in Auschwitz-Birkenau vergast is. Op <strong>2 oktober 1944</strong> voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waarbij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog dezelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. We weten dat meer gevangenen van het transport van<strong> 3 september 1944 </strong>precies op die datum, <strong>3 oktober 1944,</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het is zo goed als zeker dat zij samen met Hermann van Pels op die dag in een van de gaskamers van Auschwitz-Birkenau zijn omgebracht. Hermann was toen 46 jaar oud.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels' date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck's timeline, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when 101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-10-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Vermoedelijk werd op 3 oktober 1944 Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_en": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124423,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"description": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Krätzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
"summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124393,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124422,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50",
"name": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz I: de mannen in het Stammlager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"description": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Alle mannen van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de selectie na aankomst in Birkenau overleefd hadden, gingen na de registratieprocedure te voet naar Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daar kwamen ze terecht in quarantaineblok 8. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog, vaak met twee of meer personen in een bed. Het quarantaineblok was overbevolkt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaine moesten alle gevangenen werken. De meesten werkten aan de <em>Straßenbau</em> – stratenbouw – of in de <em>Kiesgrube</em> – de grindkuil –, waar zij grind op karren moesten laden en deze wegbrengen om straten te verharden. Veel mensen liepen bij dit werk blessures en verwondingen op. Otto Frank heeft na de oorlog verklaard dat hij bij een commando was ingedeeld dat grind moest slepen.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Omdat ik zelf een tijdje in een Kieskommando was, weet ik veel over de zware arbeid die daar moest worden verricht en de mishandelingen die daar vaak aan verbonden waren.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De quarantaineperiode van de mannen uit het transport van 3 september eindigde <strong>begin oktober 1944 </strong>met twee selecties, waarbij opnieuw een groep mannelijke gevangenen die niet meer tot zware arbeid in staat geacht werd, in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Deze selecties zouden ook de dood van Hermann van Pels inluiden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die de selectie wel overleefden, bleven na de quarantaineperiode in Auschwitz I, waar zij bij verschillende arbeidscommando’s werden ingedeeld. Waar Fritz Pfeffer werd ingedeeld, weten we niet. Over de gevangenschap van Pfeffer in Auschwitz is niets teruggevonden in de getuigenissen van overlevenden. Wat we weten is dat hij in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Net als de anderen verbleef hij in quarantaine tot circa <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong>. Rond <strong>11 november 1944</strong> is hij waarschijnlijk geselecteerd voor transport naar kamp Neuengamme, waar hij <strong>tussen</strong> <strong>10 en 18 november</strong> is aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaineperiode werkte Otto Frank eerst in het <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. Daarna kwam hij terecht in de <em>Straßenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Of dit direct na de quarantaineperiode gebeurde, is niet duidelijk. Toen het werk in de Straßenbau vanwege de vorst werd gestaakt, kreeg Otto Frank naar eigen zeggen beter werk, en wel in het Kartoffelschälkommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels kwam na de quarantaineperiode in blok 2 terecht. Otto Frank vertelde in een interview na de oorlog:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘<em>Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de SS’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel daarvan achteroverdrukken. Otto Frank en Peter van Pels zouden elkaar dagelijks gezien hebben totdat Peter midden januari op transport werd gesteld naar kamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was de enige van de onderduikers die de kampen overleefde.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
"summary_nl": "De vier mannelijke onderduikers kwamen na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau in Auschwitz I terecht.",
"summary_en": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"id": 396124661,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
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"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"http://https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
"uuid": "1f31eae1-b6f4-4e50-acb4-9849bad63363",
"content": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women's camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by <strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp's overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> werd het concentratiekamp Auschwitz uitgebreid met een tweede locatie Auschwitz-Birkenau – ook wel Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp lag ongeveer drie kilometer noordwestelijk van het <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, bij het dorpje <em>Birkenau</em>: de Duitse naam voor het Poolse dorpje <em>Brzezinka</em>. De beslissing om de Europese Joden te vermoorden gaf aanleiding tot het aanbrengen van aanpassingen aan de inrichting en doelstelling van dit kamp. Onder leiding van kampcommandant Rudolf Höss (1901-1947) werd het hoofddoel van dit kamp de vernietiging van Joden en de selectie van arbeidskrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was een uitgestrekt terrein van 175 hectare groot en werd aangelegd door Russische krijgsgevangenen en dwangarbeiders. Nadat de eerste groep Russische krijgsgevangenen vrijwel geheel aan de gevolgen van uithongering en uitputting waren overleden, brachten de nazi’s tienduizenden Joden als arbeidsslaven naar Birkenau om hun werk voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Birkenau werd vanaf begin <strong>augustus 1942</strong> een apart vrouwenkamp ingericht. In <strong>september</strong> <strong>1944</strong> kwamen ook de vrouwelijke onderduikers uit het Achterhuis daar terecht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gaskamers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1942</strong> begon de aanbouw van gaskamers in twee leegstaande boerderijen om Joden bij aankomst onmiddellijk te vermoorden met het extreem giftige blauwzuurgas Zyklon B. Ondanks dat het kamp nog in aanbouw was, nam het al snel de moordpraktijk grotendeels over van Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste gaskamer in Birkenau, Bunker I, werd vermoedelijk <strong>half</strong> of <strong>eind mei 1942</strong> in gebruik genomen. Bunker II was waarschijnlijk <strong>eind juni</strong> of <strong>begin juli</strong> klaar voor gebruik. Na Bunker I en II volgden tussen <strong>maart</strong> en <strong>juni 1943</strong> nog de bouw van crematoria en gaskamers II-V. Zo werd Auschwitz-Birkenau vanaf 1943 het centrum van de Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selectie </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau selecteerden SS-artsen de Joodse mensen die geschikt waren voor dwangarbeid; de rest ging direct naar de gaskamer. Hoewel de criteria konden varieren, werden doorgaans kinderen van vijftien en jonger en volwassenen boven de vijftig jaar geselecteerd voor de gaskamer. Ook moeders met kinderen onder de vijftien en zwangere vrouwen werdendirect naar de gaskamer gestuurd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bekendste kamparts van Auschwitz die de selecties uitvoerde was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). Naast de selecties voor de gaskamer deed Mengele ook medische experimenten op gevangenen – veelal vrouwen en tweelingen – met vaak dodelijke afloop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wie niet geselecteerd werd voor de gaskamer werd ingezet voor dwangarbeid en werd opgesloten in een van de overvolle barakken van het kamp. De hygiënische omstandigheden waren er slecht en er was te weinig en slecht voedsel. Veel gevangenen stierven van uitputting en door de vele ziektes die rondgingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen in de<strong> zomer van 1944</strong> het Sovjetleger vanuit het oosten oprukte en de kampen in het bezette Polen naderde, werden steeds meer gevangenen als slavenarbeiders naar kampen in Duitsland gedeporteerd. In dezelfde tijd begonnen de pogingen van de nazi’s om sporen van de massamoord in Auschwitz uit te wissen. Vanaf begin <strong>november 1944</strong> vonden geen vergassingen meer plaats inBirkenau. Gaskamers en crematoria werden ontmanteld en opgeblazen. Toen het Sovjetleger nog dichterbij kwam, volgden in januari 1945 de grote ontruimingstransporten van Auschwitz en moesten 58.000 mannen en vrouwen mee op zogenaamde dodenmarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Er werden ruim 57.000 Joden uit Nederland in Auschwitz vermoord. Slechts 970 Nederlandse Joden keerden levend terug uit het kamp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women's camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by <strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp's overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.178028 50.034695)",
"summary": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
"summary_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (ook Auschwitz II genoemd) was het tweede van de drie grote kampen van het concentratiekampcomplex Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
"same_as": [
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],
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Birkenau",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8b230c9d-950c-47b7-9792-d5d5e5f4d0bf/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8b230c9d-950c-47b7-9792-d5d5e5f4d0bf",
"name": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"name_nl": "Anne en Margot in de schurftbarak",
"name_en": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"content": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven Anne en Margot vanwege schurft tijdelijk in het zogenaamde Krätzeblock – de barak voor schurftlijders. Het is onduidelijk wanneer en hoe lang Anne en Margot precies in deze ziekenbarak hebben verbleven, maar er zijn verschillende getuigen die de aanwezigheid van de zusjes in het Krätzeblock bevestigen. Zo kwamen ook Ronnie van Cleef en Frieda Brommet al snel na hun aankomst in het Krätzeblock terecht en trokken ze daar samen op met Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in het Krätzeblock waren slecht. De zieken werden grotendeels aan hun lot overgelaten en waren afhankelijk van hun medegevangenen. Om haar dochters te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, de moeder van Frieda Brommet, en geholpen door Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te kunnen geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat extra eten kregen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En in die periode dat Ronnie en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze… Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ (...) En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (…).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot volgens Frieda Brommet uit de ziekenbarak ontslagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-10-30",
"summary": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot verbleven vanwege schurft tijdelijk in een ziekenbarak. Hun moeder Edith groef samen met andere vrouwen een gat onder de houten barakwand om extra eten te geven aan haar dochters.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
"same_as": null
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Anne-Frank"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2062,
"image": {
"id": 911,
"uuid": "9735c730-edbb-4247-807c-2d72ae2e9bd8",
"name": "Hannah en Gabi Goslar, 1941",
"title": "Hannah en haar zusje Gabri Goslar",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Foto afkomstig uit privécollectie",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Hannah_en_Gabi_Goslar_1941.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Hannah Goslar en haar zusje Gabriele Goslar, rond 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/121b94d5-e8ca-4079-8d40-d07f2f234f89?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363",
"first_name": "Hannah Elisa",
"last_name": "Goslar",
"infix": "",
"title": "Hanneli Goslar",
"title_nl": "Hanneli Goslar",
"title_en": "Hanneli Goslar",
"content": "<p>Hannah (Hanneli or Lies) Elisabeth Pick-Goslar was born on <strong>12 November 1928</strong> in Berlin to a religious Jewish family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp71f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The family fled to the Netherlands in <strong>1933</strong> and came to live at Merwedeplein 31-I in early <strong>1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There, Hanneli got to know the Frank family right in the first week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Goslar and Frank families became good friends and visited each other very regularly. According to Hanneli, Edith Frank and her mother were '<em>like sisters</em>' and her father and Otto Frank also got along well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>School</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>3 September 1934</strong>, Hanneli went to the school for Preparatory Education No. 51, where Anne Frank had been at school for some time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hanneli remembers the first day of school well: '<em> My mother brought me to school, I didn't know the language yet and my mother was so afraid how it would go, how I would react. But I came in and Anne stood opposite the door by the bells and made them ring. She turned around and I flew into her arms and my mother was at ease to go home</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Hanneli was transferred to the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Anne was also enrolled there from <strong>16 August 1935</strong>. Despite changing class compositions, Hanneli and Anne were in the same class for six years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was issued stipulating that Jewish students could only be taught by Jewish teachers from <strong>1</strong> <strong>September</strong>. Hanneli and Anne subsequently went to the Jewish Lyceum and were in class 1L2 together. Hanneli remembered well how she and Anne were always together at school and chatted a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 June 1938</strong>, Hanneli was deprived of the '<em>deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli's younger sister Rahel Gabriële Ida (Gabi) Goslar was born on <strong>25 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Having a young child and the fact that her mother Ruth Judith Klee was pregnant again two years later meant that going into hiding was not an option for the Goslar family. On <strong>27 October 1942, </strong>Hanneli's mother died in childbirth, the baby having been stillborn a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne wrote about the loss of the Goslar's baby in her diary on <strong>2 November 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She probably did not know then that Hanneli's mother had also died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 June 1943 </strong>during the big raid in Amsterdam South, the Goslar family was rounded up and taken to Camp Westerbork. From there, Hanneli, her father and her sister Gabi were deported to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 February 1944</strong>. There Hanneli was put in the <em>Sternlager</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Encounters with Anne</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A year later, in <strong>February 1945</strong>, Hanneli heard that Anne was in the camp section next to the <em>Sternlager</em>, called <em>Kleines Frauenlager. </em>A fence ran between the camp sections separating the <em>Sternlager</em> from the <em>Frauenlager</em>. Hanneli remembered hearing the voice of Auguste van Pels, who then put her in touch with Anne. Ilse and Marty van Collem may also have been present at the meetings at the fence a few times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Hanneli, when they first met, she and Anne stood at the fence crying and related their experiences to each other. For instance, Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. Hanneli herself had been under the impression that Anne was in Switzerland with her family.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because conditions in the <em>Sternlager</em> were relatively better than in the <em>Frauenlager</em>, after the first meeting, Hanneli collected a parcel with food and clothes for Anne. The next evening, she threw a parcel over the fence. An unknown woman caught the parcel and ran off with it, much to Anne's frustration. A few days later, Hanneli had put together another parcel. This time it did reach Anne. It was the last contact between Anne and Hanneli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> They had met at the fence three times.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since the first meeting with Anne came about through the intervention of Auguste van Pels, it must have taken place <strong>in late January</strong> or early <strong>February 1945</strong>. In fact, according to a transport list, Auguste was been deported to Raguhn (sub-camp of Buchenwald) as early as <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Moreover, the parcel contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her father's death on <strong>25 February 1945</strong>, Hanneli and her sister were transported to Theresienstadt <strong>in early April 1945</strong>. Eventually, the train stranded near the villages of Tröbitz and Schilda and they were liberated there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Return</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1945</strong>, Hanneli returned to the Netherlands and first spent a few months in the hospital in Maastricht because of typhus fever.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Otto Frank visited her there <strong>in early August</strong> and told her that Anne was no longer alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, she moved to the Joodse Invalide in Amsterdam. Otto Frank also visited her there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> With Otto Frank's help, she and her sister Gabi were reunited with her uncle Hans Klee in Switzerland on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Even after Hanneli emigrated to Israel, she stayed in contact with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>Hanneli Goslar is frequently mentioned in Anne's diary. In the diary, Hanneli is also referred to as 'Lies Goosens' by Anne.\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Berlin; Nieuwe Hoogstraat 9-11, Amsterdam (Hotel Hiegentlich), Merwedeplein 31-I, Zuider Amstellaan 16 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"032dd\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp71f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For the life story of Hannah Goslar, see: Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Memories of Anne Frank: reflections of a childhood friend</em>, New York, NY: Scholastic Press, 1997; Hannah Pick-Goslar with Dina Kraft, <em>My friend Anne Frank</em>, London: Rider, 2023</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC),A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnr. 308.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 35-36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Georg Lehmann & Michael Hepp (Einl.), <em>Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsangehöriger 1933 – 45 nach den im Reichsanzeiger veröffentlichten Listen. Band 1. Listen in chronologischer Reihenfolge</em>, München: Saur, 1985, p. 59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. Goslar en Arciefkaart Rahel Gabriële Ida Goslar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 26 oktober 1942 om 10 uur ’s ochtends beviel Ruth Goslar-Klee van een kind, dat bij de Burgerlijke Stand als levenloos werd aangegeven (SAA, reg. 14, fol. 4: Akte van overlijden, 26 oktober 1942.) Een dag later, op 27 oktober 1942 om acht uur ’s avond overleed Ruth Goslar Klee zelf ook (SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6960: register van overlijdensakten 1942, deel 14, 4v, akte 19 en 6v, akte 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verson A, 2 November 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 39 en 45; AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: transcriptie interview met Hanneli Pick - Goslar, afgenomen op 6 mei 2009 door David de Jongh, p. 68, Interview deel e, tijdcode 08:44:05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigen Verhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, getuigen Verhalen II, interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collum. 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 44-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2-3, tijdcode 12:37:10– 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 1 - 3 augustus.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 25 en 29 september, 6, 9 en 12 oktober en 1 november.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2, tijdcode 12:38:24 – 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 50-51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; 'Holocaust survivor Hanna Pick-Goslar passes away at 93', Jerusalem Post, 28 oktober 2022, <a href=\"https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"032dd\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA. Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslear en Archiefkaart Ruth Judith Klee.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hannah (Hanneli of Lies) Elisabeth Pick-Goslar werd op <strong>12 november 1928</strong> geboren in Berlijn in een religieus Joods gezin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8r68p\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gezin vluchtte in <strong>1933</strong> naar Nederland en kwam begin <strong>1934</strong> te wonen op het Merwedeplein 31-I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar leerde Hanneli meteen in de eerste week de familie Frank kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De gezinnen Goslar en Frank raakten goed bevriend en kwamen zeer regelmatig bij elkaar over de vloer. Volgens Hanneli waren Edith Frank en haar moeder ‘<em>als zussen</em>’ en konden ook haar vader en Otto Frank het goed met elkaar vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>School</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>3 september 1934</strong> ging Hanneli naar de school voor Voorbereidend Onderwijs No. 51, waar Anne Frank al langer op school zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De eerste schooldag herinnert Hanneli zich nog goed: ‘<em>Mijn moeder bracht me naar school, ik kende de taal nog niet en mijn moeder was zo bang hoe het zou gaan, hoe ik zou reageren. Maar ik kwam binnen en Anne stond tegenover de deur bij de belletjes en liet ze rinkelen. Ze draaide zich om en ik vloog in haar armen en mijn moeder kon gerust naar huis gaan</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 juli 1935</strong> werd Hanneli overgeschreven naar de Zesde Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ook Anne stond daar vanaf <strong>16 augustus 1935</strong> ingeschreven. Ondanks de wisselende klassamenstellingen zaten Hanneli en Anne zes jaar lang bij elkaar in de klas.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> kwam een verordening die bepaalde dat Joodse leerlingen per <strong>1 september</strong> alleen nog les mochten krijgen van Joodse leraren. Hanneli en Anne gingen daarop naar het Joods Lyceum en zaten daar samen in klas 1L2. Hanneli herinnerde zich nog goed hoe zij en Anne op school altijd samen waren en veel kletsten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 juni 1938</strong> werd Hanneli de ‘<em>deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit</em>’ afgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli’s jongere zusje Rahel Gabriële Ida (Gabi) Goslar werd op <strong>25 oktober 1940</strong> geboren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Een jong kind en het feit dat haar moeder Ruth Judith Klee twee jaar later opnieuw zwanger was, maakte dat onderduiken voor de familie Goslar geen optie was. Op <strong>27 oktober 1942 </strong>stierf Hanneli's moeder in het kraambed, nadat de baby een dag eerder doodgeboren was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne schreef over het verlies van de baby van de Goslars in haar dagboek op <strong>2 november 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Waarschijnlijk wist zij toen niet dat ook de moeder van Hanneli was overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>20 juni 1943 </strong>bij de grote razzia in Amsterdam Zuid werd het gezin Goslar opgepakt en naar kamp Westerbork gebracht. Vanuit daar werden Hanneli, haar vader en haar zusje Gabi op <strong>15 februari 1944</strong> naar Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd. Daar verbleef Hanneli in het <em>Sternlager</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoetingen met Anne</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een jaar later hoorde Hanneli in <strong>februari 1945</strong> dat Anne in het kampdeel naast het <em>Sternlager</em> zat, genaamd <em>Kleines Frauenlager. </em>Tussen de kampdelen liep een hek waarmee het <em>Sternlager</em> van het <em>Frauenlager</em> gescheiden werd. Hanneli herinnerde zich dat ze de stem van Auguste van Pels hoorde die haar vervolgens in contact bracht met Anne. Mogelijk waren ook Ilse en Marty van Collem enkele keren bij de ontmoetingen aan het hek aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Hanneli stonden zij en Anne bij de eerste ontmoeting huilend bij het hek en brachten ze elkaar op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Zo herinnerde Hanneli zich dat Anne vertelde dat ze dacht dat haar ouders dood waren. Hanneli verkeerde zelf in de veronderstelling dat Anne met haar familie in Zwitserland zat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de omstandigheden in het <em>Sternlager</em> relatief beter waren dan in het <em>Frauenlager</em> verzamelde Hanneli na de eerste ontmoeting, een pakketje met eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond gooide ze een pakketje over het hek. Een onbekende vrouw ving pakje op en ging ermee vandoor, tot grote frustratie van Anne. Enkele dagen later had Hanneli een nieuw pakketje samengesteld. Dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne terecht. Het was het laatste contact tussen Anne en Hanneli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ze hadden elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de eerste ontmoeting met Anne tot stand kwam door tussenkomst van Auguste van Pels moet deze ontmoeting <strong>eind januari</strong> of begin <strong>februari 1945</strong> hebben plaatsgevonden. Auguste zou namelijk volgens een transportlijst al op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald) zijn gedeporteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Bovendien zaten in het pakketje spullen die afkomstig waren uit een Rode Kruispakket. De grootmoeder van Hanneli had omstreeks <strong>23 januari 1945</strong> een Rode Kruispakket ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de dood van haar vader op <strong>25 februari 1945</strong> ging Hanneli samen met haar zusje <strong>begin april 1945</strong> op transport naar Theresienstadt. Uiteindelijk strandde de trein ter hoogte van de dorpen Tröbitz en Schilda en werden ze daar bevrijd. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Terugkeer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli 1945</strong> kwam Hanneli terug in Nederland en verbleef ze vanwege tyfus eerst een paar maanden in het ziekenhuis in Maastricht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Otto Frank zocht haar daar <strong>begin augustus</strong> op en vertelde haar dat Anne niet meer leefde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Kort daarna verhuisde ze naar de Joodse Invalide in Amsterdam. Ook daar bezocht Otto Frank haar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Met hulp van Otto Frank werd ze op <strong>5 december 1945 </strong>samen met haar zusje Gabi herenigd met haar oom Hans Klee in Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook nadat Hanneli naar Israël emigreerde, bleef het contact met Otto Frank bestaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p><br />\r\nHanneli Goslar wordt regelmatig in het dagboek van Anne genoemd. In het dagboek wordt Hanneli door Anne ook wel ‘Lies Goosens’ genoemd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Berlijn; Nieuwe Hoogstraat 9-11, Amsterdam (hotel Hiegentlich), Merwedeplein 31-I, Zuider Amstellaan 16 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"032dd\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8r68p\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor het levensverhaal van Hannah Goslar, zie: Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Anne Frank, mijn beste vriendin: het verhaal van Hanneli Goslar</em>, Assen: Kluitman, 1999; Hannah Pick-Goslar met Dina Kraft, <em>Mijn vriendin Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam : Lev., 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC),A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnr. 308.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 35-36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Georg Lehmann & Michael Hepp (Einl.), <em>Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsangehöriger 1933 – 45 nach den im Reichsanzeiger veröffentlichten Listen. Band 1. Listen in chronologischer Reihenfolge</em>, München: Saur, 1985, p. 59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. Goslar en Arciefkaart Rahel Gabriële Ida Goslar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 26 oktober 1942 om 10 uur ’s ochtends beviel Ruth Goslar-Klee van een kind, dat bij de Burgerlijke Stand als levenloos werd aangegeven (SAA, reg. 14, fol. 4: Akte van overlijden, 26 oktober 1942.) Een dag later, op 27 oktober 1942 om acht uur ’s avond overleed Ruth Goslar Klee zelf ook (SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6960: register van overlijdensakten 1942, deel 14, 4v, akte 19 en 6v, akte 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 39 en 45; AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: transcriptie interview met Hanneli Pick - Goslar, afgenomen op 6 mei 2009 door David de Jongh, p. 68, Interview deel e, tijdcode 08:44:05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigen Verhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, getuigen Verhalen II, interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collum. 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 44-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2-3, tijdcode 12:37:10– 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 1 - 3 augustus.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 25 en 29 september, 6, 9 en 12 oktober en 1 november.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2, tijdcode 12:38:24 – 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 50-51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; 'Holocaust survivor Hanna Pick-Goslar passes away at 93', Jerusalem Post, 28 oktober 2022, <a href=\"https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"032dd\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA. Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslear en Archiefkaart Ruth Judith Klee.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hannah (Hanneli or Lies) Elisabeth Pick-Goslar was born on <strong>12 November 1928</strong> in Berlin to a religious Jewish family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp71f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The family fled to the Netherlands in <strong>1933</strong> and came to live at Merwedeplein 31-I in early <strong>1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There, Hanneli got to know the Frank family right in the first week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Goslar and Frank families became good friends and visited each other very regularly. According to Hanneli, Edith Frank and her mother were '<em>like sisters</em>' and her father and Otto Frank also got along well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>School</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>3 September 1934</strong>, Hanneli went to the school for Preparatory Education No. 51, where Anne Frank had been at school for some time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hanneli remembers the first day of school well: '<em> My mother brought me to school, I didn't know the language yet and my mother was so afraid how it would go, how I would react. But I came in and Anne stood opposite the door by the bells and made them ring. She turned around and I flew into her arms and my mother was at ease to go home</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Hanneli was transferred to the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Anne was also enrolled there from <strong>16 August 1935</strong>. Despite changing class compositions, Hanneli and Anne were in the same class for six years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was issued stipulating that Jewish students could only be taught by Jewish teachers from <strong>1</strong> <strong>September</strong>. Hanneli and Anne subsequently went to the Jewish Lyceum and were in class 1L2 together. Hanneli remembered well how she and Anne were always together at school and chatted a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 June 1938</strong>, Hanneli was deprived of the '<em>deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli's younger sister Rahel Gabriële Ida (Gabi) Goslar was born on <strong>25 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Having a young child and the fact that her mother Ruth Judith Klee was pregnant again two years later meant that going into hiding was not an option for the Goslar family. On <strong>27 October 1942, </strong>Hanneli's mother died in childbirth, the baby having been stillborn a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne wrote about the loss of the Goslar's baby in her diary on <strong>2 November 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She probably did not know then that Hanneli's mother had also died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 June 1943 </strong>during the big raid in Amsterdam South, the Goslar family was rounded up and taken to Camp Westerbork. From there, Hanneli, her father and her sister Gabi were deported to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 February 1944</strong>. There Hanneli was put in the <em>Sternlager</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Encounters with Anne</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A year later, in <strong>February 1945</strong>, Hanneli heard that Anne was in the camp section next to the <em>Sternlager</em>, called <em>Kleines Frauenlager. </em>A fence ran between the camp sections separating the <em>Sternlager</em> from the <em>Frauenlager</em>. Hanneli remembered hearing the voice of Auguste van Pels, who then put her in touch with Anne. Ilse and Marty van Collem may also have been present at the meetings at the fence a few times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Hanneli, when they first met, she and Anne stood at the fence crying and related their experiences to each other. For instance, Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. Hanneli herself had been under the impression that Anne was in Switzerland with her family.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because conditions in the <em>Sternlager</em> were relatively better than in the <em>Frauenlager</em>, after the first meeting, Hanneli collected a parcel with food and clothes for Anne. The next evening, she threw a parcel over the fence. An unknown woman caught the parcel and ran off with it, much to Anne's frustration. A few days later, Hanneli had put together another parcel. This time it did reach Anne. It was the last contact between Anne and Hanneli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> They had met at the fence three times.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since the first meeting with Anne came about through the intervention of Auguste van Pels, it must have taken place <strong>in late January</strong> or early <strong>February 1945</strong>. In fact, according to a transport list, Auguste was been deported to Raguhn (sub-camp of Buchenwald) as early as <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Moreover, the parcel contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her father's death on <strong>25 February 1945</strong>, Hanneli and her sister were transported to Theresienstadt <strong>in early April 1945</strong>. Eventually, the train stranded near the villages of Tröbitz and Schilda and they were liberated there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Return</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1945</strong>, Hanneli returned to the Netherlands and first spent a few months in the hospital in Maastricht because of typhus fever.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Otto Frank visited her there <strong>in early August</strong> and told her that Anne was no longer alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, she moved to the Joodse Invalide in Amsterdam. Otto Frank also visited her there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> With Otto Frank's help, she and her sister Gabi were reunited with her uncle Hans Klee in Switzerland on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Even after Hanneli emigrated to Israel, she stayed in contact with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>Hanneli Goslar is frequently mentioned in Anne's diary. In the diary, Hanneli is also referred to as 'Lies Goosens' by Anne.\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Berlin; Nieuwe Hoogstraat 9-11, Amsterdam (Hotel Hiegentlich), Merwedeplein 31-I, Zuider Amstellaan 16 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"032dd\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp71f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For the life story of Hannah Goslar, see: Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Memories of Anne Frank: reflections of a childhood friend</em>, New York, NY: Scholastic Press, 1997; Hannah Pick-Goslar with Dina Kraft, <em>My friend Anne Frank</em>, London: Rider, 2023</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4sys\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8zwys\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyjj0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maande</em>n, p. 27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n63sf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC),A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnr. 308.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqlse\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 35-36.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mljjq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Georg Lehmann & Michael Hepp (Einl.), <em>Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsangehöriger 1933 – 45 nach den im Reichsanzeiger veröffentlichten Listen. Band 1. Listen in chronologischer Reihenfolge</em>, München: Saur, 1985, p. 59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrkke\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. Goslar en Arciefkaart Rahel Gabriële Ida Goslar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5h64\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 26 oktober 1942 om 10 uur ’s ochtends beviel Ruth Goslar-Klee van een kind, dat bij de Burgerlijke Stand als levenloos werd aangegeven (SAA, reg. 14, fol. 4: Akte van overlijden, 26 oktober 1942.) Een dag later, op 27 oktober 1942 om acht uur ’s avond overleed Ruth Goslar Klee zelf ook (SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6960: register van overlijdensakten 1942, deel 14, 4v, akte 19 en 6v, akte 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3v7h\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verson A, 2 November 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d6wj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 39 en 45; AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: transcriptie interview met Hanneli Pick - Goslar, afgenomen op 6 mei 2009 door David de Jongh, p. 68, Interview deel e, tijdcode 08:44:05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mq2s3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigen Verhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, getuigen Verhalen II, interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collum. 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fjj4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 44-46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whvbz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wo6n\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0d6b\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2-3, tijdcode 12:37:10– 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6scg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 1 - 3 augustus.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4ma3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_002: agenda 1945, 25 en 29 september, 6, 9 en 12 oktober en 1 november.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4xj1u\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I, transcriptie interview Hanneli Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh, 6 mei 2009, p. 2, tijdcode 12:38:24 – 12:39:31.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65tpi\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 50-51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubcdp\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslar; 'Holocaust survivor Hanna Pick-Goslar passes away at 93', Jerusalem Post, 28 oktober 2022, <a href=\"https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-720903</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"032dd\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA. Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hans Goslear en Archiefkaart Ruth Judith Klee.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1928-11-12",
"death_date": "2022-10-28",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Berlijn",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Jeruzalem",
"death_country": "Israël",
"summary": "Hanneli Goslar was a friend of Anne Frank's from the early years at the Montessori School. In Bergen-Belsen camp, she met Anne on the other side of the fence on several occasions.",
"summary_nl": "Hanneli Goslar was een vriendin van Anne Frank vanaf de kleuterklas van de Montessorischool. In Kamp Bergen-Belsen ontmoette ze Anne meermaals aan de andere kant van het hek.",
"summary_en": "Hanneli Goslar was a friend of Anne Frank's from the early years at the Montessori School. In Bergen-Belsen camp, she met Anne on the other side of the fence on several occasions.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [],
"location": {
"id": 57,
"files": [
{
"id": 1099,
"uuid": "84a5f999-37a1-4eae-b531-1617fe10b108",
"name": "Onderzoeksverslag Zesde Montessorischool",
"title": "Niet doen wat je wilt, maar willen wat je doet.",
"alt": "Gertjan Broek - Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Niet_doen_wat_je_wilt_maar_willen_wat_je_doet.pdf",
"filetype": "document",
"description": "Verslag van onderzoek naar de Zesde Montessorischool en Anne Frank.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
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"title": "Niersstraat 41, Zesde Montessorischool, 1936",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Dienst Publieke Werken. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar klasgenootjes op de kleuterschool",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"content": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Direct na de zomervakantie van <strong>1934 </strong>kwam Hanneli Goslar naar de kleuterschool aan de Niersstraat. Zij kwam daar nieuw en onbekend binnen. Bij de bellentafel zag zij Anne staan, die al sinds april op de school zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze had Anne een keer eerder gezien in een winkel. Nu omarmden ze elkaar en sloten zonder woorden vriendschap: “Vanaf die dag waren we vriendinnen, en door ons ook onze ouders.”<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-09-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
"summary_nl": "Zodra Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar elkaar ontmoeten op de kleuterschool zijn ze elkaars vrienden.",
"summary_en": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
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"name": "Anne Frank at the Sixth Montessori School",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank op de Zesde Montessorischool",
"name_en": "Anne Frank at the Sixth Montessori School",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from school year <strong>1935-36</strong> until school year <strong>1940-41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith wrote to Gertrud Naumann on <strong>26 March 1935</strong>: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later she writes: '<em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission to the 6th Montessori School was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She was placed in class 1B with Mr. Van Gelder. He remained Anne's teacher up to and including the fourth grade. In the fifth grade (<strong>1939</strong>-<strong> '40</strong>) she was with Miss Godron and in class 6A<strong> (1940-'41</strong>) with Mrs. Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In school year <strong>1940-'41</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: '<em>Master has been away from school for two years now, this year I am in Mrs Kuperus's class (...)</em>'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote about Mrs. Kuperus in <strong>1942</strong>: '<em>In sixth grade my teacher was Mrs. Kuperus, the principal</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The date Anne was deregistered was <strong>27 September 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later wrote to Mrs Kuperus: 'Anne was a real Montessori child'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> Otto Frank wrote: 'For Anne it was good that she attended a Montessori school, where each pupil was treated very individually'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the Montessori system, the composition of the classes changed. According to the information from the Parents' Fund, Anne had the following classmates in the various classes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, class <strong>1B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (deleted: left school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (deleted: left school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (deleted: left school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (deleted), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"53thu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, class 2<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (deleted: left school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (deleted B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (deleted: left school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, class 3<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (deleted), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, class 4<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder./Miss Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (deleted), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, class 5<strong>B</strong> with Miss Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (deleted: no longer able to pay), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (deleted: moved at the end of June), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (left 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, class 6A with Miss Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (deleted) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere is a photo of Anne's class with the caption <em>1936 in Mr Van Gelder's class</em><em>. </em>There is also a photo of Anne in Van Gelder's class from <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is also a photo of Anne together with Miss Godron, Martha van de Berg and Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"53thu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Cash ledger of the Parents' Fund, Class 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank zat van het schooljaar <strong>1935-36</strong> tot en met het schooljaar <strong>1940-41</strong> op de Zesde Montessorieschool te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef aan Gertrud Naumann op <strong>26 maart 1935</strong>: <em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later schrijft ze: <em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>16 augustus 1935</strong> was de dagtekening van Annes toelating op de 6e Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze kwam in klas 1B bij mijnheer Van Gelder. Hij bleef tot en met de vierde klas Annes meester. In de vijfde klas (`<strong>1939-‘40</strong>) zat ze bij juffrouw Godron en in klas 6A (<strong>1940-’41</strong>) bij mevrouw Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het schooljaar <strong>1940-'41</strong> scheef Anne aan haar Oma: <em>Meester is nu al twee jaar van school af, nu dit jaar ben ik bij Mevrouw Kuperus (…).</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne in <strong>1942</strong> over mevrouw Kuperus: '<em>(...) kwam ik in 6C bij mevrouw Kuperus de directrice terecht, wij hielden een hartroerend afscheid aan het einde van het schooljaar (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dagtekening van Annes uitschrijving was <strong>27 september 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef later aan mevrouw Kuperus: <em>Anne was een echt Montessori-kind.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> schreef Otto Frank: <em>Voor Anne was het goed dat ze een Montessorischool bezocht, waar elke leerling heel individueel werd behandeld.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het Montessorisysteem wisselden de klassen van samenstelling. Anne had volgens de gegevens van het ouderfonds in de diverse klassen de volgende klasgenootjes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, klas <strong>1B</strong> bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (doorgehaald: van school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (doorgehaald: van school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (doorgehaald: van school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (doorgehaald), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y2uda\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, klas 2B bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (doorgehaald: van school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (doorgehaald B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (doorgehaald: van school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, klas <strong>3B</strong> bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman, Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (doorgehaald), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, klas 4B, meneer van Gelder/juffrouw Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (doorgehaald), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, klas 5B bij juffrouw Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (doorgehaald, kan niet meer betalen), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (doorgehaald, eind juni verhuisd), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (weggegaan 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, klas 6A bij mevrouw Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (doorgehaald) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nEr is een foto van de klas van Anne met het bijschrift <em>1936. bij mijnh. v. Gelder. Ook </em>is er een foto van Anne in de klas van Van Gelder uit <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Verder is er ook een foto van Anne samen met juffrouw Godron, Martha v/d Berg en Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Uit de schooladministratie blijkt echter dat zij deel uitmaakte van 6A.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y2uda\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Kasschriftje van het ouderfonds, Klasse 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from school year <strong>1935-36</strong> until school year <strong>1940-41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith wrote to Gertrud Naumann on <strong>26 March 1935</strong>: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later she writes: '<em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission to the 6th Montessori School was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She was placed in class 1B with Mr. Van Gelder. He remained Anne's teacher up to and including the fourth grade. In the fifth grade (<strong>1939</strong>-<strong> '40</strong>) she was with Miss Godron and in class 6A<strong> (1940-'41</strong>) with Mrs. Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In school year <strong>1940-'41</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: '<em>Master has been away from school for two years now, this year I am in Mrs Kuperus's class (...)</em>'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote about Mrs. Kuperus in <strong>1942</strong>: '<em>In sixth grade my teacher was Mrs. Kuperus, the principal</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The date Anne was deregistered was <strong>27 September 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later wrote to Mrs Kuperus: 'Anne was a real Montessori child'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> Otto Frank wrote: 'For Anne it was good that she attended a Montessori school, where each pupil was treated very individually'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the Montessori system, the composition of the classes changed. According to the information from the Parents' Fund, Anne had the following classmates in the various classes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, class <strong>1B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (deleted: left school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (deleted: left school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (deleted: left school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (deleted), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"53thu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, class 2<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (deleted: left school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (deleted B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (deleted: left school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, class 3<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (deleted), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, class 4<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder./Miss Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (deleted), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, class 5<strong>B</strong> with Miss Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (deleted: no longer able to pay), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (deleted: moved at the end of June), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (left 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, class 6A with Miss Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (deleted) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere is a photo of Anne's class with the caption <em>1936 in Mr Van Gelder's class</em><em>. </em>There is also a photo of Anne in Van Gelder's class from <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is also a photo of Anne together with Miss Godron, Martha van de Berg and Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"53thu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Cash ledger of the Parents' Fund, Class 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-08-16",
"date_end": "1941-09-27",
"summary": "Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from 1935 to 1941.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat van 1935 tot 1941 op de Zesde Montessorischool te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from 1935 to 1941.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
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"name": "Sixth Montessori school",
"name_nl": "Zesde Montessorischool",
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"content": "<p>The Sixth Montessori School is successively located on Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kindergarten, May 23, 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (primary school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 April 1934</strong> to <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Anne Frank attended Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten of the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>May '34</strong>, that school moved from Dintelstraat to Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne moved it. She was in Miss Baldal's class. Two photos have been preserved showing Anne with Miss Baldal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Head mistress of the school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She remained so until <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As of <strong>1955</strong> the school was called <em>Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also received primary education at the Sixth Montessori School. Her mother wrote to a former neighbor in Frankfurt in <strong>March 1935</strong>: '<em>Think about it: today I have to register Anne for school; She will probably stay in the Montessori school.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was successively taught by Mr. Van Gelder, Miss Godron and Miss Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to school records, Anne was in class 6A with Miss Kuperus. Miss Kuperus was head mistress of the primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was actually supposed to attend a seventh year of primary school, but this could not happen due to the exclusion of Jews from regular education. She therefore immediately went on to secondary school, namely the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, one hundred and fifty-eight Jewish children had to leave the Sixth Montessori School. After the war, a memorial plaque was placed in the school building. The school was named after Anne Frank on <strong>12 June 1957</strong>. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong>, a large mural of a passage from Anne's diary was painted on the facade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In translation, it reads: '<em>I love Holland. I who, having no native country, had hoped it would become my fatherland, and I hope it still will. yours, Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty,<em> </em>London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Montessori_School_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6th Montessori School Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Zesde Montessorischool is achtereenvolgens gevestigd op de Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kleuterschool, 23 mei 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (lagere school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>9 april 1934</strong> tot <strong>13 juli 1935</strong> zat Anne Frank op Voorbereidende school no. 51, de kleuterschool van het Zesde Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>mei ’34</strong> verhuisde die school van de Dintelstraat naar de Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne maakte deze verhuizing mee. Ze zat in de klas bij juffrouw Baldal. Er zijn twee foto’s bewaard gebleven waar Anne met juffrouw Baldal opstaat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hoofd van de school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Zij bleef dit tot <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vanaf <strong>1955</strong> heette de school <em>de Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook het lager onderwijs volgde Anne aan de Zesde Montessorischool. Haar moeder schreef in <strong>maart ’35</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje in Frankfurt: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De datum van Annes toelating was <strong>16 augustus 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze had achtereenvolgens les van mijnheer Van Gelder, juffrouw Godron en mevrouw Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de schooladministratie zat Anne bij mevrouw Kuperus in klas 6A. Mevrouw Kuperus was hoofd van de lagere school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne moest eigenlijk een zevende jaar op de lagere school volgen, maar dit kon door de uitsluiting van Joden uit het reguliere onderwijs niet doorgaan. Ze ging daarom toch meteen door naar de middelbare school, en wel het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>september ’41</strong> moesten honderdachtenvijftig Joodse kinderen de Zesde Montessorischool verlaten. Na de oorlog is een herdenkingsplaquette in het schoolgebouw geplaatst. De school werd op <strong>12 juni 1957</strong> naar Anne Frank genoemd. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong> werd op de gevel een grote muurschildering van een passage uit Annes dagboek aangebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De tekst luidt: '<em>Ik houd van Nederland, ik heb eenmaal gehoopt dat het mij vaderlandsloze als vaderland mag dienen, ik hoop het nog. Je Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/6e_Montessorischool_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6e Montessorischool Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Sixth Montessori School is successively located on Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kindergarten, May 23, 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (primary school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 April 1934</strong> to <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Anne Frank attended Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten of the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>May '34</strong>, that school moved from Dintelstraat to Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne moved it. She was in Miss Baldal's class. Two photos have been preserved showing Anne with Miss Baldal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Head mistress of the school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She remained so until <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As of <strong>1955</strong> the school was called <em>Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also received primary education at the Sixth Montessori School. Her mother wrote to a former neighbor in Frankfurt in <strong>March 1935</strong>: '<em>Think about it: today I have to register Anne for school; She will probably stay in the Montessori school.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was successively taught by Mr. Van Gelder, Miss Godron and Miss Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to school records, Anne was in class 6A with Miss Kuperus. Miss Kuperus was head mistress of the primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was actually supposed to attend a seventh year of primary school, but this could not happen due to the exclusion of Jews from regular education. She therefore immediately went on to secondary school, namely the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, one hundred and fifty-eight Jewish children had to leave the Sixth Montessori School. After the war, a memorial plaque was placed in the school building. The school was named after Anne Frank on <strong>12 June 1957</strong>. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong>, a large mural of a passage from Anne's diary was painted on the facade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In translation, it reads: '<em>I love Holland. I who, having no native country, had hoped it would become my fatherland, and I hope it still will. yours, Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty,<em> </em>London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Montessori_School_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6th Montessori School Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894047 52.342819)",
"summary": "The Sixth Montessori School was the primary school attended by Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Zesde Montessorischool was de lagere school die door Anne Frank werd bezocht.",
"summary_en": "The Sixth Montessori School was the primary school attended by Anne Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Nierstraat 41",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
295,
78
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/daf452cb-054b-48dd-ab86-451ebe8161ef/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "daf452cb-054b-48dd-ab86-451ebe8161ef",
"name": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar klasgenootjes op de kleuterschool",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"content": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Direct na de zomervakantie van <strong>1934 </strong>kwam Hanneli Goslar naar de kleuterschool aan de Niersstraat. Zij kwam daar nieuw en onbekend binnen. Bij de bellentafel zag zij Anne staan, die al sinds april op de school zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze had Anne een keer eerder gezien in een winkel. Nu omarmden ze elkaar en sloten zonder woorden vriendschap: “Vanaf die dag waren we vriendinnen, en door ons ook onze ouders.”<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-09-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
"summary_nl": "Zodra Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar elkaar ontmoeten op de kleuterschool zijn ze elkaars vrienden.",
"summary_en": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"main_image": null,
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{
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"uuid": "7f629d21-d66b-4f09-9f02-f66752dbc001",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb/",
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Anne-Frank"
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 92,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen beperken het leven van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"description": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het geheel van bepalingen en regels die de Duitse autoriteiten invoerden om de Joodse bevolkingsgroep te identificeren, te isoleren, te deporteren en uiteindelijk om te brengen vormt hier het onderwerp <em>anti-Joodse maatregelen</em>. De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden uiteraard ook geconfronteerd met deze maatregelen, die uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken. Anne Frank beschrijft er verschillende in haar dagboek.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Leven in Duitsland en Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Nederland nam de bezettende macht maatregelen die voortvloeiden uit de Jodenvervolging in Duitsland. Daar waren de Joden sinds de machtsovername van Hitler in <strong>1933</strong> doelwit van de nationaal-socialistische rassenpolitiek. De landelijke boycot van <strong>april ’33</strong> was in de bankenstad Frankfurt tegen de in die sector actieve joden scherp gevoerd. De bank van de familie Frank was dan weliswaar al te gronde gegaan, maar zij behoorden tot de groep die op de korrel werd genomen. Aanvankelijk waren veel decreten in Duitsland regionaal of plaatselijk. Al in de loop van <strong>1933</strong> week de familie Frank naar Nederland uit, nog voor er centrale aanpak tot stand kwam. Over de reden van dit vertrek verklaarde Otto Frank in 1946: ' <em>Daar ik Jood was, ben ik na het aan bewind komen van Hitler in 1933 naar Nederland gegaan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In de <strong>zomer van 1937</strong> kwam de familie Van Pels naar Amsterdam en na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> ook Fritz Pfeffer. Tussen <strong>1933</strong> en <strong>1939</strong> weken circa 33.000 Joodse vluchtelingen naar Nederland uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste deel van haar dagboek somt Anne een reeks maatregelen op die de Duitse autoriteiten namen sinds zij in Nederland de macht uitoefenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze noemt ten onrechte de voedseldistributie, die was namelijk acht maanden voor de Duitse inval door de Nederlandse regering ingesteld. Verder noemt ze vooral dingen die haar beperkten in de directe bewegingsvrijheid: van acht tot zes binnen blijven, niet sporten, niet naar de bioscoop of theater, naar een aparte school. In de latere dagboeknotities komt een en ander retrospectief nog aan de orde. Deze notities vertekenen soms het beeld; de maatregelen die haar uit het openbaar vervoer weerden, dateerden van <strong>30 juni 1942</strong> – slechts één week voor haar onderduik. De schoolsegregatie, het sportverbod en de Jodenster waren zaken waar ze wel langduriger mee te maken had.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onder de Joodse bevolkingsgroep in Nederland was de aanvankelijke reactie op de Duitse inval divers. Hoewel er pogingen waren om naar Engeland te vluchten en er ook een groot aantal zelfmoorden waren, keek het merendeel de kat uit de boom. Discriminerende maatregelen werden zeer geleidelijk ingevoerd. Voor Duitse Joden (of beter: Joden uit Duitsland, zoals de familie Van Pels die wel de Nederlandse nationaliteit had) was de situatie lastig. Aan hun spraak en manier van doen waren ze herkenbaar, en minder in staat een <em>low profile</em> te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wering van de Joden uit de luchtbescherming op <strong>15 juli 1940</strong> wordt als de eerste anti-Joodse maatregel in Nederland beschouwd. Per 5 augustus gold er een verbod op ritueel slachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hoewel het niet als een anti-Joodse maatregel werd gepresenteerd, kwam het er in de praktijk wel op neer. Een belangrijke vervolgstap was de Ariërverklaring. Alle Nederlandse ambtenaren werden in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> opgeroepen om getuigenis af te leggen van hun raciale afkomst. In feite werd Joodse ambtenaren gevraagd zichzelf te identificeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Spoedig volgde ontslag. De maatregel noodzaakte de Duitse bezetter inmiddels wel een definitie van ‘de Jood’ te geven. Op <strong>22 oktober</strong> werd daartoe de verordening VO 189/1940 afgekondigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Deze verordening noemde de volgende criteria voor het Jood-zijn:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>Jood is een ieder, die uit ten minste drie naar ras voljoodse grootouders stamt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Als Jood wordt ook aangemerkt hij die uit twee voljoodse grootouders stamt en:<br />\r\n\tHetzij zelf op de negende mei 1940 tot de Jood-kerkelijke gemeente heeft behoord of na die datum daarin wordt opgenomen.<br />\r\n\tHetzij op de negende mei 1940 met een Jood is gehuwd of na dat ogenblik met een Jood in het huwelijk treedt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>Een grootouder wordt als voljoods aangemerkt, wanneer deze tot de Joods-kerkelijke gemeenschap heeft behoord.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>Hierop volgden stappen om de Joden uit te sluiten en ze hun bezit te ontnemen. VO 189/1940 verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. Otto Frank ondervond hier met Opekta en Pectacon de gevolgen van. Vanaf <strong>10 januari 1941</strong> moesten alle personen van ‘geheel of gedeeltelijk Joodschen bloede’ zich ingevolge VO 6/1941 bij het Bevolkingsregister van hun woonplaats als zodanig aanmelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De maatregel werd nauwelijks ontdoken, ook niet door de familie Frank. Dit blijkt later onder meer uit het feit dat Margot Frank een oproep kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ‘41</strong> viel het besluit dat Joden een ‘J’ als merkteken op hun persoonsbewijs gestempeld kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voortbordurend op deze registraties werden er in <strong>1941</strong> allerlei verordeningen uitgevaardigd, die het Joodse bevolkingsdeel in een verder isolement brachten. Met de oprichting van de <em>Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam</em> in februari creëerde de bezetter een lichaam dat de discriminerende bepalingen moest overbrengen naar de Joodse bevolking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van dat jaar werden Anne en Margot Frank direct getroffen toen ze allebei naar het Joods onderwijs moeten. Daar kregen ze uitsluitend les van Joodse leerkrachten. In Amsterdam voerde de afdeling Onderwijs van de gemeente deze segregatie uit, en niet zoals vaak gedacht de Joodsche Raad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Toen Joden in <strong>september ’41</strong> worden uitgesloten van allerlei onderdelen van het maatschappelijk leven, waaronder sportbeoefening, moest Margot ook haar roeiclub verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verbod om gebruik te maken van openbare zwembaden werd in <strong>juni ’41</strong> bekend gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft <strong>eind juni</strong> aan haar oma: '<em>Om bruin te worden heb ik niet veel kans omdat wij niet in het zwembad mogen (…).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> werd aan alle Duitse Joden die buiten Duitsland woonden de Duitse nationaliteit ontnomen. Deze generieke maatregel trof dus de Franks en Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot de familie Van Pels, die Nederlands bleet gingen zij verder stateloos door het leven. Anne maakt melding van deze status: '<em>Fraai volk die Duitsers en daar behoor ik eigenlijk ook nog toe! Maar nee, Hitler heeft ons allang statenloos gemaakt (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De verplichte Jodenster volgde op <strong>3 mei 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> werd de maatregel afgekondigd dat Joden voor <strong>30 juni</strong> al hun bezit en vermogen boven de waarde van tweehonderdvijftig gulden moesten inleveren bij Lippmann-Rosenthal bank. Ook andere kostbaarheden dienden te worden ingeleverd. Otto Frank leverde onder meer een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid geld en zilverwerk in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt het verplicht inleveren van fietsen: '<em>Joden moeten hun fietsen afgeven.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het klopt dat de Amsterdamse Joden tussen <strong>20 en 22 juli 1942</strong> hun fiets moesten inleveren. De familie Frank had hier dus geen hinder van gehad aangezien zij toen al ondergedoken waren. Anne had geen fiets meer omdat die was gestolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> en Otto had die van zijn vrouw bij kennissen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot kon op <strong>6 juli</strong>,de dag van de onderduik, dan ook nog gewoon naar de Prinsengracht fietsen. Naar aanleiding van de opeenstapeling van maatregelen in <strong>juni ‘42</strong> haalt Anne haar vriendinnetje Jacqueline van Maarsen aan, die zei: '<em>Ik durf niets meer te doen, want ik ben bang dat het niet mag</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Presser wees op de ondoorzichtigheid van het geheel aan maatregelen. Hij schreef dat tussen het instellen van een verbod en de bekendmaking daarvan soms meer dan een week zat. Desondanks strafte het Duitse gezag mensen die een dergelijk - hen niet bekend - verbod overtraden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De reeks van anti-Joodse maatregelen in de periode van <strong>januari 1941</strong> tot de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> resulteerde in een isolement van de Nederlandse Joden. In <strong>juni ’41</strong> was er een razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid, naar aanleiding van een bomaanslag op een Wehrmachtgebouw. Onder de ruim driehonderd mannen die werden opgepakt, waren bekenden van de familie Frank: een zoon van de familie Lewkowitz en een kostganger van de familie Ledermann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Zij kwamen om in Mauthausen, net als veel van hun lotgenoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Gezien de sociale contacten met deze gezinnen bracht dit de dreiging voor de familie Frank dichterbij.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De oproep voor Margot Frank om zich te melden voor werk in Duitsland kwam op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> binnen. Margot behoorde daarmee tot de eerste groep Joden die opgeroepen werd voor arbeidsinzet. Zoals in veel gevallen was dit persoonlijke gevaar doorslaggevend bij het besluit om direct onder te duiken. Voor het eerst onttrokken zij zich aan de Duitse maatregelen, iets wat voor veel andere Joden niet weggelegd was. Dit is bijzonder daar in Nederland slechts een op de zeven Joden zelfs maar een poging deed om onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdens de onderduik </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met name in de periode eind <strong>september 1942</strong> en begin <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>hield de anti-Joodse politiek Anne duidelijk bezig, aangezien ze er regelmatig over schrijft. In <strong>juli en augustus 1942</strong> vonden er enkele grote razzia’s plaats in Amsterdam. Ze vraagt zich af of haar vriendinnen Lies en Ilse er nog zijn en schrijft op <strong>14 oktober 1942</strong> over haar angst dat Peter Schiff al is omgekomen. Ze hoorde van Bep Voskuijl dat klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal met haar familie naar Polen was gestuurd. Van Pels, Pfeffer en Miep vertelden over de ophaalacties in haar oude woonomgeving en de taferelen die daar bij hoorden. Apotheker Arthur Lewinsohn, die regelmatig in het pand was om met Kugler experimenten uit te voeren, telefoneerde volgens Anne onder de naam ‘Müller’ omdat hij bij 'christenmensen' niet mag opbellen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De komst van Fritz Pfeffer in november was op zichzelf verrassend. Voor de buitenwereld was hij immers wettig met Charlotte Kaletta getrouwd. Dat dit in werkelijkheid niet zo was, wil zeggen dat hij de betrekkelijke bescherming van een gemengd huwelijk ontbeerde. Dit was een gevolg van het feit dat het huwelijk in Duitsland vanwege de Neurenberger wetten en in Nederland vanwege internationale verdragen niet kon worden voltrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij pas toen hij in het Achterhuis zat van Miep Gies hoorde over Pfeffers situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Anne repte in haar A-versie met geen woord over de achtergrond van Pfeffers status. In de B-versie heet het: '<em>Hij leeft samen met een veel jongere en leuke Christenvrouw, waar hij waarschijnlijk niet mee getrouwd is, maar dat is bijzaak.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>Aannemelijk is dat ook Anne pas gaandeweg de ware toedracht leerde kennen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de eerste maanden van de onderduik schrijft Anne enkele keren over Westerbork en de Joodsche Raad. Zowel Westerbork en de Joodse Raad waren belangrijk bij de uitvoering van de anti-Joodse politiek in Nederland. Westerbork was in <strong>1939</strong> opgericht voor de opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Duitsland, maar op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het aangewezen als <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> schrijft Anne dat de omstandigheden in Westerbork vreselijk waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit kon ze weten doordat het echtpaar Wronker, kennissen van de familie, in die tijd na een verblijf in het kamp terug naar Amsterdam mochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep was bij hen langs geweest en ze zal berichten hebben overgebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Uitroeiing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was in de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> bekend dat de Joden na deportatie ontberingen stonden te wachten. Anne was bang en ging van het ergste uit. Ze schrijft: '<em>Als ’t in Holland al zo erg is hoe zullen ze dan in de verre en barbaarse streken leven, waar ze heengezonden worden. Wij nemen aan dat de meesten vermoord worden. De Engelse radio spreekt van vergassing: misschien is dat wel de vlugste sterfmethode.'</em> De datum van dit citaat is <strong>9 oktober 1942</strong>, maar omdat de notitie uit de B-versie afkomstig is, is zeker dat Anne deze niet voor <strong>mei ’44</strong> werkelijk heeft geschreven. Toch staat vast dat Angelsaksische media in <strong>juni ’42</strong> berichten over massamoorden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> onder andere door middel van gas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> wereldkundig makkten. Vanaf die maand verschenen ook meer dan incidenteel opmerkingen over vergassing in dagboeken van Nederlanders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>februari ’44</strong> schrijft Anne nog eens dat in het oosten van Europa: '<em>millioenen en nog eens millioenen' </em>zijn vergast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Polen als vreesaanjagende deportatiebestemming kwam vanaf <strong>september ‘42</strong> meerdere keren in haar notities terug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>29 september 1943</strong> volgde de algehele liquidatie van de laatste resten van de Joodsche Raad. De enigen die achterbleven waren enkele specifieke groepen, zoals de gemengd gehuwden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> En de onderduikers, een groep waarvan het precieze aantal verschillend werd ingeschat. Er werd echter effectief jacht op hen gemaakt en het aantal alsnog gearresteerden liep in de duizenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> De onderduikpoging in het Achterhuis was uiteindelijk geen succesverhaal. Hoe het afliep is genoegzaam bekend: de <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> kreeg op nog onbekende wijze lucht van de zaak en op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> volgen inval en arrestatie. Zeven van de acht onderduikers overleefen de deportatie niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerde donderdag (juli 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 oktober1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september, 14 en 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden tijdens de Duitse bezetting geconfronteerd met tal van anti-Joodse maatregelen die hen uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken.",
"summary_en": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
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"name": "Anne Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nAnd:<br />\r\n<em>(...) "</em>I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank zat vanaf het begin van het schooljaar <strong>1941-42 </strong>totdat ze moest onderduiken op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de zesde klas zou Anne eigenlijk een zevende jaar op de 6e Montessorischool blijven, maar door de anti-Joodse maatregelen moest ze overgeplaatst worden naar een Joodse lagere Montessorischool. Besloten werd toen dat ze toch door mocht naar de middelbare school. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De toelating ging, volgens Anne, niet zonder slag of stoot:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>'Na veel heen en weer draaien, besprekingen en overleggingen was het dan toch voor elkaar gekomen, dat ik naar het Joodse Lyceum zou gaan en na nog een paar telefoontjes zelfs zonder toelatingsexamen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nEn:<br />\r\n'(…) ik ben voorwaardelijk op het Lyceum aangenomen, omdat ik eigenlijk nog in 7e klas van de 6e Montessori-school zou blijven, maar toen alle Joodse kinderen op Joodse scholen moesten, nam mijnheer Elte mij en Lies Goslar, na wat heen en weer gepraat, voorwaardelijk aan.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kwam zo in het schooljaar <strong>1941-'42</strong> in klas 1L2 van het Joods Lyceum terecht. De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Haar klasgenootjes waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg –net als Hanneli Goslar en Stella Lek- bijles van Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hij was leraar Frans<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en kwam van het Meisjeslyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uit een van Annes verhalen blijkt, dat zij samen met Hanneli bij een van de Franse lessen van Premsela een incident veroorzaakt had. Er was bij een proefwerk op grote schaal gespiekt en Hanneli had hierover haar mond voorbij gepraat. Anne en Hanneli werden vervolgens door de klas uitgemaakt voor <em>verraadsters</em>. Samen schreven ze een boetvaardige brief aan de klas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne kreeg les uit het boek <em>Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek.</em> Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Links in het kaft staat: <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aäron Keesing was leraar wiskunde, natuurkunde en mechanica.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne kreeg van Keesing wegens te veel kletsen enkele keren het schrijven van een opstel als strafwerk. De eerste keer was het opgegeven onderwerp <em>een kletskous</em>, de tweede keer <em>een onverbeterlijke kletskous</em>, de derde keer <em>Kwek, kwek, kwek, zei juffrouw Snaterbek.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gymnastieklerares was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Zij regelde volgens Anne dat Hanneli bij haar in de eerste klas terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg biologie van juffrouw Biegel. In <em>Een Biologie-les</em> kwam het spiekincident bij Frans weer naar voren, toen juffrouw Biegel een briefje van Rob Cohen onderschepte waar <em>verraadster</em> op stond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg les uit het geschiedenisboek <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> van De Boer en Presser. Ze heeft er haar naam en de notitie <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in geschreven. Dit leerboek is bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de periode op het Joods Lyceum stamt de bekende portretfoto van Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Op 6 juli 1942</strong> kwam aan Annes schoolcarrière noodgedwongen een einde doordat zij met haar familie moest onderduiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Volgens de B-versie van 5 juli 1942 was dit voorwaardelijk. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", 11 auagustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 juni 1942; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Wiskundeles", 12 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Biologieles", 11 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nAnd:<br />\r\n<em>(...) "</em>I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1941-10-15",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat vanaf 15 oktober 1941 tot 6 juli 1942 op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/92168984-e9af-405f-af32-7a0f302013e4/",
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"name": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"content": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>september 1941</strong> kon Margot Frank door de anti-Joodse maatregelen niet meer naar het Lyceum voor Meisjes. Ze moest toen naar de 4de klas van de HBS van het Joods Lyceum, gevestigd op Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, te Amsterdam. Ze zat daar op school tot ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> moest onderduiken in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Amsterdamse wethouder Franken verwachtte blijkens een schrijven in <strong>april 1941</strong>: <em>maatregelen, die ertoe leiden, dat de Joodsche leerlingen van de Amsterdamsche scholen worden geconcentreerd in scholen, uitsluitend voor deze leerlingen bestemd.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>9 tot 14 juli 1941</strong> moesten de Amsterdamse schoolhoofden hun Joodse leerlingen tellen en het aantal doorgeven aan het Centraal Bureau Inschrijving van Leerlingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margots overplaatsing naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum was in <strong>oktober 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot kwam in het schooljaar <strong>1941-1942</strong> in klas 4B2 terecht. Haar klasgenoten waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was bevriend met Jetteke Frijda. Ze kenden elkaar al van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de parallelklas zat Bloeme Emden. Zij heeft Margot tijdens haar gevangenschap in kamp Westerbork en in de barak in Auschwitz Birkenau regelmatig gezien en gesproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft over Margots vorderingen: <em>Mijn zuster Margot heeft ook haar rapport, schitterend zoals gewoonlijk. Als cum laude bij ons zou bestaan, was ze zeker met lof overgegaan, zo een knappe bol!</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot las op deze school o.a. het boek <em>Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes</em> van Molière. Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Het is een geannoteerde versie voor schoolgebruik. Op het schutblad staat in potlood: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Joods Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook is het boek <em>English Passages for Translation</em>, samengesteld door dr. H.G. de Maar, bewaard gebleven ui Margots schooltijd. Ze noteerde voorin: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank werd als gevolg van de anti-Joodse maatregelen overgeplaatst naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 296,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a/",
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a",
"name": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Jacqueline van Maarsen klasgenootjes op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"content": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een hoop aanloopproblemen gingen de lessen van het onder dwang opgerichte Joods Lyceum op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong> van start.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam daar in klas 1L2 terecht. Naast Hanneli Goslar, die ze al sinds de kleuterschool kende, zat in deze klas ook Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne en Jacqueline raakten innig bevriend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank leert Jacqueline van Maarsen kennen op het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 92,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen beperken het leven van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"description": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het geheel van bepalingen en regels die de Duitse autoriteiten invoerden om de Joodse bevolkingsgroep te identificeren, te isoleren, te deporteren en uiteindelijk om te brengen vormt hier het onderwerp <em>anti-Joodse maatregelen</em>. De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden uiteraard ook geconfronteerd met deze maatregelen, die uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken. Anne Frank beschrijft er verschillende in haar dagboek.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Leven in Duitsland en Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Nederland nam de bezettende macht maatregelen die voortvloeiden uit de Jodenvervolging in Duitsland. Daar waren de Joden sinds de machtsovername van Hitler in <strong>1933</strong> doelwit van de nationaal-socialistische rassenpolitiek. De landelijke boycot van <strong>april ’33</strong> was in de bankenstad Frankfurt tegen de in die sector actieve joden scherp gevoerd. De bank van de familie Frank was dan weliswaar al te gronde gegaan, maar zij behoorden tot de groep die op de korrel werd genomen. Aanvankelijk waren veel decreten in Duitsland regionaal of plaatselijk. Al in de loop van <strong>1933</strong> week de familie Frank naar Nederland uit, nog voor er centrale aanpak tot stand kwam. Over de reden van dit vertrek verklaarde Otto Frank in 1946: ' <em>Daar ik Jood was, ben ik na het aan bewind komen van Hitler in 1933 naar Nederland gegaan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In de <strong>zomer van 1937</strong> kwam de familie Van Pels naar Amsterdam en na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> ook Fritz Pfeffer. Tussen <strong>1933</strong> en <strong>1939</strong> weken circa 33.000 Joodse vluchtelingen naar Nederland uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste deel van haar dagboek somt Anne een reeks maatregelen op die de Duitse autoriteiten namen sinds zij in Nederland de macht uitoefenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze noemt ten onrechte de voedseldistributie, die was namelijk acht maanden voor de Duitse inval door de Nederlandse regering ingesteld. Verder noemt ze vooral dingen die haar beperkten in de directe bewegingsvrijheid: van acht tot zes binnen blijven, niet sporten, niet naar de bioscoop of theater, naar een aparte school. In de latere dagboeknotities komt een en ander retrospectief nog aan de orde. Deze notities vertekenen soms het beeld; de maatregelen die haar uit het openbaar vervoer weerden, dateerden van <strong>30 juni 1942</strong> – slechts één week voor haar onderduik. De schoolsegregatie, het sportverbod en de Jodenster waren zaken waar ze wel langduriger mee te maken had.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onder de Joodse bevolkingsgroep in Nederland was de aanvankelijke reactie op de Duitse inval divers. Hoewel er pogingen waren om naar Engeland te vluchten en er ook een groot aantal zelfmoorden waren, keek het merendeel de kat uit de boom. Discriminerende maatregelen werden zeer geleidelijk ingevoerd. Voor Duitse Joden (of beter: Joden uit Duitsland, zoals de familie Van Pels die wel de Nederlandse nationaliteit had) was de situatie lastig. Aan hun spraak en manier van doen waren ze herkenbaar, en minder in staat een <em>low profile</em> te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wering van de Joden uit de luchtbescherming op <strong>15 juli 1940</strong> wordt als de eerste anti-Joodse maatregel in Nederland beschouwd. Per 5 augustus gold er een verbod op ritueel slachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hoewel het niet als een anti-Joodse maatregel werd gepresenteerd, kwam het er in de praktijk wel op neer. Een belangrijke vervolgstap was de Ariërverklaring. Alle Nederlandse ambtenaren werden in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> opgeroepen om getuigenis af te leggen van hun raciale afkomst. In feite werd Joodse ambtenaren gevraagd zichzelf te identificeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Spoedig volgde ontslag. De maatregel noodzaakte de Duitse bezetter inmiddels wel een definitie van ‘de Jood’ te geven. Op <strong>22 oktober</strong> werd daartoe de verordening VO 189/1940 afgekondigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Deze verordening noemde de volgende criteria voor het Jood-zijn:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>Jood is een ieder, die uit ten minste drie naar ras voljoodse grootouders stamt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Als Jood wordt ook aangemerkt hij die uit twee voljoodse grootouders stamt en:<br />\r\n\tHetzij zelf op de negende mei 1940 tot de Jood-kerkelijke gemeente heeft behoord of na die datum daarin wordt opgenomen.<br />\r\n\tHetzij op de negende mei 1940 met een Jood is gehuwd of na dat ogenblik met een Jood in het huwelijk treedt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>Een grootouder wordt als voljoods aangemerkt, wanneer deze tot de Joods-kerkelijke gemeenschap heeft behoord.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>Hierop volgden stappen om de Joden uit te sluiten en ze hun bezit te ontnemen. VO 189/1940 verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. Otto Frank ondervond hier met Opekta en Pectacon de gevolgen van. Vanaf <strong>10 januari 1941</strong> moesten alle personen van ‘geheel of gedeeltelijk Joodschen bloede’ zich ingevolge VO 6/1941 bij het Bevolkingsregister van hun woonplaats als zodanig aanmelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De maatregel werd nauwelijks ontdoken, ook niet door de familie Frank. Dit blijkt later onder meer uit het feit dat Margot Frank een oproep kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ‘41</strong> viel het besluit dat Joden een ‘J’ als merkteken op hun persoonsbewijs gestempeld kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voortbordurend op deze registraties werden er in <strong>1941</strong> allerlei verordeningen uitgevaardigd, die het Joodse bevolkingsdeel in een verder isolement brachten. Met de oprichting van de <em>Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam</em> in februari creëerde de bezetter een lichaam dat de discriminerende bepalingen moest overbrengen naar de Joodse bevolking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van dat jaar werden Anne en Margot Frank direct getroffen toen ze allebei naar het Joods onderwijs moeten. Daar kregen ze uitsluitend les van Joodse leerkrachten. In Amsterdam voerde de afdeling Onderwijs van de gemeente deze segregatie uit, en niet zoals vaak gedacht de Joodsche Raad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Toen Joden in <strong>september ’41</strong> worden uitgesloten van allerlei onderdelen van het maatschappelijk leven, waaronder sportbeoefening, moest Margot ook haar roeiclub verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verbod om gebruik te maken van openbare zwembaden werd in <strong>juni ’41</strong> bekend gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft <strong>eind juni</strong> aan haar oma: '<em>Om bruin te worden heb ik niet veel kans omdat wij niet in het zwembad mogen (…).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> werd aan alle Duitse Joden die buiten Duitsland woonden de Duitse nationaliteit ontnomen. Deze generieke maatregel trof dus de Franks en Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot de familie Van Pels, die Nederlands bleet gingen zij verder stateloos door het leven. Anne maakt melding van deze status: '<em>Fraai volk die Duitsers en daar behoor ik eigenlijk ook nog toe! Maar nee, Hitler heeft ons allang statenloos gemaakt (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De verplichte Jodenster volgde op <strong>3 mei 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> werd de maatregel afgekondigd dat Joden voor <strong>30 juni</strong> al hun bezit en vermogen boven de waarde van tweehonderdvijftig gulden moesten inleveren bij Lippmann-Rosenthal bank. Ook andere kostbaarheden dienden te worden ingeleverd. Otto Frank leverde onder meer een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid geld en zilverwerk in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt het verplicht inleveren van fietsen: '<em>Joden moeten hun fietsen afgeven.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het klopt dat de Amsterdamse Joden tussen <strong>20 en 22 juli 1942</strong> hun fiets moesten inleveren. De familie Frank had hier dus geen hinder van gehad aangezien zij toen al ondergedoken waren. Anne had geen fiets meer omdat die was gestolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> en Otto had die van zijn vrouw bij kennissen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot kon op <strong>6 juli</strong>,de dag van de onderduik, dan ook nog gewoon naar de Prinsengracht fietsen. Naar aanleiding van de opeenstapeling van maatregelen in <strong>juni ‘42</strong> haalt Anne haar vriendinnetje Jacqueline van Maarsen aan, die zei: '<em>Ik durf niets meer te doen, want ik ben bang dat het niet mag</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Presser wees op de ondoorzichtigheid van het geheel aan maatregelen. Hij schreef dat tussen het instellen van een verbod en de bekendmaking daarvan soms meer dan een week zat. Desondanks strafte het Duitse gezag mensen die een dergelijk - hen niet bekend - verbod overtraden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De reeks van anti-Joodse maatregelen in de periode van <strong>januari 1941</strong> tot de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> resulteerde in een isolement van de Nederlandse Joden. In <strong>juni ’41</strong> was er een razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid, naar aanleiding van een bomaanslag op een Wehrmachtgebouw. Onder de ruim driehonderd mannen die werden opgepakt, waren bekenden van de familie Frank: een zoon van de familie Lewkowitz en een kostganger van de familie Ledermann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Zij kwamen om in Mauthausen, net als veel van hun lotgenoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Gezien de sociale contacten met deze gezinnen bracht dit de dreiging voor de familie Frank dichterbij.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De oproep voor Margot Frank om zich te melden voor werk in Duitsland kwam op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> binnen. Margot behoorde daarmee tot de eerste groep Joden die opgeroepen werd voor arbeidsinzet. Zoals in veel gevallen was dit persoonlijke gevaar doorslaggevend bij het besluit om direct onder te duiken. Voor het eerst onttrokken zij zich aan de Duitse maatregelen, iets wat voor veel andere Joden niet weggelegd was. Dit is bijzonder daar in Nederland slechts een op de zeven Joden zelfs maar een poging deed om onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdens de onderduik </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met name in de periode eind <strong>september 1942</strong> en begin <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>hield de anti-Joodse politiek Anne duidelijk bezig, aangezien ze er regelmatig over schrijft. In <strong>juli en augustus 1942</strong> vonden er enkele grote razzia’s plaats in Amsterdam. Ze vraagt zich af of haar vriendinnen Lies en Ilse er nog zijn en schrijft op <strong>14 oktober 1942</strong> over haar angst dat Peter Schiff al is omgekomen. Ze hoorde van Bep Voskuijl dat klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal met haar familie naar Polen was gestuurd. Van Pels, Pfeffer en Miep vertelden over de ophaalacties in haar oude woonomgeving en de taferelen die daar bij hoorden. Apotheker Arthur Lewinsohn, die regelmatig in het pand was om met Kugler experimenten uit te voeren, telefoneerde volgens Anne onder de naam ‘Müller’ omdat hij bij 'christenmensen' niet mag opbellen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De komst van Fritz Pfeffer in november was op zichzelf verrassend. Voor de buitenwereld was hij immers wettig met Charlotte Kaletta getrouwd. Dat dit in werkelijkheid niet zo was, wil zeggen dat hij de betrekkelijke bescherming van een gemengd huwelijk ontbeerde. Dit was een gevolg van het feit dat het huwelijk in Duitsland vanwege de Neurenberger wetten en in Nederland vanwege internationale verdragen niet kon worden voltrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij pas toen hij in het Achterhuis zat van Miep Gies hoorde over Pfeffers situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Anne repte in haar A-versie met geen woord over de achtergrond van Pfeffers status. In de B-versie heet het: '<em>Hij leeft samen met een veel jongere en leuke Christenvrouw, waar hij waarschijnlijk niet mee getrouwd is, maar dat is bijzaak.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>Aannemelijk is dat ook Anne pas gaandeweg de ware toedracht leerde kennen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de eerste maanden van de onderduik schrijft Anne enkele keren over Westerbork en de Joodsche Raad. Zowel Westerbork en de Joodse Raad waren belangrijk bij de uitvoering van de anti-Joodse politiek in Nederland. Westerbork was in <strong>1939</strong> opgericht voor de opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Duitsland, maar op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het aangewezen als <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> schrijft Anne dat de omstandigheden in Westerbork vreselijk waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit kon ze weten doordat het echtpaar Wronker, kennissen van de familie, in die tijd na een verblijf in het kamp terug naar Amsterdam mochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep was bij hen langs geweest en ze zal berichten hebben overgebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Uitroeiing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was in de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> bekend dat de Joden na deportatie ontberingen stonden te wachten. Anne was bang en ging van het ergste uit. Ze schrijft: '<em>Als ’t in Holland al zo erg is hoe zullen ze dan in de verre en barbaarse streken leven, waar ze heengezonden worden. Wij nemen aan dat de meesten vermoord worden. De Engelse radio spreekt van vergassing: misschien is dat wel de vlugste sterfmethode.'</em> De datum van dit citaat is <strong>9 oktober 1942</strong>, maar omdat de notitie uit de B-versie afkomstig is, is zeker dat Anne deze niet voor <strong>mei ’44</strong> werkelijk heeft geschreven. Toch staat vast dat Angelsaksische media in <strong>juni ’42</strong> berichten over massamoorden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> onder andere door middel van gas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> wereldkundig makkten. Vanaf die maand verschenen ook meer dan incidenteel opmerkingen over vergassing in dagboeken van Nederlanders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>februari ’44</strong> schrijft Anne nog eens dat in het oosten van Europa: '<em>millioenen en nog eens millioenen' </em>zijn vergast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Polen als vreesaanjagende deportatiebestemming kwam vanaf <strong>september ‘42</strong> meerdere keren in haar notities terug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>29 september 1943</strong> volgde de algehele liquidatie van de laatste resten van de Joodsche Raad. De enigen die achterbleven waren enkele specifieke groepen, zoals de gemengd gehuwden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> En de onderduikers, een groep waarvan het precieze aantal verschillend werd ingeschat. Er werd echter effectief jacht op hen gemaakt en het aantal alsnog gearresteerden liep in de duizenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> De onderduikpoging in het Achterhuis was uiteindelijk geen succesverhaal. Hoe het afliep is genoegzaam bekend: de <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> kreeg op nog onbekende wijze lucht van de zaak en op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> volgen inval en arrestatie. Zeven van de acht onderduikers overleefen de deportatie niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerde donderdag (juli 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 oktober1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september, 14 en 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden tijdens de Duitse bezetting geconfronteerd met tal van anti-Joodse maatregelen die hen uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken.",
"summary_en": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
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"name": "Jewish Lyceum",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 april 1912 </strong>nam de Amsterdamse gemeenteraad het besluit de straat tussen Amstel en Weesperplein de naam Voormalige Stadstimmertuin te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Die naam werd gekozen vanwege de timmerwerkplaats of stadstimmertuin die hier van <strong>1660</strong> tot <strong>1900</strong> was gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor <strong>1940</strong> was op nummer 2 de Joodsche Hoogere Burger School met 5-jarige cursus gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In een schoolgebouw aan de overkant werd in <strong>1941</strong> het Joods Lyceum gehuisvest. Dit als gevolg van anti-Joodse maatregelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens de <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em> waren er klachten over leraren die hun Joodse leerlingen enorm voor trokken om daarmee hun anti-Duitse gezindheid te demonstreren. Als ‘Judenfreundlich’ bekend staande scholen, zoals het Amsterdams Lyceum, zouden daardoor een grote toeloop hebben. Dit werd door de Duitse autoriteiten als een ongewenste ontwikkeling gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> werd er een verordening afgekondigd die bepaalde dat per <strong>1 september</strong> het Joodse leerlingen en docenten verboden werd reguliere scholen en onderwijsinstellingen te bezoeken. Zij werden ondergebracht in aparte scholen met uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. In Amsterdam was de gemeente met de uitvoering van dit besluit belast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op woensdag <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rector van het nieuw gevormde Joods Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Toen na er de razzia’s van <strong>mei en juni 1943</strong> bijna geen leerlingen en leerkrachten meer waren, kwam aan het onderwijs op het Joods Lyceum in september van dat jaar een einde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot en Anne gingen allebei naar het Joods Lyceum. Anne schrijft dat Margot zeker <em>cum laude</em> zou krijgen als dat aan hun school mogelijk zou zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste bladzijden van het dagboek schrijft Anne uitvoerig over klasgenoten en leerkrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Deze notities zijn voor de onderduiktijd geschreven, tussen <strong>12 juni</strong> en <strong>6 juli 1942</strong>. Anne schildert haar klasgenootje Danka Zajde hier nogal negatief,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> maar als ze anderhalf jaar later aan haar terugdenkt blijkt daar niets meer van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In september, na ruim twee maanden onderduiken, schrijft Anne een ‘afscheidsbrief’ aan Jacqueline. Van haar heeft ze immers geen afscheid kunnen nemen. In deze brief herhaalt ze nog eens heel kort het verloop van de vijfde juli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In haar <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> schrijft Anne over verschillende gebeurtenissen die op het Joods Lyceum plaasvonden en daarbij betrokken personen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Zie ook: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank behoorde tot de grote massa', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 en 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", "Een Biologieles" en "Een Wiskunde-les", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.90487 52.361351)",
"summary": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"summary_nl": "Het Joods Lyceum was gevestigd in een schoolgebouw in de Amsterdamse Jodenbuurt. Het was een school voor uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. Zij mochten van de bezetter niet langer op een niet-Joodse school zitten.",
"summary_en": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a/",
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"name": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Jacqueline van Maarsen klasgenootjes op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"content": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een hoop aanloopproblemen gingen de lessen van het onder dwang opgerichte Joods Lyceum op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong> van start.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam daar in klas 1L2 terecht. Naast Hanneli Goslar, die ze al sinds de kleuterschool kende, zat in deze klas ook Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne en Jacqueline raakten innig bevriend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank leert Jacqueline van Maarsen kennen op het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"same_as": null
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
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"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Anne-Frank"
],
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"id": 2236,
"image": {
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"uuid": "b95f94b9-5d42-479a-adb3-d15c03039c7d",
"name": "Gerrit Bolkestein",
"title": "Gerrit Bolkestein",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Collectie Anefo. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Gerrit_Bolkestein.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "http://hdl.handle.net/10648/ad8790a0-d0b4-102d-bcf8-003048976d84",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/eab8c158-7480-49f2-833a-c574268b06c3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9251b259-d69a-47b8-95a5-72a60d78fb14?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "eab8c158-7480-49f2-833a-c574268b06c3",
"first_name": "Gerrit",
"last_name": "Bolkestein",
"infix": "",
"title": "Gerrit Bolkestein",
"title_nl": "Gerrit Bolkestein",
"title_en": "Gerrit Bolkestein",
"content": "<p>Gerrit Bolkestein was Minister of Education in the Dutch government in exile in London. He became Minister of Education in the De Geer Cabinet in <strong>1939 </strong>and remained so until <strong>1945</strong>. He went to London in May of <strong>1940</strong>. In <strong>1943</strong>, he called on Dutch students not to sign the declaration of loyalty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On<strong> 28 March 1944</strong>, he announced via Radio Oranje that a collection of diaries and other personal documents from the period of occupation would be established after the war. He said: "<em>If posterity is to fully appreciate what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, then we need just the simple items: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] speeches from a minister.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne heard this broadcast, and got the idea to write a novel about her experiences in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank reminded Bolkestein of his appeal in a letter on <strong>6 February 1946</strong> and asked for an interview. Bolkestein referred him two days later to the (then) RIOD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1947</strong>, Otto Frank sent Bolkestein a copy of The Secret Annex, saying that the minister was mentioned in the note of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. Bolkestein wrote a thank-you note on <strong>30 June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>: Amstelkade 169 huis, Amsterdam (’37); Groenhovenstraat 32, The Hague (’39).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Collectie Dagboeken en Egodocumenten: Inleiding inventaris "Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten", <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 29 March and 14 April 1944, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Bolkestein.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gerrit Bolkestein was minister van Onderwijs in de Nederlandse regering in ballingschap te Londen. Hij werd in <strong>1939 </strong>minister van onderwijs in het kabinet-De Geer, en bleef dat tot <strong>1945</strong>. Hij ging in de meidagen van <strong>1940</strong> mee naar London. In <strong>1943</strong> riep hij de Nederlandse studenten op de loyaliteitsverklaring niet te tekenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>28 maart 1944 </strong>deelde hij via Radio Oranje mee dat er na de oorlog een verzameling van dagboeken en andere egodocumenten uit de bezettingsperiode zou worden aangelegd. Hij zei: '<em>Wil het nageslacht ten volle beseffen wat wij als volk in deze jaren hebben doorstaan en zijn te boven gekomen, dan hebben wij juist de eenvoudige stukken nodig: een dagboek, brieven van een arbeider uit Duitsland, [...] toespraken van een predikant</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne hoorde deze uitzending, en kwam op het idee om een roman over haar onderduikbelevenissen te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank herinnerde Bolkestein op <strong>6 februari 1946</strong> in een brief aan zijn oproep en hij vroeg in verband daarmee om een onderhoud. Bolkestein verwees hem twee dagen later naar het (toenmalige) RIOD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>juni 1947 </strong>stuurde Otto Frank Bolkestein een exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>, met de mededeling dat de minister in de notitie van <strong>29 maart 1944 </strong>werd genoemd. Bolkestein schreef op <strong>30 juni 1947</strong> een bedankbriefje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>: Amstelkade 169 huis, Amsterdam (’37); Groenhovenstraat 32, Den Haag (’39).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Collectie Dagboeken en Egodocumenten: Inleiding inventaris "Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten", <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A en B, 29 maart en 14 april 1944, in <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Bolkestein.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Gerrit Bolkestein was Minister of Education in the Dutch government in exile in London. He became Minister of Education in the De Geer Cabinet in <strong>1939 </strong>and remained so until <strong>1945</strong>. He went to London in May of <strong>1940</strong>. In <strong>1943</strong>, he called on Dutch students not to sign the declaration of loyalty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On<strong> 28 March 1944</strong>, he announced via Radio Oranje that a collection of diaries and other personal documents from the period of occupation would be established after the war. He said: "<em>If posterity is to fully appreciate what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, then we need just the simple items: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] speeches from a minister.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne heard this broadcast, and got the idea to write a novel about her experiences in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank reminded Bolkestein of his appeal in a letter on <strong>6 February 1946</strong> and asked for an interview. Bolkestein referred him two days later to the (then) RIOD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1947</strong>, Otto Frank sent Bolkestein a copy of The Secret Annex, saying that the minister was mentioned in the note of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. Bolkestein wrote a thank-you note on <strong>30 June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>: Amstelkade 169 huis, Amsterdam (’37); Groenhovenstraat 32, The Hague (’39).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkvdi\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llivmezb/g_gerrit_bolkestein</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bu45\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Collectie Dagboeken en Egodocumenten: Inleiding inventaris "Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten", <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&micode=244&milang=nl#inv3t3</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8afqe\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 29 March and 14 April 1944, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvh6s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zitw1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Bolkestein.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1871-10-09",
"death_date": "1956-09-08",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Den Haag",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Gerrit Bolkestein was Minister of Education in the Dutch government in exile in London.",
"summary_nl": "Gerrit Bolkestein was minister van Onderwijs in de Nederlandse regering in ballingschap in Londen.",
"summary_en": "Gerrit Bolkestein was Minister of Education in the Dutch government in exile in London.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Gerrit-Bolkenstein"
],
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 197,
"image": {
"id": 961,
"uuid": "db44a63d-4943-421a-a9a7-025e7c66544a",
"name": "Annes tafeltje",
"title": "Annes tafeltjes",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Annes-tafeltje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Anne zat graag aan het tafeltje in haar kamer te schrijven, te lezen en te leren. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"name": "The writer Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "De schrijfster Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The writer Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank liggen ten grondslag aan alles wat bekend is geworden over Anne Frank en de onderduikgeschiedenis. Het zijn immers vrijwel alleen Annes geschriften die het verloop van de 25 maanden onderduik documenteren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het handgeschreven manuscript van de dagboeken van Anne Frank op basis waarvan Otto Frank de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis (<strong>1947</strong>) samenstelde, bestaat uit een rood geruit boekje, twee gekartonneerde schriften en ruim 200 vellen gekleurd doorslagpapier. Otto Frank heeft de handschriften van zijn dochter Anne uit de periode van de onderduik nagelaten aan de Staat der Nederlanden. Sinds juni 2009 bevinden deze zich bij de Anne Frank Stichting. Sinds de wetenschappelijke editie van de dagboeken (<strong>1986</strong>) is het gebruikelijk deze handschriften achtereenvolgens dagboek 1, 2 en 3 (of A-versie) en <em>de losse vellen </em>(of B-versie) te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagboek 1, 2 en 3 bevatten de oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen van Anne Frank. Op de losse vellen begint ze in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> haar oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen te herschrijven en bewerken met de bedoeling een roman getiteld <em>Het Achterhuis</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Samen met het Verhaaltjesboek, het Mooie-zinnenboek en het Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (fotoalbum) vormen deze handschriften de nalatenschap van Anne Frank uit de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van voor de onderduikperiode zijn een aantal brieven van Anne bewaard gebleven die zij schreef aan haar vader en aan haar familie in Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het handschrift van Anne is een aantal versjes bekend in de poëziealbums van vriendinnetjes.Er zijn versjes bekend van Anne in de albums van Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder is overgeleverd uit deze periode het z.g. <em>Egypteboek</em>, een gekartonneerd schrift waarin Anne commentaar heeft (over)geschreven bij plaatjes geknipt uit een werkblad van <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> over de geschiedenis van Egypte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verondersteld wordt dat dit een werkstuk is gemaakt in de eerste klas van de middelbare school. Eenzelfde soort werkstuk werd gemaakt door een voormalig klasgenootje van Anne Frank op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, Klaartje Musikant in de eerste klas van de HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Klasgenoten op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool zeggen dat Anne toen al verhaaltjes schreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als dit al zo is, dan is hier niets van overgeleverd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst Schnabel citeerde in zijn boek meneer Van Gelder, Annes leraar in de eerste tot en met de vierde klas van de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, dat Anne goede opstellen schreef en schrijfster wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg het bekende rood-geruite dagboekje voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Haar eerste echte dagboeknotitie op <strong>14 juni</strong> richt ze aan haar dagboek zelf: '<em>ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>Toen ze enkele weken later met haar ouders en zus Margot ging onderduiken, is het dagboek het eerste wat ze inpakte, schrijft ze later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>woensdag 8 juli 1942</strong> schrijft Anne voor het eerst in onderduik in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze beschrijft de dag van de oproep van Margot en het gaan onderduiken. De tweede notitie is een reflectie op haar verjaardag precies een maand daarvoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Dit eerste dagboekje loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die nog dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer! Ik kan het gelukkig nog wat strekken met de bladeren die ik er tussen heb geplakt'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat Anne haar vroeg om een dagboek dat met een sleuteltje te sluiten was, maar dat het haar destijds niet lukte om zoiets te vinden<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 mei 1943</strong> en op <strong>22 januari 1944</strong> voegde Anne in retrospectief aantekeningen toe<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Ze schreef toen ook dat ze het inmiddels zonde van de opengelaten bladzijden vond<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe dan ook, het volgende dagboek of dagboeken ontbreken. Het tweede overgeleverde dagboek begint met de notitie van <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt tot <strong>17 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het derde dagboek sluit hierop aan en loopt van <strong>18 april 1943</strong> tot en met <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> (drie dagen voor de arrestatie van de onderduikers en twee van hun helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Een heel jaar ‘dagboek’ ontbreekt dus.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de eerste pagina richt Anne zich persoonlijk tot haar dagboek en maakt haar dagboek tot een vriendin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De dagboeknotitie van <strong>21 september 1942</strong> eindigt ze met: '<em>ik heb zo’n zin om met iemand te corresponderen, en dat zal ik dus in het vervolg maar met mijn dagboek doen. Ik schrijf dus nu in briefvorm wat feitelijk op hetzelfde neerkomt. Lieve Jettje (zal ik maar zeggen,) mijn lieve vriendin, ik zal je in het vervolg en ook nu nog veel te vertellen hebben</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Die avond schrijft Anne ook nog een paar regeltjes aan Emmy en vraagt haar of ze Joop ter Heul heeft gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf dat moment richt Anne haar dagboeknotities om beurten overwegend aan verschillende denkbeeldige vriendinnen: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje die ze gedeeltelijk ontleende aan de karakters uit de Joop ter Heul reeks van Cissy van Marxveldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>deze manier om in mijn dagboek te schrijven vind ik veel fijner</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks schreef Joop brieven aan haar vriendin Netty, maar omdat ze van haar vader vanwege haar schoolprestaties maar een keer per maand (op zondag) mocht schrijven, ging ze (stiekem) in oude schriften van haar zus een dagboek bijhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had met zeven vriendinnen (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty en Conny) een club waarvan de naam gevormd werd door de beginletters van hun namen: de <em>Jopopinoloukicoclub</em>. Anne Frank had met Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse en Hanneli ook een club: <em>de Kleine Beer minus-2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was dol op de boeken van Cissy van Marxveldt en had zeker al voor de onderduik een deel uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Volgens Jacqueline van Maarsen lazen Anne en zij het tweede deel. Dat zou betekenen dat zij hier het eerste deel uit had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> van Cissy van Marxveldt las ze maar liefst vier keer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Tijdens de onderduik nam Johannes Kleiman de boeken van zijn dochter voor haar mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>, de dag dat ze in haar dagboek begint met de briefvorm, heeft ze net of bijna Joop ter Heul uit en moet ze wachten tot meneer Kleiman de komende zaterdag de laatste twee delen voor haar meeneemt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Twee dagen daarna, op <strong>26 september</strong> heeft ze die allebei (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> en <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>) uit. Ze vindt het laatste deel het leukst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde periode schrijft Anne in haar dagboek een brief aan Jacqueline van Maarsen en beantwoordt een denkbeeldige brief van Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne schrijft haar dagboekbrieven aan Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje. Ze schrijft hen over zichzelf en over de gebeurtenissen in het Achterhuis. Tegelijkertijd reageert ze op gebeurtenissen en personen die voorkomen in de boeken van Joop ter Heul. Zo vraagt Anne Noortje te logeren en regelt dat met de moeder van Noortje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had het over de afstand die er tussen haar en haar moeder altijd geweest is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Zowel Anne als Joop hadden een moeder waar ze geen dingen mee kunnen bespreken. De laatste dagboeknotitie uit het eerste rood-geruite dagboekje is gericht aan Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Al vanaf het begin heeft Anne duidelijk gemaakt dat ze het liefst aan Kitty schrijft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> De echte Kitty uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks heet Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dagboek A2 en A3 richt Anne zich alleen nog tot lieve Kitty. Omdat in de A-versie <strong>1943</strong> bijna geheel ontbreekt, weten we niet wanneer Anne hiertoe is overgegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste dagboekbrief van de B-versie legt Anne uit dat het dagboekidee is ontstaan omdat ze geen vriendin heeft, dat het dagboek zelf de vriendin zal zijn en dat die vriendin Kitty heet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Alle dagboekbrieven van de B-versie beginnen met lieve Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospectief</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep van minister van onderwijs Bolkestein op radio Oranje op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> begint Anne <strong>eind mei 1944</strong> haar originele dagboek te herschrijven op losse (lichtgele, lichtblauwe, roze en grauwe) velletjes doorslagpapier, meestal de <em>losse vellen</em> genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat zij Anne had voorzien van dit doorslagpapier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Lieve Kitty, Gisterenavond sprak minister Bolkesteyn aan de Oranjezender erover dat er na de oorlog een inzameling van dagboeken en brieven van deze oorlog zou worden gehouden. Natuurlijk stormden ze allemaal direct op mijn dagboek af. Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken dat het een detective-roman was.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>En op zaterdag <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne Frank: '<em><em>Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n Achterhuis begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zover af als het kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het wel ooit afkomt.'</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>losse vellen</em> beslaan de periode van <strong>20 juni 1942</strong> tot en met <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. Anne heeft dus in ruim twee maanden haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken bewerkt tot versie-B. Het is belangrijk om hierbij te beseffen dat, hoewel Anne haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken als basis gebruikte, de B-versie in retrospectief geschreven is. Ze beschrijft gebeurtenissen uit <strong>1942</strong> en <strong>1943</strong> in het <strong>voorjaar en de zomer van 1944</strong>. Zo schrijft ze in A-versie over haar dagboek: '<em>Ik ben o zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In de B-versie benadrukt ze het belang van haar dagboek door te schrijven dat ze het als eerste inpakte op de avond voordat ze gingen onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vulpen waarmee Anne schreef, een cadeau van oma Höllander voor haar negende verjaardag, verdween per ongeluk samen met de aardappelschillen in de kachel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt herhaaldelijk hoe belangrijk schrijven voor haar is. Zo dankt ze God dat hij haar daarmee de mogelijkheid heeft gegeven om zich uit te drukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Ze schrijft dat ze journaliste wil worden en: ‘<em>niemand die niet schrijft weet hoe fijn schrijven is; vroeger betreurde ik het altijd dat ik in ’t geheel niet tekenen kon, maar nu ben ik overgelukkig dat ik tenminste schrijven kan</em>.’</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> begon Anne met het schrijven van verhaaltjes. De verhaaltjes zijn opgetekend in het dagboek, op de losse vellen en in een gekartonneerd schrift.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Ze wilde proberen onder pseudoniem een van haar sprookjes in het blad <em>de Prins</em> geplaatst te krijgen, maar dacht dat dat niet zou lukken omdat haar sprookjes te lang zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover na de oorlog dat Anne aan Kleiman vroeg om onder de naam van zijn dochter het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen. Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk. In het verhaaltje <em>Het beste tafeltje</em> lezen we dat Anne dagelijks van half drie tot vier uur kon beschikken over het tafeltje in de kamer die ze met Fritz Pfeffer deelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Met veel moeite bevocht ze twee keer in de week een extra anderhalf uur.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde tijd dat Anne met haar verhaaltjes begon kreeg ze voor haar veertiende verjaardag het boekje <em>Literatuur- en Stijlstudie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Het was een bloemlezing uit literair proza en verzen waarbij stijlfiguren en karakteristieken van de verschillende schrijvers werden toegelicht.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Versjes in poëziealbums, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Het Egypteboek, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, 1e, 2e en 3e; 22 januari 1944, 1e, 2e en 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Ik hoop aan jou alles te kunnen toevertrouwen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 1e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 2e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, 1e en 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode aan mijn vulpen, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank. Ingewijd donderdag 2 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het beste tafeltje", 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve de dagboeken behoren ook het Verhaaltjesboek en het Mooie-zinnenboek tot de nalatenschap van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
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"name": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt haar dagboek mee als ze onderduikt",
"name_en": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October '42</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early '44,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early '44</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early '43</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July '43</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank nam haar roodgeruite dagboek mee toen ze ging onderduiken. Op de eerste pagina schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben, O, zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Als ze haar dagboek herschrijft op losse vellen (dagboek B) gaat ze hier uitgebreider op in:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Margot en ik begonnen het nodigste in een schooltas te pakken, het eerste wat ik er in stopte was dit gecartonneerde schrift, daarna krulpennen, zakdoeken, schoolboeken, kam, oude brieven, ik dacht aan het schuilen en stopte daardoor de gekste onzin in de tas, maar ik heb er geen spijt van, ik geef meer om herinneringen, dan om jurken.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>oktober 1942</strong> was het roodgeruite dagboek bijna vol. Ze schrijft hierover: '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer!'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het eerste dagboek eindigt met de notitie van <strong>5 december 1942</strong>. Anne heeft nog wel (uit ruimtegebrek) notities van later datum toegevoegd en pagina’s ingeplakt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Veel van Annes ervaringen en meningen uit de onderduiktijd liggen vast in haar dagboeknotities en een deel van haar verhaaltjes.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat ze pas in de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> hoorde waar ze naartoe gingen. Haar ouders lichtten haar onderweg in over de schuilplaats in het Opekta-pand, en over de voorbereidingen die waren getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de periode in het Achterhuis probeerde Anne haar schoolwerk bij te houden. In het Achterhuis leerde ze Engels, Frans, Duits, steno, meetkunde, algebra, geschiedenis, aardrijkskunde, kunstgeschiedenis, mythologie, biologie, bijbelse geschiedenis en Nederlandse literatuur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de onderduikperiode begon was Anne dertien jaar. Haar seksuele ontwikkeling vond ook een plaats in haar dagboek. Ze noteerde in <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> dat ze verwachtte snel ongesteld te zullen worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>Begin ’44</strong> schrijft ze er nog eens over, dan is het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Peter sprak Anne over de tijd voor het onderduiken. Enkele weken later spreken ze over de begintijd van de onderduik, en hoe ze elkaar toen niet konden uitstaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>maart '44</strong> tekende zich de romance met Peter af, die na een week of zes weer verflauwde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Bep Voskuijl had ze een goede band. Bep was veruit de jongste van de helpers, en twee van haar zusjes waren jonger dan Anne. Anne rekende naast zichzelf, Margot en Peter ook Bep tot de jeugd die door de volwassenen in het Achterhuis niet goed werd begrepen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naarmate de tijd vorderde werden Annes notities introspectiever. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> schrijft ze over haar toegenomen mensenkennis, met de kanttekening dat ze het na een half jaar eigenlijk wel genoeg vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 maart 1944</strong> blikt ze terug op haar ontwikkeling van ongeveer twee jaar. In <strong>1942</strong> beleefde zij een 'onbezorgde schooltijd', om na <strong>6 juli</strong> te worden overrompeld door eenzaamheid en allerlei conflicten aan te gaan. <strong>Begin ’43</strong> verloor ze zich in verdriet en eenzaamheid, terwijl ze in de tweede helft van dat jaar tot ‘bakvis’ uitgroeide, zich meer met levensbeschouwelijke vragen bezig ging houden en God leerde kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bovendien begon ze toen, naar eigen zeggen, te denken en te schrijven. Haar ‘verhaaltjes’ zijn op drie na gedateerd vanaf <strong>juli ’43</strong>. Op <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze eindelijk met schrijven van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> is begonnen, de herschrijving van haar eerdere dagboeknotities met het oog op publicatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dit proces is in zichzelf de meest omvangrijke reflectie op eerdere notities en gedachten die in de manuscripten voorkomt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het spreekt vanzelf dat ook voor Anne het gedwongen verblijf in het Achterhuis moeilijk moet zijn geweest. Over haar beleving van de onderduiktijd schrijft haar vader ruim twintig jaar later dat zij vooral elke dag uitkeek naar iemand die nieuws van buiten kwam brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, onderaan de eerste pagina (zonder datum, maar op of na 28 september 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 februari 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 en 23 maart. 2 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October '42</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early '44,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early '44</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early '43</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July '43</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"summary_nl": "Toen ze moest onderduiken stopte Anne Frank het roodgeruite dagboek in haar tas.",
"summary_en": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 176,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e",
"name": "Frank family in hiding",
"name_nl": "Familie Frank is ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Frank family in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>6 juli 1942 </strong>dook het hele gezin onder in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het oorspronkelijke plan om <strong>16 juli 1942</strong> onder te duiken was door de oproep aan Margot om in Duitsland te gaan werken tien dagen vervroegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v60se\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De voorbereidingen voor de onderduik waren al veel eerder begonnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover:<em> "Tengevolge van de steeds stringenter wordende bepalingen contra de joden werd het voor mij en mijn gezin noodzakelijk te gaan onderduiken.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de dag van de onderduik ging Otto met Edith en Anne lopend van het Merwedeplein naar de Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onakq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot was in de vroege ochtend al op de fiets gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De inval en arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> maakten een eind aan de onderduikperiode.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De onderduikperiode staat met deze begin- en einddata ook aangetekend op Otto’s vreemdelingenkaart in het politiearchief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een achtergelaten briefje in de woning aan het Merwedeplein, met een adres in Maastricht diende om de indruk te wekken dat de familie het land verlaten had. Van Pels vertelde aan Werner Goldschmidt, de onderhuurder van de familie Frank, dat een officier - een jeugdvriend van Otto Frank - hem hielp. Helaas is het onduidelijk welk adres het zou betreffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto stuurde op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> aan Leni (<em>Lunni</em>) in Bazel een verjaardagskaart waar uit op te maken viel dat hij en zijn gezin op het punt stonden onder te duiken. Leni was namelijk pas op <strong>8 september</strong> jarig. Hij schreef: '<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij kwam op deze kaart terug in een brief aan zijn familie in Bazel van <strong>8 juni 1945</strong>: '<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De brief kwam kennelijk <strong>3 juli</strong> retour; het postverkeer met Zwitserland verliep stroef. Die voorbereiding komt ook naar voren uit het dagboek: '<em>Papa en mama hadden al lang een heleboel uit ons huis gedaan (...).</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank had voorafgaand aan de onderduik naar eigen zeggen genoeg verdiend om voor zijn gezin in het levensonderhoud te voorzien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v60se\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> Volgens Kugler is Otto Frank van plan onder te duiken bij de invoering van de gele ster. Als blijkt dat het resultaat van de maatregel (gezien verontwaardiging en tegenstand) niet volgens verwachting is, stelt hij zijn besluit uit. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). De visie van Kugler vindt geen steun in andere bronnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eind 1941-begin 1942 volgens Kleiman in het transcript van Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel, transcript, p. 39-40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigeverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onakq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. In de A-versie is de notitie beperkt tot '<em>Wij moesten lopen naar kantoor</em>.' De stromende regen en de medelijdende blikken komen uit de bijna twee jaar later geschreven B-versie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-07-06",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 juli 1942 dook de familie Frank onder in het achterhuis van het bedrijfsgebouw van Opekta.",
"summary_en": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
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"name": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Familie Van Pels duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens Anne Franks dagboek was het plan dat zij <strong>14 juli 1942</strong> zouden komen. Door vele berichten over oproepen waren zij zodanig verontrust dat ze een dag eerder naar het Achterhuis vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Peter was overigens nog geen zestien, en zijn beide ouders waren geboren <strong>voor 1902</strong>, wat wil zeggen dat zij niet tot de allereerst opgeroepen categorieen behoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
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"uuid": "a85f9f89-b53d-4e41-bb44-45d3470f79be",
"name": "Helen Zenna Smith",
"title": "Trilogie Helen Zenna Smith",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Helen_Zenna_Smith_hEWsIBn.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de trilogie van Helen Zenna Smith",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a829e308-1301-4261-8635-a0d4f506c45f/",
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"name": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"name_nl": "Anne over het boek dat Peter niet mocht lezen",
"name_en": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"content": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jo Kleiman bracht geregeld boeken mee voor de onderduikers. In de <strong>nazomer van 1942</strong>, het Achterhuis was nog maar enkele weken bewoond, bracht hij een boek mee dat de gemoederen flink zou beroeren. De titel van het boek blijft ongenoemd, maar het ging om een trilogie<em> </em>van de Australisch-Britse schrijfster Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> in <strong>1938</strong> in één band bij <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> verschenen, namelijk <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het eerste deel gaat over een groep Britse jongedames van goede komaf, die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in Noord-Frankrijk met ambulances achter de frontlinies reden. Het gevaarlijke werk en de contacten met Duitse krijgsgevangenen leidden tot de nodige verruwing en een lossere seksuele moraal.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peters ouders wilden niet hebben dat hij dit boek, volgens Anne 'erg vrij geschreven', zou lezen. Zijn moeder bond later wat in, maar zijn vader hield voet bij stuk. Peter rebelleerde tegen zijn ouders en verschanste zich verontwaardigd op zolder, dreigend dat hij ook geen Engels meer zou leren als hij het boek niet lezen mocht. Overigens vond Edith Frank haar dochter Margot heel verstandig 'in die dingen', maar desondanks mocht ook zij het boek niet lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende passages die destijds opvoeders mogelijk de wenkbrauwen deden fronsen zullen in deze tijd niet veel opzien meer baren: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Ik vind het weerzinwekkend, dat gepraat van jullie", zegt Etta Potato. "Ik ben er zeker van dat die gevangenen niets lelijks dachten, Tosh. Ze hebben zelf ook zusters."<br />\r\n"Dan hoop ik, dat ze die niet op zo'n manier aankijken. Zeg, is Etta Potato geen lief kind? De ene en enige virgo intacta in de hele ploeg."<br />\r\nEen kreet van verontwaardiging. "Zeg, wou je soms wat van mij zeggen?" "En ik dan?" "En ik?"<br />\r\n"Kinderen", zegt Tosh, "jullie zijn misschien virgo, maar ik mag een staart krijgen als je intacta bent."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De grote vraag blijft intussen of Peter het boek uiteindelijk toch nog heeft kunnen lezen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het betrof een vertaling in het Nederlands van <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Ze komt er later op 2 september 1942 in de B-versie op terug. De combinatie van gegevens uit beide notities maakten het mogelijk het boek te identificeren. Met dank aan Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"date": "1942-09-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"summary_nl": "In het Achterhuis viel vaak niet veel meer te doen dan lezen. Maar niet ieder boek viel in goede aarde.",
"summary_en": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 309,
"main_image": {
"id": 1064,
"uuid": "2e008dd4-50fe-442f-a7f4-e6de24db4659",
"name": "Het Beursspel",
"title": "Het Beursspel",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/afh_beursspel0000.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/483c6a65-8444-4374-8969-77b720556935?format=api"
],
"persons": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16",
"name": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"name_nl": "Peter krijgt Beursspel voor zijn verjaardag",
"name_en": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"content": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry. Anne's diary later states that they play it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Beursspel was een bordspel waarbij de spelers konden speculeren op koersschommelingen, in aandelen handelen en investeren in (overzeese) handel en industrie. In Annes dagboek is later te lezen dat ze het af en toe spelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry. Anne's diary later states that they play it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-11-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"summary_nl": "Peter vierde zijn zestiende verjaardag. Van het kantoorpersoneel kreeg hij een Beursspel cadeau.",
"summary_en": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 112,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24?format=api"
],
"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, the arrival was set for <strong>17 November 1942</strong> and Kleiman went by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de Amsterdamse kennissenkring van Fritz Pfeffer was onbekend dat hij vanwege de Neurenberger wetten niet officieel met Charlotte Kaletta was getrouwd. Zijn status was dan ook niet die van een gemengd gehuwde, maar van een ongetrouwde <em>Volljude</em>. Daarom ziet ook hij zich genoodzaakt onder te duiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>16 november 1942</strong> dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263. Daar bleef hij tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij sliep hier in het smalle kamertje, dat hij deelde met Anne Frank, rechtsachter op de tweede verdieping van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mogelijke komst van Pfeffer naar het Achterhuis komt in het dagboek van Anne Frank voor het eerst ter sprake op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dat is ongeveer twee maanden voor hij daadwerkelijk arriveerde. In de A-versie staat geen exacte datum van Pfeffers komst. Volgens deze versie zou Kleiman Pfeffer bij het Hoofdpostkantoor ophalen en zouden zij naar de Prinsengracht lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In de B-versie is de aankomst bepaald op <strong>17 november 1942</strong> en ging Kleiman met de tram: <em>'Kleiman stapte in de tram, reed terug naar kantoor en Pf. liep dezelfde weg op.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 november 1942 </strong>meldde zijn huisbaas Felix Mittwoch dat Pfeffer hem had verteld dat hij vanwege een nierziekte misschien een operatie in een niet nader genoemd ziekenhuis moest ondergaan. Nadat Mittwoch enige dagen niets meer van zijn huurder hoorde, meldde hij hem bij de Vreemdelingendienst van de politie af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In het Achterhuis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was arts en tandarts. Als tandarts trad hij ook in het Achterhuis op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft hoe hij haar onderzoekt toen ze ziek was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hij betrok het kleine kamertje waar tot dan Anne en Margot sliepen, en deelde dat voortaan met Anne. Margot verhuisde naar de slaapkamer van haar ouders. Aanvankelijk schrijft Anne dat de sfeer in huis goed is. Later komen er meer berichten over conflicten tussen de onderduikers en tussen haar en Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A en B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Dit nuanceert het verhaal dat Pfeffer op stel en sprong naar het Achterhuis moest komen wel enigszins.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, the arrival was set for <strong>17 November 1942</strong> and Kleiman went by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-11-16",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Op 16 november 1942 dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Tijdens de onderduik deelde hij een kamer met Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 299,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b05aace9-de43-47da-8b47-7f04db0cbf79/",
"subjects": [],
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"name": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"name_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 verkocht",
"name_en": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"content": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De nieuwe eigenaar Maurits Wessels maakte deel uit van een omvangrijke familie die door een zogenaamde Calmeyer-procedure was 'ontjoodst'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vtick\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daardoor kreeg hij de beschikking terug over zijn vermogen en kon hij zijn zaken weer opnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In februari kocht hij al enkele panden in de Pijp en in de Kinkerbuurt. Anne Frank noteerde in haar op <strong>27 februari 1943</strong> gedateerde, maar in <strong>1944</strong> herschreven dagboekversie dat op een morgen 'de nieuwe eigenaar' zijn aankoop kwam inspecteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Als haar datering juist is, was Wessels toen op zijn best aspirant-eigenaar, hij kocht het pand uiteindelijk pas op <strong>22 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft dat de nieuwe eigenaar samen met een architect en Jo Kleiman het pand bezichtigde. Kleiman veinsde volgens haar lezing de sleutel van de tussendeur - tussen het voorhuis en het halletje bij de boekenkast - thuis te hebben laten liggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wel is dan opmerkelijk dat de architect een verdieping lager niet zag dat er een trap naar dat halletje liep. In ieder geval ziet het er niet naar uit dat Wessels concrete plannen met het gebouw had. Kennelijk was het bedoeld als geldbelegging.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vtick\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Calmeyer\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-04-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"summary_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 wisselde in 1943 van eigenaar zonder dat koper of verkoper wist dat er acht onderduikers in het pand verborgen waren.",
"summary_en": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 178,
"main_image": {
"id": 1138,
"uuid": "ee9a83a2-109d-43b8-962f-798e20d1511e",
"name": "A_MFrank_I__089",
"title": "Les 17 van de LOI-cursus Latijn die Margot Frank volgde op naam van Bep Voskuijl, 11 maart 1944",
"alt": "Collectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4b1b09ef-96e3-def1-e011-37b61f53ceab.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "undefined",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/767fd4d2-1b73-4dcf-9802-6a22e32167df?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0caec351-5030-4117-85e6-d60c5837523b?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb",
"name": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank en cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_en": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"content": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> begon Margot met een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze volgde de cursus op naam van Elly 'Bep' Voskuijl. Ze koos voor een tempo van een les per week, voor betaling per maand vooruit en ze wilde het lesmateriaal na afloop behouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 november 1943</strong> verstuurde LOI de ontvangstbevestiging van Margots aanmelding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De cursus duurde ongeveer 1 jaar en kostte fl 7,50 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne schrijft hierover in haar dagboek op <strong>3 november 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Om ons wat afleiding en ontwikkeling te bezorgen heeft vader een prospectus van de Leidse onderwijsinstellingen aangevraagd. Margot neusde het dikke boekje wel drie keer door zonder dat ze iets naar haar gading en haar beurs vond. Vader was vlugger voor iets te vinden, hij wilde naar de instelling schrijven en om een proefles ‘Elementair Latijn’ vragen. Zo gezegd, zo gedaan. De les kwam, Margot trok enthousiast aan ’t werk, en de cursus, hoe duur ook, werd genomen. Voor mij is hij veel te moeilijk, hoewel ik erg graag Latijn zou leren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook schrijft Anne in haar dagboek dat haar vader <em>‘meedoet’</em> met Latijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verder schrijft ze: '<em>Margots ingestuurde Latijnse lessen worden door een leraar gecorrigeerd teruggezonden. Margot schrijft onder Bep's naam, de leraar, een zekere A.C. Nielson is erg aardig en geestig bovendien. Hij is zeker blij dat hij zo'n knappe leerlinge gekregen heeft.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nDe docent was erg te spreken over Margots werk. Bij de volgende lessen schreef hij opmerkingen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Les A2: <em>Uw werk is voortreffelijk! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 7: <em>U hebt uitstekend gerepeteerd en kunt rustig verder gaan.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 8, de eerste les van het jaar <strong>1944</strong>: <em>Moge het oorlogsrumoer ver van U blijven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 9: <em>Uitstekend werk. Hulde voor Uw vertaling van Hannibals portret. Ik heb genoegen in Uw steeds zo goede werk!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 13: <em>Voortreffelijk, als steeds.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 32: <em>Uitstekend werk! Het waren zeer moeilijke opgaven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 37 (de laatste, gestempeld met de correctiedatum <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong>): <em>Goed gephilosopheerd en goed vertaald!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>10 augustus 1944</strong> schreef Bep Voskuijl aan de LOI dat ze niet verder aan de cursus kon deelnemen. Ze verzocht om uitschrijving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> De LOI deed Bep <strong>14 augustus 1944</strong> het voorstel de cursus tijdelijk op te schorten en in een later stadium eventueel te hervatten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Op <strong>11 juni 1945</strong> schreef Bep aan de LOI dat de cursus eigenlijk voor een onderduikster (Margot) was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank stuurde bij het verschijnen van het dagboek een exemplaar naar Margots leraar Latijn van de LOI, de heer Neilson: <em>(…) U heeft veel zorg aan de lessen besteed, die aan mijn dochter Margot grote voldoening gaven, ook al kende U de leerlinge niet, met wie u onder de naam Voskuyl correspondeerde.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson antwoordt:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'(…) Gedurende de oorlog hebben honderden onderduikers, vaak op de meest afgelegen plaatsen, onze lessen gevolgd. Hoeveel goeds zo’n instituut als de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen kan doen, is nooit duidelijker gebleken dan in de jaren die achter ons liggen. Honderden brieven uit deze tijd bewaar ik als een kostbare herinnering aan de vele eenzame en angstige onderduikers, aan wie mijn lessen troost en cultuur brachten in een vaak hoogst-onintellectuele omgeving.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-11-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"summary_nl": "Margot volgde een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e/",
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"uuid": "c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e",
"name": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank schrijft verder in schriften",
"name_en": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het eerste, roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank (dagboek A1) loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942.</strong> Ook al was het toen nog niet volgeschreven, Anne beschouwde het als vol en schreef daarna verder in schriften. Johannes Kleiman zorgde voor het volgende dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit dagboek is verloren gegaan - en mogelijk ook daarop volgende dagboeken. Het volgende dagboek begint op <strong>22 december 1943</strong>. Gemiddeld beslaat een dagboek vijf maanden, het is dus aannemelijk dat er meerdere dagboeken tussen zitten. Op <strong>11 november 1943</strong> schrijft Anne in de B-versie (de A-versie ontbreekt hier): '<em>Met 13 ging de vulpen mee naar 't Achterhuis waar hij met mij door talloze dagboeken en geschriften is gerend. Toen ik 14 jaar oud was, was dat het laatste jaar dat m'n vulpen met mij voltooid had (…).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hieruit zou men kunnen afleiden dat er meer dan een dagboek ontbreekt. In het verhaaltje <em>De tandarts</em> schrijft Anne over een desinfecteermiddel. In een margenotitie noteert ze: '<em>In Dec. schreef ik: decificeermiddel!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>Het woord 'decificeermiddel' is in de bewaarde A-delen niet te vinden, wat aannemelijk maakt dat Anne verwijst naar een verloren dagboekdeel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het overgeleverde dagboek A2 bestaat uit een zwart gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft. Dagboek A2 sluit niet aan op dagboek A1. Het vertoont een hiaat van een jaar en begint op <strong>woensdag 22 december 1943</strong>: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dit dagboek schrijft Anne tot <strong>17 april 1944</strong>. Dagboek A3, geschreven in een groen gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft, begint op <strong>18 april 1944</strong>: '<em>Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De laatste dagboeknotitie van dagboek A3 dateert van <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> en is gemaakt drie dagen voor de arrestatie van Anne en de andere onderduikers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Papa heeft mijnh Kleiman naar een dagboek gevraagd en Bep naar een po</em>'. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <strong>Verzameld werk</strong>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013: '<em>Ik zit gewoon te springen om mijnh. Kleiman voor het nieuwe dagboek te vragen nu tabeh Anne Frank</em>.' Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-12-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"summary_nl": "Er zit een jaar tussen de laatste aantekening in het roodgeruite dagboek en het volgende, bewaard gebleven dagboek.",
"summary_en": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 244,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7?format=api"
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66",
"name": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank herschrijft haar dagboek",
"name_en": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"content": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> van minister Bolkestein op Radio Oranje om dagboeken en brieven uit de oorlogstijd te bewaren, besloot Anne Frank haar dagboek te herschrijven tot een roman: '<em>Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken, dat het een detective-roman was.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne herschreef en redigeerde haar dagboek op losse velletjes doorslag papier. Op <strong>zaterdag 20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft zij: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n "het Achterhuis" begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zo ver af als het af kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het al ooit afkomt.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Annes herschreven versie, dat bekend staat als dagboek B, eindigt met de dagboeknotitie van <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHerhaaldelijk gaf Anne in haar dagboeken te kennen dat zij een roman wilde uitgeven en dat zij schrijfster of journaliste wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-05-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank wil na de oorlog een boek uitgeven over haar tijd in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
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{
"id": 185,
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"id": 888,
"uuid": "7a7a13d0-f345-4d63-8b29-b92ceb5e2f76",
"name": "012_101",
"title": "Vloer in de kamer van Anne Frank",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/59239f6c-7dea-f2fb-ae11-7b543ebce0af.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten vloer in de kamer van Anne Frank",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In Copyright (rechten Derden)"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bb325760-bc0b-4ef6-a242-e37d1d791188/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb325760-bc0b-4ef6-a242-e37d1d791188",
"name": "The discovery of the diary",
"name_nl": "De vondst van het dagboek",
"name_en": "The discovery of the diary",
"content": "<p>After the eight people in hiding were arrested on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, helpers Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl entered the Secret Annex a day later. In an interview with the television programme <em>Meridiaan</em> on 30 June 1958, Miep Gies described what she found there:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And when we got in there, the chaos was indescribable. The plates were still on the table, there were magazines scattered on the floor, books, newspapers, and then we started looking. I didn't know for what, but we were looking for something, and at one point then I saw the tip of a red checked diary. I said, look Elly [Bep], there's Anne's diary. I'll take that with me. We took it and went downstairs. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies kept the diary in her desk drawer. When the warehouse staff went to clear out the Secret Annex, Miep asked them if they came across any loose papers to bring them to her. This is how more pages of Anne's diary were eventually found and kept by Miep to gikve to Anne for when she might return.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 July 1945</strong>, Otto Frank discovered that his daughters had died. Not long after, Miep gave Otto his daughter's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum, DocID 44358: Meridiaan, AVRO, broadcast on 30 June 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat de acht onderduikers op<strong> 4 augustus 1944</strong> waren gearresteerd, betraden helpers Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl een dag later het Achterhuis. Miep Gies vertelde in een interview bij het televisieprogramma "Meridiaan" van <strong>30 juni 1958</strong> wat ze daar aantrof: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En toen we daar binnenkwamen, de chaos, die was onbeschrijflijk. De borden stonden nog op tafel, op de grond lagen tijdschriften verspreid, boeken, kranten, en toen gingen we zoeken. Ja wat dat weet ik niet, maar we zochten iets. En op een gegeven ogenblik toen zag ik het puntje van een rood geruite dagboek. Ik zeg, kijk Elly [Bep], daar heb je het dagboek van Anne. Dat neem ik mee. We hebben dit meegenomen en zijn naar beneden gegaan. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bewaarde het dagboek in haar bureaula. Toen het magazijnpersoneel het Achterhuis ging opruimen, vroeg Miep aan hen of ze als ze losse papieren tegenkwamen die aan haar wilde brengen. Zo werden er uiteindelijk nog meer pagina's van Annes dagboek gevonden en door Miep bewaard om aan Anne te geven mocht ze terugkomen. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 juli 1945</strong> ontdekte Otto Frank dat zijn dochters waren overleden. Niet lang daarna gaf Miep aan Otto het dagboek van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum, DocID 44358: Meridiaan, AVRO, uitgezonden op 30 juni 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the eight people in hiding were arrested on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, helpers Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl entered the Secret Annex a day later. In an interview with the television programme <em>Meridiaan</em> on 30 June 1958, Miep Gies described what she found there:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And when we got in there, the chaos was indescribable. The plates were still on the table, there were magazines scattered on the floor, books, newspapers, and then we started looking. I didn't know for what, but we were looking for something, and at one point then I saw the tip of a red checked diary. I said, look Elly [Bep], there's Anne's diary. I'll take that with me. We took it and went downstairs. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies kept the diary in her desk drawer. When the warehouse staff went to clear out the Secret Annex, Miep asked them if they came across any loose papers to bring them to her. This is how more pages of Anne's diary were eventually found and kept by Miep to gikve to Anne for when she might return.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 July 1945</strong>, Otto Frank discovered that his daughters had died. Not long after, Miep gave Otto his daughter's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum, DocID 44358: Meridiaan, AVRO, broadcast on 30 June 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The day after the arrest of the people in hiding, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl walked through the rooms in the Secret Annex. They saw Anne's diaries lying around and took them to keep for her.",
"summary_nl": "De dag na de arrestatie van de onderduikers liepen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl door de kamers in het Achterhuis. Ze zagen de dagboeken van Anne liggen en namen ze mee om voor haar te bewaren.",
"summary_en": "The day after the arrest of the people in hiding, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl walked through the rooms in the Secret Annex. They saw Anne's diaries lying around and took them to keep for her.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
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"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 90,
"image": {
"id": 1015,
"uuid": "c5b33d48-05b4-4ae3-9b05-ab281e5c22a4",
"name": "Radio",
"title": "Radio en fotoalbum",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/b4ce1d97-f229-d58e-2454-4c9ebfea33d0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Naar de radio luisteren was een vast onderdeel van de dag van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957",
"name": "Contact with the outside world",
"name_nl": "Contact met de buitenwereld",
"name_en": "Contact with the outside world",
"description": "<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing '<em>a novel of the Secret Annex'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is what she began on <strong>20 May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports about daily life</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> and<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in <strong>1944</strong> on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from <em>De Telegraaf</em>, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The Normandy map also came from <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The advert also appeared in the <em>Haagsche Post</em> on <strong>6 February</strong><em>.</em> Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that <em>De Telegraaf </em>was also read in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports on the progress of the war</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1942</strong>, she writes about listening to German radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The first report is from <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service <strong>in late 1943</strong>, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In <strong>May 1944</strong>, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in <em>Het Parool </em>just under a year earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Messages about family, friends and acquaintances</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> When Fritz Pfeffer came in <strong>November 1942</strong>, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's '<em>Künstler-neigungen</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on <strong>20 May 1945</strong> that the last message she had received from him was dated <strong>2 June 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Again, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The outside world intrudes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>As Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> As far as is known, only the burglary of <strong>9 April 1944</strong> came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The immediate vicinity</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In <strong>March 1944</strong>, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 and 30 September, 1, 5, 15 and 20 October, 17 November 1942, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15, 18, 21 and 25 April 1944; Version B, 5 August and 16 September 1943; Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Lunch Break", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942; Diary Version B, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March and 9 April 1944; Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Eenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven afgesloten. De afhankelijkheid was groot, en aanvoer van allerlei levensbenodigdheden liep via de helpers. Ook nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en dergelijke kwamen via hen binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio. De berichten van de BBC en Radio Oranje waren voor het moreel van de onderduikers van groot belang. Wel een heel belangrijke uitzending was, achteraf gezien, de rede van minister Gerrit Bolkestein op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong>. Anne hield toen al geruime tijd een dagboek bij. Die avond hoorde zij Bolkestein echter zeggen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Haar [= de Nederlandse regering in Londen] staat voor oogen de oprichting van een nationaal centrum, waar al het geschiedkundige materiaal betreffende deze jaren zal worden bijeengebracht, bewerkt en uitgegeven […] Wil het nageslacht ten volle beseffen wat wij als volk in deze jaren hebben doorstaan en zijn te boven gekomen, dan hebben wij juist de eenvoudige stukken nodig: een dagboek, brieven van een arbeider uit Duitsland, [...] toespraken van een predikant.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was deze toespraak die haar op het idee bracht ‘<em>een roman van het Achterhuis’</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hier begon ze op <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Haar boek is zoals bekend later in bewerkte vorm uitgegeven en wereldberoemd geworden. Dit was dus wel een heel essentieel contact met de buitenwereld te noemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over het dagelijks leven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de Franks hun intrek in het Achterhuis hadden genomen, zijn de enige mensen waar ze rechtstreeks contact mee hadden de helpers, aangevuld met mevrouw Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> en de vader van Bep Voskuijl. Zij verschaften directe informatie omdat zij op de hoogte waren van allerlei nieuwtjes en toegang hadden tot reguliere en clandestiene pers. Zo vertelde Johannes Kleiman volgens Anne dat de brandweer bij het blussen van het Bevolkingsregister met veel bluswater de schade opzettelijk had vergroot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler bracht kranten en tijdschriften, zoals<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> en<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was geïnteresseerd in film en muziek, en noteerde in haar dagboek dat Bep Voskuijl naar optredens van Thelma van Breemen en Evelyn Künneke ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Ook noemde ze concerten van Händel en Mozart die de radio uitzond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beschouwingen over de stand van zaken in Nederland en Amsterdam baseerde Anne in <strong>1944</strong> vaak op krantenberichten. Ze las en schreef over inbraken, vermissingen, jeugdcriminaliteit en vandalisme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Veel van dergelijke berichten verschenen in verschillende dagbladen. In het dagboek refereerde Anne aan berichten en bijbehorende gedichten van Clinge Doorenbos uit <em>De Telegraaf</em>, zoals de zaak van de doodgeslagen kat in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ook het Normandiëkaartje kwam uit <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Verder plaatste “Gies, Prinsengr. 263” in het blad een ‘Speurder’ waarin een camera te koop werd gevraagd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> De annonce verscheen op <strong>6 februari</strong> ook in de <em>Haagsche Post.</em> Hoewel er geen expliciete vermeldingen zijn blijkt dat ook <em>De Telegraaf </em>in het Achterhuis werd gelezen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over het oorlogsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast de helpers en de kranten die zij meebrachten, was de radio een belangrijke inlichtingenbron. Anne omschrijft de radio als ‘moed-houd-bron’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1942</strong> schrijft ze over het luisteren naar de Duitse radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Nadat Kugler de grote radio uit het privékantoor noodgedwongen had ingeleverd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> kwam er in het Achterhuis een ‘baby-radiootje’ van Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels hoorde rond deze tijd, mogelijk via dit radiootje, van de val van Mussolini.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naarmate de tijd vorderde, volgden de onderduikers de strijd aan het Oostfront op de voet. Na D-Day steeg het optimisme,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> en hielden ze met behulp van het Normandië-kaartje de geallieerde vorderingen bij. Uit verschillende notities blijkt dat de onderduikers ook toegang hadden tot informatie uit ondergrondse bronnen. Zo weet Anne te vertellen dat er een voetbalwedstrijd tussen marechaussees en onderduikers zou zijn geweest, en dat de Hilversumse distributiedienst spreekuren voor onderduikers hield.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Het eerste bericht is afkomstig uit <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> van het tweede is de bron onbekend. Hoewel er bij die dienst <strong>eind ’43</strong> wel mensen waren gearresteerd, is er over dergelijke spreekuren niets bekend. In <strong>mei ’44</strong> schrijft ze over plannen voor concentratiekampen op Nieuw-Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Het plan om NSB’ers te interneren op Nieuw-Guinea werd een klein jaar eerder in <em>Het Parool </em>naar voren gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk of de onderduikers hierover uit een blad vernamen, via de radio of het van de helpers hoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over familie, vrienden en bekenden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste maanden was het vooral Miep die berichten over de voormalige woonomgeving bracht. Zij vertelde over de taferelen waarmee het ophalen gepaard ging. Miep Gies bracht berichten over een huiszoeking bij haar pleegouders en over de wijze waarop mensen uit haar buurt werden opgehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Wanneer Anne schrijft over de lotgevallen van de Goslars en andere bekenden uit Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> is dat doorgaans op basis van deze inlichtingen. Bep, die in die periode weliswaar bij haar tante op de Da Costakade woonde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> maar nog veel thuis kwam, wist te vertellen dat Annes klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal uit de Reinier Claeszenstraat ook naar Polen was afgevoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Toen Fritz Pfeffer in <strong>november ’42</strong> kwam, kende hij de actuele stand van zaken met betrekking tot het ophalen van Joden in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman voerde tijdens de onderduikperiode zakelijke correspondentie met Erich Elias in Bazel. Hij leek in bedekte termen over te brengen dat alles redelijk goed ging en informeerde naar de familie daar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Zo sijpelde informatie door over de stand van zaken daar, bijvoorbeeld over de ‘Künstler-neigungen’ van Buddy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank schreef op <strong>20 mei 1945</strong> in een briefkaart aan Kleiman dat het laatste bericht dat zij van hem ontvangen had van <strong>2 juni 1944</strong> dateerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Verder ging Kleiman nog een keer naar Werner Goldschmidt en naar Albert Lewkowitz, om achtergebleven spullen uit de woning op het Merwedeplein te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Via Miep Gies onderhield Pfeffer een correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels waren hier uit veiligheidsoverwegingen erg op tegen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het moet ook weer via de helpers zijn geweest dat de onderduikers hoorden dat de vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Hendrik Daatzelaar wegens bonnenhandel waren gearresteerd. Dit was in meerdere opzichten slecht nieuws: door het wegvallen van die bron ontstonden tekorten in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Korte tijd later bracht Miep het bericht dat de zoon van mevrouw Stoppelman, zijn vrouw en zijn schoonzusje waren gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De buitenwereld dringt binnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat Prinsengracht 263 als bedrijfspand bleef functioneren, was er veel beweging in het gebouw. Er kwamen leveranciers, vertegenwoordigers en klanten op bezoek. Ook de schoonmaakster, Arthur Lewinsohn, de loodgieter, de timmerman en de accountant waren storende en angstaanjagende factoren voor de onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne drukt meer dan eens haar grote angst voor Willem van Maaren en de andere magazijnmannen uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er waren buitenstaanders die ongewild iets konden merken, maar er was ook vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks die nieuwsgierig was waar Otto Frank was gebleven. In samenspraak met Kleiman werd hij met een ingewikkelde en via een onwetende Opekta-klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen uitgevoerde list op een dwaalspoor gezet. De suggestie moest zijn dat de Franks via België naar Zwitserland waren vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een heel onwenselijke wijze van confrontatie met de buitenwereld ervoeren de onderduikers toen het pand doelwit werd van dieven en inbrekers. Anne vermeldt tijdens de onderduikperiode vier gevallen van binnendringen en pogingen daartoe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Voor zover bekend kwam alleen de inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ter kennis van de politie, omdat nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de kapotte deur ontdekte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Een gewaarschuwde agent inspecteerde vervolgens het pand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De directe omgeving</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne keek in het voorkantoor langs de gordijnen naar buiten en zag daar voorbijgangers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Vanaf de zolder keek ze met Peter naar buiten en ze zagen vogels en de kastanjeboom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Ook zag Anne eens een klein zwart katje in de tuin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Achterhuis drongen geregeld geluiden uit omliggende panden door. In <strong>maart ’44</strong> werd er tijdens het eten ergens op de muur geklopt, wat schrik teweegbracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden in het weekeinde rekening met de mogelijkheid dat de vlakbij wonende ‘chef van Keg’ Jacob Boon toevallig kon langskomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> De meubelfabriek Elhoek aan de andere kant leken ze als minder dreigend te ervaren, hoewel het personeel daar bij mooi weer in de dakgoot vlakbij het Achterhuis pauzeerde. Een van hen verklaarde later dat ze wel bewoning opmerkten, maar zonder daarbij aan onderduikers te denken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> Meer mensen uit het blok stelden dat ze de aanwezigheid van mensen in het Achterhuis hadden bemerkt, maar dat zijn allemaal verklaringen uit de tijd dat deze onderduikgeschiedenis al zeer bekend was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel het beeld bestaat van het Achterhuis als een soort ‘black box’, volledig losstaand van de buitenwereld, blijkt dat er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld is geweest. Voor een belangrijk deel was dit weliswaar van buiten naar binnen. Daarbij waren de helpers essentieel, zoals toen Broks op een dwaalspoor werd gebracht via een klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Via de helpers liepen de lijnen ook naar Overijssel, waar zich het zwaartepunt van Brouwers bonnenhandel bevond. De belangrijkste lijn naar buiten was toch die naar Zwitserland, die door Kleiman per briefkaart werd onderhouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometeus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 en 30 september, 1, 5, 15 en 20 oktober, 17 november 1942, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15, 18, 21 en 25 april 1944; Dagboek B, 5 augustus en 16 september 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Schaftuurtje", 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942; Dagboek B, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart en 9 april 1944; Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing '<em>a novel of the Secret Annex'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is what she began on <strong>20 May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports about daily life</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> and<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in <strong>1944</strong> on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from <em>De Telegraaf</em>, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The Normandy map also came from <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The advert also appeared in the <em>Haagsche Post</em> on <strong>6 February</strong><em>.</em> Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that <em>De Telegraaf </em>was also read in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports on the progress of the war</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1942</strong>, she writes about listening to German radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The first report is from <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service <strong>in late 1943</strong>, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In <strong>May 1944</strong>, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in <em>Het Parool </em>just under a year earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Messages about family, friends and acquaintances</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> When Fritz Pfeffer came in <strong>November 1942</strong>, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's '<em>Künstler-neigungen</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on <strong>20 May 1945</strong> that the last message she had received from him was dated <strong>2 June 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Again, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The outside world intrudes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>As Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> As far as is known, only the burglary of <strong>9 April 1944</strong> came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The immediate vicinity</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In <strong>March 1944</strong>, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 and 30 September, 1, 5, 15 and 20 October, 17 November 1942, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15, 18, 21 and 25 April 1944; Version B, 5 August and 16 September 1943; Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Lunch Break", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942; Diary Version B, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March and 9 April 1944; Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with the former life of the people there were closed. Still, there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. Through the helpers, news from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and other reading material came in. There was also the radio, which was used to listen to the BBC and Radio Oranje.",
"summary_nl": "Eenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven van de onderduikers afgesloten. Toch was er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld. Via de helpers kwam nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en ander lectuur naar binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio, waarmee werd geluisterd naar de BBC en Radio Oranje.",
"summary_en": "Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with the former life of the people there were closed. Still, there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. Through the helpers, news from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and other reading material came in. There was also the radio, which was used to listen to the BBC and Radio Oranje.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 73,
"image": {
"id": 1037,
"uuid": "cd98e548-4815-4816-b191-4f8c9865b20c",
"name": "Studieboeken",
"title": "Studieboeken",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Schoolboeken.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De tijd in het Achterhuis werd deels gedood met lezen en studeren.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek.",
"copyright": ""
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/eefe9602-8893-47ad-bc48-3dd10392ff86/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "eefe9602-8893-47ad-bc48-3dd10392ff86",
"name": "The daily schedule in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De dagindeling in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The daily schedule in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diary and her stories are the main source for the daily schedule in the Secret Annex. The B version and the stories do require the caveat that there is a strong compositional element involved. Otto Frank and the helpers gave further insight, in various statements after the war, into how the people in the Secret Annex filled their days. In particular, the presence and absence of staff in the office and warehouse determined the difference between weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays. However, it is difficult to establish whether certain routines remained the same during the 25 months of hiding, or whether significant shifts occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An undated entry from Anne's diary, assumed to be from <strong>March 1944,</strong> describes an<em> 'Anne Frank's daily schedule'</em> on weekdays. In it, she details what such a day looked like. There may be scepticism about its accuracy. For instance,<em> 'getting dressed from seven thirty-eight to seven fifty-five'</em> does sound very detailed for something so mundane. That everything in the Secret Annex followed strict schedules, however, is plausible. According to this 'daily schedule', Anne got up around seven-thirty and then woke her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family's alarm clock rang earlier: at a quarter to seven, after which Hermann van Pels put on water and went to the bathroom. At a quarter past seven, Fritz Pfeffer, meanwhile also getting up, went to the bathroom. Anne then darkened their room. At eight, it was her turn for the bathroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Breakfast was taken in the van Pels family room between nine and nine-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her story <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em>, Anne describes the morning routine of the people in the Secret Annex. It all comes across as a fairly well-oiled machine. Everyone did what needed to be done, and made sure it was quiet again between eight thirty and nine. This prevented the warehouse staff from noticing anything. This was followed by breakfast. Anne, however - the only one - had had a plate of porridge earlier, which the Van Pels family had prepared.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From one o'clock to a quarter past one, they listened to the radio. Then they ate until ten to two. At two o'clock they listened to the <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At five-thirty, when the company closed, Bep came to give them their 'freedom'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At noon, the helpers came to eat soup.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In general, all of them went to bed fairly early. When Jan and Miep Gies came to stay one night in <strong>October 1942</strong>, despite the festive mood, the lights went out at eleven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Saturdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On Saturdays, the office and warehouse worked in the morning, as was customary at the time. This affected the freedom of movement of the people in hiding. On Saturday afternoon, the curtains in the front office closed, which meant they could move around the offices reasonably freely. Saturday was also the day Miep brought library books,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and Anne twice describes visits by Mrs Kleiman on Saturdays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The Saturday evening Anne listened to the German variety show on the radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Sundays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The prime source for these details is the story <em>Sunday</em>. On Sundays, the rhythm in the Secret Annex was different from other days. Almost everyone slept in, with only Pfeffer getting up at eight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Breakfast was late; not until 11.30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was also the day they had a bath. Anne quotes on <strong>17 November 1942</strong> the<u> 'Prospectus and guidebook</u>' that Hermann van Pels had made on the occasion of Pfeffer's arrival:<em> 'Baths: On Sundays from 9 o'clock the bathtub is available to all housemates. One can bathe in the W.C., kitchen, private office, front office, all as desired</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides '<em>bath day</em>', Sunday also was household chores day. Anne writes the following about this: '<em>When other people are wearing nice clothes and walking in the sunshine, we here are scrubbing, sweeping and washing.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then, in this story, Anne describes how everyone in the Secret Annex was busy until two o'clock with all kinds of household chores, such as washing clothes, shampooing the carpet and scrubbing the bathroom. The accessibility of the office kitchen on Sundays was obviously related to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Interestingly, despite the great boredom that Sunday brought, Anne wrote on this day more often than not. This at least applies to the surviving A-version. Whether it was the same in the lost <strong>1943</strong> volumes, we obviously do not know.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne on weekends</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly felt miserable at weekends. Her writings show that she found those days only tedious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the early days, Anne writes that she listened to the radio every Saturday night,<em> 'but it gets duller every time</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> By<strong> March 1944</strong>, only Peter could cheer her up on the weekends.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'Although it is Saturday I am not bored! That's because I was in the attic with Peter</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Anne commented negatively on both days of the weekend, she thought Sunday was the worst. Nobody came over, so there was no distraction and at the same time they had to be extra quiet for the neighbours. Otherwise, Sunday was actually a day when a lot happened in the house. Because there were no staff in the warehouse, the house could be cleaned properly. From about two o'clock in the afternoon, peace returned, followed by sleep. Anne writes:<em> 'It's really not nice to see only sleepy faces in the afternoon between 2 and 4 wherever you go</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She also found it an ordeal to watch Pfeffer pray early on Sundays. She got giddy from his wiggling back and forth, she writes in her storybook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, she notes on <strong>22 December 1942</strong> that she was irritated by his early gymnastic exercises next to her bed: it gave her a headache.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The role of helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the daily schedule of the Secret Annex, the helpers had a clear function. Miep fetched a shopping list in the morning, and delivered what she could get in terms of meat and vegetables in the afternoon. Bep provided milk and bread. At lunchtime, everyone from the office would drop by, and often eat a cup of soup with them. In any case, Bep ate with the people in the Secret Annex every afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Jan Gies also dropped by to have lunch with Miep. He then visited the people in the Secret Annex and, according to his wife, sometimes stayed for about ten minutes, sometimes half an hour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The helpers brought news from outside. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman often stopped by to discuss political developments. Kugler, in particular, emerged from Anne's notes as the '<em>final person in charge</em>'. It was he who at one point locked the premises at night and took all necessary measures. The premises were rented at that time by Gies & Co, of which company he was director. As part of the Secret Annex routine, the helpers also provided much-needed distraction.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As can be seen, the daily schedule in the Secret Annex was very much determined by external factors. The working hours of Opekta and Gies & Co. greatly influenced the rhythm by which the people there had to live. The - sometimes unexpected - presence of outsiders also played a role. Finally, the rather regimented housekeeping was an imperative element. It was within these frameworks that the people in hiding lived. In her diary, Anne of course often describes the worries in the building, since her entire life took place here. Over time, the daily schedule was subject to change due to, among other things, voucher shortages and illness of helpers. Still, the sources we have are mainly snapshots, about which no overly detailed conclusions for the entire period can be drawn.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (March 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt...”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 February and 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Lunch Break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 and 31 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, 30 January 1944, 15 March 1944; Version B, 29 October 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagboek van Anne Frank en haar verhaaltjes vormen de voornaamste bron voor de dagindeling in het Achterhuis. Bij de B-versie en de verhaaltjes is wel het voorbehoud nodig dat er een sterk gecomponeerd element in zit. Otto Frank en de helpers gaven in enkele naoorlogse verklaringen nader inzicht in de wijze waarop de onderduikers hun dagen invulden. Vooral de aan- en afwezigheid van het personeel in kantoor en magazijn bepaalden het verschil tussen weekdag, zaterdag en zondag. Het is echter lastig om vast te stellen of bepaalde routines gedurende de 25 maanden van de onderduik hetzelfde bleven, of dat zich belangrijke verschuivingen voordeden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdagen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een ongedateerde maar in <strong>maart 1944 </strong>te plaatsen notitie uit Annes dagboek beschrijft een '<em>dagindeling van Anne Frank</em>' op werkdagen. Hierin geeft ze gedetailleerd weer hoe zo’n dag eruitzag. Er is scepsis mogelijk over de accuratesse van het geheel. Zo klinkt '<em>aankleden van acht over half acht tot vijf voor acht'</em> wel erg gedetailleerd voor iets zo alledaags. Dat alles in het Achterhuis volgens strikte schema’s verliep is evenwel aannemelijk. Volgens deze ‘dagindeling’ stond Anne rond half acht op en wekte dan haar vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wekker van de familie Van Pels ging al eerder: om kwart voor zeven, waarna Hermann van Pels water opzette en naar de badkamer ging. Om kwart over zeven ging Fritz Pfeffer, inmiddels ook opgestaan, naar de badkamer.. Anne ontduisterde vervolgens hun kamer. Om acht uur was het haar beurt voor de badkamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tussen negen en half tien vond het ontbijt plaats in de kamer van de familie van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In haar verhaaltje <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em> beschrijft Anne de ochtendroutine van de onderduikers. Een en ander komt over als een redelijk geoliede machine. Allen deden wat moest gebeuren, en zorgden ervoor dat het tussen half negen en negen weer stil was. Zo voorkwamen ze dat het magazijnpersoneel iets merkte. Daarna volgde het ontbijt. Anne had echter eerder – als enige – al een bordje pap gehad, dat de familie Van Pels had klaargemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van een uur tot kwart over een luisterden de onderduikers naar de radio. Vervolgens werd er tot tien voor twee gegeten. Om twee uur luisterden ze naar het <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Om half zes, als het bedrijf sloot, kwam Bep de onderduikers 'de vrijheid' geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Tussen de middag kwamen de helpers soep eten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over het algemeen gingen alle onderduikers vrij vroeg naar bed. Toen Jan en Miep Gies in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> een nacht kwamen logeren, ging ondanks de feestelijke stemming om elf uur het licht uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zaterdag</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Zaterdags werd er op kantoor en in het magazijn, zoals destijds gebruikelijk, in de ochtend gewerkt. Dit had gevolgen voor de bewegingsvrijheid van de onderduikers. Op zaterdagmiddag gingen de gordijnen in het voorkantoor dicht, wat betekende dat zij zich redelijk vrij door de kantoren konden bewegen. Zaterdag was ook de dag dat Miep bibliotheekboeken bracht,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> en Anne beschrijft tweemaal een bezoek van mevrouw Kleiman op zaterdag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De zaterdagavond ging Anne '<em>aan de radio'</em>, om naar de Duitse bonte avond te luisteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zondag</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De bron bij uitstek is het verhaaltje <em>Zondag</em>. Op zondag was het ritme in het Achterhuis anders dan op andere dagen. Vrijwel iedereen sliep uit, alleen Pfeffer stond al om acht uur op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het ontbijt was laat; pas om half twaalf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het was eveneens een dag waarop de onderduikers in de tobbe gingen. Anne citeert op <strong>17 november 1942</strong> de '<u>Prospectus en leiddraad</u>’ die Hermann van Pels ter gelegenheid van de komst van Pfeffer had gemaakt: '<em>Baden: Des Zondags vanaf 9 uur staat het teil voor alle huisgenoten beschikbaar. Men kan baden in W.C., keuken, privé-kantoor, voorkantoor, al naar wens</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast ‘<em>baddag</em>’ was zondag ook huishouddag. Anne schrijft hierover het volgende: '<em>Als andere mensen mooie kleren aan hebben en in het zonnetje wandelen, zijn wij hier aan het schrobben, vegen en wassen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Vervolgens beschrijft Anne in dit verhaaltje hoe iedereen in het Achterhuis tot twee uur druk was met allerlei huishoudelijke taken, zoals kleren wassen, het kleed schuieren en de badkamer schrobben. De bereikbaarheid van de kantoorkeuken op zondag had daar uiteraard mee te maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opvallend is dat Anne, ondanks de grote verveling die de zondag bracht, op deze dag vaker wel dan niet schrijft. Dit geldt althans voor de overgeleverde A-versie. Of het in de verloren delen uit <strong>1943</strong> ook zo was, weten we uiteraard niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne over de weekeinden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne voelde zich regelmatig ellendig in het weekeinde. Uit haar geschriften blijkt dat ze die dagen maar vervelend vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de beginperiode schrijft Anne dat ze elke zaterdagavond naar de radio luisterde, '<em>maar het wordt elke keer saaier</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In<strong> maart ’44</strong> kon alleen Peter haar in de weekeinden opbeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>Hoewel het Zaterdag is ben ik niet vervelend! Dat komt omdat ik met Peter op zolder zat</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Anne zich over beide dagen van het weekend negatief uitliet, vond ze de zondag toch het ergst. Er kwam niemand langs, dus er was geen afleiding en tegelijkertijd moesten ze extra stil zijn voor de buren. De zondag was verder juist een dag waarop veel gebeurde in huis. Doordat er geen personeel in het magazijn aanwezig was, kan er in het huis goed schoongemaakt worden. Vanaf een uur of twee ’s middags keerde de rust terug, waarna er geslapen werd. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Het is heus niet leuk om ’s middags tussen 2 en 4 waar je ook komt alleen maar slaperige gezichten te zien</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast vond ze het ook een beproeving om Pfeffer op zondag in alle vroegte te zien bidden. Ze werd draaierig van zijn heen en weer gewiebel, zo schrijft ze in haar verhaaltjesboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In de B-versie noteert ze op <strong>22 december 1942</strong> dat ze zich irriteerde aan zijn vroege gymnastiekoefeningen naast haar bed: ze kreeg er hoofdpijn van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De rol van de helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de dagindeling van het Achterhuis hadden de helpers een duidelijke functie. Miep haalde in de ochtend een boodschappenlijstje, en bezorgde ’s middags wat ze aan vlees en groente had kunnen krijgen. Bep verzorgde melk en brood. Tussen de middag gingen allen van kantoor langs, en aten dikwijls een kopje soep mee. Bep at sowieso elke middag met de onderduikers mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Ook Jan Gies kwam langs om bij Miep te lunchen. Hij bezocht dan de onderduikers en bleef volgens zijn echtgenote soms een minuut of tien, soms een half uur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De helpers brachten nieuws van buiten. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler en Jo Kleiman kwamen vaak langs om over politieke ontwikkelingen te spreken. Met name Kugler kwam uit Annes notities naar voren als ‘<em>eindverantwoordelijke</em>’. Hij was het die op een gegeven moment het pand ’s avonds afsloot en alle noodzakelijke maatregelen trof. Het pand werd dan ook gehuurd door Gies & Co., het bedrijf waarvan hij directeur was. Voor de helpers gold dat zij als onderdeel van de Achterhuisroutine ook zorgden voor de zo broodnodige afleiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zoals blijkt werd de dagindeling in het Achterhuis zeer sterk door externe factoren bepaald. De werktijden van Opekta en Gies & Co. beïnvloedden in hoge mate het ritme waarnaar de onderduikers moesten leven. Ook de – soms onverwachte – aanwezigheid van buitenstaanders speelde daarbij een rol. Ten slotte was de nogal geregimenteerde huishouding een dwingend element. Binnen deze kaders werd er door de onderduikers geleefd. Anne beschrijft in haar dagboek uiteraard vaak de beslommeringen in het gebouw, aangezien haar gehele leven zich hier afspeelde. Door de tijd is de dagindeling vanwege onder meer bonnenschaarste en ziekte van helpers aan veranderingen onderhevig geweest. De bronnen die we hebben zijn echter toch vooral momentopnamen, waaraan geen al te gedetailleerde conclusies voor de hele periode zijn te verbinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (maart 1944), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen it het Achterhuis, “De vrijheid in het Achterhuis”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 februari en 5 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schaftuurtje”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 oktober 1942, 30 januari 1944, 15 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943; Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diary and her stories are the main source for the daily schedule in the Secret Annex. The B version and the stories do require the caveat that there is a strong compositional element involved. Otto Frank and the helpers gave further insight, in various statements after the war, into how the people in the Secret Annex filled their days. In particular, the presence and absence of staff in the office and warehouse determined the difference between weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays. However, it is difficult to establish whether certain routines remained the same during the 25 months of hiding, or whether significant shifts occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An undated entry from Anne's diary, assumed to be from <strong>March 1944,</strong> describes an<em> 'Anne Frank's daily schedule'</em> on weekdays. In it, she details what such a day looked like. There may be scepticism about its accuracy. For instance,<em> 'getting dressed from seven thirty-eight to seven fifty-five'</em> does sound very detailed for something so mundane. That everything in the Secret Annex followed strict schedules, however, is plausible. According to this 'daily schedule', Anne got up around seven-thirty and then woke her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family's alarm clock rang earlier: at a quarter to seven, after which Hermann van Pels put on water and went to the bathroom. At a quarter past seven, Fritz Pfeffer, meanwhile also getting up, went to the bathroom. Anne then darkened their room. At eight, it was her turn for the bathroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Breakfast was taken in the van Pels family room between nine and nine-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her story <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em>, Anne describes the morning routine of the people in the Secret Annex. It all comes across as a fairly well-oiled machine. Everyone did what needed to be done, and made sure it was quiet again between eight thirty and nine. This prevented the warehouse staff from noticing anything. This was followed by breakfast. Anne, however - the only one - had had a plate of porridge earlier, which the Van Pels family had prepared.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From one o'clock to a quarter past one, they listened to the radio. Then they ate until ten to two. At two o'clock they listened to the <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At five-thirty, when the company closed, Bep came to give them their 'freedom'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At noon, the helpers came to eat soup.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In general, all of them went to bed fairly early. When Jan and Miep Gies came to stay one night in <strong>October 1942</strong>, despite the festive mood, the lights went out at eleven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Saturdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On Saturdays, the office and warehouse worked in the morning, as was customary at the time. This affected the freedom of movement of the people in hiding. On Saturday afternoon, the curtains in the front office closed, which meant they could move around the offices reasonably freely. Saturday was also the day Miep brought library books,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and Anne twice describes visits by Mrs Kleiman on Saturdays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The Saturday evening Anne listened to the German variety show on the radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Sundays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The prime source for these details is the story <em>Sunday</em>. On Sundays, the rhythm in the Secret Annex was different from other days. Almost everyone slept in, with only Pfeffer getting up at eight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Breakfast was late; not until 11.30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was also the day they had a bath. Anne quotes on <strong>17 November 1942</strong> the<u> 'Prospectus and guidebook</u>' that Hermann van Pels had made on the occasion of Pfeffer's arrival:<em> 'Baths: On Sundays from 9 o'clock the bathtub is available to all housemates. One can bathe in the W.C., kitchen, private office, front office, all as desired</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides '<em>bath day</em>', Sunday also was household chores day. Anne writes the following about this: '<em>When other people are wearing nice clothes and walking in the sunshine, we here are scrubbing, sweeping and washing.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then, in this story, Anne describes how everyone in the Secret Annex was busy until two o'clock with all kinds of household chores, such as washing clothes, shampooing the carpet and scrubbing the bathroom. The accessibility of the office kitchen on Sundays was obviously related to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Interestingly, despite the great boredom that Sunday brought, Anne wrote on this day more often than not. This at least applies to the surviving A-version. Whether it was the same in the lost <strong>1943</strong> volumes, we obviously do not know.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne on weekends</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly felt miserable at weekends. Her writings show that she found those days only tedious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the early days, Anne writes that she listened to the radio every Saturday night,<em> 'but it gets duller every time</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> By<strong> March 1944</strong>, only Peter could cheer her up on the weekends.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'Although it is Saturday I am not bored! That's because I was in the attic with Peter</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Anne commented negatively on both days of the weekend, she thought Sunday was the worst. Nobody came over, so there was no distraction and at the same time they had to be extra quiet for the neighbours. Otherwise, Sunday was actually a day when a lot happened in the house. Because there were no staff in the warehouse, the house could be cleaned properly. From about two o'clock in the afternoon, peace returned, followed by sleep. Anne writes:<em> 'It's really not nice to see only sleepy faces in the afternoon between 2 and 4 wherever you go</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She also found it an ordeal to watch Pfeffer pray early on Sundays. She got giddy from his wiggling back and forth, she writes in her storybook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, she notes on <strong>22 December 1942</strong> that she was irritated by his early gymnastic exercises next to her bed: it gave her a headache.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The role of helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the daily schedule of the Secret Annex, the helpers had a clear function. Miep fetched a shopping list in the morning, and delivered what she could get in terms of meat and vegetables in the afternoon. Bep provided milk and bread. At lunchtime, everyone from the office would drop by, and often eat a cup of soup with them. In any case, Bep ate with the people in the Secret Annex every afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Jan Gies also dropped by to have lunch with Miep. He then visited the people in the Secret Annex and, according to his wife, sometimes stayed for about ten minutes, sometimes half an hour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The helpers brought news from outside. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman often stopped by to discuss political developments. Kugler, in particular, emerged from Anne's notes as the '<em>final person in charge</em>'. It was he who at one point locked the premises at night and took all necessary measures. The premises were rented at that time by Gies & Co, of which company he was director. As part of the Secret Annex routine, the helpers also provided much-needed distraction.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As can be seen, the daily schedule in the Secret Annex was very much determined by external factors. The working hours of Opekta and Gies & Co. greatly influenced the rhythm by which the people there had to live. The - sometimes unexpected - presence of outsiders also played a role. Finally, the rather regimented housekeeping was an imperative element. It was within these frameworks that the people in hiding lived. In her diary, Anne of course often describes the worries in the building, since her entire life took place here. Over time, the daily schedule was subject to change due to, among other things, voucher shortages and illness of helpers. Still, the sources we have are mainly snapshots, about which no overly detailed conclusions for the entire period can be drawn.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (March 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt...”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 February and 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Lunch Break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 and 31 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, 30 January 1944, 15 March 1944; Version B, 29 October 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The daily schedule of the people in the Secret Annex was largely determined by external factors.",
"summary_nl": "De dagindeling van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis werd voor het grootste deel door externe factoren bepaald.",
"summary_en": "The daily schedule of the people in the Secret Annex was largely determined by external factors.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 191,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/80b0ead3-4e36-4788-91cd-b5bdd9338c11/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "80b0ead3-4e36-4788-91cd-b5bdd9338c11",
"name": "Financing the period in hiding",
"name_nl": "De financiering van de onderduik",
"name_en": "Financing the period in hiding",
"description": "<p>Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce, mostly unclear in nature and thus not very useful for serious calculations. Therefore, this is only a global overview. There are, however, sporadic details on the financial position of the Frank and Van Pels families, and of Fritz Pfeffer in the preceding years. In addition, the diary provides information on household money issues. Ordinance VO148/41, which came into force on <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, stipulated that Jews had to deposit their cash and cheques in excess of one thousand guilders with banking firm Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. They also had to deposit securities and balances and deposits at other institutions there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was followed on <strong>21 May 1942</strong> by ordinance VO58/42, which required the surrender of jewellery and precious metals. A household was then allowed to dispose of 250 guilders per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These measures are known as the first and second Liro regulations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>More people went into hiding: in addition to Jews, people sent to work in Germany who remained in the Netherlands after leave, and Dutch soldiers who wanted to evade captivity. All these people needed means of subsistence. Recent research suggests that in the first phase of the deportations, i.e. until <strong>May 1943</strong>, the Jewish category relied mainly on their own resources.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Despite the harsh measures with which the German authorities organised the looting of Jewish property, self-employed people had more opportunities to set aside 'black' money for a clandestine existence. Anne's diary entries show this implicitly, although money shortages emerged during <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank earned enough to live on with his family. In the <strong>1938-1939</strong> fiscal year, his income tax assessment was based on an income of 3,650 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The rent for the house on Merwedeplein was 70 guilders a month including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1933</strong>, according to an advertisement in the block, this was the cheapest option. By comparison, in the same year a doctor in Het Apeldoornsche Bosch earned 4,500 guilders plus free housing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> According to data from Netherlands Statistics, the average income of an assessed person in that year was 2,150 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> and <strong>1942</strong>, Otto Frank surrendered assets and bank balances worth some thirteen thousand guilders pursuant to the Liro regulations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Furthermore, he suffered financial losses by having to step down as director of Opekta. He received compensation of 4,800 guilders only after his return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, he informed Erich Elias that he had lent 135 guilders for hiding through Hans Goslar, which he had not yet been paid back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>So, although he was apparently still able to lend money, his economic position on the eve of going into hiding was not completely favourable. Anne writes in her <strong>1944</strong> diary (B version, with the date <strong>13 January 1943</strong>)<em> 'we supposedly eat our money</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, <strong>in early 1944</strong> Otto and Edith planned to give Anne and Margot both five hundred guilders to take with them in the event of an evacuation of the western Netherlands. They themselves wanted to take one thousand guilders each.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This would mean that at that point they still had three thousand guilders at their disposal, while Anne said there were also dollars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A few weeks later, the Franks wanted to sell a chest, but found the offer made for it of four hundred guilders too low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This indicated that their situation was not yet quite desperate. So either there had to have been a considerable clandestine reserve or the companies were able to furnish this cash.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the arrest, according to Otto Frank, Silberbauer asked for money and jewellery, which they then handed over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> When asked, Silberbauer expressed himself in similar terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> This indicates that money and jewellery were still there in <strong>August 1944</strong>, although the value remains unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels entered Otto Frank's service when the three thousand guilders<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> with which he came to the Netherlands were completely exhausted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He ran a textile business with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt for some time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but what they made is unknown. At Pectacon he earned reasonably good money. According to Otto Frank, he and his family were able to live well from it, but were not able to save money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The family paid 75 guilders a month in rent, including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> It is not known what financial consequences the liquidation of Pectacon had for Van Pels. When Peter talked to Anne about<em> 'his life at home</em>', he also mentioned black marketeering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne's diary, Van Pels already had money problems <strong>by the end of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> He was the one who had the necessary contacts in the butchery world<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> and thus had an important role in food supply. Friction arose between the Van Pels and Frank families over money and the distribution of food. According to Anne's diary, Van Pels lost a wallet containing 100 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to some notes, Van Pels was a heavy smoker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> That must have been a considerable expense. Van Pels' evident need for money led to the sale of the lady's fur coat. It reportedly fetched 325 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon his arrival in the Netherlands, Pfeffer revealed that he had assets of about four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Part of this consisted of depositary receipts on shares in General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> According to notes from the Amsterdam Aliens Department, he was initially supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees and later by his father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Nothing is known about Liro payments. In the Secret Annex, he was de facto a kind of room tenant of the Frank family. He - like the Franks - still had regular access to distribution vouchers. Furthermore, he was a medic and a dentist, which of course was also a useful contribution.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what Pfeffer brought to the Secret Annex in terms of money or valuables, and what ended up at the Liro. According to Kugler when asked about valuables during the raid in the Secrat Annex, Pfeffer handed a roll of gold pieces to Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Income and expenditure</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto wrote in his talk to Yad Vashem that Kugler sold goods without recording the proceeds, and could thus channel money to the people in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also filled packets of gravy for Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne's diary also reveals several times that they kept the books for the companies in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> The companies had to pay the rent for the building anyway. Gies & Co. was the main tenant. Opekta contributed as a subtenant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Who paid for the electricity and fuel for the people in the Secret Annex is not known. It does appear that businesses and people in hiding helped each other in this way.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other than that, therefore, most of their funds were derived by depleting their reserves. When Van Pels was already running low on funds <strong>in late 1942</strong>, Anne writes that her father still had money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> About a year and a half later, however, she still had to acknowledge that<em> "</em>The bottom of our black moneybox is in sight"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> During a domestic argument, Edith expressed the opinion that<em> '</em>everyone should live on their own money'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> We do not know the amounts involved.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite little to no income, expenses continued during the hiding period. Food had to be bought, not to mention the fact that some of it required expensive clandestine vouchers. Anne writes that they bought 'country' coupon cards instead of 'city' coupons. These cost 33 guilders and were thus cheaper. Furthermore, the bread coupons of these could be resold, as baker Siemons supplied 'boneless' bread in exchange for lactose. Such bread coupons fetched 12 guilders a time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> How many of these country coupons were bought and sold, and how long this arrangement lasted, is unknown. Over the entire period, it is possible to indicate what the set prices for all kinds of products were, but of course that does not mean that the helpers could always get them for those prices. Furthermore, the people in hiding would also clearly have needed money for clothing and fuel. There would also have been costs for the supply of library books and magazines brought by Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All official assets of Jews were taken away from them through Liro regulations and other measures. Since those in hiding were nevertheless able to furnish their shelters and provide themselves with food, it must be assumed as certain that all of them had managed to set aside money in one way or another. This money, then, had obviously not been remitted to the Liro.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When deportations began in <strong>July 1942</strong>, it was unclear how long the occupation would last. However, almost no one foresaw that it would be as long as it was. In many cases, funds dried up during <strong>1944</strong>. If the claims of Otto Frank, Silberbauer and Kugler are correct, money and valuables were nevertheless still there when they were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March and 16 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21 September, 14 and 15 October 1942; Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Battle of the Potatoes”, 4 August 1943, in <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Gegevens over de financiering van de onderduik zijn schaars, veelal onduidelijk van aard en dus niet goed bruikbaar voor serieuze berekeningen. Daarom is dit slechts een globaal overzicht. Er zijn wel sporadische gegevens over de financiële positie van de families Frank en Van Pels, en van Fritz Pfeffer in de voorafgaande jaren. Daarnaast levert het dagboek informatie over huishoudelijke geldkwesties. De verordening VO148/41, die <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> van kracht werd, bepaalde dat Joden hun contanten en cheques boven een bedrag van duizend gulden moesten deponeren bij bankiersfirma Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. Ook effecten, en tegoeden en deposito’s bij andere instellingen moesten zij hier deponeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> volgde VO58/42, die tot het inleveren van sieraden en edelmetalen verplichtte. Een huishouden mocht dan nog over 250 gulden per maand beschikken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze maatregelen staan bekend als de eerste en de tweede Liro-verordening.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er doken meer mensen onder, naast Joden o.m. ook in Duitsland tewerkgestelden die na verlof in Nederland bleven en Nederlandse militairen die zich aan krijgsgevangenschap wilden onttrekken. Al deze mensen hadden bestaansmiddelen nodig. Recent onderzoek stelt dat de Joodse categorie in de eerste fase van de deportaties, dat wil zeggen tot <strong>mei ’43</strong>, vooral waren aangewezen op eigen middelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ondanks de scherpe maatregelen waarmee de Duitse autoriteiten de roof van Joods bezit organiseerden, hadden zelfstandigen meer mogelijkheden zwart geld voor een clandestien bestaan te reserveren. Annes dagboeknotities tonen dat impliciet aan, hoewel in de loop van <strong>1944</strong> geldgebrek ontstond.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Familie Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verdiende voldoende om met zijn gezin van te leven. De Inkomstenbelasting sloeg hem in het dienstjaar <strong>1938-’39</strong> aan voor een inkomen van 3.650 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De huur van de woning aan het Merwedeplein bedroeg 70 gulden per maand inclusief verwarming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>februari 1933</strong> was dit blijkens een advertentie in het blok de goedkoopste optie. Ter vergelijking: in hetzelfde jaar verdiende een geneesheer in ‘het Apeldoornsche Bosch’ 4.500 gulden plus vrij wonen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Volgens gegevens van het Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek was het gemiddelde inkomen van een aangeslagene in dat jaar 2.150 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> en <strong>’42</strong> leverde Otto Frank ingevolge de Liro-verordeningen tegoeden en banksaldi in ter waarde van zo’n dertienduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Verder leed hij financiële schade doordat hij als directeur van Opekta moest terugtreden. Een vergoeding van 4.800 gulden kreeg hij pas na zijn terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>’45</strong> liet hij Erich Elias weten dat hij voor de onderduik via Hans Goslar 135 gulden had uitgeleend die hij nog niet terug had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel hij blijkbaar nog geld uit kon lenen, was zijn economische positie aan de vooravond van de onderduik dus niet onverdeeld gunstig. Anne schrijft in <strong>1944</strong> in haar dagboek (B-versie, met als datum <strong>13 januari 1943</strong>) '<em>we eten zogenaamd ons geld op</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks waren Otto en Edith <strong>begin ’44</strong> van plan Anne en Margot bij een eventuele evacuatie van West-Nederland allebei vijfhonderd gulden mee te geven. Zelf wilden ze elk duizend gulden meenemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Dit zou betekenen dat zij op dat moment nog over drieduizend gulden konden beschikken, terwijl er volgens Anne ook nog dollars waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Enkele weken later wilden de Franks een kist verkopen, maar ze vonden het bod van vierhonderd gulden te laag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dat wijst erop dat de situatie nog niet heel wanhopig was. Er moest dus ofwel een flinke clandestiene reserve zijn aangelegd, ofwel de bedrijven konden deze contanten verschaffen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij de arrestatie vraagt Silberbauer volgens Otto Frank naar geld en sieraden, waarop deze werden overhandigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Silberbauer liet zich desgevraagd in vergelijkbare bewoordingen uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Dit wijst erop dat er in <strong>augustus ’44</strong> nog geld en sieraden waren, hoewel de waarde onbekend blijft.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Familie Van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels kwam bij Otto Frank in dienst toen de drieduizend gulden<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> waarmee hij naar Nederland kwam geheel op waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Hij dreef met zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt enige tijd een textielhandel,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar onbekend is wat dat opleverde. Bij Pectacon verdiende hij redelijk. Volgens Otto Frank kon hij er met zijn gezin wel goed van leven, maar niet sparen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het gezin betaalde per maand 75 gulden aan huur, inclusief verwarming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Welke geldelijke gevolgen de liquidatie van Pectacon voor Van Pels had, is niet bekend. Toen Peter met Anne over '<em>z’n leven thuis</em>' sprak, had hij het ook over zwart handelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes dagboek had Van Pels <strong>eind ’42</strong> echter al geldproblemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Hij was degene die over de noodzakelijke contacten in de slagerswereld beschikte,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> en daarmee dus een belangrijke rol had in de voedselvoorziening. Er ontstond tussen de families Van Pels en Frank wrijving over geld en de verdeling van het voedsel. Volgens Annes dagboek verloor Van Pels een portemonnee met daarin honderd gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Van Pels was blijkens enkele notities een straffe roker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Dat moet een flinke kostenpost zijn geweest. Evidente geldnood van Van Pels leidde ertoe dat de bontmantel van mevrouw moest worden verkocht. Naar verluidt leverde die 325 gulden op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij zijn komst naar Nederland gaf Pfeffer te kennen dat hij beschikte over een vermogen van ongeveer vierduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Een deel hiervan bestond uit certificaten van General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Volgens notities van de Amsterdamse Vreemdelingendienst werd hij aanvankelijk gesteund door het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen en later door zijn vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Over Liro-afdrachten is niets bekend. Hij was in het Achterhuis de facto een soort kamerhuurder van de familie Frank. Hij kon – evenals de Franks – nog beschikken over reguliere distributiebonnen. Verder was hij medicus en tandarts, wat natuurlijk ook een nuttige inbreng was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet bekend wat Pfeffer aan geld of waardevolle spullen meebracht naar het Achterhuis, en wat er bij de Liro terechtkwam. Bij de inval in het Achterhuis gaf Pfeffer volgens Kugler op de vraag naar kostbaarheden een rol goudstukken aan Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inkomsten en uitgaven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto schreef in zijn voordracht aan Yad Vashem dat Kugler goederen verkocht zonder de opbrengst in te boeken, en zo geld kon doorsluizen naar de onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> De onderduikers vulden ook pakjes jus voor Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Uit Annes dagboek komt bovendien verschillende keren naar voren dat zij in de avonduren administratie voor de bedrijven bijhielden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> De bedrijven moesten de huur van het pand toch al opbrengen. Gies & Co. was hoofdhuurder. Opekta droeg als onderhuurder bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Wie de elektriciteit en brandstof voor de onderduikers betaalde is niet bekend. Het blijkt wel dat bedrijven en onderduikers elkaar zo hielpen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verder werd er dus vooral op de reserves ingeteerd. Toen Van Pels <strong>eind ’42</strong> al krap kwam te zitten, schrijft Anne dat haar vader nog wel geld had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Zo’n anderhalf jaar later moest ze echter toch erkennen dat '<em>de bodem van de zwarte kas […] te zien [is].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Tijdens een huiselijke ruzie sprak Edith de mening uit dat '<em>iedereen maar op z’n eigen centen moest leven</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De bedragen die met een en ander gemoeid waren, kennen we niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks nauwelijks tot geen inkomsten, gingen de uitgaven tijdens de onderduik gewoon door. Eten moest worden gekocht, nog los van het feit dat daarvoor deels ook nog kostbare clandestiene bonnen nodig waren. Anne schrijft dat ze 'land’-bonkaarten kochten in plaats van ‘stad’-bonnen. Deze kostten 33 gulden en waren daarmee goedkoper. Verder konden de broodbonnen hiervan doorverkocht worden, omdat bakker Siemons ‘bonloos’ brood leverde in ruil voor melksuiker. Die broodbonnen leverden twaalf gulden per keer op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Hoeveel van die landbonnen werden ge- en verkocht, en hoe lang die regeling duurde, is onbekend. Over de gehele periode is wel aan te geven wat de voorgeschreven prijzen voor allerlei producten waren, maar dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat de helpers ze daar ook steeds voor konden krijgen. Verder hadden de onderduikers natuurlijk geld nodig voor kleding en brandstof. Bovendien zullen er kosten verbonden zijn geweest aan de aanvoer van bibliotheekboeken en van de tijdschriften die Kugler meebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle officiële vermogensbestanddelen van Joden werden via de Liro-verordeningen en andere maatregelen aan hen ontnomen. Aangezien de onderduikers toch hun onderkomen hebben kunnen inrichten en zich van levensmiddelen hebben kunnen voorzien, moet als zeker worden aangenomen dat allen op een of andere wijze geld hebben weten te reserveren. Dit geld was dan uiteraard ook niet aan de Liro afgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen in <strong>juli ‘42</strong> de deportaties begonnen, was onduidelijk hoelang de bezetting nog zou duren. Vrijwel niemand voorzag echter dat dat zo lang zou zijn. In veel gevallen droogden de financiële middelen in de loop van <strong>1944</strong> op. Als de beweringen van Otto Frank, Silberbauer en Kugler juist zijn, waren er bij de arrestatie desondanks nog geld en kostbaarheden aanwezig.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 13 januari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart en 16 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 13 januari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus, 21 september, 14 en 15 oktober 1942; Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De ruzie over de aardappels”, 4 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce, mostly unclear in nature and thus not very useful for serious calculations. Therefore, this is only a global overview. There are, however, sporadic details on the financial position of the Frank and Van Pels families, and of Fritz Pfeffer in the preceding years. In addition, the diary provides information on household money issues. Ordinance VO148/41, which came into force on <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, stipulated that Jews had to deposit their cash and cheques in excess of one thousand guilders with banking firm Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. They also had to deposit securities and balances and deposits at other institutions there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was followed on <strong>21 May 1942</strong> by ordinance VO58/42, which required the surrender of jewellery and precious metals. A household was then allowed to dispose of 250 guilders per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These measures are known as the first and second Liro regulations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>More people went into hiding: in addition to Jews, people sent to work in Germany who remained in the Netherlands after leave, and Dutch soldiers who wanted to evade captivity. All these people needed means of subsistence. Recent research suggests that in the first phase of the deportations, i.e. until <strong>May 1943</strong>, the Jewish category relied mainly on their own resources.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Despite the harsh measures with which the German authorities organised the looting of Jewish property, self-employed people had more opportunities to set aside 'black' money for a clandestine existence. Anne's diary entries show this implicitly, although money shortages emerged during <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank earned enough to live on with his family. In the <strong>1938-1939</strong> fiscal year, his income tax assessment was based on an income of 3,650 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The rent for the house on Merwedeplein was 70 guilders a month including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1933</strong>, according to an advertisement in the block, this was the cheapest option. By comparison, in the same year a doctor in Het Apeldoornsche Bosch earned 4,500 guilders plus free housing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> According to data from Netherlands Statistics, the average income of an assessed person in that year was 2,150 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> and <strong>1942</strong>, Otto Frank surrendered assets and bank balances worth some thirteen thousand guilders pursuant to the Liro regulations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Furthermore, he suffered financial losses by having to step down as director of Opekta. He received compensation of 4,800 guilders only after his return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, he informed Erich Elias that he had lent 135 guilders for hiding through Hans Goslar, which he had not yet been paid back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>So, although he was apparently still able to lend money, his economic position on the eve of going into hiding was not completely favourable. Anne writes in her <strong>1944</strong> diary (B version, with the date <strong>13 January 1943</strong>)<em> 'we supposedly eat our money</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, <strong>in early 1944</strong> Otto and Edith planned to give Anne and Margot both five hundred guilders to take with them in the event of an evacuation of the western Netherlands. They themselves wanted to take one thousand guilders each.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This would mean that at that point they still had three thousand guilders at their disposal, while Anne said there were also dollars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A few weeks later, the Franks wanted to sell a chest, but found the offer made for it of four hundred guilders too low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This indicated that their situation was not yet quite desperate. So either there had to have been a considerable clandestine reserve or the companies were able to furnish this cash.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the arrest, according to Otto Frank, Silberbauer asked for money and jewellery, which they then handed over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> When asked, Silberbauer expressed himself in similar terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> This indicates that money and jewellery were still there in <strong>August 1944</strong>, although the value remains unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels entered Otto Frank's service when the three thousand guilders<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> with which he came to the Netherlands were completely exhausted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He ran a textile business with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt for some time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but what they made is unknown. At Pectacon he earned reasonably good money. According to Otto Frank, he and his family were able to live well from it, but were not able to save money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The family paid 75 guilders a month in rent, including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> It is not known what financial consequences the liquidation of Pectacon had for Van Pels. When Peter talked to Anne about<em> 'his life at home</em>', he also mentioned black marketeering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne's diary, Van Pels already had money problems <strong>by the end of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> He was the one who had the necessary contacts in the butchery world<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> and thus had an important role in food supply. Friction arose between the Van Pels and Frank families over money and the distribution of food. According to Anne's diary, Van Pels lost a wallet containing 100 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to some notes, Van Pels was a heavy smoker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> That must have been a considerable expense. Van Pels' evident need for money led to the sale of the lady's fur coat. It reportedly fetched 325 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon his arrival in the Netherlands, Pfeffer revealed that he had assets of about four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Part of this consisted of depositary receipts on shares in General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> According to notes from the Amsterdam Aliens Department, he was initially supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees and later by his father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Nothing is known about Liro payments. In the Secret Annex, he was de facto a kind of room tenant of the Frank family. He - like the Franks - still had regular access to distribution vouchers. Furthermore, he was a medic and a dentist, which of course was also a useful contribution.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what Pfeffer brought to the Secret Annex in terms of money or valuables, and what ended up at the Liro. According to Kugler when asked about valuables during the raid in the Secrat Annex, Pfeffer handed a roll of gold pieces to Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Income and expenditure</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto wrote in his talk to Yad Vashem that Kugler sold goods without recording the proceeds, and could thus channel money to the people in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also filled packets of gravy for Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne's diary also reveals several times that they kept the books for the companies in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> The companies had to pay the rent for the building anyway. Gies & Co. was the main tenant. Opekta contributed as a subtenant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Who paid for the electricity and fuel for the people in the Secret Annex is not known. It does appear that businesses and people in hiding helped each other in this way.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other than that, therefore, most of their funds were derived by depleting their reserves. When Van Pels was already running low on funds <strong>in late 1942</strong>, Anne writes that her father still had money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> About a year and a half later, however, she still had to acknowledge that<em> "</em>The bottom of our black moneybox is in sight"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> During a domestic argument, Edith expressed the opinion that<em> '</em>everyone should live on their own money'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> We do not know the amounts involved.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite little to no income, expenses continued during the hiding period. Food had to be bought, not to mention the fact that some of it required expensive clandestine vouchers. Anne writes that they bought 'country' coupon cards instead of 'city' coupons. These cost 33 guilders and were thus cheaper. Furthermore, the bread coupons of these could be resold, as baker Siemons supplied 'boneless' bread in exchange for lactose. Such bread coupons fetched 12 guilders a time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> How many of these country coupons were bought and sold, and how long this arrangement lasted, is unknown. Over the entire period, it is possible to indicate what the set prices for all kinds of products were, but of course that does not mean that the helpers could always get them for those prices. Furthermore, the people in hiding would also clearly have needed money for clothing and fuel. There would also have been costs for the supply of library books and magazines brought by Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All official assets of Jews were taken away from them through Liro regulations and other measures. Since those in hiding were nevertheless able to furnish their shelters and provide themselves with food, it must be assumed as certain that all of them had managed to set aside money in one way or another. This money, then, had obviously not been remitted to the Liro.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When deportations began in <strong>July 1942</strong>, it was unclear how long the occupation would last. However, almost no one foresaw that it would be as long as it was. In many cases, funds dried up during <strong>1944</strong>. If the claims of Otto Frank, Silberbauer and Kugler are correct, money and valuables were nevertheless still there when they were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March and 16 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21 September, 14 and 15 October 1942; Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Battle of the Potatoes”, 4 August 1943, in <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce but it must be assumed that, one way or another, money had been set aside for necessary expenses.",
"summary_nl": "Gegevens over de financiering van de onderduik zijn schaars maar het moet worden aangenomen dat op een of andere wijze geld was gereserveerd voor de noodzakelijke uitgaven.",
"summary_en": "Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce but it must be assumed that, one way or another, money had been set aside for necessary expenses.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 97,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f",
"name": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"name_nl": "De gezondheid van de onderduikers en de helpers",
"name_en": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"description": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1942</strong> schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1944</strong> komt ze erop terug, en toen was het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. <strong>Eind oktober 1942</strong> waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>april 1944</strong> had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: '<em>Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].'</em> Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in <strong>1951</strong> een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar <strong>1943</strong> ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bijkomende kwesties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, 19 mei en 1 augustus 1944; Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, 19 maart 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De tandarts”, 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en ook de helpers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes en soms met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124650,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6",
"name": "Anne Frank's cats",
"name_nl": "De katten van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Anne Frank's cats",
"description": "<p>When Anne went into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, Moortje the cat had to stay behind with her neighbours at Merwedeplein. Anne would meet four other cats during the more than two years she spent in hiding, but she still thought back to Moortje regularly. Below is a list of all the cats.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne first reported the existence of Moortje the cat in a letter to her grandmother in Switzerland in <strong>April 1942</strong>. Moortje had then been living with them for six months and Anne fervently hoped for kittens since Moortje was often out and about.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>6 July 1942,</strong> she had to say goodbye to Moortje. Moortje was not allowed to come with her into hiding. Her parents left a note and meat for the neighbours asking them to take care of Moortje. At least that's how Anne wrote it down in her 'novel' about the Secret Annex, the text she wrote with a view to possible publication after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, in her diary she did not mention saying goodbye to Moortje. And according to Toosje Kupers, a girl who lived next door to Anne, Moortje was already placed with them a few weeks before they left to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Be that as it may, in the shelter Anne still regularly thought of Moortje. "<em>There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even barely a month before the arrest, Anne was still thinking about Moortje. She regarded 'Scharminkeltje' (see below) as '<em>the new Moortje from the warehouse</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the war, it would turn out that the neighbours had had to put down a weakened and sick Moortje during the war, presumably <strong>in mid-1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. A week later, the Van Pels family joined them. Anne knew by then - perhaps somewhat indignantly - that Peter would be bringing his cat Mouschi with him to the hiding place. According to helper Miep Gies, '<em>a skinny black tomcat</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the first weeks, it took Anne a while to get used to Mouschi: '<em>Mouschi, the cat, is becoming nicer to me as time goes by, but I'm still somewhat afraid of her.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A few weeks later, she wasn't scared any more. '<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>is back with mother now, just like a baby kitten, I have her all covered up and she looks cute</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Apart from being a companion, Mouschi also kept the rats and mice at bay. When rats were seen in the attic of the Secret Annex, Mouschi had to sleep there. The rats stayed away temporarily, but it was not an overwhelming success. Peter was severely bitten in the arm by a rat when he went to the attic to get old newspapers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mouschi also brought fleas into the Secret Annex. '<em>The house is crawling with fleas, it's getting worse by the</em> day,' Anne sighed on <strong>3 August 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Fortunately, helper Johannes Kleiman was able to obtain flea powder, but according to Anne, the fleas didn't really care. <em>'It's making us all very jittery; we're forever imagining a bite on our arms and legs or other parts of our bodies</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When they were all arrested a year later, Mouschi presumably fled. The only person who noted anything about his fate is Miep Gies: '<em>During the arrest he must have run away and hid until now. "Come, Mouschi," I said firmly. "Come with me to the kitchen and get some milk. You will stay with me and Elli (Bep) in the office now</em>."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Boche and Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche [Moffie] and Tommie were the company's cats. These were not their original names; during the war their names had been changed. Anne explains this in her diary: '<em>For a while the firm Gies & Co. had two cats: one for the warehouse and one for the attic. Their paths crossed from time to time, which invariably resulted in a fight. The warehouse cat was always the aggressor, while the attic cat was ultimately the victor, just as in politics. So the warehouse cat was named the German or "Boche", and the attic cat the Englishman or "Tommy</em>".'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> What happened to Tommy/Tommie, Anne does not mention. '<em>They got rid of Tommy</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche did spend some time at Prinsengracht. According to Miep, it was '<em>a big fat black and white cat with a somewhat battered head</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> And Anne reports in her diary: '<em>The cat flipped himself over and stood up on his little white feet</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter initially suspected that Boche was a female cat, because she was getting fatter and fatter. He even expected she would have kittens. Anne had a different explanation: she suspected it was from the many stolen bones. Eventually he realised his mistake and showed Anne at the warehouse that Boche was a male cat. "<em>If any other boy had pointed out the 'male sexual organ' to me, I would never have given him a second glance. But Peter went on talking in a normal voice about what is otherwise a very awkward subject. Nor did he have any ulterior motives. By the time he was finished, I felt so much at ease that I started acting normally too."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Boche fell ill in <strong>April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> - '<em>He sat quite still and started drooling</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> - Miep Gies took him to the vet. Something was wrong with his intestines. The medicine Miep brought along helped and Boche was soon back to normal. <em>'Peter gave it to him a few times, but Boche soon made himself scarce. I'll bet he was out courting his sweetheart</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, Boche disappeared without a trace, mostly to Peter's chagrin. '<em>Have I told you that our Boche has disappeared? We haven't seen hide nor hair of her since last Thursday. She's probably already in cat heaven, while some animal lover has turned her into a tasty dish. Perhaps some girl who can afford it will be wearing a cap made of Boche's fur. Peter is heartbroken.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During World War II, countless cats disappeared. Because of the food shortage, cat meat - which tastes like rabbit - was seen as an acceptable alternative. And cat fur was also used, as Anne's quote shows. Cat owners were strongly advised to keep their pets indoors.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje first appeared in Anne's diary in <strong>June 1944</strong>. '<em>The new warehouse</em> <em>cat</em>',<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> evidently the replacement for Boche, was unfortunately not long for Prinsengracht. '<em>She sleeps in the cat box and does her business in the wood shavings. Impossible to keep her</em>,' Anne noted succinctly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Toen Anne op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven bij de buren aan het Merwedeplein. Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen. Maar zij denkt nog regelmatig terug aan Moortje. Hieronder alle katten op een rijtje.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje Anne meldde het bestaan van poes Moortje voor de eerste keer in een brief in <strong>april 1942</strong> aan haar oma in Zwitserland. Moortje was toen een half jaar bij hen in huis en Anne hoopte vurig op ‘<em>kattenkindertjes</em>’ aangezien Moortje nogal eens de hort op was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> moest zij afscheid nemen van Moortje. Moortje mocht niet mee naar de schuilplaats. Haar ouders lieten een briefje en vlees achter voor de buren met het verzoek om voor Moortje te zorgen. Tenminste zo noteerde Anne het in haar ‘<em>roman’ over het Achterhuis</em>, de tekst die zij schreef met het oog op een mogelijke publicatie na de oorlog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Echter in haar dagboek meldde zij het afscheid van Moortje niet. En volgens Annes toenmalige buurmeisje Toosje Kupers werd Moortje al een paar weken voor het vertrek naar de schuilplaats bij hen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe het ook zij, in de schuilplaats dacht Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘<em>In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ook krap een maand voor de arrestatie dacht Anne nog aan Moortje. ‘Scharminkeltje’ (zie verderop) beschouwde zij als ‘<em>de nieuwe Moortje uit het magazijn</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Na de oorlog zou blijken dat de buren een verzwakte en zieke Moortje tijdens de oorlog, vermoedelijk <strong>half 1944</strong>, hadden moeten laten inslapen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin Frank dook op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> onder in het Achterhuis. Een week later voegde het gezin Van Pels zich bij hen. Anne wist toen al – misschien wel enigszins verontwaardigd – dat Peter zijn kat Mouschi mee zou nemen naar de schuilplaats. Volgens helpster Miep Gies ‘<em>een magere zwarte kater</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De eerste weken moest Anne flink wennen aan Mouschi. ‘<em>Musschie</em> [sic] <em>(de kat) wordt hoe langer hoe aardiger en liever tegen mij, maar ik ben nog altijd een beetje bang voor haar</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een paar weken later was van angst geen sprake meer. ‘<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>ligt nu weer bij moeder, net als een babypoesje, ik heb haar helemaal toegedekt en ze ziet er snoezig uit</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Behalve als gezelschap, hield Mouschi ook de ratten en muizen op afstand. Toen er ratten op de zolder van het Achterhuis gezien werden, moest Mouschi er slapen. De ratten bleven tijdelijk weg, maar een doorslaand succes was het niet. Peter werd flink in zijn arm gebeten door een rat, toen hij naar de vliering ging om oude kranten te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Mouschi kwamen trouwens wel vlooien het Achterhuis in. ‘<em>Het huis zit onder de vlooien, de plaag neemt met de dag toe</em>’, verzuchtte Anne op <strong>3 augustus 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Gelukkig kon helper Johannes Kleiman vlooienpoeder regelen, maar volgens Anne trokken de vlooien zich daar weinig van aan. ‘<em>We worden er allen zenuwachtig van, men denkt aldoor iets op arm, been of andere lichaamsdelen te voelen krabbelen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de onderduikers een jaar later gearresteerd worden, vluchte Mouschi vermoedelijk weg. De enige die wat over zijn lot noteerde is Miep Gies: ‘<em>Tijdens de arrestatie moest hij zijn weggerend en zich totnutoe hebben schuilgehouden. "Kom, Mouschi,"zei ik vastberaden. "Kom mee naar de keuken, dan krijg je wat melk. Jij blijft nu bij mij en Elli (Bep) in het kantoor</em>."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moffi en Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moffie en Tommie waren de katten van het bedrijf. Dat waren niet hun oorspronkelijke namen, gedurende de oorlog waren hun namen veranderd. Anne legt dat uit in haar dagboek: ‘<em>Een tijdje had mij. Gies & Co twee katten, één voor 't magazijn en één voor de zolder. Het gebeurde wel eens dat die twee zich ontmoetten, wat altijd grote gevechten ten gevolg had. De magazijner was altijd diegene die aanviel, terwijl het zolder beest op het eind toch de overwinning behaalde. Net als in de politiek, dus werd de magazijnkat, de Duitser of Moffi en de zolderkat, de Engelsman of Tommi.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Wat er met Tommi/Tommie gebeurd is, vermeldt Anne niet. ‘<em>Tommi is later afgeschaft</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moffi/Moffie zat wel een tijd in de Prinsengracht. Volgens Miep was het ‘<em>een grote dike zwart-witte kater met een ietwat gehavende kop</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> En Anne meldt in haar dagboek: ‘<em>De kat maakte nogmaals een halve draai en stond weer op z'n witte sokjes</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter vermoedde in eerste instantie dat Moffie een poes was, omdat zij steeds dikker werd. Hij verwachtte zelfs jonge katjes. Anne had een andere verklaring: zij vermoedde dat het van de vele gestolen boutjes kwam. Uiteindelijk besefte hij zijn vergissing en liet hij Anne in het magazijn zien dat Moffie een kater was. ‘<em>Iedere andere jongen die me «het mannelijk geslachtsdeel» zou hebben gewezen, zou ik niet meer aangekeken hebben. Maar Peter sprak doodgewoon verder over het anders zo penibele onderwerp, had helemaal geen nare bijbedoelingen en stelde me op 't laatst in zoverre gerust dat ik ook gewoon werd</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Moffi in <strong>april 1944</strong> ziek werd - ‘<em>zij was erg stil en kwijlde</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> – bracht Miep Gies hem naar de dierenarts. Er was iets mis met zijn ingewanden. Het drankje dat Miep meekreeg hielp en Moffie was al snel weer de oude. ‘<em>Peter gaf haar een paar keer van dat drankje, maar al gauw liet Moffie zich niet meer zien en was dag en nacht op stap; zeker bij zijn meisje</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei 1944</strong> verdween Moffi spoorloos, vooral tot groot verdriet van Peter. ‘<em>Heb ik je al verteld dat onze Moffi weg is? Sinds verleden week Donderdag spoorloos verdwenen. Ze zal zeker allang in de kattenhemel zijn, terwijl de een of andere dierenvriend van haar een lekker boutje maakt. Misschien krijgt een meisje dat geld heeft een muts van haar vel. Peter is over dit feit erg bedroefd</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog verdwenen talloze katten. Door de voedselschaarste werd kattenvlees – smaakte als konijn – als acceptabel alternatief gezien. En ook het kattenvel werd gebruikt, zoals uit Annes citaat blijkt. Kattenhouders werd dringend geadviseerd om hun huisdier binnen te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje dook in Annes dagboek voor het eerst op in <strong>juni 1944</strong>. ‘<em>De nieuwe Moortje uit het magazijn</em>’,<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> klaarblijkelijk de vervanger van Moffi, was helaas geen lang verblijf in de Prinsengracht beschoren. ‘<em>Ze neemt de kattebak als slaapplaats en de verpakkings-houtwol als w.c. Onmogelijk te houden</em>,' noteerde Anne kort en krachtig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk, </em>Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>When Anne went into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, Moortje the cat had to stay behind with her neighbours at Merwedeplein. Anne would meet four other cats during the more than two years she spent in hiding, but she still thought back to Moortje regularly. Below is a list of all the cats.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne first reported the existence of Moortje the cat in a letter to her grandmother in Switzerland in <strong>April 1942</strong>. Moortje had then been living with them for six months and Anne fervently hoped for kittens since Moortje was often out and about.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>6 July 1942,</strong> she had to say goodbye to Moortje. Moortje was not allowed to come with her into hiding. Her parents left a note and meat for the neighbours asking them to take care of Moortje. At least that's how Anne wrote it down in her 'novel' about the Secret Annex, the text she wrote with a view to possible publication after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, in her diary she did not mention saying goodbye to Moortje. And according to Toosje Kupers, a girl who lived next door to Anne, Moortje was already placed with them a few weeks before they left to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Be that as it may, in the shelter Anne still regularly thought of Moortje. "<em>There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even barely a month before the arrest, Anne was still thinking about Moortje. She regarded 'Scharminkeltje' (see below) as '<em>the new Moortje from the warehouse</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the war, it would turn out that the neighbours had had to put down a weakened and sick Moortje during the war, presumably <strong>in mid-1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. A week later, the Van Pels family joined them. Anne knew by then - perhaps somewhat indignantly - that Peter would be bringing his cat Mouschi with him to the hiding place. According to helper Miep Gies, '<em>a skinny black tomcat</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the first weeks, it took Anne a while to get used to Mouschi: '<em>Mouschi, the cat, is becoming nicer to me as time goes by, but I'm still somewhat afraid of her.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A few weeks later, she wasn't scared any more. '<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>is back with mother now, just like a baby kitten, I have her all covered up and she looks cute</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Apart from being a companion, Mouschi also kept the rats and mice at bay. When rats were seen in the attic of the Secret Annex, Mouschi had to sleep there. The rats stayed away temporarily, but it was not an overwhelming success. Peter was severely bitten in the arm by a rat when he went to the attic to get old newspapers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mouschi also brought fleas into the Secret Annex. '<em>The house is crawling with fleas, it's getting worse by the</em> day,' Anne sighed on <strong>3 August 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Fortunately, helper Johannes Kleiman was able to obtain flea powder, but according to Anne, the fleas didn't really care. <em>'It's making us all very jittery; we're forever imagining a bite on our arms and legs or other parts of our bodies</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When they were all arrested a year later, Mouschi presumably fled. The only person who noted anything about his fate is Miep Gies: '<em>During the arrest he must have run away and hid until now. "Come, Mouschi," I said firmly. "Come with me to the kitchen and get some milk. You will stay with me and Elli (Bep) in the office now</em>."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Boche and Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche [Moffie] and Tommie were the company's cats. These were not their original names; during the war their names had been changed. Anne explains this in her diary: '<em>For a while the firm Gies & Co. had two cats: one for the warehouse and one for the attic. Their paths crossed from time to time, which invariably resulted in a fight. The warehouse cat was always the aggressor, while the attic cat was ultimately the victor, just as in politics. So the warehouse cat was named the German or "Boche", and the attic cat the Englishman or "Tommy</em>".'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> What happened to Tommy/Tommie, Anne does not mention. '<em>They got rid of Tommy</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche did spend some time at Prinsengracht. According to Miep, it was '<em>a big fat black and white cat with a somewhat battered head</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> And Anne reports in her diary: '<em>The cat flipped himself over and stood up on his little white feet</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter initially suspected that Boche was a female cat, because she was getting fatter and fatter. He even expected she would have kittens. Anne had a different explanation: she suspected it was from the many stolen bones. Eventually he realised his mistake and showed Anne at the warehouse that Boche was a male cat. "<em>If any other boy had pointed out the 'male sexual organ' to me, I would never have given him a second glance. But Peter went on talking in a normal voice about what is otherwise a very awkward subject. Nor did he have any ulterior motives. By the time he was finished, I felt so much at ease that I started acting normally too."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Boche fell ill in <strong>April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> - '<em>He sat quite still and started drooling</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> - Miep Gies took him to the vet. Something was wrong with his intestines. The medicine Miep brought along helped and Boche was soon back to normal. <em>'Peter gave it to him a few times, but Boche soon made himself scarce. I'll bet he was out courting his sweetheart</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, Boche disappeared without a trace, mostly to Peter's chagrin. '<em>Have I told you that our Boche has disappeared? We haven't seen hide nor hair of her since last Thursday. She's probably already in cat heaven, while some animal lover has turned her into a tasty dish. Perhaps some girl who can afford it will be wearing a cap made of Boche's fur. Peter is heartbroken.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During World War II, countless cats disappeared. Because of the food shortage, cat meat - which tastes like rabbit - was seen as an acceptable alternative. And cat fur was also used, as Anne's quote shows. Cat owners were strongly advised to keep their pets indoors.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje first appeared in Anne's diary in <strong>June 1944</strong>. '<em>The new warehouse</em> <em>cat</em>',<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> evidently the replacement for Boche, was unfortunately not long for Prinsengracht. '<em>She sleeps in the cat box and does her business in the wood shavings. Impossible to keep her</em>,' Anne noted succinctly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Five cats are mentioned in Anne Frank's diary.",
"summary_nl": "In het dagboek van Anne Frank passeren vijf katten de revue.",
"summary_en": "Five cats are mentioned in Anne Frank's diary.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 98,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2fb11179-54a6-4458-b02a-4f2ceed5147a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2fb11179-54a6-4458-b02a-4f2ceed5147a",
"name": "Inter-relationships in and around the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De onderlinge verhoudingen in en rond het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Inter-relationships in and around the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The inter-relationships encompass more than just those in the Secret Annex. They also include social relationships outside and even before going into hiding. These relationships can be separated into:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Before going into hiding</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Frank family</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Van Pels family</li>\r\n\t<li>Inside the Secret Annex</li>\r\n\t<li>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers and the outside world</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Obviously, Anne's notes are a very important source. Insights can also be derived from later reactions, following publicity around the diary, the play and the film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly writes about her friends and classmates, as well as others from before going into hiding. Among other things, she describes classmates and teachers at the Montessori school. An important relationship for Anne was the one with her classmate Hanneli Goslar. She also mentions the entire class 1 L II and all her teachers at the Jewish Lyceum. She makes sweeping statements about some classmates at the Lyceum. Furthermore, she mentions everyone who came to her thirteenth birthday, and what they gave her as a present. She also mentions all kinds of people from the neighbourhood, especially children of a similar age like Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg and Fredie Weisz. She further expresses her jealousy about the interactions between Jacqueline van Maarsen and Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> both of whom she had met at the Jewish Lyceum. Hello, Jacqueline and Danka later gave their views about their dealings and their friendship with Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several other surviving classmates have also commented on Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her diary, Anne set out her family history, and she did so quite extensively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This included grandparents and second cousins. She regularly wrote about her grandmother Holländer, who died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, whom she missed very much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The short story <em>Lodgers or Tenants</em> is about four of the subtenants who lived with the Frank family at various times. The last of these, Werner Goldschmidt, was also with the family at the beginning of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Social contacts also existed with Fritz Pfeffer and the Van Pels family. Peter gave her a bar of milk chocolate for her thirteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pels' subtenant Mr Bernhardt gave Anne an ice cream at <em>Oase</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer first met Otto Frank in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong> at the home of his landlady Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, a '<em>Jugendfreundin</em>' of Otto's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After Grandma Holländer's death, even before going into hiding, domestic peace deteriorated, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was fond of her father, while her relationship with her mother was problematic. Anne and Margot were also not very familiar with each other. Margot wanted to be, but Anne held back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that the much more mature Margot settled into the hiding situation more easily than Anne. Margot also suffered much less from changing moods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944</strong>, things improved between the sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank spoke out several times in later years about relationships within his family. In a general text, with which he intended to answer some frequently asked questions in advance, he wrote that he was on better terms with Anne than with Margot and that he was concerned about the poor contact between Anne and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is well enough known that Anne repeatedly expressed very negative views of her mother in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne sometimes describes the family in mild, but more often in sharp terms. Many of these involve quarrels between the Van Pels spouses. In September '42, there was a fuss about a book Peter was not allowed to read. He argued about it with his parents for several days, and his father flew into a rage when Peter shouted something down the stovepipe from the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, there was a disagreement between the Van Pels couple. According to Anne, this was about money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels supported his son Peter when he had a conflict with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> When Peter spoke to Anne about his parents, he said that they loved each other a lot but that he himself kept his distance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said the following about Otto Frank's role during the period in hiding, in response to his dependence on the helpers:<em> 'But, in the secret annex itself with the people in hiding, he was the boss again: what Mr Frank said, that was done. He decided, he had the last word, on what had to be done.' </em>She also said: '<em>he was the boss, wasn't he, of the whole company (...). Otto decided everything (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank himself believed that his attitude during the period in hiding was mainly an optimistic one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> He told Arthur Unger in <strong>1977</strong> that a positive element of life in hiding was that - unlike the time he worked in his business - he could spend all day with his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9x344\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The only people who later said anything about the tension and relaxation within the Secret Annex from their own observations were Otto Frank and the helpers. In the 1970s, Otto wrote about living with the Van Pels family:<em> 'we did not foresee how many problems would arise because of the differences in character and views</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Nor was he positive about how the Van Pels perceived their duties as parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early days, there were adjustment problems between the two families. Pfeffer was not there then. Anne writes repeatedly that the atmosphere was good and convivial, and that they laughed a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> At the same time, there were quarrels about parenting, washing dishes and being modest or not, among other things. Anne describes Mrs Van Pels as an "idiotic person".<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Over a year later, she was still describing her as "scrawny, selfish and stupid", with the nuance that it was possible to talk to her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> When asked by Ernst Schnabel in 1957, Victor Kugler wrote that friction repeatedly occurred between Anne and Mrs Van Pels during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 19</strong><strong>43</strong>, Anne writes of an occasion when the whole house was "thundering with strife".<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> The cause of much disagreement was food supplies. Thus, resentment arose when there was sugar for Edith Frank's birthday, but not for Auguste van Pels'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Whether or not to give rice to the convalescent Johannes Kleiman also led to conflicts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Pfeffer joined them in <strong>November '42</strong>, everyone had to scale back again. The arrival of a third party occasionally led to different alliances. Like Pfeffer with Auguste van Pels, when both agreed - according to Anne - that Anne had been raised wrong.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Anne's opinion of Pfeffer is evident when she provides the main characters with aliases in her rewrite. She called Pfeffer 'Albert Dussel',<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> while 'Dussel' means something like 'silly' in German. Pfeffer occasionally stood up to the rest, for instance when he acted dangerously in their eyes by continuing correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>At the end of '43</strong>, according to Anne, Pfeffer had a conflict with the Van Pels family, which allegedly had its origin in Pfeffer not giving Mrs Van Pels a present on the first anniversary of his arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith, according to Anne, sighed some weeks later that she would gladly not see Hermann van Pels for a fortnight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>An important element in the Secret Annex history is the romance between Anne and Peter. This began to emerge in late <strong>March 1944</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> and faded away after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, there was initially little contact between them, but a strong bond developed over time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne denies being in love with Peter under the date <strong>6 January</strong> <strong>1944</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> but again, given the later rewriting, this is retrospective.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels and Otto were angry with Kugler for jeopardising the business relationship with W.F. Westermann and C.W. Heijbroek. Kugler in turn was angry when the people in hiding were lax with security, such as the time the bolt was not released in time and he had to climb in via Keg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1943</strong>, Pfeffer was angry because Kugler had gone to hand in the radio on the prescribed day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, there was a discussion about the possibility of an evacuation of the western part of the country. According to the people in hiding, Jan Gies was far too optimistic, but according to Jan, they were looking at things far too negatively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late May '44</strong>, there was a serious conversation with Miep. Apparently there was resentment among the people in hiding about indifference, perceived or otherwise, on her part. Anne:<em> </em><em>'Miep came up one afternoon all flushed and asked Father straight out if we thought they too were infected with the current anti-Semitism. Father was stunned and quickly talked her out of the idea, but some of Miep's suspicion has lingered on.' </em>According to Anne, Miep thought the people in hiding feared that she felt the same way. Otto Frank then allegedly talked Miep out of this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank got into an argument with Miep once when he said she stayed too long with Pfeffer, and Anne did not like that.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5be\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>If the diary is accurate on this point, relations with Kleiman remained positive throughout. Edith Frank, according to Anne, said,<em> "When Mr Kleiman comes in, the sun rises!</em> ''<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman later described Anne's attitude towards him during his daily visits to the Secret Annex as modest. She was always delighted with the children's books he brought, though.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a strong bond with Bep Voskuijl. She was the eldest child in a large family, and her sisters were several years younger than Anne. On the other hand, she was the youngest of the helpers, and was counted by Anne as one of the Secret Annex youngsters. Kleiman thought that the ups and downs of Bep's love life also played a role in Anne's preference.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said of Margot:<em> 'I had absolutely no contact with Margot. She was there, present, and not much else.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a hierarchical distinction between the helpers. Kugler and Kleiman were directors of the companies, Miep and Bep the office girls. When there was merriment in the office over a phone call, Anne writes:<em> 'the directors together with the office girls make the greatest fun!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to drugstore Kollen on Leliegracht, and she indeed managed to get away unhindered.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that Kleiman and Kugler managed to convince people that Miep and Bep had not known anythng about the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers and the outside world</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several times in Anne's diary there is mention of the Amende family. This is the family who owned the boarding house where Jan Gies lived from <strong>1936</strong> and with whom he and Miep were friends. There were items belonging to the Franks in storage at this address,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> and Miep said in an interview that this family knew nothing about her helping people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep and Jan Gies obviously knew about each other. They kept quiet about the help they gave the Stoppelman family and others.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's wife was fully aware of her husband's activities<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> and also visited the Secret Annex several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne even counted her as a member of the '<em>female side of the Secret Annex</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> However, for reasons unknown, Kugler never spoke to his wife about the help he was providing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> So for her, her husband's arrest came as a complete surprise. Bep only spoke to her father about the Secret Annex. He was informed in <strong>mid-July 1942</strong>, and at Kugler's initiative he made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Opekta representative Johan Broks was curious and repeatedly asked about Otto Frank, a diversionary tactic was devised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. sent a note to a client in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. It included an addressed return envelope written by Otto Frank. Receipt of it at the office was intended to give the impression that he had sent this letter. The envelope with a postmark from a border town was intended to serve as proof of departure for Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Resonance'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>With Anne as virtually the only source, a distorted picture of the other people in hiding emerges. Pfeffer and the Van Pels couple in particular do not come off very well in her account. Because the scriptwriters of the stage adaptation adopted Anne's negative qualifications, conflicts arose from this years later. When the American play made the diary more widely known, criticism followed. Greta Goldschmidt, a sister of Auguste van Pels, wrote to Otto Frank in 1958 that more justice should have been done to Peter. Anne got 'all the limelight', but since Peter had certainly made her time in hiding less harsh, he was still due '<em>ein kleines Lob</em>' too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Having seen the film nine months later, she wrote again to express her indignation at the way the Van Pels family was portrayed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A former acquaintance of Pfeffer from Berlin was outraged by the way the play ridiculed Pfeffer. In a letter to Otto Frank, she asked him if he realised why Pfeffer, unlike the others, had become '<em>ein Nörgler</em>' when in hiding. She reproached Frank for allowing the scriptwriters to portray Pfeffer as a joke figure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> By the late 1950s, there was also a distancing between Charlotte Kaletta on the one hand and Otto Frank and the helpers on the other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta and Frank even entered into a formal agreement in which the former pledged to renounce any claim regarding the diary, play and film.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicating matters is that Anne's diary is virtually the only source for the period in hiding, and direct notes are virtually non-existent for the year <strong>1943</strong>. Moreover, later observations by Otto Frank or helpers were usually in response to diary passages. It is therefore of great importance to take into account a strong 'bias' in Anne's notes. Also given the situation she found herself in, a certain injustice towards the others in her diary entries is inevitable. Of the classmates at the Jewish Lyceum, about half survived the war years, and a few of them later gave their opinions on things. The same applies to a number of teachers. These statements naturally give nuance to Anne's picture of her school days. Of course, these classmates and teachers knew nothing about the situation in the Secret Annex from their own observations. For Pfeffer and the Van Pelses in particular, it is necessary to arrive at a more balanced picture than the one Anne painted of them.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14-16 and 30 June, 8 July and 6 October 1942, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June and an unknown date in June, 28 September 1942, 29 December 1943, 6 January, 3 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 22 August, 21 and 25 September, and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, no date (June 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942; Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9x344\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 25 and 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 and 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942 and 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5be\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De onderlinge verhoudingen omvatten meer dan de relaties in het Achterhuis. Ook sociale verbanden daarbuiten en nog voor het onderduiken horen daarbij. Dit geheel is te onderscheiden naar:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Voor de onderduik</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen de familie Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen de familie Van Pels</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen het Achterhuis</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen onderduikers en helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen helpers onderling</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen helpers en de buitenwereld</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanzelfsprekend zijn Annes notities een zeer belangrijke bron. Verder zijn er inzichten te ontlenen aan latere reacties, naar aanleiding van publiciteit rond het dagboek, het toneelstuk en de film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft geregeld over haar vriendinnen en klasgenoten, en ook over anderen uit de tijd voor het onderduiken. Ze beschrijft onder meer klasgenoten en onderwijzers van de Montessorischool. Belangrijk voor Anne was haar klasgenootje Hanneli Goslar. Daarnaast noemt ze de hele klas 1 L II en al haar leerkrachten van het Joods Lyceum. Over enkele klasgenoten van het Lyceum doet ze vergaande uitspraken. Verder noemt ze iedereen die op haar dertiende verjaardag kwam, en wat ze haar cadeau gaven. Ook noemt ze allerlei mensen uit de buurt, met name leeftijdgenootjes als Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg en Fredie Weisz. Ze uit verder haar jaloezie over de omgang tussen Jacqueline van Maarsen en Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die ze beide op het Joods Lyceum had leren kennen. Over hun omgang en vriendschap met Anne hebben later Hello, Jacqueline en Danka hun visie gegeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Verschillende andere overlevende klasgenoten hebben zich ook over Anne uitgelaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In haar dagboek zette Anne haar familiegeschiedenis uiteen, en ze deed dat vrij uitgebreid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hierbij kwamen grootouders en achterneven aan de orde. Regelmatig schrijft ze over haar op <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> overleden oma Holländer, die ze erg miste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het verhaaltje <em>Pension- of huurgasten</em> gaat over vier van de onderhuurders die in de loop der tijd bij de familie Frank inwoonden. Met de laatste daarvan, Werner Goldschmidt, had de familie aan het begin van de onderduikperiode ook nog te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Fritz Pfeffer en de familie Van Pels bestonden ook sociale contacten. Van Peter kreeg ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag een plak melkchocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Van Pels’ onderhuurder mijnheer Bernhardt gaf Anne in <em>Oase</em> een ijsje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer ontmoette Otto Frank voor het eerst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong> ten huize van zijn hospita Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, een ‘Jugendfreundin’ van Otto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen de familie Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de dood van oma Holländer, nog voor het onderduiken, ging de huiselijke vrede volgens Anne achteruit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was gek op haar vader, terwijl haar verstandhouding met haar moeder problematisch was. Anne en Margot waren ook niet echt vertrouwd met elkaar. Margot wilde dit wel, maar Anne hield de boot af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank meende dat de veel rijpere Margot zich makkelijker in de onderduiksituatie schikte dan Anne. Margot leed ook veel minder onder wisselende stemmingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lzxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>Begin 1944</strong> ging het tussen de zusjes beter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank heeft zich in later jaren enkele keren uitgelaten over de relaties binnen zijn gezin. In een algemene tekst, waarmee hij beoogde een aantal veel gestelde vragen op voorhand te beantwoorden, schreef hij dat hij met Anne op betere voet stond dan met Margot en dat hij zich zorgen maakte over het slechte contact tussen Anne en haar moeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup>Het is genoegzaam bekend dat Anne zich in haar dagboek herhaaldelijk erg negatief over haar moeder uitlaat. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen de familie Van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne omschrijft de familie soms in milde, maar vaker in scherpe bewoordingen. Veelal gaat het daarbij om ruzies tussen de echtelieden Van Pels. In september ’42 is er rumoer rond een boek dat Peter niet mag lezen. Hij maakt er enkele dagen ruzie over met zijn ouders, en zijn vader ontsteekt in woede als Peter vanaf de zolder iets door de kachelpijp naar beneden roept.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>herfst van 1943</strong> was er onenigheid tussen het echtpaar Van Pels. Volgens Anne ging dit over geld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels viel zijn zoon Peter bij toen deze een conflict had met Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Als Peter met Anne sprak over zijn ouders, zei hij dat ze veel van elkaar hielden maar dat hij zelf op afstand bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen het Achterhuis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep zei het volgende over de rol van Otto Frank tijdens de onderduik, naar aanleiding van zijn afhankelijkheid van de helpers: '<em>Maar, in het achterhuis zelf met de onderduikers was hij toch weer de baas: wat meneer Frank zei, dat werd gedaan. Hij besliste, hij had het laatste woord, wat er gebeuren moest.' </em>Ook zei ze: ' <em>dat was de boss, hè, in het hele gezelschap (…). Otto besliste over alles (…).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"o82vc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zelf meende Otto Frank dat zijn instelling tijdens de onderduik vooral een optimistische was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mjpyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Hij vertelde in <strong>1977</strong> tegen Arthur Unger dat een positief element van het onderduikleven was dat hij – in tegenstelling tot de tijd dat hij in zijn zaak werkzaam was – de hele dag met zijn kinderen kon doorbrengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rap6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De enigen die later uit eigen waarneming iets over de spanning en ontspanning binnen het Achterhuis hebben gezegd waren Otto Frank en de helpers. In de jaren zeventig schreef Otto over het samenleven met de familie Van Pels: '<em>we hadden niet voorzien hoeveel problemen er zouden ontstaan door de verschillen in karakter en opvattingen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ook was hij niet positief over de wijze waarop de Van Pelsen hun taak als ouders opvatten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginperiode waren er aanpassingsproblemen tussen de twee families. Pfeffer was er dan nog niet bij. Herhaaldelijk schrijft Anne dat de sfeer goed en gezellig was, en dat ze erg moesten lachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd waren er ruzies over onder meer opvoeding, afwassen en al dan niet bescheiden zijn. Anne beschrijft mevrouw Van Pels als een 'idioot mens'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Ruim een jaar later omschrijft ze haar nog als ' schraperig, egoïstisch en dom', met de nuance dat er wel met haar te praten viel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Desgevraagd door Ernst Schnabel schreef Victor Kugler in 1957 dat er zich tijdens de onderduik tussen Anne en mevrouw Van Pels herhaaldelijk wrijving voordeed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> schrijft Anne over een gelegenheid dat het hele huis 'dendert van de ruzie'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Aanleiding tot veel onenigheid was de voedselvoorziening. Zo ontstond er wrevel toen er suiker was voor de verjaardag van Edith Frank, maar niet voor die van Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Ook het al of niet afstaan van rijst aan de herstellende Johannes Kleiman leidde tot conflicten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Pfeffer zich in <strong>november '42</strong> bij het gezelschap voegde, moest iedereen opnieuw inschikken. De komst van een derde partij leidde nu en dan tot andere allianties. Zoals Pfeffer met Auguste van Pels, als beiden het er - volgens Anne - over eens waren dat Anne verkeerd was opgevoed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Annes mening over Pfeffer blijkt als ze bij haar herschrijving de hoofdpersonen van aliassen voorziet. Pfeffer noemde ze ‘Albert Dussel’,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> terwijl ‘Dussel’ in het Duits zoveel wil zeggen als sufferd. Pfeffer stond nu en dan ook tegenover de rest, bijvoorbeeld als hij in hun ogen gevaarlijk handelde door correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta te blijven voeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>Eind ’43</strong> had Pfeffer volgens Anne een conflict met de familie Van Pels, wat zijn oorsprong zou hebben gevonden in het feit dat Pfeffer mevrouw Van Pels geen cadeau gaf bij de eerste verjaardag van zijn komst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith verzuchtte volgens Anne enige weken later dat ze Hermann van Pels graag eens veertien dagen niet zou zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk element in de Achterhuisgeschiedenis is de romance tussen Anne en Peter. Deze begon zich eind <strong>maart ’44</strong> af te tekenen<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> en verflauwde na een week of zes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Volgens Otto Frank was er aanvankelijk weinig contact tussen hen, maar ontwikkelde zich na verloop van tijd een sterke band.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In de B-versie ontkent Anne onder de datum <strong>6 januari 1944</strong> dat ze verliefd op Peter is,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> maar dat is gezien de latere herschrijving ook weer in retrospectief.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen onderduikers en helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels en Otto waren boos op Kugler omdat hij de zakelijke relatie met W.F. Westermann en C.W. Heijbroek op het spel zette. Kugler op zijn beurt was boos toen de onderduikers laks met de veiligheid waren, zoals de keer dat de grendel niet op tijd van de deur was en hij via Keg naar binnen moet klimmen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’43</strong> was Pfeffer kwaad omdat Kugler op de voorgeschreven dag de radio was gaan inleveren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> was er een discussie over de mogelijkheid van een evacuatie van het westen van het land. Volgens de onderduikers was Jan Gies veel te optimistisch, maar volgens Jan zagen zij het veel te zwart in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind mei '44</strong> was er een ernstig gesprek met Miep. Blijkbaar was er bij de onderduikers wrevel over al dan niet vermeende onverschilligheid van haar kant. Anne: '<em>Miep kwam op een middag met een vuurrood hoofd naar vader toe en vroeg hem op de man af of wij dachten dat zij ook met het anti-semitisme besmet waren. Vader schrok geweldig en praatte haar dat grondig uit haar hoofd, maar iets van Miep vermoeden is er blijven hangen.' </em>Volgens Anne dacht Miep dat de onderduikers vreesden dat zij er ook zo over dacht. Otto Frank zou Miep dit vervolgens uit het hoofd hebben gepraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rlxn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank kreeg een keer ruzie met Miep toen hij zei dat ze te lang bij Pfeffer bleef, en Anne dat niet prettig vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1hpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als het dagboek op dit punt accuraat is, bleef de verstandhouding met Kleiman gedurende de hele periode onveranderd goed. Edith Frank zei volgens Anne: '<em>Als mijnheer Kleiman binnen komt, gaat de zon op!'</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman omschreef later Annes houding tegenover hem tijdens zijn dagelijkse bezoeken aan het Achterhuis als bescheiden. Ze was wel altijd dolblij met de jeugdboeken die hij meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne trok sterk naar Bep Voskuijl. Zij was het oudste kind in een groot gezin, en haar zusjes waren enkele jaren jonger dan Anne. Daarentegen was ze de jongste van de helpers, en werd door Anne tot de Achterhuisjeugd gerekend. Kleiman dacht dat Beps liefdesperikelen ook een rol in Annes voorkeur hebben gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep zei over Margot: '<em>Margot daar heb ik absoluut geen contact mee gehad. Die was er, aanwezig, en voor de rest niet.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cmro4\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen helpers onderling</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen de helpers onderling was er een hiërarchisch onderscheid. Kugler en Kleiman waren directeuren van de bedrijven, Miep en Bep de kantoormeisjes. Als er op kantoor vrolijkheid was over een telefoontje schrijft Anne: '<em>de directeurs maken samen met de kantoormeisjes de grootste pret!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> Tijdens de inval op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> stuurde Kleiman Bep met zijn portefeuille naar drogist Kollen op de Leliegracht, en ze wist inderdaad ongehinderd weg te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat het Kleiman en Kugler lukte om voor te wenden dat Miep en Bep niet van de onderduikers op de hoogte waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen helpers en de buitenwereld</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboek is enkele keren sprake van de familie Amende. Dit is de familie die het pension had waar Jan Gies vanaf <strong>1936</strong> woonde en waarmee hij en Miep bevriend waren. Er waren op dit adres spullen van de Franks in bewaring,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> en Miep vertelde in een interview dat deze familie niets wist van haar onderduikershulp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep en Jan Gies wisten van elkaar uiteraard wat ze deden. Aan de hulp die ze de familie Stoppelman en anderen verleenden, gaven ze weinig tot geen ruchtbaarheid.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleimans vrouw was geheel op de hoogte van de activiteiten van haar man<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> en kwam ook enkele keren in het Achterhuis op bezoek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne rekende haar zelfs tot lid van de ‘<em>vrouwelijke kant van het Achterhuis</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> Kugler sprak echter om onbekende redenen nooit met zijn echtgenote over de onderduikershulp die hij verleende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Voor haar kwam de arrestatie van haar man dus als een complete verrassing. Bep sprak alleen met haar vader over het Achterhuis. Hij was medio <strong>juli ’42</strong> ingelicht, en maakte op Kuglers initiatief de boekenkast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks nieuwsgierig was en herhaaldelijk naar Otto Frank vroeg, werd een afleidingsmaneuvre bedacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xotg\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. stuurde een briefje aan een klant in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Er werd een geadresseerde retourenvelop meegezonden die Otto Frank geschreven had. Ontvangst op kantoor moest de indruk wekken dat hij deze brief had verstuurd. De envelop met poststempel uit een grensplaats moest als bewijs dienen voor vertrek richting Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zx42t\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>‘Weerklank’</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Anne als vrijwel enige bron ontstaat een vertekend beeld van de andere onderduikers. Vooral Pfeffer en het echtpaar Van Pels komen er bij haar niet zo best vanaf. Doordat de scriptschrijvers van de toneelbewerking Annes negatieve kwalificaties overnamen, ontstonden daar jaren later nog conflicten uit. Toen het dagboek door het Amerikaanse toneelstuk grotere bekendheid kreeg, volgde er kritiek. Greta Goldschmidt, een zuster van Auguste van Pels, schreef in 1958 aan Otto Frank dat Peter meer recht gedaan had moeten worden. Anne kreeg 'all the limelight', maar omdat Peter haar het onderduiken zeker lichter had gemaakt, kwam hem toch ook 'ein kleines Lob' toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Toen ze negen maanden later de film had gezien, schreef ze opnieuw om haar verontwaardiging uit te drukken over de wijze waarop de familie Van Pels werd neergezet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een vroegere kennis van Pfeffer uit Berlijn was verbolgen over de wijze waarop het toneelstuk Pfeffer belachelijk maakte. In een brief aan Otto Frank vroeg ze hem of hij besefte waarom Pfeffer in de onderduiktijd, in tegenstelling tot de anderen alleen, 'ein Nörgler' is geworden. Ze verweet Frank dat hij had toegelaten dat de scriptschrijvers Pfeffer als een schertsfiguur portretteerden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> Tegen het einde van de jaren vijftig was er ook een verwijdering tussen Charlotte Kaletta enerzijds en Otto Frank en de helpers anderzijds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta en Frank sloten zelfs een formele overeenkomst waarin de eerste toezegde van enige aanspraak betreffende dagboek, toneelstuk en film af te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicerend is dat Annes dagboek voor de onderduikperiode vrijwel de enige bron is, en dat voor het jaar <strong>1943</strong> directe notities zo goed als ontbreken. Latere observaties van Otto Frank of helpers waren bovendien doorgaans naar aanleiding van dagboekpassages. Het is daarom van groot belang rekening te houden met een sterke ‘bias’ in Annes notities. Mede gezien de situatie waarin zij zich bevond, is een zekere onrechtvaardigheid ten aanzien van de anderen in haar dagboeknotities onvermijdelijk. Van de klasgenoten van het Joods Lyceum heeft ongeveer de helft de oorlogsjaren overleefd, en enkelen van hen hebben later hun mening over een en ander gegeven. Dat geldt ook voor een aantal leraren. Deze verklaringen nuanceren uiteraard het beeld dat Anne van haar schooltijd gaf. Over de situatie in het Achterhuis wisten deze klasgenoten en leerkrachten uiteraard niets uit eigen waarneming. Voor met name Pfeffer en de Van Pelsen is het nodig om tot een evenwichtiger beeld te komen dan dat wat Anne van hen schetste.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14-16 en 30 juni, 8 juli en 6 oktober 1942, 8 en 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni en onbekende dag in juni, en 28 september 1942, 29 december 1943, 6 januari, 3 en 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 22 augustus, 21 en 25 september, en 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (juni 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lzxr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942; Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 15 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 19 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o82vc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mjpyg\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rap6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus, 25 en 30 setpember en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 en 17 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 en 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942 en 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rlxn7\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1hpb\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cmro4\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xotg\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zx42t\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The inter-relationships encompass more than just those in the Secret Annex. They also include social relationships outside and even before going into hiding. These relationships can be separated into:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Before going into hiding</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Frank family</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Van Pels family</li>\r\n\t<li>Inside the Secret Annex</li>\r\n\t<li>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers and the outside world</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Obviously, Anne's notes are a very important source. Insights can also be derived from later reactions, following publicity around the diary, the play and the film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly writes about her friends and classmates, as well as others from before going into hiding. Among other things, she describes classmates and teachers at the Montessori school. An important relationship for Anne was the one with her classmate Hanneli Goslar. She also mentions the entire class 1 L II and all her teachers at the Jewish Lyceum. She makes sweeping statements about some classmates at the Lyceum. Furthermore, she mentions everyone who came to her thirteenth birthday, and what they gave her as a present. She also mentions all kinds of people from the neighbourhood, especially children of a similar age like Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg and Fredie Weisz. She further expresses her jealousy about the interactions between Jacqueline van Maarsen and Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> both of whom she had met at the Jewish Lyceum. Hello, Jacqueline and Danka later gave their views about their dealings and their friendship with Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several other surviving classmates have also commented on Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her diary, Anne set out her family history, and she did so quite extensively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This included grandparents and second cousins. She regularly wrote about her grandmother Holländer, who died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, whom she missed very much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The short story <em>Lodgers or Tenants</em> is about four of the subtenants who lived with the Frank family at various times. The last of these, Werner Goldschmidt, was also with the family at the beginning of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Social contacts also existed with Fritz Pfeffer and the Van Pels family. Peter gave her a bar of milk chocolate for her thirteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pels' subtenant Mr Bernhardt gave Anne an ice cream at <em>Oase</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer first met Otto Frank in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong> at the home of his landlady Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, a '<em>Jugendfreundin</em>' of Otto's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After Grandma Holländer's death, even before going into hiding, domestic peace deteriorated, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was fond of her father, while her relationship with her mother was problematic. Anne and Margot were also not very familiar with each other. Margot wanted to be, but Anne held back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that the much more mature Margot settled into the hiding situation more easily than Anne. Margot also suffered much less from changing moods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944</strong>, things improved between the sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank spoke out several times in later years about relationships within his family. In a general text, with which he intended to answer some frequently asked questions in advance, he wrote that he was on better terms with Anne than with Margot and that he was concerned about the poor contact between Anne and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is well enough known that Anne repeatedly expressed very negative views of her mother in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne sometimes describes the family in mild, but more often in sharp terms. Many of these involve quarrels between the Van Pels spouses. In September '42, there was a fuss about a book Peter was not allowed to read. He argued about it with his parents for several days, and his father flew into a rage when Peter shouted something down the stovepipe from the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, there was a disagreement between the Van Pels couple. According to Anne, this was about money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels supported his son Peter when he had a conflict with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> When Peter spoke to Anne about his parents, he said that they loved each other a lot but that he himself kept his distance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said the following about Otto Frank's role during the period in hiding, in response to his dependence on the helpers:<em> 'But, in the secret annex itself with the people in hiding, he was the boss again: what Mr Frank said, that was done. He decided, he had the last word, on what had to be done.' </em>She also said: '<em>he was the boss, wasn't he, of the whole company (...). Otto decided everything (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank himself believed that his attitude during the period in hiding was mainly an optimistic one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> He told Arthur Unger in <strong>1977</strong> that a positive element of life in hiding was that - unlike the time he worked in his business - he could spend all day with his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9x344\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The only people who later said anything about the tension and relaxation within the Secret Annex from their own observations were Otto Frank and the helpers. In the 1970s, Otto wrote about living with the Van Pels family:<em> 'we did not foresee how many problems would arise because of the differences in character and views</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Nor was he positive about how the Van Pels perceived their duties as parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early days, there were adjustment problems between the two families. Pfeffer was not there then. Anne writes repeatedly that the atmosphere was good and convivial, and that they laughed a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> At the same time, there were quarrels about parenting, washing dishes and being modest or not, among other things. Anne describes Mrs Van Pels as an "idiotic person".<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Over a year later, she was still describing her as "scrawny, selfish and stupid", with the nuance that it was possible to talk to her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> When asked by Ernst Schnabel in 1957, Victor Kugler wrote that friction repeatedly occurred between Anne and Mrs Van Pels during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 19</strong><strong>43</strong>, Anne writes of an occasion when the whole house was "thundering with strife".<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> The cause of much disagreement was food supplies. Thus, resentment arose when there was sugar for Edith Frank's birthday, but not for Auguste van Pels'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Whether or not to give rice to the convalescent Johannes Kleiman also led to conflicts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Pfeffer joined them in <strong>November '42</strong>, everyone had to scale back again. The arrival of a third party occasionally led to different alliances. Like Pfeffer with Auguste van Pels, when both agreed - according to Anne - that Anne had been raised wrong.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Anne's opinion of Pfeffer is evident when she provides the main characters with aliases in her rewrite. She called Pfeffer 'Albert Dussel',<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> while 'Dussel' means something like 'silly' in German. Pfeffer occasionally stood up to the rest, for instance when he acted dangerously in their eyes by continuing correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>At the end of '43</strong>, according to Anne, Pfeffer had a conflict with the Van Pels family, which allegedly had its origin in Pfeffer not giving Mrs Van Pels a present on the first anniversary of his arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith, according to Anne, sighed some weeks later that she would gladly not see Hermann van Pels for a fortnight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>An important element in the Secret Annex history is the romance between Anne and Peter. This began to emerge in late <strong>March 1944</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> and faded away after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, there was initially little contact between them, but a strong bond developed over time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne denies being in love with Peter under the date <strong>6 January</strong> <strong>1944</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> but again, given the later rewriting, this is retrospective.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels and Otto were angry with Kugler for jeopardising the business relationship with W.F. Westermann and C.W. Heijbroek. Kugler in turn was angry when the people in hiding were lax with security, such as the time the bolt was not released in time and he had to climb in via Keg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1943</strong>, Pfeffer was angry because Kugler had gone to hand in the radio on the prescribed day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, there was a discussion about the possibility of an evacuation of the western part of the country. According to the people in hiding, Jan Gies was far too optimistic, but according to Jan, they were looking at things far too negatively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late May '44</strong>, there was a serious conversation with Miep. Apparently there was resentment among the people in hiding about indifference, perceived or otherwise, on her part. Anne:<em> </em><em>'Miep came up one afternoon all flushed and asked Father straight out if we thought they too were infected with the current anti-Semitism. Father was stunned and quickly talked her out of the idea, but some of Miep's suspicion has lingered on.' </em>According to Anne, Miep thought the people in hiding feared that she felt the same way. Otto Frank then allegedly talked Miep out of this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank got into an argument with Miep once when he said she stayed too long with Pfeffer, and Anne did not like that.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5be\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>If the diary is accurate on this point, relations with Kleiman remained positive throughout. Edith Frank, according to Anne, said,<em> "When Mr Kleiman comes in, the sun rises!</em> ''<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman later described Anne's attitude towards him during his daily visits to the Secret Annex as modest. She was always delighted with the children's books he brought, though.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a strong bond with Bep Voskuijl. She was the eldest child in a large family, and her sisters were several years younger than Anne. On the other hand, she was the youngest of the helpers, and was counted by Anne as one of the Secret Annex youngsters. Kleiman thought that the ups and downs of Bep's love life also played a role in Anne's preference.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said of Margot:<em> 'I had absolutely no contact with Margot. She was there, present, and not much else.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a hierarchical distinction between the helpers. Kugler and Kleiman were directors of the companies, Miep and Bep the office girls. When there was merriment in the office over a phone call, Anne writes:<em> 'the directors together with the office girls make the greatest fun!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to drugstore Kollen on Leliegracht, and she indeed managed to get away unhindered.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that Kleiman and Kugler managed to convince people that Miep and Bep had not known anythng about the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers and the outside world</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several times in Anne's diary there is mention of the Amende family. This is the family who owned the boarding house where Jan Gies lived from <strong>1936</strong> and with whom he and Miep were friends. There were items belonging to the Franks in storage at this address,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> and Miep said in an interview that this family knew nothing about her helping people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep and Jan Gies obviously knew about each other. They kept quiet about the help they gave the Stoppelman family and others.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's wife was fully aware of her husband's activities<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> and also visited the Secret Annex several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne even counted her as a member of the '<em>female side of the Secret Annex</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> However, for reasons unknown, Kugler never spoke to his wife about the help he was providing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> So for her, her husband's arrest came as a complete surprise. Bep only spoke to her father about the Secret Annex. He was informed in <strong>mid-July 1942</strong>, and at Kugler's initiative he made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Opekta representative Johan Broks was curious and repeatedly asked about Otto Frank, a diversionary tactic was devised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. sent a note to a client in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. It included an addressed return envelope written by Otto Frank. Receipt of it at the office was intended to give the impression that he had sent this letter. The envelope with a postmark from a border town was intended to serve as proof of departure for Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Resonance'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>With Anne as virtually the only source, a distorted picture of the other people in hiding emerges. Pfeffer and the Van Pels couple in particular do not come off very well in her account. Because the scriptwriters of the stage adaptation adopted Anne's negative qualifications, conflicts arose from this years later. When the American play made the diary more widely known, criticism followed. Greta Goldschmidt, a sister of Auguste van Pels, wrote to Otto Frank in 1958 that more justice should have been done to Peter. Anne got 'all the limelight', but since Peter had certainly made her time in hiding less harsh, he was still due '<em>ein kleines Lob</em>' too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Having seen the film nine months later, she wrote again to express her indignation at the way the Van Pels family was portrayed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A former acquaintance of Pfeffer from Berlin was outraged by the way the play ridiculed Pfeffer. In a letter to Otto Frank, she asked him if he realised why Pfeffer, unlike the others, had become '<em>ein Nörgler</em>' when in hiding. She reproached Frank for allowing the scriptwriters to portray Pfeffer as a joke figure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> By the late 1950s, there was also a distancing between Charlotte Kaletta on the one hand and Otto Frank and the helpers on the other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta and Frank even entered into a formal agreement in which the former pledged to renounce any claim regarding the diary, play and film.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicating matters is that Anne's diary is virtually the only source for the period in hiding, and direct notes are virtually non-existent for the year <strong>1943</strong>. Moreover, later observations by Otto Frank or helpers were usually in response to diary passages. It is therefore of great importance to take into account a strong 'bias' in Anne's notes. Also given the situation she found herself in, a certain injustice towards the others in her diary entries is inevitable. Of the classmates at the Jewish Lyceum, about half survived the war years, and a few of them later gave their opinions on things. The same applies to a number of teachers. These statements naturally give nuance to Anne's picture of her school days. Of course, these classmates and teachers knew nothing about the situation in the Secret Annex from their own observations. For Pfeffer and the Van Pelses in particular, it is necessary to arrive at a more balanced picture than the one Anne painted of them.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14-16 and 30 June, 8 July and 6 October 1942, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June and an unknown date in June, 28 September 1942, 29 December 1943, 6 January, 3 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 22 August, 21 and 25 September, and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, no date (June 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942; Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9x344\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 25 and 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 and 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942 and 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5be\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diary gives a rather distorted picture of the other people in hiding. Hermann and Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer are particularly affected by this.",
"summary_nl": "Het dagboek van Anne Frank geeft een nogal vertekend beeld van de andere onderduikers. Met name Hermann en Auguste van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer zijn hiervan het slachtoffer.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diary gives a rather distorted picture of the other people in hiding. Hermann and Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer are particularly affected by this.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 238,
"image": {
"id": 974,
"uuid": "686881e1-431a-4ef1-9257-9a14931f935e",
"name": "Plaatjeswand in Annes kamer",
"title": "Wand met behang en een deel van de plaatjesverzameling van Anne Frank, niet gedateerd",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/58932435-6f71-079d-e45b-00622ce9012d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "In de jaren voor het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog legt Anne Frank een verzameling aan van enkele honderden ansichtkaarten en plaatjes van filmsterren en koningshuizen die ze uitknipt uit tijdschriften. Tijdens de periode van de onderduik breidt ze haar verzameling uit met plaatjes uit de tijdschriften die de helpers meenemen. Deze plakt ze op de wanden van haar slaapkamer in het Achterhuis Tijdens de oorlogsjaren ontwikkelt Anne Frank een interesse voor geschiedenis en mythologie, en ze verzamelt ook plaatjes over deze onderwerpen. Toen het pand werd verkocht snijdt Otto Frank in de jaren '50 alle plaatjes met behang en al uit. De originele plaatjes en behangdelen worden voor de opening van het Anne Frank Huis in 1960 teruggeplaatst. De wand is geconserveerd en behouden in de staat zoals Anne Frank hem heeft achtergelaten in augustus 1944. Uit onderzoek naar de wanden zijn 77 beschrijvingen van plaatjes naar voren gekomen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/0e92b6a4-13ca-4bbb-8453-7945b1b42977/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "0e92b6a4-13ca-4bbb-8453-7945b1b42977",
"name": "The walls decorated with pictures in Anne's room",
"name_nl": "De plaatjeswanden in Annes kamer",
"name_en": "The walls decorated with pictures in Anne's room",
"description": "<p>Even before going into hiding, Anne began collecting film star pictures and postcards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To her American pen pal, Juanita Wagner, Anne wrote on <strong>29 April</strong><strong> 1939</strong> that her collection of '<em>picture-cards'</em> numbered around eight hundred.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This collection went with her from Merwedeplein to the Secret Annex. In her diary, Anne writes about it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Our bedroom, with its blank walls, was very bare. Thanks to Father — who brought my entire postcard and movie-star collection here beforehand — and to a brush and a pot of glue, I was able to plaster the walls with pictures. It looks much more cheerful. (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne spent a lot of time on her collection. She expanded it with new pictures taken from magazines, which she got from helpers. Such as <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> and <em>Cinema & Theatre</em>. She removed pictures from the wall, or hung them on top of each other with '<em>brush and a pot of glue</em><em>'</em> or with 'photo corners' to make them easier to change.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also gave away a few movie star pictures to Peter, which he hung in his own room. Anne would have liked to have given him more, but he kindly declined this offer:<em> 'I'd rather keep the one I've got. I look at it every day, and the people in it have become my friends.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Research on the walls in the Secret Annex yielded a total of seventy-seven picture descriptions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Forty pictures came from various magazines, of which twenty-nine were from <em>Libelle</em>. Many film stars came from <em>Libelle </em>in the years <strong>1939-1940</strong>. From <em>Libelle</em> in <strong>1941</strong> she cut out mainly children's pictures, drawings and two art history images. American film stars were in fewer and fewer of these pictures as the occupation progressed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All the different pictures show Anne's interests. While in hiding, she became more interested in history and mythology. With Margot, she studied hard <em>'to keep from being ignorant</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The story <em>Film Star Illusion,</em> in which Anne describes a meeting with the Lane Sisters that ends with the words that she is '<em>cured of all celebrity illusions for good</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The picture research shows that Anne put her money where her mouth is. A picture of the Lane Sisters was hidden behind the picture of Michelangelo's sculpture, and a map of the French-German borderland was mounted with drawing pins on top of the photo of American actress Sally Eilers<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of children's pictures and drawings were also replaced with more adult images. For example, Anne pinned Hermes on top of a picture of a girl with a skipping rope, Paracelsus on a girl with a parasol and a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci on a girl doing laundry with her dolls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not entirely put aside her interest in film stars. In <strong>January 1944</strong>, she wrote that she still spent many Sundays sorting out and sorting through her large film star collection, '<em>which has grown to a very respectable size'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did, however, have less and less time for it. In <strong>May</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, for instance, she wrote: <em>'my movie stars are in a terrible disarray and are dying to be straightened out'</em>, but as she is <em>'up to her ears in work, they'll have to put up with the chaos a while longer</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides magazine pictures and postcards of film stars and children, she also pinned cartoons, landscapes, animals and members of royal families to her wall. About the postcard of the royal family, which she first stuck in her photo album and later pinned to her wall with a drawing pin, she writes that Bep Voskuijl had had it printed especially for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Growth lines and map of Normandy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the living room bedroom of the Frank family, pencil marks on the wallpaper had been used to keep track of Anne and Margot's growth. From this it can be deduced that in two years Anne had grown over thirteen centimetres and Margot one centimetre. On <strong>13 June 1943</strong>, Anne copied part of the birthday poem Otto had written for her. In it he poems:<em> 'Yes if one grows 10 centimetres, nothing fits any more, everyone understands that</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A map of the Normandy coast hung next to the growth lines. On <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the Allies landed at Normandy in France. Otto Frank cut a map from the front page of <em>De Telegraaf</em> of <strong>8 June 1944</strong>,<em> </em>and mounted it on the wall. He kept track of the Allies' progress using map pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Preservation of the walls decorated with pictures</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, when it looked like it would not be possible to save the Secret Annex from demolition, Otto Frank decided to save the growth marks, the map of Normandy and the pictures on the left wall of Anne's room. He cut them from the wall with wallpaper and all. In the end, the Secret Annex was preserved after all. The cut-out pieces of wallpaper were put back in place, but the rest of the walls were in very poor condition. Over the years, souvenir hunters had taken pieces of wallpaper and pictures. The pictures that had fallen off the wall had been put back in place with adhesive tape, and a leak further damaged the walls. Photographs taken in <strong>1954</strong> by Maria Austria and those from the <strong>1980s</strong> show some of the missing pictures. Like the three pictures in Peter's room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on historical and material-technical research, all the walls with pictures were restored and conserved in <strong>early 2000</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was then decided to make the pictures look not only as Anne had hung them, but also as they had become over time, including cracks, missing pieces, discolouration and moisture spots, which had developed in the post-war years.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'The secrets of Anne's room', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIart Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Delusions of Stardom", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It can be deduced from a caption in the photo album compiled by Anne that the postcard of the royal family was in her album before she put it up on the wall.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, Sunday 13 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Al voor de onderduikperiode begon Anne met het verzamelen van filmsterrenplaatjes en ansichtkaarten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nkxn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Aan haar Amerikaanse penvriendin, Juanita Wagner, schreef Anne op <strong>29 april</strong><strong> 1939</strong> dat haar collectie ‘<em>picture-cards’</em> rond de achthonderd stuks telde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2snut\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze verzameling ging van het Merwedeplein mee naar het Achterhuis. In haar dagboek schrijft Anne hierover:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ons kamertje was met die strakke muren tot nu toe erg kaal; dank zij vader die m'n hele prentbriefkaarten en filmsterverzameling van tevoren al meegenomen had, heb ik met een lijmpot en kwast de hele muur bestreken en van de kamer één plaatje gemaakt. Daardoor ziet het er veel vrolijker uit (…)'<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne besteedde veel tijd aan haar verzameling. Ze breidde hem uit met nieuwe plaatjes afkomstig uit tijdschriften, die ze van de helpers kreeg. Zoals <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> en <em>Cinema & Theater</em>. Ze haalde plaatjes van de muur af, of hing ze over elkaar heen met ‘<em>lijmpot</em> <em>en kwast’</em> of met ‘fotohoekjes’, om ze zo makkelijker te kunnen verwisselen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ook gaf ze een paar filmsterrenplaatjes weg aan Peter, die hij in zijn eigen kamer ophing. Anne had hem er graag meer geven, maar hij slaat dit aanbod vriendelijk af: '<em>Ik laat het liever zo, deze hier, daar kijk ik elke dag tegen aan en dat zijn mijn vrienden geworden.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onderzoek naar de wanden in het Achterhuis heeft in totaal zevenenzeventig plaatjesbeschrijvingen opgeleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Veertig plaatjes knipte Anne uit verschillende tijdschriften, waarvan negentwintig uit de <em>Libelle</em>. Veel filmsterren haalde zij uit jaargang <strong>1939-1940</strong> van de <em>Libelle</em>. Amerikaanse filmsterren stonden er, naarmate de bezetting vorderde, steeds minder in. Uit jaargang <strong>1941</strong> haalde ze voornamelijk kinderfoto’s, tekeningen en twee kunstgeschiedenis afbeeldingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit alle verschillende plaatjes valt Annes interesse af te leiden. Tijdens de onderduik raakte ze meer geïnteresseerd in geschiedenis en mythologie. Met Margot studeerde ze hard <em>‘om niet dom te blijven’</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het verhaaltje <em>Filmster-Illusie</em> waar Anne een ontmoeting met de Lane Sisters beschrijft, eindigt met de woorden dat ze ‘<em>voor goed van alle beroemdheidsillusies genezen</em>’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Uit het plaatjesonderzoek blijkt dat Anne de daad bij het woord voegde. Achter het plaatje van het beeldhouwwerk van Michelangelo zit een plaatje van de Lane Sisters verborgen en op de Amerikaanse actrice Sally Eilers heeft met punaises een landkaartje van Frans-Duits grensgebied vastgeprikt gezeten<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook een aantal kinderfoto’s en tekeningen heeft plaats moeten maken voor volwassenere afbeeldingen. Zo plakte Anne Hermes op een meisje met een springtouw, Paracelsus op een meisje met een parasol en een zelfportret van Leonardo da Vinci op een meisje dat samen met haar poppen de was doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne zette haar interesse voor filmsterren niet helemaal aan de kant. In <strong>januari 1944</strong> schrijft ze dat ze nog veel zondagen aan het uitzoeken en sorteren van haar grote filmsterrenverzameling besteedde, ‘<em>die een zeer respectabele omvang aangenomen heeft’</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Wel had ze er steeds minder tijd voor. Zo schrijft ze in <strong>mei 1944</strong>: ‘<em>Al m’n filmsterren liggen in vreselijke wanorde door elkaar en snakken naar een opruiming.</em>’ Maar omdat ze ‘<em>in het werk stikt, wordt de chaos toch nog maar chaos gelaten.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast tijdschriftplaatjes en ansichtkaarten van filmsterren en kinderen hing ze ook cartoons, landschappen, dieren en leden van vorstenhuizen aan haar muur. Over de ansichtkaart van de Koninklijke familie, die ze eerst in haar fotoalbum plakte en later met een punaise aan haar muur prikte, schrijft ze dat Bep Voskuijl die speciaal voor haar had laten afdrukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Groeistreepjes en kaartje van Normandië</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woon- slaapkamer van de familie Frank werd met potloodstreepjes op het behang de groei van Anne en Margot bijgehouden. Hieruit valt af te leiden dat Anne in twee jaar ruim dertien centimeter was gegroeid en Margot één. Anne schrijft op <strong>13 juni 1943</strong> een deel van het verjaardagsgedicht over dat Otto voor haar had geschreven. Hierin dichtte hij: '<em>Ja als men groeit 10 centimeter, Past niets meer, dat begrijpt eenieder</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast de groeistreepjes hangt een landkaartje van de Normandische kust. Op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte uit de voorpagina van <em>De Telegraaf</em> van <strong>8 juni 1944</strong> een landkaartje uit<em> </em>en hing het aan de muur. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Behoud van de plaatjeswanden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Halverwege de <strong>jaren vijftig</strong>, toen het ernaar uitzag dat het Achterhuis niet van de sloop gered kon worden, besloot Otto Frank om de groeistreepjes, het kaartje van Normandië en de plaatjes op de linkerwand van Annes kamer te redden. Hij sneed ze met behang en al uit de muur. Uiteindelijk bleef het Achterhuis toch behouden. De uitgesneden stukken behang werden weer teruggeplaatst, maar de wanden waren in erg slechte staat. In de loop der jaren hebben souvenirjagers stukjes behang en plaatjes meegenomen. De van de muur afgevallen plaatjes werden met plakband weer teruggeplaatst en door een lekkage zijn de wanden nog eens extra beschadigd. Op foto’s uit <strong>1954</strong> gemaakt door Maria Austria en op foto’s uit de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> zijn sommige verdwenen plaatjes nog te zien. Zoals de drie plaatjes in Peters kamer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de hand van historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek werden <strong>begin 2000</strong> alle plaatjeswanden gerestaureerd en geconserveerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Besloten is toen om de plaatjes te behouden zoals ze in de loop der tijd geworden zijn, inclusief scheuren, ontbrekende stukjes, verkleuring en vochtplekken, die in de naoorlogse jaren zijn ontstaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nkxn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'De geheimen van Annes kamer', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2snut\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Overige verhaaltjes, "Filmster-illusie", in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Aan een bijschrift in het fotoboek dat Anne heeft samengesteld, valt af te leiden dat de ansichtkaart van de Koninklijke familie daar in geplakt heeft gezeten voordat ze hem aan de muur hing.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, zondag 13 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Even before going into hiding, Anne began collecting film star pictures and postcards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To her American pen pal, Juanita Wagner, Anne wrote on <strong>29 April</strong><strong> 1939</strong> that her collection of '<em>picture-cards'</em> numbered around eight hundred.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This collection went with her from Merwedeplein to the Secret Annex. In her diary, Anne writes about it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Our bedroom, with its blank walls, was very bare. Thanks to Father — who brought my entire postcard and movie-star collection here beforehand — and to a brush and a pot of glue, I was able to plaster the walls with pictures. It looks much more cheerful. (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne spent a lot of time on her collection. She expanded it with new pictures taken from magazines, which she got from helpers. Such as <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> and <em>Cinema & Theatre</em>. She removed pictures from the wall, or hung them on top of each other with '<em>brush and a pot of glue</em><em>'</em> or with 'photo corners' to make them easier to change.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also gave away a few movie star pictures to Peter, which he hung in his own room. Anne would have liked to have given him more, but he kindly declined this offer:<em> 'I'd rather keep the one I've got. I look at it every day, and the people in it have become my friends.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Research on the walls in the Secret Annex yielded a total of seventy-seven picture descriptions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Forty pictures came from various magazines, of which twenty-nine were from <em>Libelle</em>. Many film stars came from <em>Libelle </em>in the years <strong>1939-1940</strong>. From <em>Libelle</em> in <strong>1941</strong> she cut out mainly children's pictures, drawings and two art history images. American film stars were in fewer and fewer of these pictures as the occupation progressed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All the different pictures show Anne's interests. While in hiding, she became more interested in history and mythology. With Margot, she studied hard <em>'to keep from being ignorant</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The story <em>Film Star Illusion,</em> in which Anne describes a meeting with the Lane Sisters that ends with the words that she is '<em>cured of all celebrity illusions for good</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The picture research shows that Anne put her money where her mouth is. A picture of the Lane Sisters was hidden behind the picture of Michelangelo's sculpture, and a map of the French-German borderland was mounted with drawing pins on top of the photo of American actress Sally Eilers<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of children's pictures and drawings were also replaced with more adult images. For example, Anne pinned Hermes on top of a picture of a girl with a skipping rope, Paracelsus on a girl with a parasol and a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci on a girl doing laundry with her dolls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not entirely put aside her interest in film stars. In <strong>January 1944</strong>, she wrote that she still spent many Sundays sorting out and sorting through her large film star collection, '<em>which has grown to a very respectable size'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did, however, have less and less time for it. In <strong>May</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, for instance, she wrote: <em>'my movie stars are in a terrible disarray and are dying to be straightened out'</em>, but as she is <em>'up to her ears in work, they'll have to put up with the chaos a while longer</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides magazine pictures and postcards of film stars and children, she also pinned cartoons, landscapes, animals and members of royal families to her wall. About the postcard of the royal family, which she first stuck in her photo album and later pinned to her wall with a drawing pin, she writes that Bep Voskuijl had had it printed especially for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Growth lines and map of Normandy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the living room bedroom of the Frank family, pencil marks on the wallpaper had been used to keep track of Anne and Margot's growth. From this it can be deduced that in two years Anne had grown over thirteen centimetres and Margot one centimetre. On <strong>13 June 1943</strong>, Anne copied part of the birthday poem Otto had written for her. In it he poems:<em> 'Yes if one grows 10 centimetres, nothing fits any more, everyone understands that</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A map of the Normandy coast hung next to the growth lines. On <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the Allies landed at Normandy in France. Otto Frank cut a map from the front page of <em>De Telegraaf</em> of <strong>8 June 1944</strong>,<em> </em>and mounted it on the wall. He kept track of the Allies' progress using map pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Preservation of the walls decorated with pictures</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, when it looked like it would not be possible to save the Secret Annex from demolition, Otto Frank decided to save the growth marks, the map of Normandy and the pictures on the left wall of Anne's room. He cut them from the wall with wallpaper and all. In the end, the Secret Annex was preserved after all. The cut-out pieces of wallpaper were put back in place, but the rest of the walls were in very poor condition. Over the years, souvenir hunters had taken pieces of wallpaper and pictures. The pictures that had fallen off the wall had been put back in place with adhesive tape, and a leak further damaged the walls. Photographs taken in <strong>1954</strong> by Maria Austria and those from the <strong>1980s</strong> show some of the missing pictures. Like the three pictures in Peter's room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on historical and material-technical research, all the walls with pictures were restored and conserved in <strong>early 2000</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was then decided to make the pictures look not only as Anne had hung them, but also as they had become over time, including cracks, missing pieces, discolouration and moisture spots, which had developed in the post-war years.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'The secrets of Anne's room', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIart Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Delusions of Stardom", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It can be deduced from a caption in the photo album compiled by Anne that the postcard of the royal family was in her album before she put it up on the wall.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, Sunday 13 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Like many other girls, Anne Frank brightened up her room with pictures. Immediately after the Frank family moved into the Secret Annex, Anne pasted all kinds of pictures and postcards on the walls of her room.",
"summary_nl": "Zoals vele andere meisjes vrolijkte ook Anne Frank haar kamer op met plaatjes. Direct nadat de familie Frank haar intrek nam in het Achterhuis, plakte Anne allerlei plaatjes en prentbriefkaarten op de muren van haar kamer.",
"summary_en": "Like many other girls, Anne Frank brightened up her room with pictures. Immediately after the Frank family moved into the Secret Annex, Anne pasted all kinds of pictures and postcards on the walls of her room.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 197,
"image": {
"id": 961,
"uuid": "db44a63d-4943-421a-a9a7-025e7c66544a",
"name": "Annes tafeltje",
"title": "Annes tafeltjes",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Annes-tafeltje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Anne zat graag aan het tafeltje in haar kamer te schrijven, te lezen en te leren. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"name": "The writer Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "De schrijfster Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The writer Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank liggen ten grondslag aan alles wat bekend is geworden over Anne Frank en de onderduikgeschiedenis. Het zijn immers vrijwel alleen Annes geschriften die het verloop van de 25 maanden onderduik documenteren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het handgeschreven manuscript van de dagboeken van Anne Frank op basis waarvan Otto Frank de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis (<strong>1947</strong>) samenstelde, bestaat uit een rood geruit boekje, twee gekartonneerde schriften en ruim 200 vellen gekleurd doorslagpapier. Otto Frank heeft de handschriften van zijn dochter Anne uit de periode van de onderduik nagelaten aan de Staat der Nederlanden. Sinds juni 2009 bevinden deze zich bij de Anne Frank Stichting. Sinds de wetenschappelijke editie van de dagboeken (<strong>1986</strong>) is het gebruikelijk deze handschriften achtereenvolgens dagboek 1, 2 en 3 (of A-versie) en <em>de losse vellen </em>(of B-versie) te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagboek 1, 2 en 3 bevatten de oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen van Anne Frank. Op de losse vellen begint ze in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> haar oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen te herschrijven en bewerken met de bedoeling een roman getiteld <em>Het Achterhuis</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Samen met het Verhaaltjesboek, het Mooie-zinnenboek en het Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (fotoalbum) vormen deze handschriften de nalatenschap van Anne Frank uit de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van voor de onderduikperiode zijn een aantal brieven van Anne bewaard gebleven die zij schreef aan haar vader en aan haar familie in Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het handschrift van Anne is een aantal versjes bekend in de poëziealbums van vriendinnetjes.Er zijn versjes bekend van Anne in de albums van Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder is overgeleverd uit deze periode het z.g. <em>Egypteboek</em>, een gekartonneerd schrift waarin Anne commentaar heeft (over)geschreven bij plaatjes geknipt uit een werkblad van <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> over de geschiedenis van Egypte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verondersteld wordt dat dit een werkstuk is gemaakt in de eerste klas van de middelbare school. Eenzelfde soort werkstuk werd gemaakt door een voormalig klasgenootje van Anne Frank op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, Klaartje Musikant in de eerste klas van de HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Klasgenoten op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool zeggen dat Anne toen al verhaaltjes schreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als dit al zo is, dan is hier niets van overgeleverd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst Schnabel citeerde in zijn boek meneer Van Gelder, Annes leraar in de eerste tot en met de vierde klas van de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, dat Anne goede opstellen schreef en schrijfster wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg het bekende rood-geruite dagboekje voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Haar eerste echte dagboeknotitie op <strong>14 juni</strong> richt ze aan haar dagboek zelf: '<em>ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>Toen ze enkele weken later met haar ouders en zus Margot ging onderduiken, is het dagboek het eerste wat ze inpakte, schrijft ze later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>woensdag 8 juli 1942</strong> schrijft Anne voor het eerst in onderduik in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze beschrijft de dag van de oproep van Margot en het gaan onderduiken. De tweede notitie is een reflectie op haar verjaardag precies een maand daarvoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Dit eerste dagboekje loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die nog dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer! Ik kan het gelukkig nog wat strekken met de bladeren die ik er tussen heb geplakt'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat Anne haar vroeg om een dagboek dat met een sleuteltje te sluiten was, maar dat het haar destijds niet lukte om zoiets te vinden<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 mei 1943</strong> en op <strong>22 januari 1944</strong> voegde Anne in retrospectief aantekeningen toe<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Ze schreef toen ook dat ze het inmiddels zonde van de opengelaten bladzijden vond<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe dan ook, het volgende dagboek of dagboeken ontbreken. Het tweede overgeleverde dagboek begint met de notitie van <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt tot <strong>17 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het derde dagboek sluit hierop aan en loopt van <strong>18 april 1943</strong> tot en met <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> (drie dagen voor de arrestatie van de onderduikers en twee van hun helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Een heel jaar ‘dagboek’ ontbreekt dus.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de eerste pagina richt Anne zich persoonlijk tot haar dagboek en maakt haar dagboek tot een vriendin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De dagboeknotitie van <strong>21 september 1942</strong> eindigt ze met: '<em>ik heb zo’n zin om met iemand te corresponderen, en dat zal ik dus in het vervolg maar met mijn dagboek doen. Ik schrijf dus nu in briefvorm wat feitelijk op hetzelfde neerkomt. Lieve Jettje (zal ik maar zeggen,) mijn lieve vriendin, ik zal je in het vervolg en ook nu nog veel te vertellen hebben</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Die avond schrijft Anne ook nog een paar regeltjes aan Emmy en vraagt haar of ze Joop ter Heul heeft gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf dat moment richt Anne haar dagboeknotities om beurten overwegend aan verschillende denkbeeldige vriendinnen: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje die ze gedeeltelijk ontleende aan de karakters uit de Joop ter Heul reeks van Cissy van Marxveldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>deze manier om in mijn dagboek te schrijven vind ik veel fijner</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks schreef Joop brieven aan haar vriendin Netty, maar omdat ze van haar vader vanwege haar schoolprestaties maar een keer per maand (op zondag) mocht schrijven, ging ze (stiekem) in oude schriften van haar zus een dagboek bijhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had met zeven vriendinnen (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty en Conny) een club waarvan de naam gevormd werd door de beginletters van hun namen: de <em>Jopopinoloukicoclub</em>. Anne Frank had met Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse en Hanneli ook een club: <em>de Kleine Beer minus-2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was dol op de boeken van Cissy van Marxveldt en had zeker al voor de onderduik een deel uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Volgens Jacqueline van Maarsen lazen Anne en zij het tweede deel. Dat zou betekenen dat zij hier het eerste deel uit had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> van Cissy van Marxveldt las ze maar liefst vier keer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Tijdens de onderduik nam Johannes Kleiman de boeken van zijn dochter voor haar mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>, de dag dat ze in haar dagboek begint met de briefvorm, heeft ze net of bijna Joop ter Heul uit en moet ze wachten tot meneer Kleiman de komende zaterdag de laatste twee delen voor haar meeneemt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Twee dagen daarna, op <strong>26 september</strong> heeft ze die allebei (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> en <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>) uit. Ze vindt het laatste deel het leukst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde periode schrijft Anne in haar dagboek een brief aan Jacqueline van Maarsen en beantwoordt een denkbeeldige brief van Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne schrijft haar dagboekbrieven aan Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje. Ze schrijft hen over zichzelf en over de gebeurtenissen in het Achterhuis. Tegelijkertijd reageert ze op gebeurtenissen en personen die voorkomen in de boeken van Joop ter Heul. Zo vraagt Anne Noortje te logeren en regelt dat met de moeder van Noortje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had het over de afstand die er tussen haar en haar moeder altijd geweest is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Zowel Anne als Joop hadden een moeder waar ze geen dingen mee kunnen bespreken. De laatste dagboeknotitie uit het eerste rood-geruite dagboekje is gericht aan Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Al vanaf het begin heeft Anne duidelijk gemaakt dat ze het liefst aan Kitty schrijft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> De echte Kitty uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks heet Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dagboek A2 en A3 richt Anne zich alleen nog tot lieve Kitty. Omdat in de A-versie <strong>1943</strong> bijna geheel ontbreekt, weten we niet wanneer Anne hiertoe is overgegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste dagboekbrief van de B-versie legt Anne uit dat het dagboekidee is ontstaan omdat ze geen vriendin heeft, dat het dagboek zelf de vriendin zal zijn en dat die vriendin Kitty heet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Alle dagboekbrieven van de B-versie beginnen met lieve Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospectief</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep van minister van onderwijs Bolkestein op radio Oranje op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> begint Anne <strong>eind mei 1944</strong> haar originele dagboek te herschrijven op losse (lichtgele, lichtblauwe, roze en grauwe) velletjes doorslagpapier, meestal de <em>losse vellen</em> genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat zij Anne had voorzien van dit doorslagpapier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Lieve Kitty, Gisterenavond sprak minister Bolkesteyn aan de Oranjezender erover dat er na de oorlog een inzameling van dagboeken en brieven van deze oorlog zou worden gehouden. Natuurlijk stormden ze allemaal direct op mijn dagboek af. Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken dat het een detective-roman was.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>En op zaterdag <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne Frank: '<em><em>Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n Achterhuis begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zover af als het kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het wel ooit afkomt.'</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>losse vellen</em> beslaan de periode van <strong>20 juni 1942</strong> tot en met <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. Anne heeft dus in ruim twee maanden haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken bewerkt tot versie-B. Het is belangrijk om hierbij te beseffen dat, hoewel Anne haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken als basis gebruikte, de B-versie in retrospectief geschreven is. Ze beschrijft gebeurtenissen uit <strong>1942</strong> en <strong>1943</strong> in het <strong>voorjaar en de zomer van 1944</strong>. Zo schrijft ze in A-versie over haar dagboek: '<em>Ik ben o zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In de B-versie benadrukt ze het belang van haar dagboek door te schrijven dat ze het als eerste inpakte op de avond voordat ze gingen onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vulpen waarmee Anne schreef, een cadeau van oma Höllander voor haar negende verjaardag, verdween per ongeluk samen met de aardappelschillen in de kachel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt herhaaldelijk hoe belangrijk schrijven voor haar is. Zo dankt ze God dat hij haar daarmee de mogelijkheid heeft gegeven om zich uit te drukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Ze schrijft dat ze journaliste wil worden en: ‘<em>niemand die niet schrijft weet hoe fijn schrijven is; vroeger betreurde ik het altijd dat ik in ’t geheel niet tekenen kon, maar nu ben ik overgelukkig dat ik tenminste schrijven kan</em>.’</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> begon Anne met het schrijven van verhaaltjes. De verhaaltjes zijn opgetekend in het dagboek, op de losse vellen en in een gekartonneerd schrift.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Ze wilde proberen onder pseudoniem een van haar sprookjes in het blad <em>de Prins</em> geplaatst te krijgen, maar dacht dat dat niet zou lukken omdat haar sprookjes te lang zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover na de oorlog dat Anne aan Kleiman vroeg om onder de naam van zijn dochter het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen. Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk. In het verhaaltje <em>Het beste tafeltje</em> lezen we dat Anne dagelijks van half drie tot vier uur kon beschikken over het tafeltje in de kamer die ze met Fritz Pfeffer deelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Met veel moeite bevocht ze twee keer in de week een extra anderhalf uur.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde tijd dat Anne met haar verhaaltjes begon kreeg ze voor haar veertiende verjaardag het boekje <em>Literatuur- en Stijlstudie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Het was een bloemlezing uit literair proza en verzen waarbij stijlfiguren en karakteristieken van de verschillende schrijvers werden toegelicht.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Versjes in poëziealbums, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Het Egypteboek, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, 1e, 2e en 3e; 22 januari 1944, 1e, 2e en 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Ik hoop aan jou alles te kunnen toevertrouwen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 1e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 2e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, 1e en 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode aan mijn vulpen, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank. Ingewijd donderdag 2 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het beste tafeltje", 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve de dagboeken behoren ook het Verhaaltjesboek en het Mooie-zinnenboek tot de nalatenschap van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 192,
"image": {
"id": 960,
"uuid": "2329e575-c78d-4159-a479-53bc76b76293",
"name": "Bonnenboekje",
"title": "Bonnenboekje",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnenboekje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c",
"name": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De voedselvoorziening van het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het voedselthema is nauw verwant aan de onderwerpen Distributie en Bevoorrading in het algemeen. Wat er gegeten werd, en hoeveel, hing daar tenslotte mede van af. Gebrek werd er in eerste instantie in het Achterhuis niet geleden. Via reguliere en clandestiene distributiekanalen was er voldoende voedsel voorhanden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>8 augustus 1943</strong> kwam er in een groot aantal plaatsen, waaronder Amsterdam, een ‘klantenbinding’ voor groente en fruit tot stand. Dit wil zeggen dat ieder huishouden zich per periode van vier weken aan een vaste groentehandelaar diende te verbinden. Deze verstrekte een ‘gezinskaart’ op naam en moest zorgen voor inname van bonnen en een redelijke verdeling van zijn aanbod, afhankelijk van het aantal gezinsleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoe de helpers deze complicatie in de praktijk oplosten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Groente en aardappelen komen van groenteboer Van Hoeve op de Leliegracht; voor brood was een regeling getroffen met bakker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vlees kwam van een bij Hermann van Pels bekende slager in de omgeving, waarschijnlijk - op grond van het hieronder genoemd menukaartje met “Roastbeaf SCHOLTE” - het filiaal van Piet Scholte op de Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Met het verstrijken van de tijd ontstonden moeilijkheden, die verschillende oorzaken hadden. Victor Kugler schreef jaren later in zijn herinneringen dat gaandeweg de problemen groeiden; vooral levensmiddelen werden schaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Versobering van de maaltijden en rantsoenen gaven herhaaldelijk aanleiding tot ruzies. Aan de hand van Annes notities en verschillende externe bronnen zijn diverse aspecten van het vraagstuk goed te beschrijven en ook te verklaren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het eetpatroon en de verschuivingen daarin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij aanvang van de onderduikperiode was er een flinke voorraad levensmiddelen aangelegd, waaronder honderdvijftig conservenblikken met groente. Door de zakelijke contacten waren melkpoeder, tarwezetmeel en suiker steeds in ruime hoeveelheden voorhanden, waarmee volgens Kugler voedzame pudding kon worden gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>nazomer en de herfst van 1942</strong> schrijft Anne dat zijzelf en Hermann van Pels flink aten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd daalde het vetrantsoen in de <strong>tweede helft van 1942</strong> gestaag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 oktober</strong> van dat jaar is te lezen welke spanningen het wel of niet op brood smeren van boter in het Achterhuis tot gevolg had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In die periode kwam het officiële boter/vetrantsoen neer op 62½ gram per persoon per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne meldt in november de levering van 135 kilo peulvruchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1943</strong> schrijft ze dat haar moeder bewerkstelligde dat de kinderen extra boter kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het was echter de distributie die bepaalde dat de jeugd tussen 4 en 21 jaar een hoger vetrantsoen kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op dezelfde dag schrijft ze dat ze genoeg kreeg van de witte en bruine bonen, en dat de 'avond-broodverstrekking' was ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De overvloed aan bonen is te verklaren uit de eerder genoemde 135 kilo. Waarom de broodconsumptie, gezien de soepele regeling met Siemons, werd verminderd is onduidelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het werd vooral in de <strong>eerste maanden van 1944</strong> zichtbaar dat externe factoren veel bepaalden. De arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart bracht de aanvoer van onder meer aardappelen en boter in gevaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gebakken aardappelen als ontbijt werden dan ook vervangen door pap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Het bleek mogelijk extra volle melk te kopen, wat op aandringen van mevrouw Van Pels ook gebeurde. Volle melk was officieel voorbehouden aan kinderen onder de veertien, dus die aanschaf was clandestien. De zwarte melkprijzen bedroegen <strong>begin 1944</strong> zo’n 40 à 50 cent per liter in Amsterdam-Noord en tot 1,30 à 1,50 gulden per liter in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De onderduikers konden dus voor extra melk betrekkelijk hoge kosten maken. Dit duidt erop dat tekorten in het Achterhuis meer waren te wijten aan schaarste en verdelingsproblemen dan aan geldgebrek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beklaagt zich op <strong>8 mei 1944 </strong>over het feit dat ze steeds '<em>sla, stoofsla, spinazie, spinazie en nog eens spinazie</em>' aten. In deze periode leidde gebrek aan meststoffen tot teeltbeperkingen. Vooral de zogenaamde 'massaproducten' waren toen ruim verkrijgbaar, een categorie waartoe ook de gewraakte bladgroenten behoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De problemen groeiden wel na de arrestatie van groenteboer Van Hoeve <strong>eind mei 1944</strong>. Het toenemende tekort aan aardappelen en groente leidde tot het geleidelijk afschaffen van het ontbijt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensatie door het vervroegen van de lunch kon niet verhullen dat de schaarste toenam.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extra’s</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was ruimte om af en toe iets extra’s te doen. In de eerste dagen kregen de Franks, toen nog alleen in het Achterhuis, van de helpers rabarber, aardbeien en kersen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de huwelijksdag van Jan en Miep was er op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong>, vlak na de aankomst van de familie Van Pels, een diner in het Achterhuis. Hiervan is een getypt menukaartje bewaard gebleven, en op tafel kwamen bouillon, roast beef, diverse salades en per persoon één ‘pomme de terre’. Verder jus, ‘zeer miniem te gebruiken’ vanwege het boterrantsoen, riz à la Trautmannsdorf (‘surrogaat’) en koffie met suiker en room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon- en juspoeders behoorden tot het kernassortiment van Gies & Co. Gezien de heersende schaarste en daardoor erg hoge prijzen zal de koffie ook wel ‘surrogaat’ zijn geweest. Toen Jan en Miep in oktober kwamen logeren, stonden er volgens Anne soep, gehaktballetjes, aardappels, worteltjes en koffie met kruidkoek en Maria’s op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het verhaaltje <em>Worstdag</em> en uit de B-versie is de door Anne in <strong>december ‘42</strong> gesitueerde episode bekend waarin Van Pels een grote hoeveelheid vlees had kunnen bemachtigen en daar worst van maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Via de voedseldistributie profiteerden de onderduikers soms van incidentele meevallers, zoals bij de verstrekking van extra snoep, olie en stroop met Kerstmis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Daar staat tegenover dat ze het ook merkten toen er, als sanctie voor de stakingen van <strong>1943</strong> een boterbon werd ingehouden. Uit dezelfde notitie komt de opsomming van levensmiddelen die Pfeffer bij zijn verjaardag in <strong>1943</strong> kennelijk van Charlotte Kaletta toegestuurd kreeg: eieren, boter, koekjes, limonade, brood, cognac, sinaasappelen, kruidkoek en chocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’43</strong> wisten de helpers aan ‘vooroorlogse’ boterkoekjes voor de onderduikers te komen, en bij Ediths verjaardag enkele weken later aan een dito mokkataart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Bij Otto Franks 55e verjaardag was er bier en via Siemons waren er zelfs vijftig ‘vooroorlogse’ petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In het geval van de koek en taart betekende dit dat de betreffende bakkers via de helpers vooraf van benodigde ingrediënten als boter, suiker en eieren moeten zijn voorzien. Omdat bakkers hiermee karig werden bevoorraad, was dit destijds een gebruikelijke methode om aan behoorlijk - ‘vooroorlogs’ - gebak te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli ’44</strong> leverde mevrouw Van Hoeve – haar man zat toen gevangen vanwege het verbergen van het Joodse echtpaar Weisz – negen kilo doperwten. Hiervan werden ook de peulen gegeten. Op dezelfde dag noteert Anne de aanvoer van een grote partij aardbeien, door Broks rechtstreeks van de Beverwijkse veiling gehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Gezien de hoeveelheden moet ook hier sprake zijn geweest van niet-reguliere transacties. Op clandestiene handel in aardbeien werd ook in Amsterdam rond deze tijd scherp toegezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ten slotte was er nog Peters kat Mouschi. Na veel overleg en onduidelijkheid besloot de overheid dat alleen voor economisch nuttige katten, zoals pakhuiskatten, voedsel beschikbaar kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Dat betekende dat Mouschi’s voer, in tegenstelling tot dat van pakhuiskat Moffie, langs andere kanalen moest komen, of dat hij at wat de onderduikers aten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit dit overzicht blijkt dat externe factoren een grotere rol spelen bij de verschraling van de voedselpositie in het Achterhuis dan interne. De afname van variatie en hoeveelheden hield gelijke tred met het wegvallen van leveranciers van bonnen en levensmiddelen. Financiële zorgen hebben zich ongetwijfeld doen gelden, maar herhaaldelijk blijkt toch dat incidentele mogelijkheden om extra’s aan te schaffen lang zijn blijven bestaan. Geldgebrek lijkt daarom geen doorslaggevende factor te zijn geweest in de achteruitgang van de voedselpositie.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Worstdag”, 10 december 1942; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 december 1943 en 19 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 en 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank geven veel informatie over wat er in het Achterhuis zoal op tafel kwam. Wat er op tafel stond was sterk afhankelijk van het aanbod en de mogelijkheden om distributiebeperkingen en andere problemen te omzeilen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 89,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f983a411-4d60-422c-893b-7fcf424ee26c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f983a411-4d60-422c-893b-7fcf424ee26c",
"name": "Religion in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Godsdienst in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Religion in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries are virtually the only source regarding this subject. As a result, the focus is naturally on how Anne herself experienced it. It should be noted here that the B-version sometimes reflects reality as Anne retrospectively interpreted or even constructed it. Thus, she may thus have effectively placed later religious insights 'back in time'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne and her family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family was not unanimously devout. Hanneli recounted years later how Margot and Edith regularly went to synagogue, while Otto and Anne stayed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank said in a <strong>1977 </strong>interview that his family did not eat pork when their religious grandmother visited. According to her husband, Edith prayed in the Secret Annex every Friday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto and Anne's lukewarm attitude towards religion did not initially change much during the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, however, Anne looked back on the previous years. She came to know God, she wrote, in the <strong>second half of 1943</strong>. This change is visible in her diary entries. In her first diary, God is hardly mentioned, if at all. Anne read a little in her mother's prayer book for form's sake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the second diary, on the other hand, God appears regularly. For Anne, God was a source from which she drew courage, she wrote on <strong>12 March 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She trusted Him and writes several times that she would like to trust God even more than she did.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She hoped for a miracle from God regarding Hanneli's fate and also regarding Mr Voskuijl's state of health.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>December '43</strong>, the approach of Christmas led to some contemplation on Anne's part, which did not yet have very strong religious traits at this point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days later, she did ask God to assist her and Hanneli, complaining that she was unable to trust him sufficiently.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne developed a form of spirituality with a somewhat Spinozan character. In <strong>March '44</strong>, she wrote that during<strong> 1943</strong>, after a period of "nameless sorrow", she came to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Heaven, nature and God meant happiness and inner wealth in her experience, despite all the woes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She also placed her grandmother, who died <strong>in early '42</strong>, next to her God, when she writes that these two sustained her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of '44</strong>, Anne mentioned as an important function of religion <em>"upholding your own sense of honor and obeying your own conscience</em>". She considered herself<em> "not orthodox</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Following the accidental disappearance of her pen in the stove, Anne writes: "<em>my fountain pen was cremated, just as I would like to be some day!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"n6331\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne's B version, her father wanted her to learn something about the New Testament, so he asked Johannes Kleiman to provide a children's Bible. Margot reportedly criticised her father for wanting to give Anne a Christian Bible for Hanukkah.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Van Pels family, there was no evidence of any affinity with belief. The same applies to the brothers, sisters and parents of both spouses. Of course, this does not mean that there were no religious feelings in these families, but it does mean that there are no sources to prove this. However, the family does appear in the records of the <em>Synagogengemeinde </em>in Osnabrück, the city where they lived before coming to the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter occasionally talked to Anne about spiritual matters. In the last weeks before the arrest, however, Anne wrote that he had no religion, and how he cursed and mocked Jesus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>early '44</strong>, Peter believed he would be better off becoming a Christian after the war, but mainly for practical reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne's descriptions, Fritz Pfeffer emerges as a religious man. In one of her stories, she describes how she had to witness Pfeffer praying on Sunday mornings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, Pfeffer said his prayers every Friday,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> a day that is also a more logical one for a believing Jew than a Sunday. Furthermore, Pfeffer had divorced his first wife,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> and entered into a new relationship with Roman Catholic Charlotte Kaletta. These circumstances do not indicate a very strict adherence to Jewish religious precepts.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was no explicit enforcement of food laws during the hiding period. On the contrary: eel appeared on the table in the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> A few weeks later it was Yom Kippur, the most important holiday in the Jewish rite. Anne mentioned this day in passing, emphasising how peaceful and quiet it was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>December '43</strong>, St Nicholas, Christmas and Hanukkah were somewhat intermingled, and seem to have provided a particular opportunity to bake extra spice cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"trpks\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Furthermore, Anne makes a few more mentions of religious holidays. These brought about a certain togetherness within the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler and Miep Gies both came from old Austria, a predominantly Catholic area. There are no signs of an emphatic religious life. When Kugler remarried after the death of his first wife, it was according to all the rules of Catholic faith. Kleiman's family came from a Reformed area, but his father had - as his daughter put it -<em> "departed from the faith".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to Miep, Jan Gies had never been religious, and never became so later. Bep Voskuijl's father was Reformed, her mother was Dutch Reformed. The children went to Christian schools. This is not reflected further in Anne's diaries.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne focused her religious reflections mainly on herself, and occasionally on the others in the Secret Annex. No philosophical issues were raised by the others.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: <em>Het Klokhuis: Anne Frank</em> (uitgezonden door de NOS op 30 en 31 oktober 2005).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 105, 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary VersionA, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943 (1st), 30 January 1944, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943 and 25 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 24 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary A, Vesion 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary A, Version 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6331\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to my fountain pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003: Kartotheekkaarten Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie, p. 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"trpks\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Telefoongesprek Erika Prins met mw. Van den Broek - Kleiman, 7 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Voor dit onderwerp zijn de dagboeken van Anne Frank vrijwel de enige bron. Daardoor ligt de focus uiteraard op de wijze waarop Anne dit zelf heeft ervaren. Hierbij is de kanttekening nodig dat de B-versie de werkelijkheid soms weergeeft zoals Anne die in retrospectief interpreteerde of zelfs construeerde. Zo kan ze dus latere godsdienstige inzichten in feite ‘terug in de tijd’ hebben geplaatst.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne en haar familie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Unaniem vroom was het gezin Frank niet. Hanneli vertelde jaren later hoe Margot en Edith regelmatig naar de synagoge gingen, terwijl Otto en Anne thuisbleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde in een interview uit 1977 dat zijn gezin geen varkensvlees at als de gelovige grootmoeder op bezoek kwam. Edith bad volgens haar man in het Achterhuis wel iedere vrijdag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aan de lauwe houding van Otto en Anne ten opzichte van de religie veranderde tijdens de onderduik aanvankelijk niet zoveel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne blikte in <strong>maart 1944</strong> echter terug op de voorafgaande jaren. Ze leerde, zo schrijft ze, in de <strong>tweede helft van 1943</strong> God kennen. Deze verandering is zichtbaar in haar dagboeknotities. In haar eerste dagboek komt God niet of nauwelijks ter sprake. Anne las voor de vorm wat in het gebedenboek van haar moeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In het tweede dagboek komt God daarentegen regelmatig voor. Voor Anne was God een bron waar ze moed uit putte, zo schrijft ze op <strong>12 maart 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze vertrouwde op Hem en schrijft meermalen dat ze God zelfs meer zou willen vertrouwen dan ze deed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze hoopte op een wonder van God inzake het lot van Hanneli en ook wat betreft de gezondheidstoestand van meneer Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>december ’43</strong> leidde de nadering van Kerstmis tot een zekere beschouwelijkheid bij Anne, die hier nog geen heel sterke godsdienstige trekken had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later vroeg ze God wel haar en Hanneli bij te staan, en klaagde dat ze niet in staat was hem voldoende te vertrouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne ontwikkelde een vorm van spiritualiteit met een wat Spinoziaans karakter. In <strong>maart ’44</strong> schrijft ze dat in de<strong> loop van 1943</strong>, na een periode van “nameloos verdriet”, God leerde kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hemel, natuur en God betekenden in haar beleving geluk en innerlijke rijkdom, ondanks alle narigheid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ook plaatste ze haar <strong>begin ‘42</strong> overleden oma naast haar God, als ze schrijft dat deze twee haar overeind houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>zomer van ’44</strong> noemt Anne als belangrijke functie van religie de '<em>hooghouding van eigen eer en geweten</em>.' Zichzelf beschouwde ze als '<em>niet orthodox</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van het per ongeluk in de kachel verdwijnen van haar pen schrijft Anne: <em>'m'n vulpen is gecremeerd, net wat ik later zo graag wil!</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6331\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes B-versie wilde haar vader dat ze iets over het Nieuwe Testament leerde, en vroeg hij daarom Johannes Kleiman om voor een kinderbijbel te zorgen. Margot zou kritiek op haar vader hebben gehad, omdat hij Anne voor Chanoeka een christelijke bijbel wilde geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De familie Van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij de familie Van Pels is van enige affiniteit met het geloof niets gebleken. Voor de broers, zussen en ouders van beide echtelieden geldt hetzelfde. Uiteraard wil dit niet zeggen dat in deze families geen religieuze gevoelens leefden, maar wel dat er geen bronnen bekend zijn waar dit uit blijkt. Wel komt het gezin voor in de administratie van de Synagogengemeinde in Osnabrück, de stad waar zij voor de komst naar Nederland woonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter sprak met Anne af en toe over spirituele zaken. In de laatste weken voor de arrestatie schrijft Anne echter dat hij geen godsdienst heeft, en hoe hij vloekte en spotte met Jezus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Begin ’44 meende Peter dat hij na de oorlog beter 'Christ' kon worden, maar dan vooral uit praktische overwegingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit Annes beschrijvingen komt Fritz Pfeffer naar voren als een godsdienstig man. In een van haar verhaaltjes beschrijft ze hoe ze op zondagochtend getuige moest zijn van het bidden van Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Volgens Otto Frank zei Pfeffer elke vrijdag zijn gebeden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> een dag die voor een gelovige jood ook meer voor de hand ligt dan een zondag. Verder was Pfeffer van zijn eerste vrouw gescheiden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> en ging hij een nieuwe relatie aan met de Rooms-Katholieke Charlotte Kaletta. Deze omstandigheden wijzen niet op een erg strikte naleving van joodse religieuze voorschriften.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Achterhuis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduik was geen sprake van enige expliciete handhaving van spijswetten. Integendeel: in de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> kwam er paling op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Enkele weken later was het Jom Kipoer, de belangrijkste feestdag in de joodse ritus. Anne noemt deze dag terloops, en benadrukt hoe rustig en stil deze verliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>december ’43</strong> liepen Sinterklaas, Kerstmis en Chanoeka wat door elkaar heen, en lijken vooral gelegenheid te hebben gegeven extra kruidkoek te bakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"trpks\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Verder maakt Anne nog enkele keren melding van religieuze feestdagen. Deze bewerkstelligden binnen het Achterhuis een zekere saamhorigheid.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler en Miep Gies kwamen beide uit het oude Oostenrijk, een overwegend katholiek gebied. Er zijn geen tekenen die wijzen op een nadrukkelijk geloofsleven. Toen Kugler na het overlijden van zijn eerste vrouw hertrouwde, was dat volgens alle regelen van de katholieke kunst. Kleimans familie kwam uit een gereformeerde streek, maar zijn vader was – zoals zijn dochter het uitdrukte – '<em>van het geloof afgegaan.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Jan Gies was volgens Miep nooit religieus geweest, en dat ook later niet geworden. De vader van Bep Voskuijl was van gereformeerde huize, haar moeder was Nederlands-Hervormd. De kinderen gingen naar christelijke scholen. In Annes dagboeken komt dat verder niet tot uitdrukking.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne richtte haar religieuze bespiegelingen voornamelijk op zichzelf, en een enkele keer op haar lotgenoten. Van de anderen komen geen levensbeschouwelijke kwesties aan de orde.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: <em>Het Klokhuis: Anne Frank</em> (uitgezonden door de NOS op 30 en 31 oktober 2005).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 105, 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 december 1943 (1e), 30 januari 1944, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 december 1943 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 24 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6331\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode aan mijn vulpen, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk/</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003: Kartotheekkaarten Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie, p. 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"trpks\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Telefoongesprek Erika Prins met mw. Van den Broek - Kleiman, 7 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries are virtually the only source regarding this subject. As a result, the focus is naturally on how Anne herself experienced it. It should be noted here that the B-version sometimes reflects reality as Anne retrospectively interpreted or even constructed it. Thus, she may thus have effectively placed later religious insights 'back in time'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne and her family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family was not unanimously devout. Hanneli recounted years later how Margot and Edith regularly went to synagogue, while Otto and Anne stayed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank said in a <strong>1977 </strong>interview that his family did not eat pork when their religious grandmother visited. According to her husband, Edith prayed in the Secret Annex every Friday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto and Anne's lukewarm attitude towards religion did not initially change much during the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, however, Anne looked back on the previous years. She came to know God, she wrote, in the <strong>second half of 1943</strong>. This change is visible in her diary entries. In her first diary, God is hardly mentioned, if at all. Anne read a little in her mother's prayer book for form's sake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the second diary, on the other hand, God appears regularly. For Anne, God was a source from which she drew courage, she wrote on <strong>12 March 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She trusted Him and writes several times that she would like to trust God even more than she did.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She hoped for a miracle from God regarding Hanneli's fate and also regarding Mr Voskuijl's state of health.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>December '43</strong>, the approach of Christmas led to some contemplation on Anne's part, which did not yet have very strong religious traits at this point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days later, she did ask God to assist her and Hanneli, complaining that she was unable to trust him sufficiently.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne developed a form of spirituality with a somewhat Spinozan character. In <strong>March '44</strong>, she wrote that during<strong> 1943</strong>, after a period of "nameless sorrow", she came to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Heaven, nature and God meant happiness and inner wealth in her experience, despite all the woes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She also placed her grandmother, who died <strong>in early '42</strong>, next to her God, when she writes that these two sustained her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of '44</strong>, Anne mentioned as an important function of religion <em>"upholding your own sense of honor and obeying your own conscience</em>". She considered herself<em> "not orthodox</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Following the accidental disappearance of her pen in the stove, Anne writes: "<em>my fountain pen was cremated, just as I would like to be some day!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"n6331\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne's B version, her father wanted her to learn something about the New Testament, so he asked Johannes Kleiman to provide a children's Bible. Margot reportedly criticised her father for wanting to give Anne a Christian Bible for Hanukkah.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Van Pels family, there was no evidence of any affinity with belief. The same applies to the brothers, sisters and parents of both spouses. Of course, this does not mean that there were no religious feelings in these families, but it does mean that there are no sources to prove this. However, the family does appear in the records of the <em>Synagogengemeinde </em>in Osnabrück, the city where they lived before coming to the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter occasionally talked to Anne about spiritual matters. In the last weeks before the arrest, however, Anne wrote that he had no religion, and how he cursed and mocked Jesus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>early '44</strong>, Peter believed he would be better off becoming a Christian after the war, but mainly for practical reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne's descriptions, Fritz Pfeffer emerges as a religious man. In one of her stories, she describes how she had to witness Pfeffer praying on Sunday mornings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, Pfeffer said his prayers every Friday,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> a day that is also a more logical one for a believing Jew than a Sunday. Furthermore, Pfeffer had divorced his first wife,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> and entered into a new relationship with Roman Catholic Charlotte Kaletta. These circumstances do not indicate a very strict adherence to Jewish religious precepts.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was no explicit enforcement of food laws during the hiding period. On the contrary: eel appeared on the table in the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> A few weeks later it was Yom Kippur, the most important holiday in the Jewish rite. Anne mentioned this day in passing, emphasising how peaceful and quiet it was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>December '43</strong>, St Nicholas, Christmas and Hanukkah were somewhat intermingled, and seem to have provided a particular opportunity to bake extra spice cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"trpks\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Furthermore, Anne makes a few more mentions of religious holidays. These brought about a certain togetherness within the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler and Miep Gies both came from old Austria, a predominantly Catholic area. There are no signs of an emphatic religious life. When Kugler remarried after the death of his first wife, it was according to all the rules of Catholic faith. Kleiman's family came from a Reformed area, but his father had - as his daughter put it -<em> "departed from the faith".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to Miep, Jan Gies had never been religious, and never became so later. Bep Voskuijl's father was Reformed, her mother was Dutch Reformed. The children went to Christian schools. This is not reflected further in Anne's diaries.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne focused her religious reflections mainly on herself, and occasionally on the others in the Secret Annex. No philosophical issues were raised by the others.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wttfa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in: <em>Het Klokhuis: Anne Frank</em> (uitgezonden door de NOS op 30 en 31 oktober 2005).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdkjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 105, 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9vta\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojqge\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary VersionA, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cn9y\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943 (1st), 30 January 1944, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4l7le\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943 and 25 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8xgu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 24 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwbk4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whr7u\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"05ndb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary A, Vesion 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1n4j2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary A, Version 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xf52f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6331\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to my fountain pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8n82f\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s05tg\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003: Kartotheekkaarten Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjm7m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7bl2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljme2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie, p. 31).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hauqn\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmn7x\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgzwr\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"trpks\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4gjt\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Telefoongesprek Erika Prins met mw. Van den Broek - Kleiman, 7 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex, Fritz Pfeffer was the only one who was truly religious. Apart from Edith, the Frank family was not particularly devout, although Anne got to know God at some point. The Van Pels family did not show any affinity for religion.",
"summary_nl": "Van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was Fritz Pfeffer de enige die echt godsdienstig was. Behalve Edith was de familie Frank niet bijzonder vroom, al leerde Anne op zeker moment God kennen. De familie van Pels gaf geen blijk van enige affiniteit met het geloof.",
"summary_en": "Of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex, Fritz Pfeffer was the only one who was truly religious. Apart from Edith, the Frank family was not particularly devout, although Anne got to know God at some point. The Van Pels family did not show any affinity for religion.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124401,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 74,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d2eca152-1ed7-4a99-bf4f-4c07b636f57e/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d2eca152-1ed7-4a99-bf4f-4c07b636f57e",
"name": "Household chores in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Het huishouden in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Household chores in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Eight people living together in a claustrophobic environment like the Secret Annex required well-organised housekeeping. There was little privacy, and things left lying around or dirty dishes could lead to unnecessary tension. The following is an overview of household chores as revealed in Anne Frank's diaries and stories. External sources are virtually absent for this. Points of interest are the division of labour between the Frank and Van Pels families - what was communal, what was private - and what changed over time, and why.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Division of labor</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The two families came to the Secret Annex a week apart. So, although preparations had been underway for some time, the first furnishing work was done by the Franks. Anne writes how she and her father set to work unpacking all sorts of things and improvising curtains immediately upon arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"758vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Curtains were certainly important, as otherwise they wouldn't have been able to turn on lights at night because of the blackout requirement.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the Van Pels family arrived a week later, some tasks were arranged between them. There are no explicit records of this, but it can be gathered from further notes. For instance, Mrs Van Pels was usually the one who cooked the food.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the course of time, scarcity and one-sided supply of food occurred. However, there were always potatoes - peeling them was a recurring activity for all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels got involved in domestic chores as little as possible. He thought it was nonsense that 'the gentlemen' had various chores, and argued about it with Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> However, he was also the one who, when sufficient meat was supplied, made sausages - to everyone's pleasure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank was not used to much practical work, and made merry with his youngest daughter that, as a 55-year-old, he had had to scrape out a frying pan for the first time in his life.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Little information emerges about Fritz Pfeffer's contribution to housekeeping duties. A narrative from <strong>February '44</strong> indicates that he made beds on Sundays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> From some other notes, he also appears to have washed dishes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's duties included lugging all sorts of things. He carried potatoes, beans and coal upstairs; he brought the rubbish downstairs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Warehouse manager Voskuijl made sure this went with the company waste. After the latter had to leave work due to illness <strong>in early '43</strong>, the rubbish from the Secret Annex was burned in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> According to the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter was the one who took care of the cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Also the warehouse cats that actually belonged to the companies' 'machinery'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>The stoves</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 November 1942</strong>, the stove was lit for the first time since the people in hiding arrived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> It was customary to start heating from around that date. From <strong>late '43</strong>, the stove was lit on Sundays at 7:30 instead of 5:30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In connection with the waste, the stove naturally had to be lit occasionally even outside the heating season. According to a B note with the date <strong>18 May 1943</strong>, the stoves were therefore lit every other day, regardless of the warm weather. A narrative from <strong>February '44</strong> shows that then on Sundays, the stoves were lit at 9:30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> A few weeks later, several inedible potatoes ended up in the stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A couple of weeks after that, Otto Frank burned a bucket of wood waste that Mouschi had used because of a dirty litter box.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Of course, ash was left over from everything that was burnt, which then also had to go somewhere. Stoves played an important role in the household.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Washing and cleaning</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels did the laundry for their own families, with Edith occasionally getting help from her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> The 'memory document' following the burglary stated that the 'laundry barrel' in the kitchen also contained laundry belonging to Bep and Miep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The office kitchen on the first floor was important for laundry, as there was a water heater mounted there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> The attic was used for drying laundry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Anne's chores included, at least on weekdays:<em> "Housework: quarter to 1-1 o'clock. This meant cleaning the sink</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> According to Anne, Margot did the dishes twice a day for at least a year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While Mrs Van Pels mainly cooked, Edith Frank was the one who washed and cleaned. Anne writes about this:<em> "everything is as clean as it can be in the tiled rooms</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Lack of cleaning materials made housework increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> There was a general lack of soap. This then led to a nationwide plague of fleas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> which was also apparent in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a vacuum cleaner in the Secret Annex. Who it belonged to and where it came from is not known, but Margot was already using it before the Van Pels family arrived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Mrs Van Pels also used the appliance later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In <strong>November '43</strong>, the vacuum cleaner was broken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Nothing is known about a repair, which would mean that vacuuming was no longer possible from then on. In a story set in <strong>February</strong> <strong>'44</strong>, Otto Frank scrubs the rug with a brush.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Major chores</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early July '44</strong>, in the last weeks in hiding, there were two major household chores. First, washing and macerating the large quantity of strawberries Johan Broks had brought in. In addition, nine kilos of fresh peas had to be shelled and the pods cleaned. Everyone cooperated in this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a certain division of labour that seemed to remain unchanged over time. The various people in hiding performed their duties. External factors, such as Voskuijl's departure and the scarcity of available resources, did make running a regular household more difficult over time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"758vy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julyi 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Annexe eight at the dinner table", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 28 September, 3 October 1942, 24 January, 3 March 1944; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The battle of the potatoes", 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94xog\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The battle of the potatoes", 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sausage day", 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sunday", 20 February 1944: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 juli 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The best little table", 13 juli 1943; "Anne in theory", 2 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 Ddecember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sunday", 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Annexe eight at the dinner table", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; “Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Villains!”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het samenwonen van acht mensen in een benauwende omgeving als het Achterhuis vroeg om een goed georganiseerde huishouding. Er was weinig privacy, en rondslingerende spullen of vieze vaat kon tot onnodige spanning leiden. Hieronder volgt een overzicht van huishoudelijke klussen zoals die uit de dagboeken en de verhaaltjes van Anne Frank naar voren komen. Externe bronnen zijn hiervoor vrijwel afwezig. Aandachtspunten zijn de verdeling van werkzaamheden tussen de families Frank en Van Pels – wat was gemeenschappelijk, wat was privé - en wat er in de loop van de tijd veranderde, en waarom.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Taakverdeling</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De twee gezinnen kwamen een week na elkaar naar het Achterhuis. Hoewel de voorbereidingen al enige tijd gaande waren, werden de eerste inrichtingswerkzaamheden dus door de Franks verricht. Anne schrijft hoe zij en haar vader meteen na aankomst met uitpakken van allerlei en met het improviseren van gordijnen aan de slag gingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"758vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gordijnen waren zeker belangrijk, daar ze anders ’s avonds geen licht aan konden doen vanwege de verduisteringsplicht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de Van Pelsen een week later kwamen, werden enkele taken onderling geregeld. Hier zijn geen expliciete verslagen over, maar het valt uit de verdere notities op te maken. Zo was mevrouw Van Pels doorgaans degene die het eten kookte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de loop van de tijd kwamen schaarste en eenzijdig aanbod van levensmiddelen voor. Wel waren er altijd aardappelen - het schillen daarvan was voor allen een steeds terugkerende bezigheid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels bemoeide zich zo weinig mogelijk met het huishouden. Hij vond het onzin dat 'de heren' maar van alles moesten doen, en maakte daar ruzie over met Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hij was echter ook degene die bij aanvoer van voldoende vlees tot vermaak van allen worst maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank was weinig praktisch werk gewend, en maakte er zich met zijn jongste dochter vrolijk over dat hij als 55-jarige voor het eerst in zijn leven een koekenpan moest uitkrabben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Over de bijdrage van Fritz Pfeffer aan de huishouding komt weinig informatie naar voren. Een verhaaltje uit <strong>februari ’44</strong> geeft aan dat hij op zondag bedden opmaakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uit enkele andere notities blijkt hij ook wel te hebben afgewassen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tot Peters taken behoorde het sjouwen met van alles. Hij droeg aardappelen, bonen en kolen naar boven; het vuilnis bracht hij naar beneden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Magazijnchef Voskuijl zorgde ervoor dat dit met het bedrijfsafval meeging. Nadat deze <strong>begin ’43</strong> wegens ziekte zijn werk moest neerleggen, werd het Achterhuisvuilnis in de kachels verbrand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Blijkens het Sinterklaasgedicht van <strong>1943</strong> was Peter degene die voor de katten zorgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook voor de pakhuiskatten die eigenlijk tot het ‘machinepark’ van de bedrijven behoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>De kachels</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 november 1942</strong> ging voor het eerst sinds de komst van de onderduikers de kachel aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het was gebruikelijk om rond die datum te gaan stoken. Vanaf <strong>eind ’43</strong> ging de kachel op zondag om half acht aan in plaats van om half zes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In verband met het afval moest de kachel natuurlijk ook na het stookseizoen af en toe aan. Volgens een B-notitie met de datum <strong>18 mei 1943</strong> brandden de kachels daarom ondanks het warme weer om de dag. Een verhaaltje uit <strong>februari ’44</strong> laat zien dat dan op zondag de kachels om half tien ’s morgens aangingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Enkele weken later eindigden diverse oneetbare aardappelen in de kachel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Otto Frank verbrandde enkele weken later een emmer met houtafval waar Mouschi vanwege een vuile kattenbak gebruik van had gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Van alles wat werd verbrand bleef uiteraard as over, die vervolgens ook weer ergens naartoe moest. De kachels speelden een belangrijke rol in het huishouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Wassen en schoonmaken</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels deden de was voor hun eigen gezinnen, waarbij Edith nog wel eens hulp kreeg van haar dochters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In het ‘memoriedocument’ naar aanleiding van de inbraak staat dat in het 'wasvat' in de keuken ook wasgoed van Bep en Miep lag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Belangrijk voor de was was de kantoorkeuken op de eerste verdieping, omdat daar een geiser hing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Voor het drogen van de was diende de zolder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Tot de karweitjes van Anne behoorde in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong>, althans op werkdagen: '<em>Huishoudelijk werk: kwart voor 1-1 uur. Daarmee is de wastafel schoonmaken bedoeld</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Volgens Anne deed Margot zeker een jaar lang twee maal daags de afwas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Terwijl mevrouw Van Pels vooral kookte, was Edith Frank degene die afwaste en poetste. Anne schrijft daarover: '<em>alles is zo schoon, als het in de betengelde kamers maar wezen kan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Gebrek aan schoonmaakmiddelen maakte het huishouden steeds lastiger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Er ontstond een algemeen gebrek aan zeep. Dit leidde vervolgens tot de landelijke vlooienplaag,<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> die ook in het Achterhuis merkbaar is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was een stofzuiger in het Achterhuis. Van wie die was en waar die vandaan kwam is niet bekend, maar Margot maakte er al gebruik van vóór de komst van de familie Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup>Ook mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte het apparaat later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In <strong>november ’43</strong> was de stofzuiger stuk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Er is niets bekend over een reparatie, wat zou betekenen dat vanaf toen stofzuigen niet meer mogelijk was. In een verhaaltje dat in <strong>februari ’44</strong> is gesitueerd schuiert Otto Frank met een borstel het vloerkleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grote klussen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin juli ’44</strong>, in de laatste weken van de onderduik, waren er twee grote huishoudelijke klussen. Ten eerste het wassen en wecken van de grote hoeveelheid aardbeien die Johan Broks aanvoerde. Daarnaast moesten negen kilo verse erwten worden gedopt en de peulen schoongemaakt. Hieraan werkte iedereen mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was een zekere verdeling van werkzaamheden die door de tijd ongewijzigd leek te blijven. De verschillende onderduikers verrichtten hun taken. Door externe factoren, zoals het vertrek van Voskuijl en de verschraling van de beschikbare middelen, werd het voeren van een geregelde huishouding in de loop van de tijd wel moeilijker.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"758vy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944; Verhalen en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel", 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 28 september, 3 oktober 1942, 24 januari, 3 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De ruzie over de aardappels", 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94xog\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De ruzie over de aardappels", 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Worstdag", 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Zondag", 20 februari 1944: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 juli 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het beste tafeltje", 13 juli 1943; "Anne in theorie", 2 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Zondag", 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel", 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; “Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schoften!”, 6 augustus 1943, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Eight people living together in a claustrophobic environment like the Secret Annex required well-organised housekeeping. There was little privacy, and things left lying around or dirty dishes could lead to unnecessary tension. The following is an overview of household chores as revealed in Anne Frank's diaries and stories. External sources are virtually absent for this. Points of interest are the division of labour between the Frank and Van Pels families - what was communal, what was private - and what changed over time, and why.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Division of labor</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The two families came to the Secret Annex a week apart. So, although preparations had been underway for some time, the first furnishing work was done by the Franks. Anne writes how she and her father set to work unpacking all sorts of things and improvising curtains immediately upon arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"758vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Curtains were certainly important, as otherwise they wouldn't have been able to turn on lights at night because of the blackout requirement.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the Van Pels family arrived a week later, some tasks were arranged between them. There are no explicit records of this, but it can be gathered from further notes. For instance, Mrs Van Pels was usually the one who cooked the food.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the course of time, scarcity and one-sided supply of food occurred. However, there were always potatoes - peeling them was a recurring activity for all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels got involved in domestic chores as little as possible. He thought it was nonsense that 'the gentlemen' had various chores, and argued about it with Edith Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> However, he was also the one who, when sufficient meat was supplied, made sausages - to everyone's pleasure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank was not used to much practical work, and made merry with his youngest daughter that, as a 55-year-old, he had had to scrape out a frying pan for the first time in his life.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Little information emerges about Fritz Pfeffer's contribution to housekeeping duties. A narrative from <strong>February '44</strong> indicates that he made beds on Sundays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> From some other notes, he also appears to have washed dishes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's duties included lugging all sorts of things. He carried potatoes, beans and coal upstairs; he brought the rubbish downstairs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Warehouse manager Voskuijl made sure this went with the company waste. After the latter had to leave work due to illness <strong>in early '43</strong>, the rubbish from the Secret Annex was burned in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> According to the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter was the one who took care of the cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Also the warehouse cats that actually belonged to the companies' 'machinery'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>The stoves</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 November 1942</strong>, the stove was lit for the first time since the people in hiding arrived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> It was customary to start heating from around that date. From <strong>late '43</strong>, the stove was lit on Sundays at 7:30 instead of 5:30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In connection with the waste, the stove naturally had to be lit occasionally even outside the heating season. According to a B note with the date <strong>18 May 1943</strong>, the stoves were therefore lit every other day, regardless of the warm weather. A narrative from <strong>February '44</strong> shows that then on Sundays, the stoves were lit at 9:30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> A few weeks later, several inedible potatoes ended up in the stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A couple of weeks after that, Otto Frank burned a bucket of wood waste that Mouschi had used because of a dirty litter box.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Of course, ash was left over from everything that was burnt, which then also had to go somewhere. Stoves played an important role in the household.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Washing and cleaning</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels did the laundry for their own families, with Edith occasionally getting help from her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> The 'memory document' following the burglary stated that the 'laundry barrel' in the kitchen also contained laundry belonging to Bep and Miep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The office kitchen on the first floor was important for laundry, as there was a water heater mounted there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> The attic was used for drying laundry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Anne's chores included, at least on weekdays:<em> "Housework: quarter to 1-1 o'clock. This meant cleaning the sink</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> According to Anne, Margot did the dishes twice a day for at least a year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94xog\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While Mrs Van Pels mainly cooked, Edith Frank was the one who washed and cleaned. Anne writes about this:<em> "everything is as clean as it can be in the tiled rooms</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Lack of cleaning materials made housework increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> There was a general lack of soap. This then led to a nationwide plague of fleas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> which was also apparent in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a vacuum cleaner in the Secret Annex. Who it belonged to and where it came from is not known, but Margot was already using it before the Van Pels family arrived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Mrs Van Pels also used the appliance later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In <strong>November '43</strong>, the vacuum cleaner was broken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Nothing is known about a repair, which would mean that vacuuming was no longer possible from then on. In a story set in <strong>February</strong> <strong>'44</strong>, Otto Frank scrubs the rug with a brush.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Major chores</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early July '44</strong>, in the last weeks in hiding, there were two major household chores. First, washing and macerating the large quantity of strawberries Johan Broks had brought in. In addition, nine kilos of fresh peas had to be shelled and the pods cleaned. Everyone cooperated in this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a certain division of labour that seemed to remain unchanged over time. The various people in hiding performed their duties. External factors, such as Voskuijl's departure and the scarcity of available resources, did make running a regular household more difficult over time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"758vy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julyi 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4qqmy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Annexe eight at the dinner table", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqj3o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 28 September, 3 October 1942, 24 January, 3 March 1944; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The battle of the potatoes", 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94xog\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The battle of the potatoes", 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hexoq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sausage day", 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a9jb8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unrzo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sunday", 20 February 1944: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4d7f2\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 juli 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The best little table", 13 juli 1943; "Anne in theory", 2 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rm1bk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8wnze\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aoaa\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 Ddecember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4y8y\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9wfzo\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0mg2o\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Sunday", 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sq0ka\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvhhc\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zi6wl\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5l2o0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u7uif\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3xcl\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Annexe eight at the dinner table", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g8yy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlo74\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; “Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x8rc8\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Villains!”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beiyu\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rnqr\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwxxu\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz2h3\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Household chores in the Secret Annex were divided between members of the Frank and Van Pels families.",
"summary_nl": "De huishoudelijke taken in het Achterhuis werden verdeeld tussen de leden van de families Frank en Van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Household chores in the Secret Annex were divided between members of the Frank and Van Pels families.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 96,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9b287c1-2df8-4145-932b-6562d4930e4a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9b287c1-2df8-4145-932b-6562d4930e4a",
"name": "Office work and practical work in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kantoorwerk en praktische werkzaamheden in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Office work and practical work in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The people in the Secret Annex were engaged in a variety of activities. These could be related to housekeeping, furnishing the Secret Annex or supporting the businesses in the building. Apart from keeping themselves busy, the work was also of economic importance to the businesses: the people in hiding had no other income, and it helped the businesses work more efficiently. This work was divided between helping with administration on the one hand and manual work on the other. The survival of the businesses was important for income, but also for the continuity of the hiding place....</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Work in the home</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Practical work was mainly carried out by Hermann and Peter van Pels. When only the Frank family remained in the Secret Annex, Margot caused a short circuit with the vacuum cleaner. As a result, they were without electricity until the next day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank apparently did not know where the fuse box was or how to change a fuse. When there was another short circuit after the Van Pels family arrived, this time in a desk lamp, 'the gentlemen' did go to the warehouse and the lights came back on immediately.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f141j\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was also Van Pels who built a pantry in the attic. Peter built all kinds of things in the attic. For the bed in his room, Kleiman provided a spring, which Peter then used to make the bed base.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter and Anne also did simpler chores, such as decorating their rooms and pasting up pictures.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Mrs Van Pels was mainly the one who cooked and baked.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. In the Secret Annex, he treated the teeth of the others there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> When Anne had flu, she was also examined by Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She also describes Pfeffer as "the eternal worker".<sup data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opekta and Gies & Co.</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne wrote repeatedly about office work and 'work downstairs'. She made debtor lists with her father and sorted out a messed up card index with Margot. They also had to keep a sales book, which Anne said her father would do.<sup data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Bep gave Anne and Margot a lot of office work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early '43</strong>, there was a note about packing powdered cooking gravy for Gies & Co. Anne became giddy and laughed at the dull chore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels had been forced out of the companies, but they were still involved in them. They were angered by Victor Kugler, whose experiments were jeopardising relations with the Westermann and Heijbroek firms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> When Pomosin executives came from Frankfurt to discuss supplies, Otto Frank overheard the conversation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In his 1971 address to Yad Vashem, he stated that Kugler deliberately withheld part of the turnover from the books in order to finance the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is an obvious conclusion that people in hiding and businesses helped each other reciprocally.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bllomsbury Continuum,2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f141j\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 Ocktober 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 18 oktober en 5 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 February and 30 Jueni 1944; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, ''The Annexe eight at the dinner table '', in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21, 25 and 30 September, 14, 15, 18 and 20 October, 7 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)\" target=\"_blank\">(http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De onderduikers in het Achterhuis hielden zich met allerlei werkzaamheden bezig. Die konden te maken hebben met het huishouden, de inrichting van het Achterhuis of met ondersteuning van de bedrijven in het pand. Buiten dat ze zichzelf bezig wilden houden, was het werk voor de bedrijven ook van economisch belang: andere inkomsten hadden de onderduikers niet, en de bedrijven konden efficiënter werken. Dit werk viel weer uiteen in enerzijds helpen met de administratie en anderzijds met handwerk. Het voortbestaan van de bedrijven was van belang voor inkomsten, maar ook voor de continuïteit van de onderduikplek..</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Werkzaamheden in huis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Praktische werkzaamheden kwamen over het algemeen vooral op Hermann en Peter van Pels neer. Toen alleen nog de familie Frank in het Achterhuis verbleef, veroorzaakte Margot kortsluiting met de stofzuiger. Gevolg was dat ze tot de volgende dag zonder licht zaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank wist kennelijk niet waar de stoppenkast zat of hoe hij een zekering moest vervangen. Toen er na de komst van de familie Van Pels weer kortsluiting was, dit keer in een bureaulamp, gingen ‘de heren’ wel naar het magazijn en ging direct het licht weer aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f141j\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was ook Van Pels die een provisiekast op zolder in orde maakte. Peter timmerde van alles op de vliering. Voor de divan op zijn kamer verzorgde Kleiman een springveer, die Peter er vervolgens zelf inmaakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter en Anne deden ook simpelere karweitjes, zoals inrichten van hun kamers en het opplakken van plaatjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Mevrouw Van Pels was vooral degene die kookte en bakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was arts en tandarts. In het Achterhuis behandelde hij de gebitten van zijn mede-onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Toen Anne griep had, werd ze ook door Pfeffer onderzocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze omschrijft Pfeffer ook wel als ‘de eeuwig werkende’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opekta en Gies & Co.</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode schreef Anne herhaaldelijk over kantoorwerk en ‘werk beneden’. Ze maakte met haar vader debiteurslijsten en sorteerde met Margot een in de war geraakte kaartenbak. Ook moest er een ‘verkoopsboek’ worden bijgehouden, wat volgens Anne haar vader zou gaan doen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Bep gaf Anne en Margot veel kantoorwerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’43</strong> was er een bericht over het inpakken van braadjus in poedervorm voor Gies & Co. Anne werd draaierig en lacherig van het saaie karweitje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels waren noodgedwongen uit de bedrijven teruggetreden, maar ze bemoeiden zich nog met de gang van zaken. Ze maakten zich boos om Victor Kugler die met zijn experimenten de relatie met de firma’s Westermann en Heijbroek op het spel zette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Toen er directieleden van Pomosin uit Frankfurt kwamen om over leveringen te spreken, luisterde Otto Frank het gesprek af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In 1971 verklaarde hij in zijn adres aan Yad Vashem dat Kugler weloverwogen een deel van de omzet niet in de boeken opnam om zo het onderduiken te bekostigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Het ligt voor de hand te concluderen dat onderduikers en bedrijven elkaar over en weer hielpen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f141j\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september, 18 oktober en 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 februari en 30 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, ''Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel'', in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus, 21, 25 en 30 september, 14, 15, 18 en 20 oktober, 7 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 13 januari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)\" target=\"_blank\">(http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The people in the Secret Annex were engaged in a variety of activities. These could be related to housekeeping, furnishing the Secret Annex or supporting the businesses in the building. Apart from keeping themselves busy, the work was also of economic importance to the businesses: the people in hiding had no other income, and it helped the businesses work more efficiently. This work was divided between helping with administration on the one hand and manual work on the other. The survival of the businesses was important for income, but also for the continuity of the hiding place....</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Work in the home</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Practical work was mainly carried out by Hermann and Peter van Pels. When only the Frank family remained in the Secret Annex, Margot caused a short circuit with the vacuum cleaner. As a result, they were without electricity until the next day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank apparently did not know where the fuse box was or how to change a fuse. When there was another short circuit after the Van Pels family arrived, this time in a desk lamp, 'the gentlemen' did go to the warehouse and the lights came back on immediately.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f141j\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was also Van Pels who built a pantry in the attic. Peter built all kinds of things in the attic. For the bed in his room, Kleiman provided a spring, which Peter then used to make the bed base.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter and Anne also did simpler chores, such as decorating their rooms and pasting up pictures.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Mrs Van Pels was mainly the one who cooked and baked.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. In the Secret Annex, he treated the teeth of the others there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> When Anne had flu, she was also examined by Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She also describes Pfeffer as "the eternal worker".<sup data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opekta and Gies & Co.</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne wrote repeatedly about office work and 'work downstairs'. She made debtor lists with her father and sorted out a messed up card index with Margot. They also had to keep a sales book, which Anne said her father would do.<sup data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Bep gave Anne and Margot a lot of office work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early '43</strong>, there was a note about packing powdered cooking gravy for Gies & Co. Anne became giddy and laughed at the dull chore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels had been forced out of the companies, but they were still involved in them. They were angered by Victor Kugler, whose experiments were jeopardising relations with the Westermann and Heijbroek firms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> When Pomosin executives came from Frankfurt to discuss supplies, Otto Frank overheard the conversation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In his 1971 address to Yad Vashem, he stated that Kugler deliberately withheld part of the turnover from the books in order to finance the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is an obvious conclusion that people in hiding and businesses helped each other reciprocally.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o9okj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bllomsbury Continuum,2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f141j\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 Ocktober 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjkdf\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcz6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 18 oktober en 5 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e62g2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 February and 30 Jueni 1944; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sg5zq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20lzc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, ''The Annexe eight at the dinner table '', in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"blxr9\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21, 25 and 30 September, 14, 15, 18 and 20 October, 7 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3n1xi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9cekv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7guxc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"13ghn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"in0bh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)\" target=\"_blank\">(http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex were engaged in a variety of other activities besides self-study, reading and housework.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis hielden zich behalve met zelfstudie, lezen en het huishouden met allerlei andere werkzaamheden bezig.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex were engaged in a variety of other activities besides self-study, reading and housework.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 94,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337",
"name": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kleding, schoeisel en beddengoed in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Textielgoederen waren, net als vrijwel alle levensmiddelen, in de oorlogsjaren bijna niet vrij verkrijgbaar. De verdeling van textiel verliep via een puntensysteem, waarmee de verbruiker enige keus had in verschillende kwaliteiten en prijsklassen. Schoenen waren vanaf <strong>juni 1940</strong> alleen met individueel te verstrekken bonnen verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om dit te omzeilen, probeerde de industrie producten te ontwikkelen met zo weinig mogelijk leer en rubber. Voor de gang van zaken in het Achterhuis is Annes dagboek op dit terrein vrijwel de enige bron, waarbij het onderscheid tussen A- en B-versie tot verwarring kan leiden. Het is soms echter ook mogelijk aan te sluiten bij algemenere gegevens. De beschikbare informatie betreft vrijwel uitsluitend de familie Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Kleding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was bij de Franks voorafgaand aan de onderduik al langere tijd veel kleding de deur uitgedaan. Een gedeelte was opgeslagen in een kamer bij Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na Margots oproep op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> namen Jan en Miep Gies zoveel mogelijk spullen mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Vervolgens namen de Franks – althans Anne – bij vertrek naar het Achterhuis zoveel mogelijk kleren mee door ze over elkaar aan te trekken. Miep ging later nog naar de woning op het Merwedeplein terug om te proberen wat achtergebleven kleding van Werner Goldschmidt - de achtergebleven kostganger van de familie Frank - los te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Over het succes van haar poging is niets bekend. In <strong>september ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze haar vader het bont van mevrouw Dreher om zijn hoofd wikkelde. Otto Frank had voor de onderduikperiode veel contact met de Drehers, die alles van enige waarde verkochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleding werd schaars en duur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dat was een probleem, want de kinderen (althans Anne en Margot) groeiden uit hun kleren. Dit blijkt uit de ‘groeistreepjes’ in de kamer van de familie Frank, maar ook uit Annes dagboek. Haar nachtjapon werd veel te kort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot liep volgens haar zus met een 'twee maten te kleine bustehouder.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie werd in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> de mogelijkheid besproken dat Anne onder begeleiding naar een oogarts zou gaan, waarbij bleek dat ze inmiddels uit haar jas was gegroeid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstonden ook tekorten door slijtage. Anne beschrijft hoe haar vader rondliep met een gerafelde broek en versleten das, en dat haar moeders korset het van ouderdom begaf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep zorgde met hulp van haar zus Corry voor een doos kleren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was kleermaakster. Ze stond genoteerd als ‘ateliernaaister’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie kocht Bep rond dezelfde tijd rokken voor Anne en Margot in de Bijenkorf. Deze waren duur en van slechte kwaliteit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de A-versie komt de Bijenkorf niet voor; de B-versie zwijgt over Corry’s bijdrage. Toen het in september fris werd, realiseerde Anne zich dat ze niet veel warme kleding meer had. Ze ging toen een 'wit geval' breien, een trui met ritssluiting waar ze tot half november aan werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Met de nodige inventiviteit maakte Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> van een oude onderjurk van haar moeder een ‘dansjurk’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over kleding van de anderen is de informatie erg schaars. Pfeffer had een rood jasje<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> en mevrouw Van Pels een roze ‘bedjasje’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Herman van Pels uit geldnood zijn pak wilde verkopen, lukte dat niet - toen moest mevrouws mantel van konijnenbont eraan geloven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schoenen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen schrijft in haar herinneringen dat ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein ging, waar ze Annes nieuwe schoenen zag staan. Het verbaasde haar dat Anne die had achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In haar B-versie schrijft Anne over de avond voor het overhaaste vertrek naar het Achterhuis dat Jan en Miep Gies langskwamen en onder andere schoenen meenamen. Waar ze die heen brachten is niet bekend, maar later blijkt dat er schoenen van de Franks bij de familile Amende waren ondergebracht. Die wilden ze naar het Achterhuis laten komen toen vrees voor ontruiming van de hele stad ontstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar zover kwam het niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> paste Anne alleen haar skischoenen nog; ze kreeg een paar rieten schoentjes die zes gulden vijftig kostten en na een week al kapot waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt verder dat Miep in de <strong>zomer van ’43</strong> een paar suède schoenen voor haar meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Gezien de restricties op de schoenenhandel moest dat ofwel een clandestiene aankoop zijn gewesst, ofwel een oud paar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had gympen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Anne ook, en ze probeerde daar tevergeefs balletschoenen van te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Van Pfeffer schrijft Anne dat hij zwarte lakpantoffels had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Beddengoed, hand- en theedoeken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Allerlei goederen waren over een periode van maanden per pakketpost naar de Prinsengracht gebracht. Bij aankomst stonden de dozen en het beddengoed hoog opgestapeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup>De B-versie suggereert dat het dagelijkse beddengoed op het Merwedeplein was achtergebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto en Edith Frank sliepen niet op een matras, maar op twee opgestapelde ‘peluwen’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Toen Jan en Miep kwamen slapen brachten ze zelf twee dekens mee; de onderduikers hadden er ook nog twee over. Bovendien was er op de voorzolder nog een deken en een ‘plumeau’ - een halflange bedsprei - in de koffer van een verder onbekende ‘mijnheer Fuchs’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer kreeg van Charlotte Kaletta een en ander nagestuurd, maar aan te nemen valt dat hij sliep op een matras en onder dekens die al in het Achterhuis aanwezig waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels haalde haar slopen en lakens uit de kast en wilde (volgens Anne) eerst die van Edith verslijten, en haar eigen spullen goed houden voor na de oorlog. Ediths handdoeken waren ook al allemaal in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor de onderduikers en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name kwalitatief behoorlijk schoeisel was lastig te krijgen. Ondanks een gebrek aan bronnen is duidelijk dat de onderduikers in toenemende mate last van de slijtage ondervonden, ondanks dat er een zekere mate van aanvoer was. Deze aanvoer was echter zeer sterk afhankelijk van het beschikbare aanbod, en dat was erg beperkt. Vergeleken met de voedselvoorziening is er over textiel- en schoeiselkwesties minder bekend, en die vormen daarom een weerbarstiger thema.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september, 5 oktober en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 en 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 april en 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"summary_nl": "Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name goed schoeisel was lastig te krijgen.",
"summary_en": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 193,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795",
"name": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kolen, gas en licht in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Naast de aanvoer van kleding en levensmiddelen waren er in het Achterhuis meer zaken nodig, zoals brandstoffen, elektriciteit en gas. Voor de lichaamsverzorging waren zeep, cosmetica, medicijnen en verbandmiddelen nodig. Verder lukte het bij tal van feestelijke gelegenheden bloemen in huis te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brandstoffen en energie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>november 1942</strong> ging in het Achterhuis voor het eerst de kachel aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat betekent dat er toen ook brandstof moest zijn. Het particuliere kolenverbruik in Amsterdam was ongeveer 280.000 ton per jaar. Een gemiddeld huishouden gebruikte zo’n 1.200 kilo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Per 1<strong>0 november 1941</strong> gold voor de kolenhandel een stelsel van klantenbinding door middel van inschrijving bij een leverancier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De families Frank en Van Pels hadden daar als huurders van centraal verwarmde woningen niet mee te maken. Fritz Pfeffer kon als kamerhuurder geen kolentoewijzingen meenemen naar het Achterhuis, omdat die alleen geldig waren voor een specifiek en officieel gehuurd vertrek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het kan niet anders of de onderduikers liftten mee op de kolenvoorraad van Gies & Co. en Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagbladen waarschuwden in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> tegen te enthousiast stoken voordat het werkelijk koud werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het dagboekje dat twee Amsterdamse zusters tijdens de oorlogsjaren bijhielden, schreven zij op <strong>1 december 1942</strong> dat hun kolenleverancier al een maand geen antraciet had en zij daarom noodgedwongen parelcokes stookten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de eerste onderduikwinter was er in Amsterdam al een duidelijk tekort aan brandstof.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Sinterklaasgedicht van <strong>1943</strong> werd Peter van Pels geprezen omdat hij kolen haalde en hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Begin <strong>februari ‘44</strong>, toen de angst voor een evacuatie van de westelijke steden groeide, schrijft Anne dat er genoeg kolen en brandhout voorhanden waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In dezelfde maand schrijft ze dat Peter op de zolder hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De tweede winter in het Achterhuis liep toen al enigszins ten einde. Brandhout kon vanwege de lagere stookwaarde antraciet maar gedeeltelijk vervangen. In <strong>maart ‘44</strong> schrijft Anne dat '<em>de meeste mensen'</em> al een maand zonder kolen zaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Die bewering krijgt steun in de illegale pers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Over de situatie in het Achterhuis zegt ze niets. Ervan uitgaande dat de acht onderduikers samen een gemiddeld huishouden vormden, en bovendien hun huisvuil moesten verbranden, hadden ze dan toch zo’n tweeduizend kilo steenkool verstookt, dus er moet regelmatige aanvoer van brandstof zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het elektraverbruik van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was niet groot. Meer dan wat lampen, een stofzuiger, waarschijnlijk een elektrische strijkbout en na <strong>juli ’43</strong> een klein radiootje waren er niet aanwezig. In de rest van het gebouw waren zwaardere elektrische apparaten in bedrijf. Er kwamen in <strong>juni 1941</strong> machines met een gezamenlijk motorvermogen van zo'n 10 PK (7,45 kW) te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het machinepark was daarmee goed voor een aanzienlijk deel van het stroomverbruik in het pand. Annes bewering dat er een 14-daagse stroomafsluiting dreigde<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> kan niet juist zijn, althans niet in <strong>november ’42</strong>. Een dergelijke sanctie was pas op zijn vroegst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> werkelijk mogelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er is geen reden om aan te nemen dat die situatie zich daadwerkelijk voordeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kantoorkeuken had een gasgeiser en een tweepits komfoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In kamer van Van Pels was een kookgelegenheid, waarvan aan te nemen is – gezien het bakken door mevrouw<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> – dat deze van een oven was voorzien. Geiser en komfoor deden dienst bij het baden en de was. In de kantoorruimtes op de eerste verdieping stonden gaskachels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Evenals bij de elektriciteit was het gasrantsoen <strong>medio 1941</strong> bepaald op 75 procent van dezelfde perioden in het voorgaande jaar, waarbij een minimum van 60 m<sup>3 </sup>geldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicijnen, verbandmiddelen en toiletartikelen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Maandverband, watten en andere verbandmiddelen behoorden tot de textielgoederen die vrij van distributieregels blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Er was wel schaarste: Anne schrijft in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> over maandverband dat niet meer te krijgen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Het dagboek geeft verder nauwelijks inlichtingen over zaken als verband en pleisters. De <em>Rode-Kruis-doos</em> van de Franks behoorde tot de spullen die bij de familie Amende waren ondergebracht, en is dus niet in het Achterhuis aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels bestelde in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> verschillende toiletartikelen bij Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tandpasta “en dergelijke” werden volgens Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> nog altijd geleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Desondanks schrijft ze dat in <strong>mei ’43</strong> de shampoo op was, en ze haar moeders haar met groene zeep waste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Het gebrek aan middelen maakte de hygiëne steeds moeilijker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In de regel moest iedereen in Nederland het doen met ongeveer de helft van de voorheen gebruikelijke hoeveelheid zeep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit algemene zeeptekort en de hierdoor mede veroorzaakte landelijke vlooienplaag in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> deden zich ook in het Achterhuis gelden. Fritz Pfeffer kreeg eens per maand een stuk ‘luchtzeep’, en Anne trapte er per ongeluk een stuk af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Een stuk zeep per maand was de gebruikelijke hoeveelheid die de reguliere distributie verschafte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een verwant hygiënisch probleem deed zich voor bij de kattenbak van Mouschi. Hij plaste naast zijn bak toen er geen turfmolm voor verschoning meer voorhanden is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zowel de tandarts als de huisarts van het gezelschap. Bij een behandeling van het gebit van mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte hij kennelijk eau de cologne als ontsmettingsmiddel en vaseline als was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat hij na enige maanden een ‘trapboormachientje’ ontving, en verwachtte dan ook snel een tandartsbehandeling te zullen ondergaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls jongere zus Willy werkte tijdens de oorlogsjaren bij farmaceuticabedrijf Brocades Stheeman aan de Looiersgracht, overigens al sinds <strong>1933</strong> een zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Bep vroeg haar zus soms om medicijnen, waarvan later bleek dat die in het Achterhuis belandden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne noemt in haar dagboek de aanwezigheid van biomals, valeriaantjes en codeïne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bloemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels kreeg op <strong>29 september 1942</strong>, haar verjaardag, van haar man rode anjers, van de helpers chrysanten en van de familie Frank - Pfeffer kwam pas in november - rozen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Omdat er geen bolbloemen mochten worden opgekweekt, waren chrysanten het belangrijkste alternatief. De prijzen waren hoog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Bij de Sinterklaasviering in <strong>december</strong> van dat jaar kregen de dames van de inmiddels drie heren veel bloemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In die maand werkte de Aalsmeerder bloemenveiling wel, maar vanwege stookverboden en brandstofbeperkingen kwam het enige aanbod uit de ‘koude kas’. Daardoor waren veel gewilde soorten niet verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> waren er veel klachten over bloemenhandelaren die veel te hoge prijzen rekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Desondanks kreeg Otto Franks voor zijn verjaardag op <strong>12 mei</strong> rozen en anjers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Een maand later was Anne jarig en kreeg van Pfeffer lathyrussen, terwijl Peter voor haar een bos pioenrozen wist te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Bloemen waren toen nog steeds producten waar fors op werd verdiend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Bij dertig Amsterdamse bloemisten werd de hele voorraad in beslag genomen en gedwongen tegen vastgestelde prijzen verkocht, maar deze meevaller kwam voor Annes verjaardag net te laat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van Opekta en Gies & Co. in het pand. Kolentoewijzingen en stroomrantsoenen van de bedrijven gaven de onderduikers de gelegenheid zonder eigen inbreng – afgezien van financiële – te stoken en energie te gebruiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvoer van toiletartikelen, medicijnen en aanverwante artikelen was soms afhankelijk van de distributie, maar veeleer van de externe contacten van de helpers. Deze contacten hielden veelal weer verband met de netwerken rond de bedrijven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bloemen dienden natuurlijk het moreel, maar waren uiteindelijk toch een vorm van luxe. Uit de regelmatige aanvoer van bloemen blijkt dat er gedurende de hele onderduikperiode toch financiële ruimte voor zulke uitgaven was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944; Dagboek B, 17 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942; Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, ingevoegde notitie d.d. 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart en 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
"summary_nl": "De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van de kolenvoorraad en stroomrantsoenen van de in het pand gevestigde bedrijven Opekta en Gies & Co.",
"summary_en": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 88,
"image": {
"id": 959,
"uuid": "fb455f04-3c8c-4b47-9d6e-a1b0ddd6c5f0",
"name": "Leerboekjes",
"title": "Leerboeken",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/AFH-Leerboeken.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Deze leerboekjes zijn gebruikt in het Achterhuis. Otto en Edith wilden dat hun kinderen niet te ver achter zouden raken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba",
"name": "Learning in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Leren in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Learning in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>For the children in the Secret Annex, it was important to ensure that they could return to school after the expected end of the war and the restoration of normality. Anne writes frequently about how she hoped and expected to be able to continue her education. In <strong>July '44</strong>, a few weeks after D-Day, she expected to be back in school in October.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne and Peter were regularly updating their school knowledge. Some of the adults were also engaged in self-study. The plan drawn up by Hermann van Pels and quoted by Anne <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u> stated that the people there would help and correct each other when making mistakes in the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne attended the Sixth Montessori School on Niersstraat in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. It was initially planned that she would stay there for an extra year after the <strong>summer of 1941</strong>, but because of educational segregation she had to go to the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>August '42</strong>, once in hiding, she received tutoring from her father. Her school knowledge was draining away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her father tried to help her with sums, but because they were also beyond him, Margot had to step in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She studied French, especially irregular verbs, and read the book <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> by Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> German reading progressed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also learned the words for 'brothel' and 'cocotte', which must not have been part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 April 1944,</strong> Anne describes what she learned one day. About Brazil, she quotes passages from her land and ethnography book. The comparison between the Mississippi River and the Missouri River is from the same book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The passages about monkeys and hippos she also derived from a textbook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She additionally mentions a large number of historical figures, but it is not known which book she used for them. She loved history, but had an aversion to algebra, geometry and arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra she learned only under pressure from her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Other subjects she studied included art, mythology, Dutch literature and biblical history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944,</strong> she received, among other things, the booklet <em>Principles of Botany.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the front she wrote, "Anne Frank 12 June 1944 Secret Annex."<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Since Anne had never shown a particular interest in plants, this gift must also have been a result of the hope of returning to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Margot and her father, Anne took the shorthand course of the institute <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> This Amsterdam-West institute had been offering correspondence courses for years. <strong>In early 1940</strong> this stenography course cost 65 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1943</strong> it was 85 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Even before the end of that year the price increased to a guilder a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Progress is discussed regularly in the diary, sometimes quite appropriately in shorthand form. Anne wanted to go from 75 syllables per minute to 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> According to the B version, Anne, Margot and Peter took the course,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> and finished it in <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> However, Anne was still working on it in July of that year as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot had to leave the Municipal Lyceum for Girls in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> to attend the newly founded Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, Margot kept up with regular school subjects, and, like Anne and her father, took the stenography course. She considered taking a course in calligraphy at the same institute.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> However, Anne does not return to this in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, Margot did enroll at Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) for a course in Elementary Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> She chose a pace of one lesson per week, with payment one month in advance, and she wanted to keep the material upon completion. She submitted her lessons under the name Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> It was therefore Bep who took care of sending in the assignments she made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Teacher A.C. Nielson corrected Margot's work, very regularly adding compliments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, former grammar school student, helped Margot, and in the B version Anne describes them as "the Latinists".<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the hiding period, Margot studied English, French, shorthand (English, German and Dutch), mechanics, trigonometry, stereometry, physics, chemistry, algebra, geometry, English, French and German literature, bookkeeping, geography, modern history, biology and economics, in addition to the Latin course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest, Bep wrote to LOI that she wanted to discontinue the course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> It was not until <strong>June '</strong> <strong>45 </strong>that she wrote to this institute how things really were.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> In <strong>1947</strong>, Nielson received a copy of <em>The Secret Annex </em>by Otto Frank, and wrote in his letter of thanks:<em> "During the war, hundreds of people in hiding [...] attended our classes.</em> <em>[...] Hundreds of letters from this time I keep as a precious memory of the many lonely and anxious people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture [...].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondence about the post-war <em>Entschädigung</em>, Otto Frank's lawyer wrote on his authority that Margot would have liked to study medicine. The Latin course was intended as preparation for this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne writes that Margot wanted to go to Palestine as a maternity nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> This played out around the time that <em>Palestina op de tweesprong</em> (Palestine at the Crossroads) was being read in the Secret Annex, which discussed professional child care in detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that this change of direction was a result of the increasing hopelessness caused by the ongoing occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto and Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was tutored by her father, but she helped him with Dutch. She made fun of his mistakes, for example when he mixed up the Dutch 'klotsen' and the German 'glotzen'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> She was rather negative about her mother's Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> To what extent Edith Frank mastered the Dutch language is unclear. According to her husband, she was also taught English for some time by Rosey Pool, a later teacher at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, according to Anne, Edith was still learning English, but in writing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Improvement in English proficiency was basically done with a view to the intended emigration to England or America.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Before going into hiding, Peter attended vocational training. In a well-known photo of him, he is working on the upholstery and springs of a chair or sofa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> According to Anne, he was still learning woodworking in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She was probably referring to the theory of this course.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was working on English in the <strong>autumn of '42</strong>, and French <strong>in early '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> He got help with French from Anne, who incidentally writes that he was good at English and geography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In <strong>1963,</strong> Otto Frank recounted that on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> he was helping Peter with English at the moment when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> raided the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann and Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u>, according to Anne created by Hermann van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was written in fairly good Dutch. Anne suggests elsewhere that his Dutch left much to be desired,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> which might indicate that he had help writing it. Auguste van Pels, according to Anne, was studying a language book while stirring in a pan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> The museum collection of the Anne Frank Foundation contains a <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>for school and self-study.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Despite her efforts, Anne said she spoke 'outrageous' Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> If this is true, the good intention mentioned in the "Prospectus" to help each other learn the language did not come to pass.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In connection with his intended emigration to South America, Pfeffer taught himself Spanish. Among other things, he translated the Spanish-language travel guide <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> by W. Fernandez Flores into Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne writes repeatedly about Pfeffer working relentlessly on his 'pensum'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In improving his correspondence, he received help from Margot; Anne condescendingly called it <em>"education for children who get no further"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Considering that in 1920 Pfeffer had graduated as "Dr. med. dent.",<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> his cognitive abilities will not have been so poor in reality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex were much occupied with learning and reading, because there was not much to do besides household chores and support work for the businesses. The children in particular were trying to keep their knowledge up to date in the context of an expected return to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22, 26 and 30 September, 6, 7, 10 and 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944; Diary Version B, 14 March 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The best little table”, 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 October 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Voor de kinderen in het Achterhuis was het van belang ervoor te zorgen dat ze na de verwachte beëindiging van de oorlog en het herstel van de normale verhoudingen terug naar school kodnen. Anne schrijft er regelmatig over dat ze hoopte en verwachtte haar opleiding te kunnen vervolgen. In <strong>juli ’44</strong>, enkele weken na D-Day, denkt ze in oktober weer in de schoolbanken te kunnen zitten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne en Peter waren geregeld bezig hun schoolkennis bij te houden. Ook een aantal van de volwassenen hield zich met (zelf-)studie bezig. De door Hermann van Pels opgestelde en door Anne aangehaalde <u><em>Prospectus en leiddraad voor het Achterhuis</em></u> stelde dat de onderduikers elkaar zouden helpen en verbeteren bij het maken van fouten in de Nederlandse taal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bezocht de Zesde Montessorischool aan de Niersstraat in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt. Het was aanvankelijk de bedoeling dat ze daar na de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> een extra jaar zou blijven, maar vanwege de onderwijssegregatie moest ze naar het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>augustus ’42</strong> kreeg ze, eenmaal ondergedoken, van haar vader bijles. Haar schoolkennis was aan het wegzakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Haar vader probeerde haar te helpen met sommen, maar omdat ze ook hem boven de pet gingen moest Margot bijspringen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze studeerde op het Frans, vooral onregelmatige werkwoorden en las het boek <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> van Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het Duits lezen ging vooruit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Ze leerde ook de woorden ‘bordeel’ en ‘cocotte’, wat niet tot het reguliere lesprogramma zal hebben behoord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>27 april 1944</strong> beschrijft Anne wat ze op een dag zoal leerde. Over Brazilië haalt ze passages aan uit haar land- en volkenkundeboek. De vergelijking tussen de Mississippi en de Missouri komt uit hetzelfde boek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De passages over apen en nijlpaarden ontleende ze ook aan een schoolboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze noemt daarnaast een groot aantal historische figuren, maar niet bekend is welk boek ze daar bij gebruikte. Ze hield van geschiedenis, maar tegen algebra, meetkunde en rekenen had ze een weerzin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra leerde ze slechts onder druk van haar vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Kunst, mythologie, Nederlandse literatuur en bijbelse geschiedenis behoorden ook tot haar vakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Voor haar laatste verjaardag, <strong>12 juni 1944</strong>, kreeg ze onder meer het boekje <em>Beginselen der plantkunde.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Voorin schreef ze: “Anne Frank 12 Juni 1944 Achterhuis”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Daar Anne nooit een bijzondere interesse voor planten aan de dag had gelegd, zal dit cadeau ook een voortvloeisel zijn geweest van de hoop op een terugkeer naar school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne volgde samen met Margot en haar vader de cursus steno van het instituut <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Dit instituut uit Amsterdam-West bood al jarenlang correspondentiecursussen aan. <strong>Begin 1940</strong> kostte deze cursus steno 65 cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1943</strong> was dat 85 cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Nog voor het einde van dat jaar steeg de prijs naar een gulden per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De vorderingen komen regelmatig in het dagboek ter sprake, heel toepasselijk soms ook in stenovorm. Anne wilde van 75 lettergrepen per minuut naar 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie deden Anne, Margot en Peter de cursus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> en is deze in <strong>maart ’43</strong> klaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne was er echter ook in juli van dat jaar nog mee in de weer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot moest in de <strong>herfst van 1941</strong> het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes verlaten,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> om naar het nieuw opgerichte Joods Lyceum te gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis hield Margot de reguliere schoolvakken bij, en volgde net als Anne en haar vader de stenocursus. Ze overwoog bij hetzelfde instituut een cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ te volgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Anne komt hier in haar dagboek echter niet meer op terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>herfst van 1943</strong> schreef Margot zich wel in bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) voor een cursus ‘Elementair Latijn’<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Ze koos voor een tempo van één les per week, met betaling van een maand vooruit en ze wilde het materiaal na afloop houden. Ze stuurde haar lessen in onder de naam Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Het was dan ook Bep die zorg droeg voor het versturen van de gemaakte opdrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Docent A.C. Nielson corrigeerde Margots werk, en plaatste daar zeer geregeld complimenten bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, oud-gymnasiast, hielp Margot en in de B-versie omschrijft Anne hen als ‘de Latijners’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode deed Margot naast de cursus Latijn ook aan Engels, Frans, steno (Engels, Duits en Nederlands), mechanica, goniometrie, stereometrie, natuurkunde, scheikunde, algebra, meetkunde, Engelse, Franse en Duitse literatuur, boekhouden, aardrijkskunde, moderne geschiedenis, biologie en economie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hjmy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie schreef Bep aan de LOI dat ze de cursus wilde stopzetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Pas in <strong>juni ’45</strong> schreef ze aan dit instituut hoe de zaak werkelijk in de steel zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Nielson kreeg in <strong>1947</strong> een exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Otto Frank, en schreef in zijn bedankbrief: '<em>Gedurende de oorlog hebben honderden onderduikers […] onze lessen gevolgd.</em> […] <em>Honderden brieven uit deze tijd bewaar ik als een kostbare herinnering aan de vele eenzame en angstige onderduikers, aan wie mijn lessen troost en cultuur brachten […].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondentie over de naoorlogse <em>Entschädigung</em> schreef Otto Franks advocaat op zijn gezag dat Margot graag medicijnen had willen studeren. De Latijnse cursus was als voorbereiding hierop bedoeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat Margot als kraamverpleegster naar Palestina wilde gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Dit speelde rond de tijd dat in het Achterhuis Palestina op de tweesprong werd gelezen, waarin de professionele kinderverzorging daar uitgebreid ter sprake kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank meende dat deze koerswijziging gevolg was van de toenemende hopeloosheid die door de zich voortslepende bezetting wordt veroorzaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto en Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg bijles van haar vader, maar zij hielp hem met Nederlands. Ze maakte zich vrolijk om zijn fouten, bijvoorbeeld toen hij het Nederlandse ‘klotsen’ en het Duitse ‘glotzen’ door elkaar haalde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Over het Nederlands van haar moeder was ze nogal negatief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> In hoeverre Edith Frank de Nederlandse taal beheerste, is onduidelijk. Volgens haar man kreeg ze ook enige tijd Engelse les van Rosey Pool, een latere lerares aan het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leerde Edith volgens Anne nog steeds Engels, maar dan schriftelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Verbetering van de Engelse taalbeheersing gebeurde in principe met het oog op de voorgenomen emigratie naar Engeland of Amerika.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor hij ging onderduiken volgde Peter een beroepsopleiding. Op een bekende foto van hem is hij bezig aan de bekleding en vering van een stoel of bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> Volgens Anne leerde hij in het Achterhuis nog steeds houtbewerking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Waarschijnlijk doelde ze daarmee op de theorie van deze opleiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was in de <strong>herfst van ’42</strong> bezig met Engels, en <strong>begin ’44</strong> met Frans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> Met het Frans kreeg hij hulp van Anne, die overigens schrijft dat hij goed was in Engels en aardrijkskunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In 1963 vertelde Otto Frank dat hij op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> Peter juist met Engels hielp toen de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> het Achterhuis binnenviel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann en Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De <u><em>Prospectus en leiddraad voor het Achterhuis</em></u>, volgens Anne door Hermann van Pels gemaakt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was in vrij goed Nederlands gesteld. Anne suggereert elders dat zijn Nederlands te wensen overliet,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> wat erop zou kunnen duiden dat hij daar hulp bij heeft gehad. Auguste van Pels bestudeerde volgens Anne een taalboekje terwijl ze in een pan roerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> De museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting bevat een <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>voor school en zelfstudie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Ondanks haar pogingen sprak ze volgens Anne 'schandelijk' Nederlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> Als dat klopt is er van het in de 'Prospectus’ genoemde goede voornemen elkaar met het leren van de taal te helpen toch niet zo veel terechtgekomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In verband met zijn voorgenomen emigratie naar Zuid-Amerika leerde Pfeffer zichzelf Spaans. Hij vertaalde hiervoor onder meer een Spaanstalig reisgidsje <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> van W. Fernandez Flores in het Nederlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne schrijft herhaaldelijk over Pfeffer die onverdroten aan zijn ‘pensum’ werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het verbeteren van zijn correspondentie kreeg hij hulp van Margot; Anne noemt het neerbuigend <em>'onderwijs voor kinderen die niet verder komen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> In aanmerking genomen dat Pfeffer in 1920 tot “Dr. med. dent.” was gepromoveerd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> zullen zijn cognitieve vermogens in werkelijkheid niet zo slecht zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waren veel bezig met leren en lezen, omdat er naast de huishoudelijke taken en ondersteunende werkzaamheden voor de bedrijven niet veel was te doen. Met name de kinderen probeerden hun kennis op peil te houden met het oog op een verwachte terugkeer naar school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22, 26 en 30 september, 6, 7, 10 en 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (mei 1944), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hjmy6\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 14 maart 1944; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het beste tafeltje”, 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 oktober 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>For the children in the Secret Annex, it was important to ensure that they could return to school after the expected end of the war and the restoration of normality. Anne writes frequently about how she hoped and expected to be able to continue her education. In <strong>July '44</strong>, a few weeks after D-Day, she expected to be back in school in October.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne and Peter were regularly updating their school knowledge. Some of the adults were also engaged in self-study. The plan drawn up by Hermann van Pels and quoted by Anne <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u> stated that the people there would help and correct each other when making mistakes in the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne attended the Sixth Montessori School on Niersstraat in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. It was initially planned that she would stay there for an extra year after the <strong>summer of 1941</strong>, but because of educational segregation she had to go to the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>August '42</strong>, once in hiding, she received tutoring from her father. Her school knowledge was draining away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her father tried to help her with sums, but because they were also beyond him, Margot had to step in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She studied French, especially irregular verbs, and read the book <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> by Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> German reading progressed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also learned the words for 'brothel' and 'cocotte', which must not have been part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 April 1944,</strong> Anne describes what she learned one day. About Brazil, she quotes passages from her land and ethnography book. The comparison between the Mississippi River and the Missouri River is from the same book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The passages about monkeys and hippos she also derived from a textbook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She additionally mentions a large number of historical figures, but it is not known which book she used for them. She loved history, but had an aversion to algebra, geometry and arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra she learned only under pressure from her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Other subjects she studied included art, mythology, Dutch literature and biblical history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944,</strong> she received, among other things, the booklet <em>Principles of Botany.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the front she wrote, "Anne Frank 12 June 1944 Secret Annex."<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Since Anne had never shown a particular interest in plants, this gift must also have been a result of the hope of returning to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Margot and her father, Anne took the shorthand course of the institute <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> This Amsterdam-West institute had been offering correspondence courses for years. <strong>In early 1940</strong> this stenography course cost 65 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1943</strong> it was 85 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Even before the end of that year the price increased to a guilder a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Progress is discussed regularly in the diary, sometimes quite appropriately in shorthand form. Anne wanted to go from 75 syllables per minute to 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> According to the B version, Anne, Margot and Peter took the course,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> and finished it in <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> However, Anne was still working on it in July of that year as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot had to leave the Municipal Lyceum for Girls in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> to attend the newly founded Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, Margot kept up with regular school subjects, and, like Anne and her father, took the stenography course. She considered taking a course in calligraphy at the same institute.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> However, Anne does not return to this in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, Margot did enroll at Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) for a course in Elementary Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> She chose a pace of one lesson per week, with payment one month in advance, and she wanted to keep the material upon completion. She submitted her lessons under the name Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> It was therefore Bep who took care of sending in the assignments she made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Teacher A.C. Nielson corrected Margot's work, very regularly adding compliments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, former grammar school student, helped Margot, and in the B version Anne describes them as "the Latinists".<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the hiding period, Margot studied English, French, shorthand (English, German and Dutch), mechanics, trigonometry, stereometry, physics, chemistry, algebra, geometry, English, French and German literature, bookkeeping, geography, modern history, biology and economics, in addition to the Latin course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest, Bep wrote to LOI that she wanted to discontinue the course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> It was not until <strong>June '</strong> <strong>45 </strong>that she wrote to this institute how things really were.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> In <strong>1947</strong>, Nielson received a copy of <em>The Secret Annex </em>by Otto Frank, and wrote in his letter of thanks:<em> "During the war, hundreds of people in hiding [...] attended our classes.</em> <em>[...] Hundreds of letters from this time I keep as a precious memory of the many lonely and anxious people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture [...].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondence about the post-war <em>Entschädigung</em>, Otto Frank's lawyer wrote on his authority that Margot would have liked to study medicine. The Latin course was intended as preparation for this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne writes that Margot wanted to go to Palestine as a maternity nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> This played out around the time that <em>Palestina op de tweesprong</em> (Palestine at the Crossroads) was being read in the Secret Annex, which discussed professional child care in detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that this change of direction was a result of the increasing hopelessness caused by the ongoing occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto and Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was tutored by her father, but she helped him with Dutch. She made fun of his mistakes, for example when he mixed up the Dutch 'klotsen' and the German 'glotzen'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> She was rather negative about her mother's Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> To what extent Edith Frank mastered the Dutch language is unclear. According to her husband, she was also taught English for some time by Rosey Pool, a later teacher at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, according to Anne, Edith was still learning English, but in writing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Improvement in English proficiency was basically done with a view to the intended emigration to England or America.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Before going into hiding, Peter attended vocational training. In a well-known photo of him, he is working on the upholstery and springs of a chair or sofa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> According to Anne, he was still learning woodworking in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She was probably referring to the theory of this course.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was working on English in the <strong>autumn of '42</strong>, and French <strong>in early '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> He got help with French from Anne, who incidentally writes that he was good at English and geography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In <strong>1963,</strong> Otto Frank recounted that on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> he was helping Peter with English at the moment when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> raided the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann and Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u>, according to Anne created by Hermann van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was written in fairly good Dutch. Anne suggests elsewhere that his Dutch left much to be desired,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> which might indicate that he had help writing it. Auguste van Pels, according to Anne, was studying a language book while stirring in a pan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> The museum collection of the Anne Frank Foundation contains a <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>for school and self-study.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Despite her efforts, Anne said she spoke 'outrageous' Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> If this is true, the good intention mentioned in the "Prospectus" to help each other learn the language did not come to pass.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In connection with his intended emigration to South America, Pfeffer taught himself Spanish. Among other things, he translated the Spanish-language travel guide <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> by W. Fernandez Flores into Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne writes repeatedly about Pfeffer working relentlessly on his 'pensum'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In improving his correspondence, he received help from Margot; Anne condescendingly called it <em>"education for children who get no further"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Considering that in 1920 Pfeffer had graduated as "Dr. med. dent.",<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> his cognitive abilities will not have been so poor in reality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex were much occupied with learning and reading, because there was not much to do besides household chores and support work for the businesses. The children in particular were trying to keep their knowledge up to date in the context of an expected return to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22, 26 and 30 September, 6, 7, 10 and 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944; Diary Version B, 14 March 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The best little table”, 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 October 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis waren veel bezig met leren en lezen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 87,
"image": {
"id": 996,
"uuid": "8ce1955b-a2be-43a9-8f77-5cc38645d17b",
"name": "Meisjesboeken",
"title": "Boeken",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Meisjesboeken.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De tijd in het Achterhuis werd deels gedood met lezen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5348ff5b-9b30-463a-930c-cb10a5cad3f7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5348ff5b-9b30-463a-930c-cb10a5cad3f7",
"name": "Reading in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Lezen in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Reading in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>One of the pastimes on which the people in the Secret Annex spent their time was reading. There was initially a clear distinction between the adults and the children; several books were considered unsuitable for the young. Attitudes changed and the children grew up, as a result of which this naturally became less of a problem. Furthermore, the selection of books for children was closely linked to the aim of preventing the children falling behind at school. Specific issues around the learning theme were addressed in more detail with this. The reading material consisted of books brought to the Secret Annex by the people in hiding and books provided by the helpers. Johannes Kleiman brought books belonging to him and his daughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubave\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan Gies regularly took books from the C.O.M.O. reading library of his friend and former colleague Jacob Licht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first entries in the diary about books are from <strong>14 June 1942</strong> and therefore predate the hiding period. Anne writes about the books she received for her birthday. These included the two volumes of <em>Nederlandsche Sagen en Legenden </em>('Dutch Sagas and Legends') by Josef Cohen. She gave volume 1 to a neighbour girl before she went into hiding, who gave it to the Anne Frank House seventy years later. This reunited the two volumes for the first time since <strong>1942</strong>. Over time, Anne's reading gradually became more mature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0cdeb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Parental and other supervision</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September '42</strong>, Kleiman brought a book that sparked a minor controversy in the Secret Annex. It was a book<em> 'from the previous war</em> ' and because, according to Anne, it was<em> 'very freely written' </em>, Peter and Margot were not allowed to read the trilogy in question.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to Anne, the book's theme was a<em> 'women's topic</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the characteristics that Anne noted - a book from the time of the First World War, with a women's subject, '<em>freely written</em> ' - and moreover a trilogy published in one volume before <strong>September 1942</strong>, there is only one book that this could have been, namely <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> and <em>Vrouwenroeping</em><em> </em>by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> which had been published by <em>De Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>. These books - Dutch translations of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932) - told the story of some English girls of good character who were ambulance drivers behind the front carrying off wounded soldiers. The author depicted the accompanying coarsening rather explicitly.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the same time, Edith was reading <em>Heeren, knechten en vrouwen </em>(<em>The House of Tavelinck</em>)<em> </em>by Jo van Ammers-Küller. Anne wanted to read this too, but she was not allowed to.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Anne read Marianne Philips' <em>Henri van den overkant </em>(<em>Henri from the Other Side</em>), she received negative comments from Pfeffer and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne wrote in her diary that she was annoyed that her reading was supervised, while adding that she was actually allowed to read almost anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"769u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She writes that she is happy to be allowed to read some more<em> </em>'mature books', and gives this statement the date of late <strong>October '42.</strong> But as this is in the B version, it was therefore actually written much later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Cissy van Marxveldt and other children's books</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne enthusiastically read the various volumes of Joop ter Heul, and even read <em>Een zomerzotheid </em>(<em>A Summer Folly</em>)<em> </em>four times<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The books Kleiman brought along included Van Marxveldt's <em>De louteringskuur </em>(<em>The Purification Cure</em>)<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> She based her own <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em> on the characters from the Joop ter Heul series. In her first diary (the A-version), she addressed her letters to Pop, Conny, Marianne, Kitty and others. Over time, Kitty remained.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman brought <em>Het boek voor de jeugd </em>(<em>The Book for Young People</em>)<em> </em>for Anne. He also lent other children's books, such as <em>Else’s baantjes</em> (<em>Else's jobs</em>)<em> </em>and <em>Riek, de kwajongen </em>(<em>Riek, the tomboy</em>)<em>, </em>to the people in the Secret Annex. These belonged to his daughter, and he took them on the pretext of lending them to Bep's sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie441\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Anne also wanted to read <em>Kees de jongen </em>(<em>Young Kees</em>)<em> </em>by Theo Thijssen, but it is unclear whether this happened.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History, religion, philosophy, art, culture and politics</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Both Otto Frank and Anne were interested in mythological and historical subjects. Otto had been a grammar school student and in <strong>1908</strong> he attended a summer semester of art history at Heidelberg University, where he was taught in those subjects, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Edith also attended grammar school in Aachen. She possessed several philosophically and religiously oriented books, some of which also went with her to the Secret Annex. Some of these belong to the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not like the way her mother insisted on reading a prayer book, but for form she read some prayers<em> 'in German</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twd23\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Anne preferred reading about films and movie stars. Victor Kugler therefore regularly brought the magazine <em>Cinema & Theater </em>for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06683\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She referred to what she read in it in her diary and in the little story 'The Pool of Decay'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong </em>(<em>Palestine at the Crossroads</em>) by Hungarian journalist László Faragó was present<em> </em>in the Secret Annex, and Anne started reading it too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Around the same time, she wrote that her sister Margot wanted to become a maternity nurse in Palestine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> It is plausible that this idea arose from reading this book, which discusses childcare in Palestine by trained nurses several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, Kugler gave Anne a biography of Maria Theresia, by Zdenko von Kraft. Gifts also included Anton Springer's five-volume art history series, which was already present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Literature</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the inhabitants of the Secret Annex, Edith Frank was the one with the most literary baggage, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Others also read well-known literature. Anne wrote several times about her father reading Dickens, without mentioning any titles.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> He used it to learn English, so he read it in the original language. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the museum collection of the Anne Frank House, there is a copy of <em>Sketches by Boz</em> that came from Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer read <em>Henri van den overkant (Henri from the other side) </em>by Marianne Philips, and praised it; Anne was less enthusiastic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she transcribed an unknown play by Carry van Bruggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Earlier that year, the inhabitants of the Secret Annex read <em>Ochtend zonder wolken (Morning without clouds)</em>, the first part of the trilogy <em>De geschiedenis van Robin Stuart</em> (<em>The history of Robin Stuart)</em> by Australian writer Eric Lowe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> The Dutch translation of this trilogy, originally published as a one-volume novel, entitled <em>Salute to freedom, </em>was by renowned Dutch author Simon Vestdijk. Anne included a passage from the second part, <em>De terugkeer van de held (Return of a hero)</em>, in her Favourite Quotes Notebook. Given this book of quotations, she also read works by Multatuli, Justus van Maurik, Shakespeare and Jacob van Maerlant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> With her father, she continued to read works by the German poet and playwright Theodor Körner, and he wanted her to read works by German playwright Friedrich Hebbel as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Trilogies were popular in the Secret Annex: besides Helen Zenna Smith's trilogy mentioned above and the books about Robin Stuart, Anne mentions the <em>Bjørndal-trilogy</em> by Norwegian writer Trygve Gulbranssen and <em>Hongaarsche rhapsodie</em> <em>(Hungarian melody), </em>the trilogy about the life of composer and pianist Franz Liszt by Hungarian writer Zsolt Harsányi. From this same author Anne read romanticized biographies of painter Peter Paul Rubens and physicist Galileo Galilei. The Favourite Quotes Notebook shows that she also read at least one part of Sigrid Undset's <em>Kristin Lavransdatter</em>-trilogy. She quotes a passage from the part entitled <em>The wife, </em>in any event, which indicates that she read it<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Newspapers and magazines</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Newspapers were read in the Secret Annex. Anne writes <strong>in late 19</strong><strong>42</strong> about a newspaper report following the execution of hostages.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, she reports that all the newspapers were speculating about an imminent invasion.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Exactly which newspapers were available is not known, but Anne sometimes quoted Clinge Doorenbos writing in <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Several other diary entries also indicate the presence of this newspaper. Anne also notes on <strong>26 October 1942</strong> that Kugler brought them twelve issues of <em>Panorama</em>:<em> 'now we have something to read again</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> At least <strong>in early 1944</strong>, Kugler still brought <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, the <em>Haagsche Post </em>and occasionally <em>Das Reich </em>every week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Some notes show that she actually read <em>Cinema </em>& <em>Theater </em>and the <em>Haagsche Post </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several notes also reveal that the people in hiding read clandestine magazines, or at least took note of them. Anne copied an allegation from a '<em>reliable source</em>' that there had been a football match between people in hiding and military police somewhere in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Anne also made references to <em>Vrij Nederland.</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As far as can be seen, among the adults, Mr and Mrs Van Pels were the least engaged in reading. Mrs Van Pels did read <em>Henri van den overkant</em>, as she discussed this with Pfeffer and Anne. Most of the information on the reading behaviour of Mr and Mrs Van Pels comes from Anne's diary, so there is a chance that the picture is distorted.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubave\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Allison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0cdeb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Ton J. Broos, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001200001_01/_low001200001_01_0026.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Anne Frank's literary connections'</a>, in: Josef Deleu (chief ed.), <em>The Low Countries, arts and society in Flanders and the Netherlands, </em>Rekkem: Stichting Ons Erfdeel, 2000. - p. 177-189; Sylvia Patterson Iskander, 'Anne Frank’s reading', in: <em>Children’s Literature Association Quarterly</em>, 13 (1988) 3 (Fall), p. 137-141.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\" target=\"_blank\">Evadne Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Anne in theory”, 2 August 1943; Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"769u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942; Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie441\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, StudA 1900-09/10 Frank, Otto: 'Studien- und Sittenzeugnis Dem Herrn Otto Frank'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twd23\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Edith Frank had in her posssesion a Hebrew-German prayerbook. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_EFrank_VII_021: W. Heidenheim (Hrsg.), <em>Gebete für das Wochenfest mit deutscher Uebersetzung, </em>Roedelheim : Druck und Verlag von M. Lehrberger und Comp. 1893.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06683\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 April 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The den of iniquity”, 22 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_033: László Faragó,<em> Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij, 1937, p. 214, 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinnner table”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944; Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, and “Wenn die Uhr half neune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_VII_006: Charles Dickens, <em>Sketches by Boz. Illustrative of every-day live and every-day people, </em>London: Chapman & Hall: Frowde, s.a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19-21 April 1944 (Secret Code), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"difvj\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, The favourite quotes notebook, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May and 9 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. The source of the report is <em>Trouw, </em>vol. 1., no. 13, November 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de bezigheden waarmee de onderduikers hun tijd doorbrachten is lezen. Er was aanvankelijk een duidelijk onderscheid tussen de volwassenen en de kinderen; verschillende boeken werden voor de jeugd ongeschikt geacht. De opvattingen veranderden en de kinderen werden groter, waarmee dit vanzelf minder problematisch werd. Verder hing de selectie van boeken voor de kinderen nauw samen met het streven de schoolachterstand te beperken. Specifieke kwesties rond het leerthema kwamen daar nader aan de orde. De lectuur bestond uit boeken die door de onderduikers naar het Achterhuis waren meegenomen en boeken die door de helpers werden aangedragen. Johannes Kleiman bracht boeken van zichzelf en van zijn dochter mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubave\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan Gies haalde regelmatig boeken uit de leesbibliotheek C.O.M.O. van zijn vriend en ex-collega Jacob Licht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste berichten in het dagboek over boeken zijn van <strong>14 juni 1942</strong> en dateren dus van voor de onderduik. Anne schrijft over de boeken die ze rond haar verjaardag kreeg. Hiertoe behoorden onder meer de twee delen van <em>Nederlandsche Sagen en Legenden </em>van Josef Cohen. Deel 1 gaf ze voor ze ging onderduiken aan een buurmeisje, die het zeventig jaar later afstond aan de Anne Frank Stichting. Daarmee werden de twee delen voor het eerst sinds <strong>1942</strong> weer verenigd. In de loop van de tijd werd Annes lectuur langzaamaan wat volwassener.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yj6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ouderlijk en ander toezicht</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september ’42</strong> bracht Kleiman een boek mee dat een kleine controverse in het Achterhuis teweeg bracht. Het was een boek '<em>uit de vorige oorlog</em>' en omdat het volgens Anne '<em>erg vrij geschreven' </em>was, mochten Peter en Margot de betreffende trilogie niet lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het boek had volgens Anne als thema een '<em>vrouwenonderwerp</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens de kenmerken die Anne noteerde - een boek uit de tijd van de Eerste Wereldoorlog, met een vrouwenonderwerp, ‘<em>vrij’ geschreven</em>' - en bovendien een trilogie die voor <strong>september 1942</strong> in één band was verschenen, is er maar één boek dat dat geweest zou kunnen zijn, namelijk <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> en <em>Vrouwenroeping </em>door de Australisch-Britse schrijfster Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> dat in <strong>1938</strong> door de Arbeiderspers was uitgegeven. Dit boek - een vertaling in het Nederlands van <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) en <em>Shadow women</em> (1932) - vertelde het verhaal van enkele Engelse meisjes van goede huize, die als ambulancechauffeurs achter het front de gewonde militairen afvoerden. De schrijfster gaf de daarmee gepaard gaande verruwing nogal expliciet weer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith las tezelfdertijd <em>Heeren, knechten en vrouwen </em>van Jo van Ammers-Küller. Anne wilde dit ook lezen, maar dat mocht zij niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Anne Marianne Philips’ <em>Henri van den overkant </em>heeft gelezen, kreeg ze negatief commentaar van Pfeffer en mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1944</strong> schrijft Anne in haar dagboek dat ze het vervelend vindt dat er toezicht op haar lectuur was, terwijl ze eraan toevoegt dat ze eigenlijk bijna alles mag lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"769u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Als ze schrijft blij te zijn dat ze wat meer '<em>volwassenenboeken</em>' mocht lezen, en dat eind <strong>oktober ’42</strong> dateert, is dat in de B-versie en daardoor dus in werkelijkheid veel later geschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Cissy van Marxveldt en andere jeugdboeken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las met veel enthousiasme de verschillende delen van Joop ter Heul, en zelfs vier keer <em>Een zomerzotheid.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Bij de boeken die Kleiman meebracht zat ook Van Marxveldts <em>De louteringskuur.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op de figuren uit de Joop ter Heul-reeks baseerde ze haar eigen <em>Jopopinoloukicoclub</em>. In haar eerste dagboek (de A-versie) richtte ze haar brieven aan Pop, Conny, Marianne, Kitty en anderen. Na verloop van tijd bleef Kitty over.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman bracht <em>Het boek voor de jeugd </em>voor Anne mee. Ook andere jeugdboeken, zoals <em>Else’s baantjes </em>en<em> Riek, de kwajongen </em>leende hij uit aan de onderduikers. Deze waren van zijn dochter, en hij nam ze mee onder het voorwendsel dat hij ze aan Beps zusjes uitleende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie441\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Anne wilde ook graag <em>Kees de jongen </em>van Theo Thijssen lezen, maar onduidelijk is of dat ook gebeurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Geschiedenis, religie, filosofie, kunst, cultuur en politiek</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Zowel Otto Frank als Anne waren geïnteresseerd in mythologische en geschiedkundige onderwerpen. Otto was gymnasiast geweest en in <strong>1908</strong> volgde hij een zomersemester kunstgeschiedenis aan de universiteit van Heidelberg, waar hij in onder meer die vakken onderricht kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Edith doorliep in Aken ook het gymnasium. Zij beschikte over diverse filosofisch en religieus georiënteerde boeken, die voor een deel ook meegingen naar het Achterhuis. Voor een deel behoren deze tot de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was niet te spreken over de wijze waarop haar moeder aandrong op het lezen van een gebedboek, maar voor de vorm las ze wat gebeden '<em>in ’t Duits'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twd23\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Anne las liever over film en filmsterren. Victor Kugler bracht daarom regelmatig het blad <em>Cinema & Theater </em>voor haar mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06683\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In haar dagboek en in het verhaaltje ‘De Poel des Verderfs’ refereerde ze aan wat ze daarin las.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei 1944</strong> was <em>Palestina op de tweesprong</em> van de Hongaarse journalist László Faragó in het Achterhuis aanwezig, en Anne ging het ook lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd schrijft ze dat haar zuster Margot kraamverpleegster in Palestina wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Het is aannemelijk dat dit idee ontstond door het lezen van dit boek, waarin de kinderopvang in Palestina door geschoolde verpleegsters verschillende keren aan de orde komt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor haar laatste verjaardag, <strong>12 juni 1944</strong>, kreeg Anne van Kugler een biografie van Maria Theresia, door Zdenko von Kraft. Tot de cadeaus behoorde ook de vijfdelige kunstgeschiedenisreeks van Anton Springer, die al in het Achterhuis aanwezig was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Literatuur</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de Achterhuisbewoners was Edith Frank volgens Anne degene met de meeste literaire bagage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Anderen lazen eveneens bekende literatuur. Anne schrijft enkele keren over haar vader die Dickens las, overigens zonder titels te vermelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Hij gebruikte het om Engels te leren, dus hij las het in de oorspronkelijke taal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting bevindt zich een exemplaar van <em>Sketches by Boz</em> die van Otto Frank afkomstig is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer las <em>Henri van den overkant </em>van Marianne Philips, en was daar lovend over; Anne was minder enthousiast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In <strong>april ’44</strong> schreef ze een onbekend stuk van Carry van Bruggen over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerder dat jaar lazen de onderduikers <em>Ochtend zonder wolken</em>, het eerste deel van de trilogie <em>De geschiedenis van Robin Stuart</em> door de Australische schrijver Eric Lowe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> De Nederlandse vertaling van deze trilogie, oorspronkelijk verschenen als eendelige roman onder de titel <em>Salute to freedom, </em>was van de befaamde auteur Simon Vestdijk. Anne nam een passage uit het tweede deel, <em>Terugkeer van een held</em>, op in haar <em>Mooie</em>-<em>zinnenboek</em>. Gezien dit citatenboek las ze tevens werk van, onder anderen, Multatuli, Justus van Maurik, Shakespeare en Jacob van Maerlant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Met haar vader las ze verder werk van de Duitse dichter en toneelschrijver Theodor Körner, en hij wil dat ze ook werk van de Duitse toneelschrijver Friedrich Hebbel ging lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Trilogieën waren in het Achterhuis geliefd: naast de de hierboven genoemde trilogie van de Helen Zenna Smith en boeken over Robin Stuart, vermeldt Anne <em>Het geslacht Bjørndal </em>van de Noorse schrijver Trygve Gulbranssen en <em>Hongaarsche rhapsodie,</em> de roman-trilogie over het leven van componist en pianist Franz Liszt door de Hongaarse schrijver Zsolt Harsányi, Van diezelfde auteur las Anne geromantiseerde biografieën over schilder Peter Paul Rubens en natuurkundige Galileio Galilei. Uit het <em>Mooie-zinnenboek </em>blijkt dat ze ook tenminste een deel van Sigrid Undsets <em>Kristin Lavransdochter</em>-trilogie las. Ze citeert althans een passage uit het deel met de titel <em>Vrouw.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Kranten en tijdschriften</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Achterhuis werden kranten gelezen. Anne schrijft <strong>eind 1942</strong> onder meer over een krantenbericht naar aanleiding van de executie van gijzelaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In <strong>februari 1944</strong> weet ze te melden dat alle kranten speculeren over een ophanden zijnde invasie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Welke dagbladen er voorhanden waren is niet precies bekend, maar Anne citeerde soms Clinge Doorenbos die in <em>De Telegraaf </em>schreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Diverse andere dagboeknotities verraden eveneens de aanwezigheid van deze krant. Verder noteert Anne op <strong>26 oktober 1942</strong> dat Kugler twaalf <em>Panorama's </em>langsbracht: '<em>nu hebben we weer wat te lezen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Kugler bracht in ieder geval <strong>begin 1944</strong> nog iedere week <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, de <em>Haagsche Post </em>en af en toe <em>Das Reich </em>mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Enkele notities tonen aan dat ze <em>Cinema & Theater </em>en de <em>Haagsche Post </em>ook werkelijk las.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit verschillende notities is ook op te maken dat de onderduikers clandestiene bladen lazen, of er althans kennis van namen. Anne nam een bewering uit ‘<em>betrouwbare bron</em>’ over dat er ergens in Nederland een voetbalwedstrijd tussen onderduikers en marechaussees werd gehouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Verder refereerde Anne aan <em>Vrij Nederland.</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor zover valt te overzien was het echtpaar Van Pels onder de volwassenen het minst bezig met lezen. Wel las mevrouw <em>Henri van den overkant</em>, want dat besprak ze met Pfeffer en Anne. De meeste gegevens over het leesgedrag van de Van Pelsen zijn afkomstig uit Annes dagboek, waardoor de kans bestaat dat het beeld vertekend is.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubave\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Allison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yj6w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Ton J. Broos, <a href=\"http:// https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_han001200301_01/_han001200301_01_0006.php\" target=\"_blank\">'De boekenplank van Anne Frank'</a>, in: Arie J. Gelderblom. e.a. (red.), <em>Neerlandistiek de grenzen voorbij: handelingen vijftiende colloquium Neerlandicum</em>, Woubrugge: Internationale Vereniging voor Neerlandistiek, 2004. - p. 71-83; A. Agnes Sneller, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_nie012200801_01/_nie012200801_01_0001.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Leven en lezen van twee jeugdige dagboekschrijvers, Anne Frank en Virginia (Woolf-)Stephens'</a>, in. <em>Nieuw Letterkundig Magazijn</em>, 26 (2008) 1 (juli), p. 1-7. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\" target=\"_blank\">Evadne Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Anne in de theorie”, 2 augustus 1943 & Dagboek B, 29 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"769u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942; Dagboek B, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie441\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, StudA 1900-09/10 Frank, Otto: 'Studien- und Sittenzeugnis Dem Herrn Otto Frank'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twd23\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Edith Frank bezat een Hebreeuws-Duits gebedenboek. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_EFrank_VII_021: W. Heidenheim (Hrsg.), <em>Gebete für das Wochenfest mit deutscher Uebersetzung, </em>Roedelheim : Druck und Verlag von M. Lehrberger und Comp. 1893.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06683\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 19 april 1944; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De Poel des Verderfs”, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_033: László Faragó,<em> Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij, 1937, p. 214, 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schafuurtje”, 5 augustus 1943, en “Wenn die Uhr half neune slagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (mei 1944), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_VII_006: Charles Dickens, <em>Sketches by Boz. Illustrative of every-day live and every-day people, </em>London: Chapman & Hall: Frowde, s.a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 19-21 april 1944, in een ‘nieuw geheimschrift’, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"difvj\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Het Mooie-zinnenboek, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 mei en 9 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Het bericht is afkomstig uit <em>Trouw, </em>1e jrg., nr. 13, november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the pastimes on which the people in the Secret Annex spent their time was reading. There was initially a clear distinction between the adults and the children; several books were considered unsuitable for the young. Attitudes changed and the children grew up, as a result of which this naturally became less of a problem. Furthermore, the selection of books for children was closely linked to the aim of preventing the children falling behind at school. Specific issues around the learning theme were addressed in more detail with this. The reading material consisted of books brought to the Secret Annex by the people in hiding and books provided by the helpers. Johannes Kleiman brought books belonging to him and his daughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ubave\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan Gies regularly took books from the C.O.M.O. reading library of his friend and former colleague Jacob Licht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first entries in the diary about books are from <strong>14 June 1942</strong> and therefore predate the hiding period. Anne writes about the books she received for her birthday. These included the two volumes of <em>Nederlandsche Sagen en Legenden </em>('Dutch Sagas and Legends') by Josef Cohen. She gave volume 1 to a neighbour girl before she went into hiding, who gave it to the Anne Frank House seventy years later. This reunited the two volumes for the first time since <strong>1942</strong>. Over time, Anne's reading gradually became more mature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0cdeb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Parental and other supervision</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September '42</strong>, Kleiman brought a book that sparked a minor controversy in the Secret Annex. It was a book<em> 'from the previous war</em> ' and because, according to Anne, it was<em> 'very freely written' </em>, Peter and Margot were not allowed to read the trilogy in question.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to Anne, the book's theme was a<em> 'women's topic</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the characteristics that Anne noted - a book from the time of the First World War, with a women's subject, '<em>freely written</em> ' - and moreover a trilogy published in one volume before <strong>September 1942</strong>, there is only one book that this could have been, namely <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> and <em>Vrouwenroeping</em><em> </em>by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> which had been published by <em>De Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>. These books - Dutch translations of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932) - told the story of some English girls of good character who were ambulance drivers behind the front carrying off wounded soldiers. The author depicted the accompanying coarsening rather explicitly.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the same time, Edith was reading <em>Heeren, knechten en vrouwen </em>(<em>The House of Tavelinck</em>)<em> </em>by Jo van Ammers-Küller. Anne wanted to read this too, but she was not allowed to.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Anne read Marianne Philips' <em>Henri van den overkant </em>(<em>Henri from the Other Side</em>), she received negative comments from Pfeffer and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne wrote in her diary that she was annoyed that her reading was supervised, while adding that she was actually allowed to read almost anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"769u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She writes that she is happy to be allowed to read some more<em> </em>'mature books', and gives this statement the date of late <strong>October '42.</strong> But as this is in the B version, it was therefore actually written much later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Cissy van Marxveldt and other children's books</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne enthusiastically read the various volumes of Joop ter Heul, and even read <em>Een zomerzotheid </em>(<em>A Summer Folly</em>)<em> </em>four times<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The books Kleiman brought along included Van Marxveldt's <em>De louteringskuur </em>(<em>The Purification Cure</em>)<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> She based her own <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em> on the characters from the Joop ter Heul series. In her first diary (the A-version), she addressed her letters to Pop, Conny, Marianne, Kitty and others. Over time, Kitty remained.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman brought <em>Het boek voor de jeugd </em>(<em>The Book for Young People</em>)<em> </em>for Anne. He also lent other children's books, such as <em>Else’s baantjes</em> (<em>Else's jobs</em>)<em> </em>and <em>Riek, de kwajongen </em>(<em>Riek, the tomboy</em>)<em>, </em>to the people in the Secret Annex. These belonged to his daughter, and he took them on the pretext of lending them to Bep's sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie441\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Anne also wanted to read <em>Kees de jongen </em>(<em>Young Kees</em>)<em> </em>by Theo Thijssen, but it is unclear whether this happened.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History, religion, philosophy, art, culture and politics</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Both Otto Frank and Anne were interested in mythological and historical subjects. Otto had been a grammar school student and in <strong>1908</strong> he attended a summer semester of art history at Heidelberg University, where he was taught in those subjects, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Edith also attended grammar school in Aachen. She possessed several philosophically and religiously oriented books, some of which also went with her to the Secret Annex. Some of these belong to the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not like the way her mother insisted on reading a prayer book, but for form she read some prayers<em> 'in German</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"twd23\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Anne preferred reading about films and movie stars. Victor Kugler therefore regularly brought the magazine <em>Cinema & Theater </em>for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06683\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She referred to what she read in it in her diary and in the little story 'The Pool of Decay'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong </em>(<em>Palestine at the Crossroads</em>) by Hungarian journalist László Faragó was present<em> </em>in the Secret Annex, and Anne started reading it too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Around the same time, she wrote that her sister Margot wanted to become a maternity nurse in Palestine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> It is plausible that this idea arose from reading this book, which discusses childcare in Palestine by trained nurses several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, Kugler gave Anne a biography of Maria Theresia, by Zdenko von Kraft. Gifts also included Anton Springer's five-volume art history series, which was already present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Literature</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the inhabitants of the Secret Annex, Edith Frank was the one with the most literary baggage, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Others also read well-known literature. Anne wrote several times about her father reading Dickens, without mentioning any titles.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> He used it to learn English, so he read it in the original language. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the museum collection of the Anne Frank House, there is a copy of <em>Sketches by Boz</em> that came from Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer read <em>Henri van den overkant (Henri from the other side) </em>by Marianne Philips, and praised it; Anne was less enthusiastic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she transcribed an unknown play by Carry van Bruggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Earlier that year, the inhabitants of the Secret Annex read <em>Ochtend zonder wolken (Morning without clouds)</em>, the first part of the trilogy <em>De geschiedenis van Robin Stuart</em> (<em>The history of Robin Stuart)</em> by Australian writer Eric Lowe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> The Dutch translation of this trilogy, originally published as a one-volume novel, entitled <em>Salute to freedom, </em>was by renowned Dutch author Simon Vestdijk. Anne included a passage from the second part, <em>De terugkeer van de held (Return of a hero)</em>, in her Favourite Quotes Notebook. Given this book of quotations, she also read works by Multatuli, Justus van Maurik, Shakespeare and Jacob van Maerlant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> With her father, she continued to read works by the German poet and playwright Theodor Körner, and he wanted her to read works by German playwright Friedrich Hebbel as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Trilogies were popular in the Secret Annex: besides Helen Zenna Smith's trilogy mentioned above and the books about Robin Stuart, Anne mentions the <em>Bjørndal-trilogy</em> by Norwegian writer Trygve Gulbranssen and <em>Hongaarsche rhapsodie</em> <em>(Hungarian melody), </em>the trilogy about the life of composer and pianist Franz Liszt by Hungarian writer Zsolt Harsányi. From this same author Anne read romanticized biographies of painter Peter Paul Rubens and physicist Galileo Galilei. The Favourite Quotes Notebook shows that she also read at least one part of Sigrid Undset's <em>Kristin Lavransdatter</em>-trilogy. She quotes a passage from the part entitled <em>The wife, </em>in any event, which indicates that she read it<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"difvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Newspapers and magazines</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Newspapers were read in the Secret Annex. Anne writes <strong>in late 19</strong><strong>42</strong> about a newspaper report following the execution of hostages.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, she reports that all the newspapers were speculating about an imminent invasion.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Exactly which newspapers were available is not known, but Anne sometimes quoted Clinge Doorenbos writing in <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Several other diary entries also indicate the presence of this newspaper. Anne also notes on <strong>26 October 1942</strong> that Kugler brought them twelve issues of <em>Panorama</em>:<em> 'now we have something to read again</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> At least <strong>in early 1944</strong>, Kugler still brought <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, the <em>Haagsche Post </em>and occasionally <em>Das Reich </em>every week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Some notes show that she actually read <em>Cinema </em>& <em>Theater </em>and the <em>Haagsche Post </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several notes also reveal that the people in hiding read clandestine magazines, or at least took note of them. Anne copied an allegation from a '<em>reliable source</em>' that there had been a football match between people in hiding and military police somewhere in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Anne also made references to <em>Vrij Nederland.</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As far as can be seen, among the adults, Mr and Mrs Van Pels were the least engaged in reading. Mrs Van Pels did read <em>Henri van den overkant</em>, as she discussed this with Pfeffer and Anne. Most of the information on the reading behaviour of Mr and Mrs Van Pels comes from Anne's diary, so there is a chance that the picture is distorted.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ubave\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl0um\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Allison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0cdeb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Ton J. Broos, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001200001_01/_low001200001_01_0026.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Anne Frank's literary connections'</a>, in: Josef Deleu (chief ed.), <em>The Low Countries, arts and society in Flanders and the Netherlands, </em>Rekkem: Stichting Ons Erfdeel, 2000. - p. 177-189; Sylvia Patterson Iskander, 'Anne Frank’s reading', in: <em>Children’s Literature Association Quarterly</em>, 13 (1988) 3 (Fall), p. 137-141.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2uue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebvhw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrir\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\" target=\"_blank\">Evadne Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10wsm\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bu6t3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Anne in theory”, 2 August 1943; Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"769u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qx1k6\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rxa6q\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942; Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lopkt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie441\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4aa8w\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rbbly\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, StudA 1900-09/10 Frank, Otto: 'Studien- und Sittenzeugnis Dem Herrn Otto Frank'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"twd23\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Edith Frank had in her posssesion a Hebrew-German prayerbook. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_EFrank_VII_021: W. Heidenheim (Hrsg.), <em>Gebete für das Wochenfest mit deutscher Uebersetzung, </em>Roedelheim : Druck und Verlag von M. Lehrberger und Comp. 1893.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06683\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jb6mp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 April 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The den of iniquity”, 22 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxkrh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f3zo\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8d5da\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_033: László Faragó,<em> Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij, 1937, p. 214, 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t70iy\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qffyy\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinnner table”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vf8vw\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944; Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, and “Wenn die Uhr half neune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ij7kn\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxb5s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_VII_006: Charles Dickens, <em>Sketches by Boz. Illustrative of every-day live and every-day people, </em>London: Chapman & Hall: Frowde, s.a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ae7r5\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q53eq\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19-21 April 1944 (Secret Code), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iw8nw\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"difvj\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, The favourite quotes notebook, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onrxu\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t5b4q\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl2kv\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxzlh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May and 9 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5k1zu\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tat9p\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzjo5\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. The source of the report is <em>Trouw, </em>vol. 1., no. 13, November 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis waren veel bezig met leren en lezen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 91,
"image": {
"id": 1024,
"uuid": "83ada918-e079-4a6f-94cd-9f6b608d42d2",
"name": "Tafel met kaars",
"title": "Kamer van Otto, Edith en Margot Frank",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frankl Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Tafeltje_kamer_Otto_Edith_Margot.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Gedurende kantooruren moest de onderduikers stil zijn. Meestal werk er in die tijd gestudeerd of gelezen. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek,",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5",
"name": "Quiet as mice: the fear of discovery",
"name_nl": "Muisstil: de angst voor ontdekking",
"name_en": "Quiet as mice: the fear of discovery",
"description": "<p>Fear of discovery is a recurring theme in Anne Frank's diary entries. The eight people in the Secret Annex lived secluded from the outside world. There were '<em>hiding rules</em>' to prevent unwitting staff and visitors such as customers and suppliers from noticing their presence. For example, there were strict agreements on the use of water - as noise from the pipes was audible - and flushing the toilet during the presence of outsiders.<em> 'So we had to be as quiet as mice',</em> Anne wrote on <strong>30 September 1942</strong> in response to such a situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> All good intentions notwithstanding, daily life repeatedly showed that this rule was rather hard to maintain.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The early days</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first diary, in the well-known 'red-checkered' book, describes the early period in the Secret Annex. Naturally, because everything was new and unknown in that period, Anne's anxiety was high. Both the people in hiding and the helpers had to get used to the new situation. After a few weeks, Kugler decided that access to the Secret Annex should be hidden behind a cupboard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Everyone paid close attention to the arrangements made: when Arthur Lewinsohn came to do experiments in the office kitchen with Victor Kugler, the days when the maid, the plumber or representatives Hendrik Daatzelaar and Johan Broks visited, everyone was quiet and cautious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Anne, they then took large jars and chamber pots to the loft because of not being able to use the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Consequently, the unexpected presence of a carpenter once led to consternation behind the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dependency</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were completely dependent on the helpers for their care. Anne therefore worried about their welfare. She feared that the helpers were at risk of having to go into hiding themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, difficulties piled up. Bep, Miep and Kleiman were all suffering from illness, and compulsory work was imminent for Kugler. To limit the risks, the warehouse remained closed the next day. Only Bep would be in the office if her condition allowed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the end, things didn't turn out so bad; Bep's cold did not persist and Kugler managed to get a certificate that saved him from compulsory work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It shows how far dependency went, and how precarious the situation became if something did indeed happen to the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The warehousemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first eight to nine months of hiding, there was no major threat from the warehouse. Bep's father Johan Voskuijl was the manager there, and he was fully aware of the situation. When a serious illness forced him to leave his job, the outsider Willem van Maaren was sent by the Labour Exchange around <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> As a result, the people in the Secret Annex could no longer dispose of their waste through the warehouse, and had to burn it in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This in turn led to fears that local residents would see the chimney smoking at odd hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The people in hiding and the helpers were not happy with the new situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> For Anne and the others, Van Maaren became a persistent source of worry. They flushed the toilet sparingly during office hours to avoid him noticing anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> When Anne suspected him of involvement in thefts in the premises, she refers to him as having "a shady past".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren had several employees in the warehouse over time. Almost none of their names were known, and Anne referred to them as the '<em>warehousemen'.</em> Only J.J. De Kok was named by her,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> although her father later said he never knew his name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Through the eye of the needle</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The period in the Secret Annex was unusual in that the eight people in hiding were - and remained - in one place. Many others moved from address to address, not infrequently also provided with pseudonyms and accompanying identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Such mobility obviously entailed additional risks. However, staying at one address in the middle of a busy city did too. Business premises in Amsterdam's city centre exerted a strong attraction on criminals. Break-ins and thefts were also commonplace during the occupation. The Opekta premises were no exception. On one such occasion, Hermann van Pels almost stumbled into a burglar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In another instance, '<em>the gentlemen</em>' chased away a pair of burglars who tried to enter through a kicked-in panel on the street door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the hole and alerted a policeman, who then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Although this situation worked out alright in the end, it was very frightening for the people in hiding. What was also worrying was that those intruders would naturally have noticed that people were hiding in the premises. But then again, occupation of such premises was not so unusual at this time that they would immediately have drawn the conclusion that these were people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Not so quiet</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the principle that caution and safety were paramount, things still went wrong from time to time. Already in the first weeks of hiding, Anne writes about an argument between the Van Pels couple during which<em> "</em>'<em>Mr v.P. yelled so much that they must surely have been able to hear him houses away</em>"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> And during a meal in <strong>March '44</strong>, there was a knock on the wall in a neighbouring building. This unexpected proximity of a stranger naturally caused nervousness and fear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also used knock signals among themselves. Hermann van Pels used this to signal in the morning that Anne's porridge was ready at the top of the stairs,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> while three knocks in the evening was also the signal for <em>'dinner time</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex went downstairs after office hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> They did laundry in the office kitchen at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer sometimes sat at Kugler's desk,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> as did Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne also sometimes went with Margot to the front office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In the private office, they all listened to the radio - until it had to be handed in<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> . One of the consequences of this use of the offices was that, as shown above, burglars or other intruders could have noticed the presence of people in the building. A tightening of procedures followed after <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, therefore, with the result that life again became lived much more behind the bookcase. However, when Broks brought in a large batch of strawberries in the summer, the cleaning and racking of these was accompanied by such excitement and noise that Anne wondered,<em> 'Yes but are we really in hiding?'</em> Later that day, when the accountant was in the building, no-one was allowed to run any water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Peter chopped wood in the loft during lunch breaks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> By then the warehouse staff had left the building, but the possible presence of the neighbours was apparently no reason not to proceed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ultimately, it is still unknown how the fatal information about the people in hiding in the Secret Annex got to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>. It is therefore impossible to say how effective the precautions were, and whether indiscretions may have influenced the outcome.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt....", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Angst voor ontdekking is een steeds terugkerend thema in de dagboeknotities van Anne Frank. De acht onderduikers leefden afgezonderd van de buitenwereld. Er waren ‘<em>schuilregels</em>’ om te voorkomen dat onwetende personeelsleden en bezoekers zoals klanten en leveranciers hun aanwezigheid opmerkten. Zo waren er strikte afspraken over het gebruik van water – het geruis van de leidingen was immers hoorbaar – en het doorspoelen van het toilet tijdens de aanwezigheid van buitenstaanders. '<em>We moesten dus zo stil als muisjes zijn'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>30 september 1942</strong> naar aanleiding van zo’n situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alle goede voornemens ten spijt toonde het dagelijks leven herhaaldelijk aan dat de praktijk toch weerbarstiger was. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De begintijd</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste dagboek, het welbekende ‘rood-geruite’, is de beginperiode in het Achterhuis beschreven. Uiteraard was vanwege het nieuwe en onbekende in die periode Annes angst groot. Zowel onderduikers als helpers moesten wennen aan de nieuwe situatie. Na enkele weken besloot Kugler dat de toegang tot het Achterhuis achter een kast verborgen moest worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Iedereen lette scherp op de gemaakte afspraken: toen Arthur Lewinsohn kwam om met Victor Kugler proefnemingen te doen in de kantoorkeuken, de dagen dat de werkster, de loodgieter of de vertegenwoordigers Hendrik Daatzelaar en Johan Broks kwamen, was iedereen stil en voorzichtig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Anne namen ze toen vanwege het niet kunnen gebruiken van het toilet weckflessen en po’s mee naar de vliering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De onverwachte aanwezigheid van een timmerman leidde dan ook op een keer tot consternatie achter de boekenkast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Afhankelijkheid</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waren voor hun verzorging volledig afhankelijk van de helpers. Anne maakte zich dan ook zorgen over hun welzijn. Ze vreesde dat de helpers de kans liepen zelf te moeten onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’44</strong> stapelden de moeilijkheden zich op. Bep, Miep en Kleiman hadden alle drie met ziekte te kampen, en voor Kugler dreigde tewerkstelling. Om de risico’s te beperken, bleef het magazijn de volgende dag gesloten. Alleen Bep zou op kantoor zijn als haar toestand dat toeliet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk viet het allemaal nog mee; Beps verkoudheid zette niet door en Kugler wist een attest te bemachtigen dat hem voor verplicht werk behoedde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Er blijkt uit hoe ver de afhankelijkheid ging, en hoe precair de situatie werd als er inderdaad iets met de helpers zou gebeuren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De magazijnmannen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste acht à negen maanden van de onderduik ging er van het magazijn geen grote dreiging uit. Beps vader Johan Voskuijl was daar chef, en hij was volledig op de hoogte. Toen hij door een ernstige ziekte zijn werk moest neerleggen, kwam rond <strong>maart ’43</strong> via de Arbeidsbeurs de buitenstaander Willem van Maaren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Daardoor konden de onderduikers hun afval niet meer via het magazijn wegsluizen, en moesten ze het in de kachels verbranden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Daar kwam weer de angst uit voort dat omwonenden de schoorsteen op vreemde tijden zagen roken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Onderduikers en helpers waren niet gelukkig met de nieuwe situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Voor Anne en de anderen werd Van Maaren een aanhoudende bron van angst. Ze spoelden het toilet tijdens kantooruren spaarzaam door om te voorkomen dat hij iets zou opmerken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Als Anne hem verdenkt van betrokkenheid bij diefstallen in het pand omschrijft ze hem als '<em>dat verlopen sujet'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren kreeg in de loop van de tijd in het magazijn verschillende medewerkers. Van hen waren vrijwel geen namen bekend, en Anne duidde ze aan als de ‘<em>magazijnmannen’</em>. Alleen J.J. de Kok wordt door haar met name genoemd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> hoewel haar vader later verklaarde zijn naam nooit te hebben geweten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Door het oog van de naald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ongebruikelijk aan de onderduik in het Achterhuis is het gegeven dat de acht onderduikers op één plaats zaten – en bleven. Vele anderen trokken van adres naar adres, niet zelden ook voorzien van schuilnamen en bijbehorende persoonsbewijzen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Die mobiliteit bracht uiteraard extra risico’s met zich mee. Verblijf op één adres midden in een drukke stad deeddat echter ook. Bedrijfspanden in de Amsterdamse binnenstad oefenden een grote aantrekkingskracht uit op criminelen. Inbraken en diefstallen waren ook tijdens de bezetting aan de orde van de dag. Het Opekta-pand ontkwam hier dan ook niet aan.. Bij een van die gelegenheden overliep Hermann van Pels bijna een insluiper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In een ander geval verjoegen ‘<em>de heren</em>’ een paar inbrekers die door een ingetrapte vulling van de straatdeur trachtten binnen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De nachtwaker Martinus Slegers ontdekte het gat en waarschuwde een agent, die vervolgens het pand inspecteerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Voor de onderduikers was deze situatie, hoewel het met een sisser afliep, zeer beangstigend. Zorgelijk was ook dat die indringers natuurlijk opmerkten dat er zich mensen in het pand ophielden. Bewoning van dergelijke panden was in deze tijd echter ook weer niet zo ongewoon dat zij direct tot de gevolgtrekking moesten komen dat het hier om onderduikers ging.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Niet zo stil</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks het principiële uitgangspunt dat voorzichtigheid en veiligheid voorop stonden, ging het nog wel eens mis. Al in de eerste weken van het onderduiken schrijft Anne over een ruzie tussen het echtpaar Van Pels waarbij '<em>mijnheer zo ontzettend geschreeuwd heeft, dat men het zeker huizenver kon horen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> En tijdens een maaltijd in <strong>maart ’44</strong> werd er in een naburig pand op de muur geklopt. Deze onverwachte nabijheid van een onbekende veroorzaakte uiteraard nervositeit en angst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De onderduikers gebruikten onderling ook klopsignalen. Hermann van Pels gaf hier ’s morgens mee te kennen dat Annes pap boven aan de trap klaarstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> terwijl drie keer kloppen ook ’s avonds het signaal voor <em>‘etenstijd</em>’ was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers gingen na kantooruren naar beneden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Dan deden ze de was in de kantoorkeuken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer zat soms aan Kuglers bureau,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> net als Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne ging met Margot ook wel naar het voorkantoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In het privékantoor luisterden allen - tot de gedwongen inlevering<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> - naar de radio. Een van de gevolgen van dit gebruik van de kantoorruimtes was dat, zoals hiervoor bleek, inbrekers of insluipers de aanwezigheid van mensen in pand opmerkten. Na <strong>9 april 1944</strong> volgde dan ook een aanscherping, met als gevolg dat het leven zich weer veel meer achter de boekenkast ging afspelen. Toen Broks in de zomer echter een grote partij aardbeien aanvoerde, ging het schoonmaken en wecken hiervan met zoveel opwinding en rumoer gepaard dat Anne zich afvroeg: '<em>Ja maar, schuilen we nog heus?'</em> Toen later op de dag de accountant in huis was mocht er geen water meer lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> hakte Peter tijdens de middagpauze op de vliering hout.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Toen was het magazijnpersoneel de deur uit, maar mogelijke aanwezigheid van de buren was kennelijk geen bezwaar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk is het nog altijd onbekend hoe de fatale informatie over de onderduikers in het Achterhuis bij de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> is terechtgekomen. Daarom is dan ook niet te zeggen hoe effectief de voorzorgen waren, en of de indiscreties wellicht op de afloop van invloed zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schaftuurtje”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt", 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De Vrijheid in het Achterhuis”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Fear of discovery is a recurring theme in Anne Frank's diary entries. The eight people in the Secret Annex lived secluded from the outside world. There were '<em>hiding rules</em>' to prevent unwitting staff and visitors such as customers and suppliers from noticing their presence. For example, there were strict agreements on the use of water - as noise from the pipes was audible - and flushing the toilet during the presence of outsiders.<em> 'So we had to be as quiet as mice',</em> Anne wrote on <strong>30 September 1942</strong> in response to such a situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> All good intentions notwithstanding, daily life repeatedly showed that this rule was rather hard to maintain.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The early days</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first diary, in the well-known 'red-checkered' book, describes the early period in the Secret Annex. Naturally, because everything was new and unknown in that period, Anne's anxiety was high. Both the people in hiding and the helpers had to get used to the new situation. After a few weeks, Kugler decided that access to the Secret Annex should be hidden behind a cupboard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Everyone paid close attention to the arrangements made: when Arthur Lewinsohn came to do experiments in the office kitchen with Victor Kugler, the days when the maid, the plumber or representatives Hendrik Daatzelaar and Johan Broks visited, everyone was quiet and cautious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Anne, they then took large jars and chamber pots to the loft because of not being able to use the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Consequently, the unexpected presence of a carpenter once led to consternation behind the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dependency</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were completely dependent on the helpers for their care. Anne therefore worried about their welfare. She feared that the helpers were at risk of having to go into hiding themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, difficulties piled up. Bep, Miep and Kleiman were all suffering from illness, and compulsory work was imminent for Kugler. To limit the risks, the warehouse remained closed the next day. Only Bep would be in the office if her condition allowed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the end, things didn't turn out so bad; Bep's cold did not persist and Kugler managed to get a certificate that saved him from compulsory work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It shows how far dependency went, and how precarious the situation became if something did indeed happen to the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The warehousemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first eight to nine months of hiding, there was no major threat from the warehouse. Bep's father Johan Voskuijl was the manager there, and he was fully aware of the situation. When a serious illness forced him to leave his job, the outsider Willem van Maaren was sent by the Labour Exchange around <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> As a result, the people in the Secret Annex could no longer dispose of their waste through the warehouse, and had to burn it in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This in turn led to fears that local residents would see the chimney smoking at odd hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The people in hiding and the helpers were not happy with the new situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> For Anne and the others, Van Maaren became a persistent source of worry. They flushed the toilet sparingly during office hours to avoid him noticing anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> When Anne suspected him of involvement in thefts in the premises, she refers to him as having "a shady past".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren had several employees in the warehouse over time. Almost none of their names were known, and Anne referred to them as the '<em>warehousemen'.</em> Only J.J. De Kok was named by her,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> although her father later said he never knew his name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Through the eye of the needle</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The period in the Secret Annex was unusual in that the eight people in hiding were - and remained - in one place. Many others moved from address to address, not infrequently also provided with pseudonyms and accompanying identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Such mobility obviously entailed additional risks. However, staying at one address in the middle of a busy city did too. Business premises in Amsterdam's city centre exerted a strong attraction on criminals. Break-ins and thefts were also commonplace during the occupation. The Opekta premises were no exception. On one such occasion, Hermann van Pels almost stumbled into a burglar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In another instance, '<em>the gentlemen</em>' chased away a pair of burglars who tried to enter through a kicked-in panel on the street door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the hole and alerted a policeman, who then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Although this situation worked out alright in the end, it was very frightening for the people in hiding. What was also worrying was that those intruders would naturally have noticed that people were hiding in the premises. But then again, occupation of such premises was not so unusual at this time that they would immediately have drawn the conclusion that these were people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Not so quiet</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the principle that caution and safety were paramount, things still went wrong from time to time. Already in the first weeks of hiding, Anne writes about an argument between the Van Pels couple during which<em> "</em>'<em>Mr v.P. yelled so much that they must surely have been able to hear him houses away</em>"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> And during a meal in <strong>March '44</strong>, there was a knock on the wall in a neighbouring building. This unexpected proximity of a stranger naturally caused nervousness and fear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also used knock signals among themselves. Hermann van Pels used this to signal in the morning that Anne's porridge was ready at the top of the stairs,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> while three knocks in the evening was also the signal for <em>'dinner time</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex went downstairs after office hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> They did laundry in the office kitchen at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer sometimes sat at Kugler's desk,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> as did Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne also sometimes went with Margot to the front office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In the private office, they all listened to the radio - until it had to be handed in<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> . One of the consequences of this use of the offices was that, as shown above, burglars or other intruders could have noticed the presence of people in the building. A tightening of procedures followed after <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, therefore, with the result that life again became lived much more behind the bookcase. However, when Broks brought in a large batch of strawberries in the summer, the cleaning and racking of these was accompanied by such excitement and noise that Anne wondered,<em> 'Yes but are we really in hiding?'</em> Later that day, when the accountant was in the building, no-one was allowed to run any water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Peter chopped wood in the loft during lunch breaks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> By then the warehouse staff had left the building, but the possible presence of the neighbours was apparently no reason not to proceed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ultimately, it is still unknown how the fatal information about the people in hiding in the Secret Annex got to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>. It is therefore impossible to say how effective the precautions were, and whether indiscretions may have influenced the outcome.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt....", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex were constantly worried that unwitting staff or visitors would notice their presence.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis waren er voortdurend beducht op dat onwetende personeelsleden of bezoekers hun aanwezigheid zouden opmerken.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex were constantly worried that unwitting staff or visitors would notice their presence.",
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{
"id": 396124388,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60424793-a25a-45a5-a335-f42b3af0e1d2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60424793-a25a-45a5-a335-f42b3af0e1d2",
"name": "Hiding",
"name_nl": "Onderduik",
"name_en": "Hiding",
"description": "<p>The reason to go into hiding was usually to escape persecution of Jews, forced labour deployment, or because one was wanted for illegal activities.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De reden om onder te duiken was meestal om te ontkomen aan de Jodenvervolging, de gedwongen Arbeidsinzet, of omdat men gezocht werd wegens illegale activiteiten.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The reason to go into hiding was usually to escape persecution of Jews, forced labour deployment, or because one was wanted for illegal activities.</p>",
"summary": "To go into hiding was to hide from the police or Germans, often for long periods of time.",
"summary_nl": "Onderduiken was het zich verbergen voor de politie of de Duitsers, vaak voor langere tijd.",
"summary_en": "To go into hiding was to hide from the police or Germans, often for long periods of time.",
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{
"id": 396124663,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124657,
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"name": "The Secret Annex | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Achterhuis | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "The Secret Annex | Prinsengracht 263",
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"content": "<p>They were here from <strong>6 July 1942</strong> until their discovery on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. It belonged to the office and warehouse-workshop of the firms Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co.<br />\r\nIn <strong>May 1960,</strong> this hiding place, along with the entire building and the building at Prinsengracht 265, was made accessible to the public as the museum 'The Anne Frank House'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The physical environment of the people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to current views, the annex without a capital letter is the designation for the building part that was built in <strong>1739</strong> behind the front house dating from <strong>1635</strong>. The building is a mishmash of rooms, corridors and stairs in which the uninitiated can quickly lose track. The capitalized 'Secret Annex' specifically refers to the top two floors, attic and loft of this building, and therefore refers to the actual hiding place. The Frank and Van Pels families stayed in the Secret Annex for about 25 months, Pfeffer for about 21. During that period they really did not go outside. The Secret Annex and to a lesser extent the rest of the building was the only living environment during that time. The shelter can be interpreted as two floors on which two families lived. However, one family had no bathroom, the other no kitchen. They were therefore even more dependent on each other than was already the case because of their shared fugitive state. The different parts of the house are present in all kinds of diary entries. This topic first covers the different rooms of the Secret Annex, the actual hiding place behind the bookcase, and then the rest of the building. In the other parts of the building, usual business operations continued as usual.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Behind the bookcase</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookcase was placed in front of the entrance to the Secret Annex in <strong>August 1942</strong>, because Victor Kugler feared searches for hidden bicycles.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> That was not a complete exaggeration: the requisition of bicycles by the <em>Wehrmacht</em> was then just beginning. <em>Hauptdienstleiter</em> Schmidt said about this in a speech: '<em>They [the reluctant Dutch] should not imagine that we do not know where they have those bicycles or how we can get our hands on them</em>.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Risks were carefully avoided, and camouflage of the entrance to the Secret Annex fit into this pattern. Since this placement, the bookcase was the boundary between the inner and outer world, both physically and psychologically.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in hiding, Bep Voskuijl was once locked up in the Secret Annex together with the people in hiding. Because the bookcase was stuck, she couldn't leave. As a result, the people in hiding could not be warned in time for the workman who came to do something about the fire extinguisher in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This hall, the so-called 'intermediate section', had become a dead end when viewed from the front of the house due to the arrival of the bookcase. The door to the front house was locked and the glass on the inside was covered with a plate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0a031\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The entrance to the Secret Annex could only be reached via the so-called 'helper's stairs'. This means that no one could enter without being allowed in by the office staff.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bags of dried beans hung on the landing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uleus\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Behind the landing, to the left behind the stairs was the Frank family's room. This was the family's living room and the Franks' bedroom. There was a bookcase, a table, a stove and Otto and Edith Frank's beds. This meant that the rather small room (just over 15 m<sup>2</sup>) was quite full. On one wall, the family kept track of their daughters' growth. From D-Day onwards there was also a map on which they followed Allied progress with pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne shared the adjacent room (10 m<sup>2</sup>) until the arrival of Fritz Pfeffer in <strong>November 1942</strong>. Pfeffer was in fact a boarder of the Frank family. He took the place of Margot, who from now on slept on an accordion bed in her parents' room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne had already pasted all kinds of pictures on the walls of the room for decoration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Adjacent to this room is the laundry room with toilet. This washing facility was for all people in hiding and therefore good logistics were needed: '<em>it all starts early in the morning, we get up at 7 and line up for the bathroom'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the bathroom there was a washstand that was on the other side of the wall before going into hiding, and had been moved in view of the new function of the rooms. Because the facilities were shared by seven, later eight, people, resentment regularly arose about their use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The steep staircase in the middle of this floor led to the Van Pels family room. This room (29 m<sup>2</sup>) was the living room of this family, bedroom of Hermann and Auguste van Pels and also a dining room for all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> There was a kitchen sink and a stove<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Before going into hiding, the room served as a laboratory for Victor Kugler and Arthur Lewinsohn, who conducted experiments for the company Gies & Co. Because of thin walls, everyone withdrew to this room when there was danger, such as when outsiders visited<sup data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> and after the burglary of <strong>9 Apri 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Next to the Van Pels family room was Peter's room. He was the only one who had the luxury of his own room (8 m<sup>2</sup>). That room did contain the stairs to the attic, so anyone who had something to do there - fetching potatoes, hanging up laundry - came to see him.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The children retreated to the attic (41 m<sup>2</sup>) and the loft (27 m<sup>2</sup>) to distance themselves from the adults and be among themselves. Particularly well-known are the romantic gatherings between Anne and Peter, during which they looked out of the dormer window at the rear..<sup data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Peter spent a lot of time in the attic; he withdrew here with the book he was not allowed to read.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> The bags of beans from the landing later found a place here, and there was also a pantry made by Van Pels for other supplies. Furthermore, the potato barrels<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94re\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> were located in the attic and the laundry was hung to dry there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In the loft above was Mouschi's litter box.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xg776\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Peter did carpentry and chopped wood there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18go7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The arched window overlooking the Westertoren was also located here.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The private office, the office kitchen and the (large) toilet were located in the annex, but not in the Secret Annex. Regular work was required on the drain and water pipes, and the arrival of the plumber forced silence in the Secret Annex again. The people in hiding used the kitchen partly because it was equipped with a geyser and a small stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23odn\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They proved useful for hot water and baths. Anne initially bathed in the office toilet, but later preferred the kitchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The radio was in the private office next door until the end of <strong>July 1943</strong>, where the people in hiding gathered for news reports but also for concert broadcasts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The warehouse and offices of Kleiman and Kugler in the front house were available to the people in hiding after five and at weekends. The girls, Otto Frank, Hermann van Pels, Peter and Pfeffer, took advantage of this circumstance to do some work or to get away from the closet for a while.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> For security reasons, Pfeffer had to give up his trips to Kugler's office. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels - at least as far as Anne mentions - only came to the private office to listen to the radio and to the kitchen for the laundry. Anne occasionally went to the attic with Peter and Mouschi.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Peter also used the attic as a lookout post during an air raid on the Fokker factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"waljo\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For Anne, the building outside the bookcase was often a source of fear. She indicated that she found the dark house creepy. <strong>Early 1944</strong>, she consciously overcame her fear and went down the stairs alone, despite there being many planes in the sky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the business area, all the way down to the street, there were facilities that rarely played a role, but were vital: the energy meters. Nothing is known about the gas meter. But a power fuse blew out at least twice. The first time was before the more practical Van Pelsen arrived, leaving the Frank family in the dark until the next day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> The second time, 'the men' immediately solved the problem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Secret Annex as a refuge for eight people appeals to the imagination due to the familiarity of what happened there. As evidenced by the many visitors, the building has become an integral part of the history of hiding. Anne's diary can hardly be separated from the place where it was written.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Hauptdienstleiter Schmidt over de actueele vraagstukken”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 3 augustus 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942; Version B, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0a031\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Stichtingsarchief, inv. nr. 432: “Het Anne Frank Huis. Beknopte geschiedenis van huis en omgeving”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uleus\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 (11) April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94re\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February and 10 May 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xg776\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18go7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 and 28 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23odn\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942; Version A, 7 November 1942; Diary Version A, 1 March 1944; Version A, 28 September 1942; Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"waljo\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij zaten hier van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> tot aan hun ontdekking op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong>. Het hoorde bij het kantoor en de magazijn-werkplaats van de firma's Opekta, Pectacon en Gies & Co.<br />\r\nIn <strong>mei 1960</strong> werd deze onderduikplek, met het hele gebouw en het pand Prinsengracht 265 toegankelijk gemaakt voor het publiek als museum <em>Het Anne Frank Huis</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De fysieke omgeving van de onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de huidige opvattingen is het achterhuis zonder hoofdletter de aanduiding voor het bouwgedeelte dat in <strong>1739</strong> achter het uit <strong>1635</strong> daterende voorhuis is neergezet. Het pand is een allegaartje van kamers, gangen en trappen waarin een niet-ingewijde snel het spoor bijster raakt. Het Achterhuis met hoofdletter duidt specifiek de bovenste twee verdiepingen, zolder en vliering van dit gebouw aan, en verwijst dus naar de daadwerkelijke onderduikplek. De families Frank en Van Pels zaten zo’n 25 maanden in het Achterhuis, Pfeffer ongeveer 21. In die periode kwamen ze werkelijk niet buiten. Het Achterhuis en in mindere mate de rest van het gebouw was gedurende die tijd de enige leefomgeving. De schuilplaats is op te vatten als twee etages waarop twee gezinnen woonden. Het ene gezin had echter geen badkamer, het andere geen keuken. Ze waren daarom nog meer op elkaar aangewezen dan vanwege hun gedeelde voortvluchtigheid al het geval was. De verschillende delen van het huis zijn in allerlei dagboeknotities aanwezig. Dit onderwerp behandelt eerst de verschillende ruimtes van het Achterhuis, de feitelijke schuilplaats achter de boekenkast, en vervolgens de rest van het gebouw. In de andere delen van het gebouw ging de gebruikelijke bedrijfsvoering gewoon door.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Achter de boekenkast</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De boekenkast werd in <strong>augustus 1942</strong> voor de ingang van het Achterhuis geplaatst, omdat Victor Kugler vreesde voor huiszoekingen naar verstopte fietsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Helemaal overdreven was dat niet: het vorderen van fietsen door de Wehrmacht was toen net begonnen. <em>Hauptdienstleiter</em> Schmidt zei daarover in een rede: '<em>Zij [de weigerachtige Nederlanders] moeten zich niet verbeelden, dat wij niet zouden weten waar zij die rijwielen hebben of hoe wij ze in handen kunnen krijgen</em>.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Risico’s werden zorgvuldig gemeden, en camouflage van de toegang tot het Achterhuis paste in dit patroon. Sinds deze plaatsing was de boekenkast zowel fysiek als psychologisch de grens tussen binnen- en buitenwereld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode was Bep Voskuijl een keer samen met de onderduikers opgesloten in het Achterhuis. Doordat de boekenkast klemde, kon ze niet weg. De onderduikers konden daardoor ook niet op tijd gewaarschuwd worden voor de werkman die iets aan het brandblusapparaat in het halletje kwam doen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit halletje, het zogenaamde ‘tussenlid’, was door de komst van de boekenkast vanuit het voorhuis gezien een doodlopend slopje geworden. De deur naar het voorhuis was op slot en het glas was aan de binnenkant met een plaat afgedekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0a031\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Alleen via de zogenaamde ‘helperstrap’ was de ingang van het Achterhuis te bereiken. Dat wil zeggen dat niemand er bij kon komen zonder door het kantoorpersoneel te zijn toegelaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de overloop hierachter hingen zakken met gedroogde bonen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uleus\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Na deze overloop was links achter de trap de kamer van de familie Frank. Dit was de huiskamer van het gezin en de slaapkamer van het echtpaar Frank. Er was een boekenkast, een tafel, een kachel en de bedden van Otto en Edith Frank. Daarmee was de vrij kleine kamer (iets meer dan 15 m<sup>2</sup>) behoorlijk gevuld. Op een van de wanden hield het gezin de groei van de dochters bij. Vanaf D-Day hing er ook een kaartje waarop ze met spelden de geallieerde vorderingen volgden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot en Anne deelden het naastgelegen kamertje (10 m<sup>2</sup>) tot de komst van Fritz Pfeffer in <strong>november 1942</strong>. Pfeffer was in feite een kostganger van de familie Frank. Hij nam daar de plaats in van Margot, die voortaan op een harmonicabed bij haar ouders sliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne had op de wanden van het kamertje ter decoratie inmiddels allerlei plaatjes geplakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan dit kamertje grensde de wasruimte met toilet. Deze wasgelegenheid was voor alle onderduikers en daarom was er een goede logistiek nodig: '<em>’s ochtends begint het al, we staan op en gaan alle 7 op een rijtje na elkaar naar de badkamer'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In de badkamer hing een wastafel die voor de onderduik aan de andere kant van de wand zat, en met het oog op de nieuwe functie van de kamers was verplaatst. Doordat de faciliteiten door zeven, later acht, personen werd gedeeld, ontstond over het gebruik geregeld wrevel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De steile trap in het midden van deze verdieping leidde naar de kamer van de familie Van Pels. De kamer (29 m<sup>2</sup>) was de huiskamer van dit gezin, slaapkamer van Hermann en Auguste van Pels en tevens eetkamer voor allen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Er was een aanrecht en een fornuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Voor de onderduik diende de kamer als laboratorium voor Victor Kugler en Arthur Lewinsohn, die proeven deden ten behoeve van de firma Gies & Co. Vanwege de gehorigheid trokken allen zich in deze kamer terug als er gevaar dreigde, zoals bij bezoek van buitenstaanders<sup data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> en na de inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast de kamer van de familie Van Pels was de kamer van Peter. Hij was de enige die de luxe van een eigen kamer (8 m<sup>2</sup>) had. In die kamer stond wel de trap naar zolder, dus iedereen die daar iets te doen had - aardappelen halen, was ophangen - kwam bij hem langs.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de zolder (41 m<sup>2</sup>) en de vliering (27 m<sup>2</sup>) trokken de kinderen zich terug, om afstand van de volwassenen te nemen en onder elkaar te zijn. Vooral bekend zijn de romantische samenkomsten tussen Anne en Peter, waarbij ze uit de dakkapel aan de achterzijde keken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Peter zat veel op zolder; hij trok zich hier terug met het boek dat hij niet mocht lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De zakken bonen van de overloop vonden hier later een plaats, en er was ook een door Van Pels gemaakte provisiekast voor andere voorraden. Verder stonden op zolder de aardappeltonnen<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94re\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> en hing de was er te drogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Op de vliering erboven stond de kattenbak van Mouschi.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xg776\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Peter timmerde er en hakte er hout.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18go7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook het boograampje dat uitzag op de Westertoren bevond zich hier.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buiten het Achterhuis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wel in het achterhuis maar niet in het Achterhuis bevonden zich het privékantoor, de kantoorkeuken en het (grote) toilet. Aan de afvoer- en waterleidingbuizen waren geregeld werkzaamheden nodig, waarbij de komst van de loodgieter weer tot stilte in het Achterhuis noodzaakte. De onderduikers gebruikten de keuken onder meer omdat die van een geiser en een klein komfoor was voorzien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23odn\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Voor warm water en baden bewezen die goede diensten. Anne baadde aanvankelijk in het kantoortoilet, maar verkoos later de keuken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In het privékantoor ernaast stond tot <strong>eind juli ’43</strong> de radio, waar de onderduikers zich verzamelden voor nieuwsberichten maar ook voor concertuitzendingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het magazijn en de kantoren van Kleiman en Kugler in het voorhuis waren na vijven en in het weekeinde voor de onderduikers beschikbaar. Die omstandigheid namen de meisjes, Otto Frank, Hermann van Pels, Peter en Pfeffer te baat om werk te verrichten of even ‘achter de kast’ vandaan te zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Om veiligheidsredenen moest Pfeffer zijn uitstapjes naar het kantoor van Kugler opgeven. Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels kwamen – althans voor zover Anne vermeldt – alleen naar het privékantoor voor de radio en naar de keuken voor de was. Met Peter en Mouschi ging Anne een enkele keer naar de voorzolder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Peter gebruikt de voorzolder verder als uitkijkpost tijdens een luchtaanval op de Fokkerfabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"waljo\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor Anne was het gebouw buiten de boekenkast vaak een bron van angst. Ze gaf er blijk van dat ze het donkere huis griezelig vond. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> overwon ze welbewust haar angst en ging ondanks dat er veel vliegtuigen in de lucht waren alleen de trap af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het bedrijfsgedeelte, helemaal beneden bij de straat, zaten voorzieningen die zelden een rol speelden, maar wel van vitaal belang waren: de energiemeters. Over de gasmeter is niets bekend; wel dat minstens tweemaal een stroomzekering doorsloeg. De eerste keer was dat voordat de meer praktisch ingestelde Van Pelsen aanwezig waren, waardoor de familie Frank tot de volgende dag in het donker zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> De tweede keer gingen ‘de heren’ het probleempje direct even oplossen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Achterhuis als schuilplaats voor acht personen spreekt door de bekendheid van wat zich daar heeft afgespeeld sterk tot de verbeelding. Zoals blijkt uit de vele bezoekers is het gebouw integraal onderdeel van de onderduikgeschiedenis geworden. Annes dagboek is nauwelijks nog los te zien van de plek waar het is geschreven.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Hauptdienstleiter Schmidt over de actueele vraagstukken”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 3 augustus 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942; Dagboek B, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0a031\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Stichtingsarchief, inv. nr. 432: “Het Anne Frank Huis. Beknopte geschiedenis van huis en omgeving”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uleus\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober en 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 (11) april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94re\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 februari en 10 mei 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xg776\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18go7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 en 28 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23odn\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942; Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september en 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 februari, 11 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 december 1942; Dagboek A, 7 november 1942; Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944; Dagboek A, 28 september 1942; Dagboek A, 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"waljo\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>They were here from <strong>6 July 1942</strong> until their discovery on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. It belonged to the office and warehouse-workshop of the firms Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co.<br />\r\nIn <strong>May 1960,</strong> this hiding place, along with the entire building and the building at Prinsengracht 265, was made accessible to the public as the museum 'The Anne Frank House'.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The physical environment of the people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to current views, the annex without a capital letter is the designation for the building part that was built in <strong>1739</strong> behind the front house dating from <strong>1635</strong>. The building is a mishmash of rooms, corridors and stairs in which the uninitiated can quickly lose track. The capitalized 'Secret Annex' specifically refers to the top two floors, attic and loft of this building, and therefore refers to the actual hiding place. The Frank and Van Pels families stayed in the Secret Annex for about 25 months, Pfeffer for about 21. During that period they really did not go outside. The Secret Annex and to a lesser extent the rest of the building was the only living environment during that time. The shelter can be interpreted as two floors on which two families lived. However, one family had no bathroom, the other no kitchen. They were therefore even more dependent on each other than was already the case because of their shared fugitive state. The different parts of the house are present in all kinds of diary entries. This topic first covers the different rooms of the Secret Annex, the actual hiding place behind the bookcase, and then the rest of the building. In the other parts of the building, usual business operations continued as usual.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Behind the bookcase</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookcase was placed in front of the entrance to the Secret Annex in <strong>August 1942</strong>, because Victor Kugler feared searches for hidden bicycles.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> That was not a complete exaggeration: the requisition of bicycles by the <em>Wehrmacht</em> was then just beginning. <em>Hauptdienstleiter</em> Schmidt said about this in a speech: '<em>They [the reluctant Dutch] should not imagine that we do not know where they have those bicycles or how we can get our hands on them</em>.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Risks were carefully avoided, and camouflage of the entrance to the Secret Annex fit into this pattern. Since this placement, the bookcase was the boundary between the inner and outer world, both physically and psychologically.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in hiding, Bep Voskuijl was once locked up in the Secret Annex together with the people in hiding. Because the bookcase was stuck, she couldn't leave. As a result, the people in hiding could not be warned in time for the workman who came to do something about the fire extinguisher in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This hall, the so-called 'intermediate section', had become a dead end when viewed from the front of the house due to the arrival of the bookcase. The door to the front house was locked and the glass on the inside was covered with a plate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0a031\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The entrance to the Secret Annex could only be reached via the so-called 'helper's stairs'. This means that no one could enter without being allowed in by the office staff.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bags of dried beans hung on the landing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uleus\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Behind the landing, to the left behind the stairs was the Frank family's room. This was the family's living room and the Franks' bedroom. There was a bookcase, a table, a stove and Otto and Edith Frank's beds. This meant that the rather small room (just over 15 m<sup>2</sup>) was quite full. On one wall, the family kept track of their daughters' growth. From D-Day onwards there was also a map on which they followed Allied progress with pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne shared the adjacent room (10 m<sup>2</sup>) until the arrival of Fritz Pfeffer in <strong>November 1942</strong>. Pfeffer was in fact a boarder of the Frank family. He took the place of Margot, who from now on slept on an accordion bed in her parents' room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne had already pasted all kinds of pictures on the walls of the room for decoration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Adjacent to this room is the laundry room with toilet. This washing facility was for all people in hiding and therefore good logistics were needed: '<em>it all starts early in the morning, we get up at 7 and line up for the bathroom'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the bathroom there was a washstand that was on the other side of the wall before going into hiding, and had been moved in view of the new function of the rooms. Because the facilities were shared by seven, later eight, people, resentment regularly arose about their use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The steep staircase in the middle of this floor led to the Van Pels family room. This room (29 m<sup>2</sup>) was the living room of this family, bedroom of Hermann and Auguste van Pels and also a dining room for all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> There was a kitchen sink and a stove<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Before going into hiding, the room served as a laboratory for Victor Kugler and Arthur Lewinsohn, who conducted experiments for the company Gies & Co. Because of thin walls, everyone withdrew to this room when there was danger, such as when outsiders visited<sup data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> and after the burglary of <strong>9 Apri 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Next to the Van Pels family room was Peter's room. He was the only one who had the luxury of his own room (8 m<sup>2</sup>). That room did contain the stairs to the attic, so anyone who had something to do there - fetching potatoes, hanging up laundry - came to see him.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The children retreated to the attic (41 m<sup>2</sup>) and the loft (27 m<sup>2</sup>) to distance themselves from the adults and be among themselves. Particularly well-known are the romantic gatherings between Anne and Peter, during which they looked out of the dormer window at the rear..<sup data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Peter spent a lot of time in the attic; he withdrew here with the book he was not allowed to read.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> The bags of beans from the landing later found a place here, and there was also a pantry made by Van Pels for other supplies. Furthermore, the potato barrels<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94re\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> were located in the attic and the laundry was hung to dry there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In the loft above was Mouschi's litter box.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xg776\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Peter did carpentry and chopped wood there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18go7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The arched window overlooking the Westertoren was also located here.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The private office, the office kitchen and the (large) toilet were located in the annex, but not in the Secret Annex. Regular work was required on the drain and water pipes, and the arrival of the plumber forced silence in the Secret Annex again. The people in hiding used the kitchen partly because it was equipped with a geyser and a small stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23odn\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They proved useful for hot water and baths. Anne initially bathed in the office toilet, but later preferred the kitchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The radio was in the private office next door until the end of <strong>July 1943</strong>, where the people in hiding gathered for news reports but also for concert broadcasts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The warehouse and offices of Kleiman and Kugler in the front house were available to the people in hiding after five and at weekends. The girls, Otto Frank, Hermann van Pels, Peter and Pfeffer, took advantage of this circumstance to do some work or to get away from the closet for a while.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> For security reasons, Pfeffer had to give up his trips to Kugler's office. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels - at least as far as Anne mentions - only came to the private office to listen to the radio and to the kitchen for the laundry. Anne occasionally went to the attic with Peter and Mouschi.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Peter also used the attic as a lookout post during an air raid on the Fokker factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"waljo\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For Anne, the building outside the bookcase was often a source of fear. She indicated that she found the dark house creepy. <strong>Early 1944</strong>, she consciously overcame her fear and went down the stairs alone, despite there being many planes in the sky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the business area, all the way down to the street, there were facilities that rarely played a role, but were vital: the energy meters. Nothing is known about the gas meter. But a power fuse blew out at least twice. The first time was before the more practical Van Pelsen arrived, leaving the Frank family in the dark until the next day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> The second time, 'the men' immediately solved the problem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Secret Annex as a refuge for eight people appeals to the imagination due to the familiarity of what happened there. As evidenced by the many visitors, the building has become an integral part of the history of hiding. Anne's diary can hardly be separated from the place where it was written.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3tr7y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w2ymh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Hauptdienstleiter Schmidt over de actueele vraagstukken”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 3 augustus 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7bgtm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942; Version B, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0a031\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Stichtingsarchief, inv. nr. 432: “Het Anne Frank Huis. Beknopte geschiedenis van huis en omgeving”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uleus\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlb36\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83yjo\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ai0c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ax0vq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9eyq1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g5x8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"psxgg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lzgl\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 (11) April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jr86q\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbo23\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94re\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February and 10 May 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwt7s\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xg776\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18go7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 and 28 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23odn\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egcn4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pc0r7\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhslq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942; Version A, 7 November 1942; Diary Version A, 1 March 1944; Version A, 28 September 1942; Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f8j6\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"waljo\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"27kvx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m03zi\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehfas\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884335 52.37521)",
"summary": "The Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam, was the hiding place of Anne Frank with her parents and sister Margot, Hermann and Auguste van Pels with their son Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "Het Achterhuis op Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam, was de onderduikplek van Anne Frank met haar ouders en zus Margot, Hermann en Auguste van Pels met hun zoon Peter, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam, was the hiding place of Anne Frank with her parents and sister Margot, Hermann and Auguste van Pels with their son Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66",
"name": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank herschrijft haar dagboek",
"name_en": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"content": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> van minister Bolkestein op Radio Oranje om dagboeken en brieven uit de oorlogstijd te bewaren, besloot Anne Frank haar dagboek te herschrijven tot een roman: '<em>Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken, dat het een detective-roman was.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne herschreef en redigeerde haar dagboek op losse velletjes doorslag papier. Op <strong>zaterdag 20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft zij: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n "het Achterhuis" begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zo ver af als het af kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het al ooit afkomt.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Annes herschreven versie, dat bekend staat als dagboek B, eindigt met de dagboeknotitie van <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHerhaaldelijk gaf Anne in haar dagboeken te kennen dat zij een roman wilde uitgeven en dat zij schrijfster of journaliste wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-05-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank wil na de oorlog een boek uitgeven over haar tijd in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
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"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Anne-Frank"
],
"files": []
}
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124423,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"description": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Krätzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
"summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
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"name": "Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
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"name_en": "Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her mother and sister Margot and Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau with ten or so other Dutch women. There they had contact with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith Frank formed an 'inseparable trinity'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the barracks, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several witnesses recounted that Anne and Margot temporarily stayed in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden recalled that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The conditions in the scabies barracks were appalling and many sick people were left to fend for themselves. To help Anne and Margot in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Frieda Brommet's mother (who was also in the scabies barrack) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barrack to pass food in to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, Edith Frank and Frieda Brommet's mother were said to have been hiding in order to avoid being taken on a transport so as to be able to continue caring for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout: 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection for a transport of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for working in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter told how Anne and Margot were selected for this and that Edith and herself were left behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The transport left on <strong>1 November</strong> and arrived in Bergen-Belsen on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de aankomst en selectie werden de overgebleven vrouwen van het transport beschouwd als potentiele dwangarbeidsters die ingezet konden worden in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie. De vrouwen kwamen daarom terecht in het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau dat als <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor dwangarbeidsters werd beschouwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam met haar moeder en zusje Margot en Auguste van Pels in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> terecht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Daar hadden ze contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith Frank een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In de barak zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende getuigen vertellen dat Anne en Margot tijdelijk vanwege schurft in een ziekenbarak verbleven. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om Anne en Margot in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met de moeder van Frieda Brommet (die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Edith Frank en de moeder van Frieda Brommet zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te gaan op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>was er een selectie voor een transport van ongeveer duizend vrouwen die weliswaar ziek waren, maar potentieel wel voor te werkstelling in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie geschikt geacht werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter vertelde hoe Anne en Margot hiervoor werden geselecteerd en dat Edith en zijzelf achterbleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het transport vertrok op <strong>1 november</strong> en kwam op <strong>3 november 1944</strong> in Bergen-Belsen aan.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her mother and sister Margot and Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau with ten or so other Dutch women. There they had contact with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith Frank formed an 'inseparable trinity'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the barracks, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several witnesses recounted that Anne and Margot temporarily stayed in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden recalled that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The conditions in the scabies barracks were appalling and many sick people were left to fend for themselves. To help Anne and Margot in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Frieda Brommet's mother (who was also in the scabies barrack) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barrack to pass food in to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, Edith Frank and Frieda Brommet's mother were said to have been hiding in order to avoid being taken on a transport so as to be able to continue caring for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout: 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection for a transport of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for working in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter told how Anne and Margot were selected for this and that Edith and herself were left behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The transport left on <strong>1 November</strong> and arrived in Bergen-Belsen on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-11-01",
"summary": "After arriving and registering in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne ended up in Frauenblock 29 with her mother, Margot and Auguste van Pels. From there, it is thought she and Margot stayed temporarily in the scabies barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na de aankomst en registratie in Auschwitz-Birkenau kwam Anne met haar moeder, Margot en Auguste van Pels in 'Frauenblock 29' terecht. Vandaaruit zou ze samen met Margot tijdelijk in de schurftbarak hebben verbleven.",
"summary_en": "After arriving and registering in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne ended up in Frauenblock 29 with her mother, Margot and Auguste van Pels. From there, it is thought she and Margot stayed temporarily in the scabies barrack.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/94f329b5-7f20-4f97-9b07-ef580bda0d3c/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5a4f4ec6-61c8-4342-bbd1-ea805a62ce06?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "94f329b5-7f20-4f97-9b07-ef580bda0d3c",
"name": "Edith Frank imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_nl": "Edith Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Edith Frank imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"damv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are several witnesses who relate that Anne and Margot were put in an infirmary barrack briefly because of scabies. Edith, together with other women, dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to pass on some food to her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"agen7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>, there was a selection of about a thousand women who, although ill, were considered potentially suitable for employment in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was in barrack 29 with the Frank women and wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>('Escaped the Gas Chamber!')<em> </em>in <strong>August 1945 </strong>. She later talked about the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Another Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked in the roll call yard, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and shaven headed. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened out of the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God!"’<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>She also described how Edith and she narrowly escaped gassing by joining a roll call of women from another barracks. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1944</strong>, Edith fell ill and ended up in the infirmary barracks. Some time later, Rosa de Winter also became so ill that she ended up in the <em>Durchfallblock </em>(for diarrhoea patients). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her barracks. "One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognised Edith, she had come from another ward. She was just a ghost. A few days later she died, totally exhausted."<sup data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Edith Frank died on<strong> 6 January 1945 </strong>in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"damv1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"agen7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny de Jong-van Naarden in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 180-182; Ronnie van Cleef in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 214-215; Frieda Brommet in: Ad van Liempt,<em> Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 27-29. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944, </em>'s Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de aankomst en selectie werden de overgebleven vrouwen van het transport beschouwd als potentiele dwangarbeidsters die ingezet konden worden in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie. De vrouwen kwamen daarom terecht in het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau dat als <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor dwangarbeidster werd beschouwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"damv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank kwam met haar dochters in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn verschillende getuigen die vertellen dat Anne en Margot tijdelijk vanwege schurft in een ziekenbarak verbleven. Edith groef samen met andere vrouwen een gat onder de houten barakwand om wat eten door te kunnen geven aan haar dochters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"agen7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>was er een selectie van ongeveer duizend vrouwen die weliswaar ziek waren, maar potentieel wel voor te werkstelling in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie geschikt geacht werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29 en schreef in <strong>augustus 1945 </strong>in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God!"'’<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook beschreef ze hoe Edith en zij ternauwernood aan vergassing ontkwamen door zich te aan te sluiten bij een tel-appel van vrouwen uit een andere barak. Er volgden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de <em>Blockälteste</em> wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november 1944</strong> werd Edith ziek en kwam ze in de ziekenbarak terecht. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa de Winter zo ziek dat ze in het <em>Durchfallblock </em>(voor diarreepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘<em>Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Edith Frank stierf op<strong> 6 januari 1945 </strong>in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"damv1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"agen7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny de Jong-van Naarden in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 180-182; Ronnie van Cleef in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 214-215; Frieda Brommet in: Ad van Liempt,<em> Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 27-29. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944, </em>'s Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"damv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are several witnesses who relate that Anne and Margot were put in an infirmary barrack briefly because of scabies. Edith, together with other women, dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to pass on some food to her daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"agen7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>, there was a selection of about a thousand women who, although ill, were considered potentially suitable for employment in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was in barrack 29 with the Frank women and wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>('Escaped the Gas Chamber!')<em> </em>in <strong>August 1945 </strong>. She later talked about the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Another Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked in the roll call yard, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and shaven headed. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened out of the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God!"’<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>She also described how Edith and she narrowly escaped gassing by joining a roll call of women from another barracks. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1944</strong>, Edith fell ill and ended up in the infirmary barracks. Some time later, Rosa de Winter also became so ill that she ended up in the <em>Durchfallblock </em>(for diarrhoea patients). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her barracks. "One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognised Edith, she had come from another ward. She was just a ghost. A few days later she died, totally exhausted."<sup data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Edith Frank died on<strong> 6 January 1945 </strong>in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"damv1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sk0gy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"agen7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny de Jong-van Naarden in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 180-182; Ronnie van Cleef in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 214-215; Frieda Brommet in: Ad van Liempt,<em> Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3aep\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlflb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s68wa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 27-29. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klqpl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yl9vp\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944, </em>'s Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1945-01-06",
"summary": "Edith Frank was imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau from 6 September 1944 until her death on 6 January 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank zit van 6 september 1944 tot haar dood op 6 januari 1945 gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank was imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau from 6 September 1944 until her death on 6 January 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 27,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6591505b-e0e3-494c-80c7-b9aa9bca3fd1/",
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"uuid": "6591505b-e0e3-494c-80c7-b9aa9bca3fd1",
"name": "Selection for Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Selectie voor Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Selection for Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for being put to work in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The transport went to Bergen-Belsen camp. Rosa de Winter-Levy wrote after the war that Anne and her sister Margot were selected for this transport while she and Edith Frank remained behind in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In an interview with Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter further elucidated her recollection of Anne and Margot's selection:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face still even under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed: 'The children! Oh God!"<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"851rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Auguste van Pels was also selected for the transport to Bergen-Belsen. The group of over one thousand women was locked in a hut until the transport left the next day, <strong>1 November 1944</strong>. The train arrived in Bergen-Belsen a few days later, on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, <em>Auschwitz, Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen en de grote evacuatie-transporten</em>. Uitgave van het hoofdbestuur van de vereniging het Nederlandse Roode Kruis, ’s Gravenhage, maart 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, A<em>an de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het Satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp “Birkenau” bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"851rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe. Anne und Margot. Und Anne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott…’ Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, p. 138-139<strong>.</strong></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> was er een selectie van ongeveer duizend vrouwen die weliswaar ziek waren, maar potentieel wel voor tewerkstelling in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie geschikt geacht werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het transport ging naar kamp Bergen Belsen. Rosa de Winter-Levy schreef na de oorlog dat Anne en haar zusje Margot voor dit transport werden geselecteerd terwijl zijzelf en Edith Frank achterbleven in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In een interview met Ernst Schnabel lichtte Rosa de Winter haar herinnering aan de selectie van Anne en Margot verder toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: ‘De kinderen! O God!'<sup data-footnote-id=\"851rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Auguste van Pels werd geselecteerd voor het transport naar Bergen Belsen. De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport de volgende dag, <strong>1 november 1944</strong>, vertrok. De trein kwam een paar dagen later, op <strong>3 november 1944</strong>, in Bergen-Belsen aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, <em>Auschwitz, Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen en de grote evacuatie-transporten</em>. Uitgave van het hoofdbestuur van de vereniging het Nederlandse Roode Kruis, ’s Gravenhage, maart 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, A<em>an de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het Satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp “Birkenau” bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"851rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe. Anne und Margot. Und Anne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott…’ Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, p. 138-139<strong>.</strong></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for being put to work in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The transport went to Bergen-Belsen camp. Rosa de Winter-Levy wrote after the war that Anne and her sister Margot were selected for this transport while she and Edith Frank remained behind in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In an interview with Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter further elucidated her recollection of Anne and Margot's selection:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face still even under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed: 'The children! Oh God!"<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"851rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Auguste van Pels was also selected for the transport to Bergen-Belsen. The group of over one thousand women was locked in a hut until the transport left the next day, <strong>1 November 1944</strong>. The train arrived in Bergen-Belsen a few days later, on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ee1p0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, <em>Auschwitz, Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen en de grote evacuatie-transporten</em>. Uitgave van het hoofdbestuur van de vereniging het Nederlandse Roode Kruis, ’s Gravenhage, maart 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ghxv4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, A<em>an de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het Satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp “Birkenau” bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"851rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe. Anne und Margot. Und Anne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott…’ Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, p. 138-139<strong>.</strong></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lkuqz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-10-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 30 October, Anne and Margot Frank, along with Auguste van Pels and one thousand other women, were selected for deportation to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. They left the next day.",
"summary_nl": "Op 30 oktober werden Anne en Margot Frank, samen met Auguste van Pels en duizend andere vrouwen geselecteerd om te worden overgebracht naar Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. De volgende dag gingen ze op transport.",
"summary_en": "On 30 October, Anne and Margot Frank, along with Auguste van Pels and one thousand other women, were selected for deportation to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. They left the next day.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124423,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"description": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Krätzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
"summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124393,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau camp - Women's camp",
"name_nl": "Kamp Auschwitz-Birkenau - Vrouwenkamp",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau camp - Women's camp",
"uuid": "5a4f4ec6-61c8-4342-bbd1-ea805a62ce06",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.177955 50.0337)",
"summary": "In sector B1b of Auschwitz II (Birkenau), there were brick barrack huts, which were used as a women's camp from July 1943 to November 1944.",
"summary_nl": "In sector B1b van Auschwitz II (Birkenau) bevonden zich stenen barakken aan die van juli 1943 tot en met november 1944 in gebruik waren als vrouwenkamp.",
"summary_en": "In sector B1b of Auschwitz II (Birkenau), there were brick barrack huts, which were used as a women's camp from July 1943 to November 1944.",
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"city": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
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"uuid": "e6f64793-1d54-470c-90d9-30fce32bb35e",
"name": "Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her mother and sister Margot and Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau with ten or so other Dutch women. There they had contact with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith Frank formed an 'inseparable trinity'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the barracks, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several witnesses recounted that Anne and Margot temporarily stayed in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden recalled that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The conditions in the scabies barracks were appalling and many sick people were left to fend for themselves. To help Anne and Margot in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Frieda Brommet's mother (who was also in the scabies barrack) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barrack to pass food in to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, Edith Frank and Frieda Brommet's mother were said to have been hiding in order to avoid being taken on a transport so as to be able to continue caring for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout: 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection for a transport of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for working in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter told how Anne and Margot were selected for this and that Edith and herself were left behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The transport left on <strong>1 November</strong> and arrived in Bergen-Belsen on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de aankomst en selectie werden de overgebleven vrouwen van het transport beschouwd als potentiele dwangarbeidsters die ingezet konden worden in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie. De vrouwen kwamen daarom terecht in het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau dat als <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor dwangarbeidsters werd beschouwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam met haar moeder en zusje Margot en Auguste van Pels in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> terecht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Daar hadden ze contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith Frank een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In de barak zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende getuigen vertellen dat Anne en Margot tijdelijk vanwege schurft in een ziekenbarak verbleven. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om Anne en Margot in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met de moeder van Frieda Brommet (die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Edith Frank en de moeder van Frieda Brommet zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te gaan op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>was er een selectie voor een transport van ongeveer duizend vrouwen die weliswaar ziek waren, maar potentieel wel voor te werkstelling in de Duitse oorlogsindustrie geschikt geacht werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter vertelde hoe Anne en Margot hiervoor werden geselecteerd en dat Edith en zijzelf achterbleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het transport vertrok op <strong>1 november</strong> en kwam op <strong>3 november 1944</strong> in Bergen-Belsen aan.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After arrival and selection, the remaining women from the transport were considered potential forced labourers who could be used in the German war industry. The women therefore ended up in the part of Auschwitz-Birkenau that was considered a <em>Durchgangslager</em> (transit camp) for forced labourers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne ended up in <em>Frauenblock 29</em> with her mother and sister Margot and Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"notcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau with ten or so other Dutch women. There they had contact with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith Frank formed an 'inseparable trinity'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the barracks, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several witnesses recounted that Anne and Margot temporarily stayed in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden recalled that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The conditions in the scabies barracks were appalling and many sick people were left to fend for themselves. To help Anne and Margot in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Frieda Brommet's mother (who was also in the scabies barrack) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barrack to pass food in to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, Edith Frank and Frieda Brommet's mother were said to have been hiding in order to avoid being taken on a transport so as to be able to continue caring for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout: 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, there was a selection for a transport of about a thousand women who, although sick, were considered potentially suitable for working in the German war industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1811y\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter told how Anne and Margot were selected for this and that Edith and herself were left behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The transport left on <strong>1 November</strong> and arrived in Bergen-Belsen on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vvg4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Danuta Czech noemt BIIc als het deel van Auschwitz-Birkenau waar de vrouwen terecht komen: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 921-922; Waclaw Dlugoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel V, p. 220-221. Rosa de Winter noemt barak 29 in BIIb als het deel van het kamp waar ze terecht komen: Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1944, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"notcp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit is gebaseerd op de verklaringen van verschillende getuigen uit hetzelfde transport die zeggen in dezelfde barak als Edith, Anne en Margot te hebben verbleven: Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988; Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn7p2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zo9o1\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ubk9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiu6t\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"07nqu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1811y\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbesuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9i6t\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, </em>p. 27-29.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-11-01",
"summary": "After arriving and registering in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne ended up in Frauenblock 29 with her mother, Margot and Auguste van Pels. From there, it is thought she and Margot stayed temporarily in the scabies barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na de aankomst en registratie in Auschwitz-Birkenau kwam Anne met haar moeder, Margot en Auguste van Pels in 'Frauenblock 29' terecht. Vandaaruit zou ze samen met Margot tijdelijk in de schurftbarak hebben verbleven.",
"summary_en": "After arriving and registering in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne ended up in Frauenblock 29 with her mother, Margot and Auguste van Pels. From there, it is thought she and Margot stayed temporarily in the scabies barrack.",
"same_as": null
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.133",
"title": "Otto Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1936",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e73c20a4-8bb2-307d-f5f0-2d93291a2009.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Otto Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1936'.",
"author": "Conclusie herkomst: kan worden ingezet voor het publiek.",
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"first_name": "Otto Heinrich",
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"title": "Otto Frank",
"title_nl": "Otto Frank",
"title_en": "Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank werd geboren op zondag <strong>12 mei 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, als zoon van <em>Kaufman</em> (koopman) Michael Frank en Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Heinrich was het tweede kind uit een gezin van vier kinderen, allen geboren in Frankfurt am Main. Hij had twee broers, Robert Hermann en Herbert August, en een zus, genaamd Helène. Ten tijde van Otto Franks geboorte woonde het gezin Frank op Gärtnerweg 58 te Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Joodse familie Frank behoorde tot de gegoede kringen van Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto’s vader Michael slaagde erin de laatste decennia van de negentiende eeuw in een succesvol bankbedrijf op te zetten. De familie was een typisch product van het Duitse <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. Na het doorlopen van het Lessing Gymnasium ging Otto voor een zomersemester naar de universiteit van Heidelberg, waar hij colleges kunstgeschiedenis volgde. Hierna doorliep hij een leertijd bij de bank Ferdinand Sander in Frankfurt. Vervolgens vertrok hij naar New York. Hij werkte als stagiair in Macy’s en bij een bank in het Financial District. Terug in Duitsland werkte hij bij Fenestra, een fabrikant van allerhande staalconstructies en industriële installaties. Na het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog werkte Otto, alvorens in het leger te gaan, bij een hoefijzerfabriek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1915</strong> kwam hij terecht bij het derde <em>Regiment Fußartillerie</em> in Mainz. Na zijn opleiding kwam zijn eenheid in de omgeving van Bapaume terecht. Otto was telefonist en waarnemer, waardoor hij op enige afstand van de daadwerkelijke gevechtslinie zat. Na zijn demobilisatie nam hij de leiding van de familiebank op zich. Het bedrijf was door de economische en politieke chaos in Duitsland in zwaar weer terechtgekomen. In <strong>1923</strong> richtten Otto en enkele familieleden in Amsterdam twee bedrijven op die zich in de financiële sector bewogen. Jo Kleiman was bij beide bedrijven als directeur en procuratiehouder betrokken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925</strong> trouwde Otto met Edith Holländer. Haar familie had een bedrijf dat grote overeenkomsten vertoonde met Fenestra. Uit het huwelijk werden de dochters Margot en Anne geboren. Na <strong>1929</strong> werd de economische situatie slechter. Ook het politieke klimaat in Duitsland verslechterde snel. Na Hitlers machtsovername vertrokken Otto en zijn gezin naar Amsterdam. Otto richtte in de zomer van <strong>1933</strong> de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij op. In <strong>december '33</strong> werd hij commissaris van de ‘Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie’, waarvan Kleiman directeur was. <strong>Eind jaren dertig</strong> liep een poging een zaak in Engeland op te zetten op niets uit. De ‘Centrale Maatschappij’ verdween, waarna Otto en Kleiman zich op de opbouw van Pectacon toelegden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginfase van de oorlog probeerde Otto met zijn gezin naar de Verenigde Staten te emigreren, wat als gevolg van de onmogelijke procedure en bureaucratie mislukte. Toen de vervolgingsmaatregelen toenamen, ontstond het plan om onder te duiken. Op initiatief van Kleiman werd het Achterhuis hiervoor gereed gemaakt. Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> betrok het gezin de schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was de enige van de acht onderduikers die na de arrestatie en deportatie uit Auschwitz terugkeerde. Hij hervatte zijn werk en deed daarnaast veel om Joodse kinderen die ouderloos uit de oorlog kwamen bij familie of pleeggezinnen onder te brengen. Bovendien redigeerde hij Annes dagboek en zorgde dat het uitgegeven werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij zag Anne als representante van alle vermoorde Joodse kinderen en hoopte dat haar dagboek de mensheid tot bezinning zou brengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto woonde na terugkeer zeven jaar bij Miep en Jan Gies. Hij vertrok vervolgens naar Bazel en trouwde met Elfriede Markovits, die vergelijkbare oorlogservaringen had. Tot op hoge leeftijd correspondeerde hij met vooral jongeren van over de hele wereld over Anne en haar ideeënwereld. Hij overleed op 91-jarige leeftijd in een Zwitsers ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor biografieën, zie: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbouw, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-05-12",
"death_date": "1980-08-19",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bazel",
"death_country": "Zwitserland",
"summary": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank was de vader van Margot en Anne Frank.",
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"title": "Peter van Pels, Amsterdam, 1942",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Foto in zwart wit van Peter van Pels, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in Amsterdam, 1942\r\n\r\nhttps://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/361c9375-f47c-abc7-ffb9-03b5d488f18a.jpg",
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"first_name": "Peter",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Peter van Pels",
"title_nl": "Peter van Pels",
"title_en": "Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels werd geboren op <strong>8 november 1926 </strong>in Osnabrück (Duitsland).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zijn ouders waren Hermann van Pels en Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Hij was enig kind. Hij groeide op in Osnabrück en kwam in <strong>1937</strong> met zijn ouders naar Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is weinig bekend over welke scholen Peter in Nederland bezocht. Volgens een oud-klasgenoot zat hij op de MULO in Diezestraat. Het is waarschijnlijk na de segregatie van het onderwijs dat Peter een technische beroepsopleiding ging volgen. Hij leerde onder meer meubels bekleden. In het kamp Mauthausen zou hij later dan ook geregistreerd worden als meubelmaker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In tegenstelling tot Anne, die Moortje bij de buren onderbracht, nam Peter zijn kat Mouschi mee naar het Achterhuis. Hij deed in het Achterhuis de meeste timmerklusjes, en hij sjouwde de aardappelen naar boven. Volgens Anne wou Peter na de oorlog naar Indonesië om daar op de plantages te leven. Wat er over Peter uit deze periode bekend is, komt voornamelijk uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben in later jaren hier nog iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Peter via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Hij ontmoette hier Max Stoppelman, de zoon van Jan en Mieps hospita. Stoppelman nam Peter onder zijn hoede. Volgens Otto Frank was Peter er getuige van dat zijn vader na een tussentijdse selectie werd afgevoerd om ter dood te worden gebracht. In <strong>januari 1945</strong> ontruimden de Duitsers het kamp. Otto Frank drong er bij Peter op aan dat hij zich verborg, en niet met de evacuatie, later betiteld als ‘dodenmarsen’, meeging. Peter vertrok toch, en kwam op <strong>25 januari</strong> in Mauthausen aan. Hij verrichtte nog werk, onder meer in <em>Aussenlager Melk</em>, alvorens in het <em>Sanitätslager</em> van het hoofdkamp terecht te komen. Er bestaat wat onduidelijkheid over de precieze overlijdensdatum van Peter. Een lijst die de Amerikanen bij de bevrijding van het kamp opstelden houdt het op <strong>5 mei 1945. </strong>Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt na de bevrijding van Mauthausen is Peter van Pels overleden op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>. Peter werd 18 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-11-08",
"death_date": "1945-05-10",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Osnabrück",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Mauthausen",
"death_country": "Oostenrijk",
"summary": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels was het enig kind van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen en één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Peter-van-Pels"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2493,
"image": {
"id": 1131,
"uuid": "5621f560-49eb-429a-81a3-a30af310e96e",
"name": "Rachel van Amerongen",
"title": "Rachel Frankfoorder, aan het begin van de oorlog",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Afkomstig uit privécollectie",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Rachel_van_Amerongen002.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c8d25c6e-d1f9-4415-b091-e45ab3f20672?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9",
"first_name": "Rachel",
"last_name": "Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"title_nl": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"title_en": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"content": "<p>In Westerbork, the eight people from the Secret Annex met a lot of people, some of whom they already knew. After the war, those still alive gave testimony of the meetings with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of those people was thirty-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel and her husband Charles Lu A Si (1911-1942) were quick to join the resistance after the outbreak of war. Her husband was arrested as a communist on 25 June 1941 and, after being sent to various concentration camps, died on 15 November 1942 in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Rachel was arrested on a train in the summer of 1944 in possession of false papers and was sent to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She remembered meeting the Frank family in the punishment barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder worked in Westerbork providing ‘support services’, which involved scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and, when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was a coveted job, and she remembered that Otto Frank asked her to arrange a place for Anne with the cleaning team:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank brought Anne to me and asked if I could help Anne. Anne was very nice and she also asked me if she could help. She said: ‘I can do anything, I'm very handy.’ She was most charming, a little older than in the photo we all know her from, cheerful and eager. Unfortunately, I had no say in the matter and sent her to the barrack's supervisor. It was the best that I could do."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually got work in the batteriies department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like the Frank family, Rachel was transported to Auschwitz and from there was eventually selected, just like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, for transport to Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder was given the number 7356 in Bergen-Belsen and ended up in the same barrack as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She remembered the moment that she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen, this time without their father and mother:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Their parents weren't there. You don't ask, because you already know… given your own experience with parents, brothers, etc, yes, you make an assumption, that's all. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, they were much balder than we were, I don't know why. And they were cold, like we all were. It was winter and you didn't have clothes. So all the factors for sickness were present. They were in a particularly bad state."<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder remained in Bergen-Belsen, not far from Anne and Margot, and watched the sisters become sicker and sicker: ‘You could see they were both dying.’ She remembered how the two girls progressively showed the typical symptoms of typhus. They displayed ‘a sort of apathy, mixed with rallies, until they became so sick that there was no more hope’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Shortly after, she noticed that she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and she assumed that they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945 </strong>Rachel Frankfoorder, just like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp. The women there were forced to do hard labour. On <strong>9 April 1945,</strong> owing to the approaching American troops, the women in Raguhn were once again transported, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder told the Dutch Red Cross <strong>on 28 September 1945</strong>: <em>‘During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, the Germans threw under the train and killed: Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><em> </em>However, no other witnesses were found to corroborate Rachel Frankfoorder's version of events, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster firmly deny that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 April 1945 </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. It was there that they were freed by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Rachel Frankfoorder married Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992) on <strong>5 September 1945</strong> and emigrated to Israel in <strong>1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> geraadpleegd op 26 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder, Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archiefkaarten, Archiefnummer 30238 Gemeente Amsterdam, Inventarisnummer 247 Periode 1939-1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em><em> </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verklaring Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), februari 1961, dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder werd op <strong>23 januari 1914</strong> geboren in het Nederlands-Israëlitisch Ziekenhuis aan de Nieuwe-Keizersgracht in Amsterdam. In haar jeugd woonde ze samen met haar ouders en twee broers in Amsterdam Noord op de Nachtegaalstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"98yy2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Van <strong>1928 tot 1941</strong> werkte ze in de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydiwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>28 oktober 1936</strong> trouwde ze met Charles Désiré Lu-A-Si (1911-1942) waarmee ze op <strong>6 februari 1937</strong> een zoon kreeg genaamd Désiré Charles Lu-A-Si.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34t51\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Verzet</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Al snel na het uitbreken van de oorlog ging Rachel net als haar man in het verzet en bracht ze bonkaarten rond naar onderduikers. Haar man werd als communist in <strong>25 juni 1941</strong> opgepakt en kwam na verschillende concentratiekampen op <strong>15 november 1942</strong> om het leven in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqbcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Rachel zelf werd in de <strong>zomer van 1944</strong> in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s moest schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel ging net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz. Daar kreeg ze het nummer 88410.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mnvur\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk werd Rachel net als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder kreeg in Bergen Belsen nummer 7356 en kwam in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich het moment dat ze Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen weer terugzag, ditmaal zonder hun vader en moeder:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hun ouders waren er niet. Daar vroeg je niet naar, omdat je eigenlijk wist… gezien je eigen ervaring met ouders, broers enzovoorts, ja, je hebt een vermoeden, meer niet. De meisjes Frank waren bijna onherkenbaar doordat hun haar was afgeknipt, ze waren veel kaler dan wij, hoe dat kan weet ik niet. En ze hadden het koud, net als wij allemaal. Het was winter en je had geen kleding. Dus alle factoren voor ziekte waren aanwezig. Zij speciaal waren er erg aan toe.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder bleef in Bergen Belsen in de buurt van Anne en Margot en zag hoe de zusjes steeds zieker werden: ‘<em>Je zag ze werkelijk doodgaan, beiden</em>.’ Ze herinnerde zich hoe ze de typische verschijnselen van tyfus steeds duidelijker bij de twee meisjes zag vorderen. Zij vertoonden ‘<em>een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Korte tijd later merkte ze dat ze Anne en Margot niet meer zag en ze nam aan dat ze waren omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945 </strong>werd Rachel Frankfoorder net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn. Daar moesten de vrouwen dwangarbeid verrichten. Vanwege de naderende Amerikaanse troepen moesten de vrouwen uit Raguhn op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> opnieuw op transport, dit keer richting Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder verklaarde voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis op<strong> 28 september 1945</strong>: <em>‘Tijdens de reis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><em> </em>Er zijn echter geen andere getuigen die de lezing van Rachel Frankfoorder bevestigen, en Annelore Daniel en Bertha Kaas-Hekster spreken expliciet tegen dat Auguste van Pels door Duitse soldaten onder een rijdende trein zou zijn gegooid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>16 april 1945 </strong>kwamen de overlevenden van het transport in Theresienstadt aan. Daar werden zij op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Na de bevrijding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog trouwde Rachel Frankfoorder op <strong>5 september 1945</strong> met Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992), waarna ze in <strong>1948</strong> samen een dochter kregen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zowel haar ouders als haar broers en hun vrouwen waren omgekomen in de kampen. Haar zoon had de oorlog overleefd doordat hij zat ondergedoken bij een vrouw in Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpwl5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>1950 </strong>emigreerde het gezin naar Israël.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34t51\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> (geraadpleegd 26 juli 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"98yy2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 103-104.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydiwq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"34t51\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqbcu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/charles-desire-lu-a-si-1911-1942-srananman-als-verzetsstrijder-en-medeorganisator-februaristaking-1941/\" target=\"_blank\">https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/charles-desire-lu-a-si-1911-1942-srananman-als-verzetsstrijder-en-medeorganisator-februaristaking-1941/</a> (geraadpleegd 8 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> (geraadpleegd 25 juli 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, </em>p. 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnvur\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>p. 270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels Röttgen, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, februari 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpwl5\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Interview Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, 12 oktober 2006.<strong> </strong></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In Westerbork, the eight people from the Secret Annex met a lot of people, some of whom they already knew. After the war, those still alive gave testimony of the meetings with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of those people was thirty-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel and her husband Charles Lu A Si (1911-1942) were quick to join the resistance after the outbreak of war. Her husband was arrested as a communist on 25 June 1941 and, after being sent to various concentration camps, died on 15 November 1942 in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Rachel was arrested on a train in the summer of 1944 in possession of false papers and was sent to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She remembered meeting the Frank family in the punishment barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder worked in Westerbork providing ‘support services’, which involved scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and, when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was a coveted job, and she remembered that Otto Frank asked her to arrange a place for Anne with the cleaning team:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank brought Anne to me and asked if I could help Anne. Anne was very nice and she also asked me if she could help. She said: ‘I can do anything, I'm very handy.’ She was most charming, a little older than in the photo we all know her from, cheerful and eager. Unfortunately, I had no say in the matter and sent her to the barrack's supervisor. It was the best that I could do."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually got work in the batteriies department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like the Frank family, Rachel was transported to Auschwitz and from there was eventually selected, just like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, for transport to Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder was given the number 7356 in Bergen-Belsen and ended up in the same barrack as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She remembered the moment that she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen, this time without their father and mother:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Their parents weren't there. You don't ask, because you already know… given your own experience with parents, brothers, etc, yes, you make an assumption, that's all. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, they were much balder than we were, I don't know why. And they were cold, like we all were. It was winter and you didn't have clothes. So all the factors for sickness were present. They were in a particularly bad state."<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder remained in Bergen-Belsen, not far from Anne and Margot, and watched the sisters become sicker and sicker: ‘You could see they were both dying.’ She remembered how the two girls progressively showed the typical symptoms of typhus. They displayed ‘a sort of apathy, mixed with rallies, until they became so sick that there was no more hope’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Shortly after, she noticed that she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and she assumed that they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945 </strong>Rachel Frankfoorder, just like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp. The women there were forced to do hard labour. On <strong>9 April 1945,</strong> owing to the approaching American troops, the women in Raguhn were once again transported, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder told the Dutch Red Cross <strong>on 28 September 1945</strong>: <em>‘During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, the Germans threw under the train and killed: Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><em> </em>However, no other witnesses were found to corroborate Rachel Frankfoorder's version of events, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster firmly deny that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 April 1945 </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. It was there that they were freed by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Rachel Frankfoorder married Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992) on <strong>5 September 1945</strong> and emigrated to Israel in <strong>1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> geraadpleegd op 26 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder, Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archiefkaarten, Archiefnummer 30238 Gemeente Amsterdam, Inventarisnummer 247 Periode 1939-1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em><em> </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verklaring Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), februari 1961, dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1914-01-23",
"death_date": "2012-04-20",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Israël",
"summary": "Rachel Frankfoorder met the eight people from the Secret Annex in Camp Westerbork. For months, Frankfoorder stayed not far from Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels in the various concentration camps. After the war she recounted her meetings with them.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers Rachel Frankfoorder. Zij verbleef in de verschillende concentratiekampen maanden lang in de buurt van Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder met the eight people from the Secret Annex in Camp Westerbork. For months, Frankfoorder stayed not far from Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels in the various concentration camps. After the war she recounted her meetings with them.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Rachel-van-Amerongen-Frankfoorder"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2063,
"image": {
"id": 908,
"uuid": "22e10c28-eccf-4142-bb4a-c96e1da3f8bb",
"name": "B_Getuigen_III_045",
"title": "Judik en Rosa de Winter, augustus 1946",
"alt": "Fritz Karbasch. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/744cbfdd-a75c-0f87-3264-3de82034dd1f.jpg",
"path": null,
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"description": "Portretfoto van Judik de Winter en haar moeder Rosa de Winter- Levy. Gemaakt in augustus 1946. Stempel achterzijde; Foto Fritz Karbasch, v.Baerlestraat 102 Amsterdam Z.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"name": "B_Getuigen_III_045",
"title": "Judik en Rosa de Winter, augustus 1946",
"alt": "Fritz Karbasch. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/744cbfdd-a75c-0f87-3264-3de82034dd1f.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Portretfoto van Judik de Winter en haar moeder Rosa de Winter- Levy. Gemaakt in augustus 1946. Stempel achterzijde; Foto Fritz Karbasch, v.Baerlestraat 102 Amsterdam Z.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
}
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41/",
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"first_name": "Rosa",
"last_name": "Winter - Levy",
"infix": "de",
"title": "Rosa de Winter - Levy",
"title_nl": "Rosa de Winter - Levy",
"title_en": "Rosa de Winter - Levy",
"content": "<p>Rosa Levy (Roosje/Ro) was born on <strong>9 June 1905</strong> in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. On <strong>7 September 1927</strong>, she married Emanuel de Winter (1889-1944) in Wisch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had a daughter Judik on <strong>27 October 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The family lived at Coehoornsingel 10 in Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>March 1943,</strong> Jewish people were banned from living in the province of Gelderland and were summoned to report to Camp Vught.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter therefore went into hiding with her husband and daughter with a farmer's family in the Achterhoek region <strong>in early April</strong>. After more than a year in hiding, the De Winter family was discovered and arrested on<strong> 16 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the interrogation in Velp, they were transferred to the Detention Centre in Arnhem. On <strong>22 July 1944,</strong> they were transported to Westerbork transit camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> There, like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they ended up in prison barracks 67. Rosa was put to work in battery demolition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944,</strong> Rosa was deported with her husband and daughter to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After arriving in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September</strong>, the men and women were separated and selections followed. Rosa and her daughter were selected for forced labour, but her husband Emanuel was murdered in one of the gas chambers the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the selection, Rosa was registered and had the number A25250 tattooed on her arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Like Anne, Margot and Edith, Rosa and her daughter ended up in barracks 29 of Auschwitz-Birkenau after selection and registration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz, Rosa survived several selections for the gas chamber. Her daughter also passed the selections, but was selected for deportation to Kratzau on <strong>26 October 1944</strong>, where she had to perform forced labour. Anne and Margot were selected for deportation to Bergen-Belsen a few days later, leaving both Rosa and Edith without their daughters in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Rosa later wrote about this: '<em>We comforted each other and became friends</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the poor conditions in the camp, the beatings, the lack of food and the diseases that were going around, Rosa and Edith became seriously weakened. It was therefore not long before Edith was taken to the hospital barracks by Rosa. Some time later, she herself also became seriously ill and met Edith again in the hospital barracks. Rosa wrote: 'One morning<em> new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she has come from another infirmary. She is just a shadow. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.</em> '<sup data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Rosa herself barely managed to survive Auschwitz. On <strong>27 January 1945,</strong> the camp was liberated by the Soviet army.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On the journey back to the Netherlands, Rosa met Otto Frank in Katowice. Otto Frank's notebook shows that she told him on <strong>22 March 1945</strong> that Edith had died: '<em>22. Mrs De Winter, Zutphen. Message death of Edith on 6. Jan. 45 in hospital from weakness without suffering.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> After a three-month return journey, Rosa arrived in Roermond on <strong>31 May</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. There she was reunited with her daughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September 1945</strong>, she was one of the first to publish her camp experiences in the book '<em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz' </em>('Escape from the gas chamber! The satanic work of the S.S.: an account of suffering in and liberation from "Birkenau" concentration camp near Auschwitz')<em>. </em>In it, she wrote, among other things, about her friendship with Edith Frank, how their daughters had to be transported and how Edith eventually died.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1964</strong>, she was one of the witnesses in the Second Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Rosa died on <strong>16 October 1985</strong>, at the age of 80.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She remained friends with Otto Frank throughout her life.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup><strong> </strong><em>Addresses: </em>Coehoornsingel 10, Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gemeente Wisch (Gelderland) is sinds 2005 de gemeente Oude IJsselstreek. ‘Huwelijk Rosa Levy en Emanuel de Winter, 07-09-1927’, Gelders Archief, Arnhem, toegangsnr. 0207A, inv. 12554-05, aktenr. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/\" target=\"_blank\">https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, Kaart Emanuel de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 29 maart 1943 verscheen een besluit van Hanns Albin Rauter in de krant: ‘Met ingang van 10 april 1943 is aan Joden het verblijf in de provincies Friesland, Drenthe, Groningen, Overijssel, Gelderland, Limburg, Noord-Brabant en Zeeland verboden. Joden die zich op het ogenblik in de genoemde provincies ophouden, moeten zich naar het kamp te Vught begeven.’ Zie verder <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 6-7. Raadpleegbaar op Het Geheugen van Nederland: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp\" target=\"_blank\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 7-8; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd op 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 9-10; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, p, 9-10</em>; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Emanuel de Winter & Kaart Judik de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.1 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 196.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 208-209.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945, 22 maart.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Rosa de Winter-Levie gaat in Auschwitz-proces getuigen’ in: <em>Brabants Dagblad</em>, 24 april 1964; ‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zannh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709</a> (geraadpleegd 31 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rosa Levy (Roosje/Ro) werd op <strong>9 juni 1905</strong> geboren in Gelsenkirchen, Duitsland. Op <strong>7 september 1927</strong> trouwde ze in Wisch met Emanuel de Winter (1889-1944).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Samen kregen ze op <strong>27 oktober 1928</strong> een dochter Judik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gezin woonde op de Coehoornsingel 10 in Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>maart 1943</strong> werd het voor Joden verboden om nog in de provincie Gelderland te wonen en werden zij opgeroepen zich te melden in kamp Vught.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter dook daarom <strong>begin april</strong> met haar man en dochter onder bij een boerenfamilie in de Achterhoek. Na meer dan een jaar in de onderduik werd het gezin De Winter op<strong> 16 juli 1944</strong> ontdekt en gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Na een verhoor in Velp, werden ze overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring in Arnhem. Op <strong>22 juli 1944</strong> werden ze op transport gesteld naar doorgangskamp Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Daar kwamen ze net als de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Strafbarak 67 terecht. Rosa werd tewerkgesteld bij de batterijensloop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 september 1944</strong> werd Rosa samen met haar man en dochter naar concentratie- en vernietigingskamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Na aankomst in Auschwitz op <strong>6 september</strong> werden de mannen en vrouwen van elkaar gescheiden en volgden er selecties. Rosa en haar dochter werden geselecteerd voor dwangarbeid, maar haar man Emanuel werd diezelfde dag nog vermoord in een van de gaskamers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na de selectie werd Rosa geregistreerd en kreeg ze het nummer A25250 op haar arm getatoeëerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Net als Anne, Margot en Edith kwam Rosa met haar dochter na de selectie en registratie in barak 29 van Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz overleefde Rosa verschillende selecties voor de gaskamer. Ook haar dochter kwam door de selecties, maar werd op <strong>26 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Kratzau waar ze dwangarbeid moest verrichten. Anne en Margot werden een paar dagen later geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Bergen-Belsen, waardoor zowel Rosa als Edith zonder hun dochters in Auschwitz achterbleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Rosa schreef daarover later: ‘<em>Wij troosten elkaar en worden vriendinnen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de slechte omstandigheden in het kamp, de mishandelingen, het gebrek aan voedsel en de ziektes die rondgingen, raakten Rosa en Edith ernstig verzwakt. Het duurde dan ook niet lang voordat Edith door Rosa naar de ziekenbarak werd gebracht. Enige tijd later werd ook zijzelf ernstig ziek en kwam ze Edith weer tegen in de ziekenbarak. Rosa schreef: ‘<em>Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Rosa zelf wist Auschwitz ternauwernood te overleven. Op <strong>27 januari 1945</strong> werd het kamp bevrijd door het Sovjetleger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Na de oorlog</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de terugreis naar Nederland ontmoette Rosa in Katowice Otto Frank. Uit het notitieboekje van Otto Frank blijkt dat zij hem op <strong>22 maart 1945</strong> vertelde dat Edith gestorven was: ‘<em>22. Mevr. De Winter, Zutphen. Bericht overlijden van Edith op 6. Jan. 45 in het ziekenhuis uit zwakte zonder te lijden.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Na een terugreis van drie maanden kwam Rosa op <strong>31 mei</strong> <strong>1945</strong> in Roermond aan. Daar werd ze herenigd met haar dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1945</strong> publiceerde ze als een van de eerste haar kampervaringen in het boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em><em>. </em>Hierin schreef ze onder meer over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank, hoe hun dochters op transport moesten en hoe Edith uiteindelijk overleed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1964</strong> was ze een van de getuigen in het Tweede Auschwitzproces in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Op <strong>16 oktober 1985</strong> overleed Rosa op tachtigjarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ze bleef haar hele leven bevriend met Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup><strong> </strong><em>Adressen: </em>Coehoornsingel 10, Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gemeente Wisch (Gelderland) is sinds 2005 de gemeente Oude IJsselstreek. ‘Huwelijk Rosa Levy en Emanuel de Winter, 07-09-1927’, Gelders Archief, Arnhem, toegangsnr. 0207A, inv. 12554-05, aktenr. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/\" target=\"_blank\">https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter\">https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, Kaart Emanuel de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 29 maart 1943 verscheen een besluit van Hanns Albin Rauter in de krant: ‘Met ingang van 10 april 1943 is aan Joden het verblijf in de provincies Friesland, Drenthe, Groningen, Overijssel, Gelderland, Limburg, Noord-Brabant en Zeeland verboden. Joden die zich op het ogenblik in de genoemde provincies ophouden, moeten zich naar het kamp te Vught begeven.’ Zie verder <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 6-7. Raadpleegbaar op Het Geheugen van Nederland: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp\" target=\"_blank\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 7-8; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd op 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 9-10; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, p, 9-10</em>; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Emanuel de Winter & Kaart Judik de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.1 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 196.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 208-209.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945, 22 maart.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Rosa de Winter-Levie gaat in Auschwitz-proces getuigen’ in: <em>Brabants Dagblad</em>, 24 april 1964; ‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zannh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709\">https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709</a> (geraadpleegd 31 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rosa Levy (Roosje/Ro) was born on <strong>9 June 1905</strong> in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. On <strong>7 September 1927</strong>, she married Emanuel de Winter (1889-1944) in Wisch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had a daughter Judik on <strong>27 October 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The family lived at Coehoornsingel 10 in Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>March 1943,</strong> Jewish people were banned from living in the province of Gelderland and were summoned to report to Camp Vught.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter therefore went into hiding with her husband and daughter with a farmer's family in the Achterhoek region <strong>in early April</strong>. After more than a year in hiding, the De Winter family was discovered and arrested on<strong> 16 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the interrogation in Velp, they were transferred to the Detention Centre in Arnhem. On <strong>22 July 1944,</strong> they were transported to Westerbork transit camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> There, like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they ended up in prison barracks 67. Rosa was put to work in battery demolition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Auschwitz-Birkenau</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 September 1944,</strong> Rosa was deported with her husband and daughter to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After arriving in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September</strong>, the men and women were separated and selections followed. Rosa and her daughter were selected for forced labour, but her husband Emanuel was murdered in one of the gas chambers the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the selection, Rosa was registered and had the number A25250 tattooed on her arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Like Anne, Margot and Edith, Rosa and her daughter ended up in barracks 29 of Auschwitz-Birkenau after selection and registration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Auschwitz, Rosa survived several selections for the gas chamber. Her daughter also passed the selections, but was selected for deportation to Kratzau on <strong>26 October 1944</strong>, where she had to perform forced labour. Anne and Margot were selected for deportation to Bergen-Belsen a few days later, leaving both Rosa and Edith without their daughters in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Rosa later wrote about this: '<em>We comforted each other and became friends</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the poor conditions in the camp, the beatings, the lack of food and the diseases that were going around, Rosa and Edith became seriously weakened. It was therefore not long before Edith was taken to the hospital barracks by Rosa. Some time later, she herself also became seriously ill and met Edith again in the hospital barracks. Rosa wrote: 'One morning<em> new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she has come from another infirmary. She is just a shadow. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.</em> '<sup data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Rosa herself barely managed to survive Auschwitz. On <strong>27 January 1945,</strong> the camp was liberated by the Soviet army.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On the journey back to the Netherlands, Rosa met Otto Frank in Katowice. Otto Frank's notebook shows that she told him on <strong>22 March 1945</strong> that Edith had died: '<em>22. Mrs De Winter, Zutphen. Message death of Edith on 6. Jan. 45 in hospital from weakness without suffering.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> After a three-month return journey, Rosa arrived in Roermond on <strong>31 May</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. There she was reunited with her daughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September 1945</strong>, she was one of the first to publish her camp experiences in the book '<em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz' </em>('Escape from the gas chamber! The satanic work of the S.S.: an account of suffering in and liberation from "Birkenau" concentration camp near Auschwitz')<em>. </em>In it, she wrote, among other things, about her friendship with Edith Frank, how their daughters had to be transported and how Edith eventually died.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1964</strong>, she was one of the witnesses in the Second Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Rosa died on <strong>16 October 1985</strong>, at the age of 80.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She remained friends with Otto Frank throughout her life.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zannh\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup><strong> </strong><em>Addresses: </em>Coehoornsingel 10, Zutphen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zk1r8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gemeente Wisch (Gelderland) is sinds 2005 de gemeente Oude IJsselstreek. ‘Huwelijk Rosa Levy en Emanuel de Winter, 07-09-1927’, Gelders Archief, Arnhem, toegangsnr. 0207A, inv. 12554-05, aktenr. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a36vp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/\" target=\"_blank\">https://mensenlinq.nl/overlijdensberichten/judy-salomon-de-winter-8462035/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"deo8i\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.stolpersteinezutphen.nl/persoon/emanuel-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, Kaart Emanuel de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401094?s=Emanuel%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jpzh7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Op 29 maart 1943 verscheen een besluit van Hanns Albin Rauter in de krant: ‘Met ingang van 10 april 1943 is aan Joden het verblijf in de provincies Friesland, Drenthe, Groningen, Overijssel, Gelderland, Limburg, Noord-Brabant en Zeeland verboden. Joden die zich op het ogenblik in de genoemde provincies ophouden, moeten zich naar het kamp te Vught begeven.’ Zie verder <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/\">https://www.annefrank.org/nl/timeline/162/rauter-wil-alle-joden-weg-uit-de-provincies/</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdlgc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in en de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, p. 6-7. Raadpleegbaar op Het Geheugen van Nederland: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp\" target=\"_blank\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/view?identifier=EVDO02%3ANIOD05_6519&amp;coll=ngvn&amp;pres%5Bimageindex%5D=19&amp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ttp2s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 7-8; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401293?s=Rosa%20de%20Winter%20Levy&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd op 26 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4e6f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 9-10; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Rosa de Winter – Levy..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ur8om\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!, p, 9-10</em>; Arolsen Archives, Kaart Emanuel de Winter & Kaart Judik de Winter, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130401204?s=Judik%20de%20Winter&t=2574901&p=0</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k79qj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/119361/emanuel-de-winter</a> (geraadpleegd 26 oktober 2022); De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g34ha\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.1 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ri2hb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 196.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89vdb\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 208-209.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prmn2\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33mmw\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p.29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysufl\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74fz2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945, 22 maart.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sflgw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Winter-Levy <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt!</em>, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oarlj\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Rosa de Winter-Levie gaat in Auschwitz-proces getuigen’ in: <em>Brabants Dagblad</em>, 24 april 1964; ‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zannh\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000001371838592?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000103324310709</a> (geraadpleegd 31 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mt34w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Samen met de Franks op transport. Mevr. de Winter-Levy: Nederlandse getuige’ in: <em>De Gelderlander</em>, 23 april 1964.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1905-06-09",
"death_date": "1985-09-16",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Gelsenkirchen",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Rosa de Winter-Levy was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on the same transport as the Frank family. She stayed with Edith after the departure of her daughters, and she witnessed her death.",
"summary_nl": "Rosa de Winter-Levy zat in hetzelfde transport als waarmee de familie Frank naar Auschwitz-Birkenau werd gedeporteerd. Ze raakte goed bevriend met Edith Frank en was getuige van haar overlijden.",
"summary_en": "Rosa de Winter-Levy was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on the same transport as the Frank family. She stayed with Edith after the departure of her daughters, and she witnessed her death.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
],
"parent": 396124393,
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}
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"location": {
"id": 2,
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"main_image": {
"id": 1130,
"uuid": "93ced2e1-9cee-4b13-bb94-29a29a68acf8",
"name": "Westerbork boulevard des miseres",
"title": "De hoofdweg door kamp Westerbork. Langs deze weg lag de spoorweg en vertrokken de treinen, vanaf de zogenaamde 'Rampe', naar de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen in het oosten.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Westerbork_boulevard_des_miseres.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.9173",
"longitude": "6.607",
"events": [
{
"id": 139,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40",
"name": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau worden gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-03-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 maart 1943 worden Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau opgepakt en naar Kamp Westerbork gebracht. Op 23 maart 1943 worden ze naar Vernietigingskamp Sobibor gedeporteerd, waar ze worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 134,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ff9f1c2f-e2d0-4f2d-a546-d639ae9c466f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3",
"name": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Clara van Pels wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-04-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Clara van Pels is een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels. Op 17 april 1943 wordt zij met haar man Günther Neumann gearresteerd en naar Westerbork gebracht. Daar worden zij op 26 april gedeporteerd naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor, waar ze, vermoedelijk op 29 april 1944, worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 148,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0d9ec16a-477c-45db-b33b-410e0d9c1306?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/64b06ab5-3490-46dc-9272-e33e03fa3279?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ee61e5a6-41f3-4089-8e1d-18d7d3d0c866?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247",
"name": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Ledermann wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1943 wordt de familie Ledermann in hun woning opgepakt bij een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid. Hun dochter Barbara is ondergedoken. Ze worden op 16 november 1943 naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 149,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/228fad8f-c9f9-46d1-88d7-18f4e36c68ac?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/706075d4-d796-4db8-a33b-69c1e2a7e1bc?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4",
"name": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Goslar wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1944 werd de familie Goslar opgepakt tijdens een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht. Hans Goslar had een zogenaamde Albersheimverklaring, waarmee hij de mogelijkheid had om door de Engelsen tegen gevangen Duitsers uitgewisseld te worden. Om daarvoor beschikbaar te zijn, werd hij met twee dochters op 15 februari 1944 naar Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 151,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1f4182-86bf-4083-adff-36d08b19b9d8?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1",
"name": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>31 augustus '43</strong> is zij naar Concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam <strong>16 juni 1945</strong> terug. Over haar man Max en hun zoon Günter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in <strong>juli 1945</strong> terug.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"date": "1943-08-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.",
"summary_en": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 20,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c",
"name": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer 'opgesloten' waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid. Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over een zieke jongen in de barak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze ’s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was op <strong>12 juni 1944</strong> vijftien jaar geworden en in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc's schoonmaken, nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>Het was vies en eentonig werk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 21,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52/",
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"name": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Aankomst en registratie onderduikers in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"content": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf <strong>1944</strong>, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (<em>Eingangsliste</em>), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (<em>Zentralkartei</em>) en ze kregen een <em>Lagerpass</em> (kamppas).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lagerpas</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle gevangenen krijgen een <em>Lagerpas </em>en<em> </em>mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van Lippmann Rosenthal in het kamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De strafgevallen moeten naast hun bagage en bezittingen ook hun kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van ‘strafgeval’, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de <em>Antragstelle</em>, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een <em>Sperre </em>(uitstel).<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een <em>Sperre</em> voor strafgevallen (de ‘S’ gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.",
"summary_en": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder was in de <strong>zomer van 1944 </strong>in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen. Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder zou net als Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels vanuit Westerbork via Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen terecht komen en ook in die kampen dichtbij hen blijven. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
"summary_nl": "In Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers onder meer Rachel Frankfoorder. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
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"name": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Brief Bram Asscher uit kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder: <em>‘Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel hè? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram zat zelf in het ‘vrije’ kampdeel en hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. De acht onderduikers hadden deze mogelijkheden niet omdat ze strafgevallen waren. Of Bram Margot, die dus in een ander, afgezonderd deel van het kamp zat, zelf heeft gezien of zelfs gesproken, blijkt niet uit de briefwisseling. Het is een van de weinige documenten over het verblijf van de familie Frank in Kamp Westerbork. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Bram Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 aan zijn moeder dat Margot in Westerbork was.",
"summary_en": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
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"name_nl": "Deportatie naar Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op zondag <strong>3 september 1944</strong> gingen de acht onderduikers op transport van Westerbork naar Auschwitz. In vergrendelde veewagons zaten steeds ongeveer 70 personen opgesloten. In iedere wagon stond een ton met water en een wc-ton. Het transport omvatte ruim 1000 personen: Anne Frank is nummer 309 op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een getuigenis van Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), die met de familie Frank in dezelfde wagon zat, zou Edith Frank tijdens de reis het rode bovenstuk van haar kleding hebben afgetornd. Ook vertelde Lenie dat veel van de kinderen in de wagon tegen hun moeder of vader aan sliepen, zo ook de zusjes Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5</strong> <strong>september 1944</strong>, laat in de avond, arriveerde het transport in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Rampe</em> (het perron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau vonden de selecties plaats en werden de mannen en vrouwen van elkaar gescheiden. De gevangenen moesten hun bagage in de wagons achterlaten en werden onder geschreeuw, hondengeblaf en schijnwerpers de <em>Rampe </em>(laadperron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau opgedreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-03",
"date_end": "1944-09-05",
"summary": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"summary_nl": "Op 3 september 1944 werden Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers uit Westerbork naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd. De reis duurde drie dagen.",
"summary_en": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124421,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3",
"name": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork werd voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door werk. Iedereen in Westerbork tussen de 15 en 65 jaar moest zes dagen in de week, tien uur per dag werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar strafgevallen kregen daarnaast op zondagochtend van zes tot acht uur ook nog strafexercitie (voor de mannen) of verplichte gymnastiek (voor de vrouwen).<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot en Anne Frank moesten ‘in de batterijen’ werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk. Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD) naar de douches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p89we\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De meeste mensen hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen. Wel kregen ze dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Batterijensloop</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat de andere onderduikers moesten doen is onbekend. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – wier echtgenoot Sal later in Auschwitz goed bevriend zou raken met Otto Frank – suggereert in een interview dat ook Otto Frank en Peter en Hermann van Pels bij de batterijensloop waren ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Er zijn geen andere gegevens gevonden die dit bevestigen, en ook uit Otto Franks eigen verklaringen wordt niet duidelijk of de mannen en vrouwen in Westerbork hetzelfde werk deden. Otto Frank heeft hier alleen over verklaard dat iedereen moest werken en ze ’s avonds vrij waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagritme</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is dus alleen in algemene zin iets bekend over het dagritme in Westerbork. ’s Ochtends om halfzes werden de gevangenen in de strafbarak gewekt. Na het wassen, kleden, eten halen en ontbijten moesten ze om kwart voor zeven naast de barak opgesteld staan in blokken van drie bij drie. Onder leiding van de OD gingen ze vervolgens door het hek naar de industriebarakken in het ‘vrije’ kamp. Daar werkten ze van zeven tot twaalf uur. Daarna onder begeleiding van de OD weer terug naar de barak om te eten (meestal stamppot van rodekool of knolraap) en vervolgens werden ze weer teruggebracht om van twee tot zeven uur te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens het werk mochten ze met elkaar praten, maar er werd ook streng door de OD op toegezien dat er geen contact was met gevangenen uit het andere kampdeel. Om naar de wc te gaan had je toestemming nodig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Na het werk en het douchen (voor hen die in de batterijen werkten) werd in de strafbarak brood gegeten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Ochtends en ’s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. Om tien uur ’s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p89we\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork moesten de onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten.",
"summary_en": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124395,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"http://https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/holocaust-betekenis-samenvatting-jodenvervolging/135570/\" target=\"_blank\">De Holocaust – Systematische Jodenvervolging door de nazi’s</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2005"
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{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
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"name_en": "Westerbork camp",
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"content": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Westerbork fungeerde vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> als een vluchtelingenkamp voor Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen die, vooral na de <em>Kristallnacht</em>, naar Nederland waren gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de capitulatie in <strong>mei 1940</strong> bleef de leiding van het kamp vooralsnog in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het kamp officieel overgedragen aan de Duitse autoriteiten. Westerbork heette nu officieel <em>Polizeiliches </em><em>Judendurchgangslager</em> onder het gezag van de <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) en het <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). Het kamp maakte vanaf die datum deel uit van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde als belangrijk doorgangspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>15 juli 1942</strong> werden ruim 100.000 Joden vanuit het kamp doorgestuurd naar concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt. Soms werd onderweg gestopt om mannen bij Duitse werkkampen af te geven. In Westerbork werden naast Joden ook Roma, Sinti en soms verzetsmensen vastgehouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan het hoofd van Westerbork stond vanaf <strong>13 oktober 1942</strong> kampcommandant ss-Obersturmführer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>maart 1944</strong> werd in opdracht van Gemmeker een film gemaakt over het kamp, waarin hij wilde laten zien hoe goed en efficiënt het kamp georganiseerd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Deze film laat een duidelijk propagandistisch beeld zien van het functioneren van doorgangskamp Westerbork. Vijf maanden na de opnames van de film kwamen ook de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het laatste transport uit Westerbork was op <strong>4 september 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>De achtergebleven gevangenen zaten gevangen tot de bevrijding van het kamp op<strong> </strong><strong>12 april 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De film werd gemaakt door kampgevangene Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). De opnamen begonnen op 5 maart 1944. De film wordt bewaard in het <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\" target=\"_blank\">archief van Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (6.607 52.9173)",
"summary": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"summary_nl": "Westerbork was het Nederlandse doorgangskamp voor de deportaties van met name Joden naar de concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt.",
"summary_en": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Schattenberg 4",
"zipcode": "9433 TA",
"city": "Zwiggelte",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c",
"name": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer 'opgesloten' waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid. Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over een zieke jongen in de barak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze ’s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was op <strong>12 juni 1944</strong> vijftien jaar geworden en in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc's schoonmaken, nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>Het was vies en eentonig werk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"same_as": null
}
]
}
