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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer applies for entry visa for Chile",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer vraagt emigratievisa voor Chili aan",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer applies for entry visa for Chile",
"content": "<p>On <strong>13 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer wrote to the aid organisation <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile that he wanted to go to Chile with Charlotte Kaletta. He stated that he had been daily engaged in horse care since 1919, and wanted to make a living from it in Chile. His assets amounted to four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWithin days after sending this application, Pfeffer requested the Minister of Justice to be allowed to await the further process in the Netherlands. In doing so, he informed him that the application procedure was ongoing, he had ample funds for living expenses and he would not pursue any profession or business in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Another two days later, on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer's passport expired. The German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As early as <strong>November 1938</strong>, top Justice Department officials noted that the consulate rarely honoured such requests from Jewish Germans anymore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 January 1939</strong>, the Chilean consulate in Rotterdam confirmed that Pfeffer had requested the Chilean government to be allowed to leave for that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Foreign Office reported to the Attorney General on <strong>14 February</strong> that Pfeffer indeed wanted to go to Chile, but was also making attempts to leave for Australia or Aruba.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Almost five months later, on <strong>7 June</strong>, the Attorney General wrote to the minister seeing no reason to deviate from the circular of <strong>7 May 1938</strong> and that Pfeffer should not be allowed longer stays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> That circular stipulated that the borders were closed to refugees, and only very exceptional cases could be admitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The municipality of Amsterdam issued Pfeffer with a certificate of good conduct on <strong>3 August 1939</strong> in connection with his intended departure to an unspecified foreign country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days before Christmas, Pfeffer's old friend Günther Klein declared his willingness to act as guarantor for him for the period he still had to stay in the Netherlands pending his application. There are no documents that can clarify the further course of these emigration attempts. What is clear is that Pfeffer and his fiancée failed to leave the Netherlands. In <strong>1942</strong>, his last option was to go into hiding in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>13 januari 1939</strong> schreef Pfeffer aan de hulporganisatie <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile dat hij met Charlotte Kaletta naar Chili wil. Hij gaf te kennen sinds 1919 dagelijks met paardenverzorging bezig te zijn geweest, en wil daar in Chili mee in hun levensonderhoud voorzien. Zijn vermogen bedroeg vierduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nDaags na het versturen van deze aanvraag verzocht Pfeffer de Minister van Justitie het verdere verloop in Nederland te mogen afwachten. Daarbij liet hij weten dat de aanvraagprocedure liep, hij voor het levensonderhoud over ruime middelen beschikte en hij in Nederland geen beroep of bedrijf zou uitoefenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nog eens twee dagen later, <strong>16 januari 1939</strong>, verliep Pfeffers paspoort. Het Duitse consulaat in Amsterdam weigerde het te verlengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1938</strong> stelde de ambtelijke top van Justitie al vast dat het consulaat zulke verzoeken van Joodse Duitsers nog maar zelden honoreerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>17 januari 1939</strong> bevestigde het Chileense consulaat in Rotterdam dat Pfeffer de Chileense regering verzocht naar dat land te mogen vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De Amsterdamse Vreemdelingendienst rapporteerde op <strong>14 februari</strong> aan de Procureur-generaal dat Pfeffer inderdaad naar Chili wilde, maar ook pogingen ondernam om naar Australië of Aruba te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bijna vijf maanden later, op <strong>7 juni</strong>, schreef de Procureur-generaal aan de minister geen reden te zien om af te wijken van de circulaire van <strong>7 mei 1938</strong> en dat Pfeffer geen langer verblijf moest worden toegestaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Die circulaire bepaalde dat de grenzen voor vluchtelingen dichtgingen, en dat slechts zeer uitzonderlijke gevallen konden worden toegelaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gemeente Amsterdam verstrekte aan Pfeffer op <strong>3 augustus 1939</strong> een verklaring van goed gedrag in verband met zijn voorgenomen vertrek naar een niet gespecificeerd buitenland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Enkele dagen voor Kerstmis verklaarde Pfeffers oude vriend Günther Klein borg voor hem te willen staan voor de periode die hij in afwachting van zijn aanvraag nog in Nederland moest verblijven. Het ontbreekt aan documenten die het verdere verloop van deze emigratiepogingen kunnen ophelderen. Duidelijk is wel dat Pfeffer en zijn verloofde er niet in slaagden Nederland te verlaten. In <strong>1942</strong> was zijn laatste optie onderduiken in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, toegang 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>13 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer wrote to the aid organisation <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile that he wanted to go to Chile with Charlotte Kaletta. He stated that he had been daily engaged in horse care since 1919, and wanted to make a living from it in Chile. His assets amounted to four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWithin days after sending this application, Pfeffer requested the Minister of Justice to be allowed to await the further process in the Netherlands. In doing so, he informed him that the application procedure was ongoing, he had ample funds for living expenses and he would not pursue any profession or business in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Another two days later, on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer's passport expired. The German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As early as <strong>November 1938</strong>, top Justice Department officials noted that the consulate rarely honoured such requests from Jewish Germans anymore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 January 1939</strong>, the Chilean consulate in Rotterdam confirmed that Pfeffer had requested the Chilean government to be allowed to leave for that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Foreign Office reported to the Attorney General on <strong>14 February</strong> that Pfeffer indeed wanted to go to Chile, but was also making attempts to leave for Australia or Aruba.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Almost five months later, on <strong>7 June</strong>, the Attorney General wrote to the minister seeing no reason to deviate from the circular of <strong>7 May 1938</strong> and that Pfeffer should not be allowed longer stays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> That circular stipulated that the borders were closed to refugees, and only very exceptional cases could be admitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The municipality of Amsterdam issued Pfeffer with a certificate of good conduct on <strong>3 August 1939</strong> in connection with his intended departure to an unspecified foreign country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days before Christmas, Pfeffer's old friend Günther Klein declared his willingness to act as guarantor for him for the period he still had to stay in the Netherlands pending his application. There are no documents that can clarify the further course of these emigration attempts. What is clear is that Pfeffer and his fiancée failed to leave the Netherlands. In <strong>1942</strong>, his last option was to go into hiding in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-01-13",
"date_end": "1939-12-20",
"summary": "Shortly after coming to the Netherlands, Fritz Pfeffer applied for entry visas for himself and Charlotte Kaletta. The response to this is not known.",
"summary_nl": "Kort na zijn komst naar Nederland vroeg Fritz Pfeffer inreisvisa voor hemzelf en Charlotte Kaletta aan. Het antwoord hierop is niet bekend.",
"summary_en": "Shortly after coming to the Netherlands, Fritz Pfeffer applied for entry visas for himself and Charlotte Kaletta. The response to this is not known.",
"same_as": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
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"name": "Chilean consulate in Rotterdam",
"name_nl": "Chileens consulaat in Rotterdam",
"name_en": "Chilean consulate in Rotterdam",
"uuid": "27548fcb-0101-4287-bb54-8199ce1ed0cc",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.47711 51.90727)",
"summary": "The Chilean consulate was established here in 1939. Fritz Pfeffer applied for an emigration visa for Chile here in January 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Het Chileense consulaat was hier in 1939 gevestigd. Fritz Pfeffer vroeg hier in januari 1939 emigratievisa voor Chili aan.",
"summary_en": "The Chilean consulate was established here in 1939. Fritz Pfeffer applied for an emigration visa for Chile here in January 1939.",
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"street": "Calandstraat 5",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Rotterdam",
"state": "Zuid-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Johannes Kleiman works at the Cimex-Instituut",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Cimex-Instituut",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman works at the Cimex-Instituut",
"content": "<p><em>Cimex-Instituut</em> was a pest control company dedicated to controlling pests in buildings and ships. It had existed since <strong>3 May 1934. </strong>The first entry in the Trade Register dates from <strong>14 October 1935 </strong>and gives its address as General Vetterstraat 40 (Johannes Kleiman's home address). The owners were Johannes and Willy Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The company was initially located at the addresses General Vetterstraat 40 in Amsterdam and Oosterstraat 63 in Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Willy Kleiman lived in Haarlem until <strong>January 1935</strong>. As a result, the document can be dated between <strong>May 1934</strong> and <strong>January 1935</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company guaranteed that treated houses would remain free of pests and brood for 12 months, provided the occupants did not bring in old wood, old beds and the like. With new tenants/occupants, the customer had to have the household goods inspected by Cimex to retain entitlement to the guarantee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the <strong>1938-1939 </strong>address book, Cimex Institute is classified under <em>Pest controllers of Houses, Ships, etc</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is most likely due to his expertise in the pest control business that Kleiman was called to the rescue when there was a flea infestation in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary: "Mr Kleiman has filled all the corners with yellow powder, the fleas don't care anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> (...) Kleiman also provided cat powder against the fleas."<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, an edition of the <em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad </em>, which was still an underground publication, published an advertisement in which Cimex advertised its services for rat and mouse extermination.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to Erich Elias on <strong>24 July 1945 </strong>that Kleiman had had a pest control business for years and had all the necessary equipment. He was interested in DDT, but that was hard to get in the Netherlands. So Otto asked his brother-in-law to inquire in Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>24 June 1946</strong>, Cimex-Instituut was moved from Generaal Vetterstraat 43 to Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the <strong>1950 </strong>telephone directory, Cimex-Instituut was listed at the address Spechtstraat 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>11 September 1951 </strong>, the Kleiman brothers transferred Cimex-Instituut to its new owner Pieter Koedijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummer 33047344: Akteletter a. Volgens Kleimans oude buurjongen (tot '37) J.A. Marsman zuiverde Cimex inderdaad ook schepen. Van huis uit waren de Kleimans altijd nogal op schepen en werven gericht. Volgens dochter Jopie van den Broek-Kleiman was haar grootvader in de Zaan vaak werkzaam als smid op schepen. Zie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z430k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_025: Garantiebewijs Cimex-Instituut.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Villains!", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad. Radio Oranje</em>, 5 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummenr. 3304734: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor de interlocale telefoondienst</em>, deel I, uitgegeven door het Hoofdbestuur der PTT, januari 1950, p. 118. Bij de Kamer van Koophandel komt dit adres niet voor. Hier woonde Andries de Groot (1903), die van 1933 tot 1941 buurman van Kleiman sr. was. Het is echter allerminst duidelijk of De Groot ook werkelijk bij Cimex was betrokken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister doss. nr. 33047344: Akteletter f. Het bedrijf bleef bestaan tot 1985.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><em>Cimex-Instituut</em> was een zuiveringsbedrijf dat zich bezighield met het zuiveren van gebouwen en schepen. Het bestond sinds <strong>3 mei 1934. </strong>De eerste inschrijving in het Handelsregister dateert van <strong>14 oktober 1935 </strong>en gaf als adres Generaal Vetterstraat 40 (huisadres van Johannes Kleiman). Eigenaren waren Johannes en Willy Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het bedrijf was aanvankelijk gevestigd op de adressen Generaal Vetterstraat 40 in Amsterdam en Oosterstraat 63 in Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Willy Kleiman woonde tot <strong>januari 1935</strong> in Haarlem. Daardoor is het document te dateren tussen <strong>mei 1934</strong> en <strong>januari 1935</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet bedrijf garandeerde dat behandelde huizen twaalf maanden vrij van ongedierte en broedsel zouden blijven, mits de bewoners geen oud hout, oude ledikanten e.d. in huis zouden halen. Bij nieuwe huurders/bewoners moest de klant de huisraad door Cimex laten nakijken om aanspraak op de garantie te behouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In het adresboek <strong>1938-1939 </strong>is Cimex-Instituut gerubriceerd onder <em>Zuiveraars van Huizen, Schepen enz</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het is zeer waarschijnlijk door zijn expertise in de zuiveringsbranche dat Kleiman te hulp werd geroepen toen er een vlooienplaag in het Achterhuis was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne vermeldt in haar dagboek: '<em>Mijnheer Kleiman heeft alle hoekjes met geel poeder volgestrooid, de vlooien kan dat toch niets schelen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> (...) Ook kattenpoeder tegen de vlooien heeft Kleiman verzorgd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>5 mei 1945 </strong>verscheen een editie van het <em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad </em>die nog ondergronds was gezet met daarin een advertentie waarmee Cimex zichzelf aanprees voor ratten- en muizenverdelging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef op <strong>24 juli 1945 </strong>aan Erich Elias dat Kleiman al jaren een bedrijf voor ongediertebestrijding had en over alle benodigde apparatuur beschikte. Hij had belangstelling voor DDT, maar dat was in Nederland moeilijk te krijgen. Daarom vroeg Otto aan zijn zwager om in Zwitserland te informeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>24 juni 1946 </strong>werd Cimex-Instituut verplaatst van Generaal Vetterstraat 43 naar Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In het telefoonboek van <strong>1950 </strong>stond Cimex-Instituut vermeld op het adres Spechtstraat 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Per <strong>11 september 1951 </strong>deden de gebroeders Kleiman Cimex-Instituut over aan de nieuwe eigenaar Pieter Koedijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummer 33047344: Akteletter a. Volgens Kleimans oude buurjongen (tot '37) J.A. Marsman zuiverde Cimex inderdaad ook schepen. Van huis uit waren de Kleimans altijd nogal op schepen en werven gericht. Volgens dochter Jopie van den Broek-Kleiman was haar grootvader in de Zaan vaak werkzaam als smid op schepen. Zie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z430k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_025: Garantiebewijs Cimex-Instituut.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Schoften!", 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad. Radio Oranje</em>, 5 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummenr. 3304734: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor de interlocale telefoondienst</em>, deel I, uitgegeven door het Hoofdbestuur der PTT, januari 1950, p. 118. Bij de Kamer van Koophandel komt dit adres niet voor. Hier woonde Andries de Groot (1903), die van 1933 tot 1941 buurman van Kleiman sr. was. Het is echter allerminst duidelijk of De Groot ook werkelijk bij Cimex was betrokken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister doss. nr. 33047344: Akteletter f. Het bedrijf bleef bestaan tot 1985.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Cimex-Instituut</em> was a pest control company dedicated to controlling pests in buildings and ships. It had existed since <strong>3 May 1934. </strong>The first entry in the Trade Register dates from <strong>14 October 1935 </strong>and gives its address as General Vetterstraat 40 (Johannes Kleiman's home address). The owners were Johannes and Willy Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The company was initially located at the addresses General Vetterstraat 40 in Amsterdam and Oosterstraat 63 in Haarlem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Willy Kleiman lived in Haarlem until <strong>January 1935</strong>. As a result, the document can be dated between <strong>May 1934</strong> and <strong>January 1935</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company guaranteed that treated houses would remain free of pests and brood for 12 months, provided the occupants did not bring in old wood, old beds and the like. With new tenants/occupants, the customer had to have the household goods inspected by Cimex to retain entitlement to the guarantee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z430k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the <strong>1938-1939 </strong>address book, Cimex Institute is classified under <em>Pest controllers of Houses, Ships, etc</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is most likely due to his expertise in the pest control business that Kleiman was called to the rescue when there was a flea infestation in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary: "Mr Kleiman has filled all the corners with yellow powder, the fleas don't care anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> (...) Kleiman also provided cat powder against the fleas."<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, an edition of the <em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad </em>, which was still an underground publication, published an advertisement in which Cimex advertised its services for rat and mouse extermination.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote to Erich Elias on <strong>24 July 1945 </strong>that Kleiman had had a pest control business for years and had all the necessary equipment. He was interested in DDT, but that was hard to get in the Netherlands. So Otto asked his brother-in-law to inquire in Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>24 June 1946</strong>, Cimex-Instituut was moved from Generaal Vetterstraat 43 to Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the <strong>1950 </strong>telephone directory, Cimex-Instituut was listed at the address Spechtstraat 9.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>11 September 1951 </strong>, the Kleiman brothers transferred Cimex-Instituut to its new owner Pieter Koedijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n3ea\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummer 33047344: Akteletter a. Volgens Kleimans oude buurjongen (tot '37) J.A. Marsman zuiverde Cimex inderdaad ook schepen. Van huis uit waren de Kleimans altijd nogal op schepen en werven gericht. Volgens dochter Jopie van den Broek-Kleiman was haar grootvader in de Zaan vaak werkzaam als smid op schepen. Zie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Kleiman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z430k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_025: Garantiebewijs Cimex-Instituut.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h06k3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x9ax\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Villains!", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igwzp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5sr9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pk43\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdamsch Dagblad. Radio Oranje</em>, 5 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zosy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpuzu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister dossiernummenr. 3304734: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fd8cg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor de interlocale telefoondienst</em>, deel I, uitgegeven door het Hoofdbestuur der PTT, januari 1950, p. 118. Bij de Kamer van Koophandel komt dit adres niet voor. Hier woonde Andries de Groot (1903), die van 1933 tot 1941 buurman van Kleiman sr. was. Het is echter allerminst duidelijk of De Groot ook werkelijk bij Cimex was betrokken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6br\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister doss. nr. 33047344: Akteletter f. Het bedrijf bleef bestaan tot 1985.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-05-03",
"date_start": null,
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"summary": "Johannes Kleiman and his brother Willy were the owners of the Cimex-Instituut company.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en zijn broer Willy waren eigenaren van het bedrijf Cimex-Instituut.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman and his brother Willy were the owners of the Cimex-Instituut company.",
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"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Cimex Institute",
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"content": "<p>Cimex is the Latin name for bed bug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eon57\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eon57\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_bug\" target=\"_blank\">Bed bug</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Cimex is de Latijnse naam voor bedwants.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9oaja\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9oaja\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwants\" target=\"_blank\">Bedwants</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Cimex is the Latin name for bed bug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eon57\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eon57\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_bug\" target=\"_blank\">Bed bug</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Cimex Institute was a decontamination company dedicated to decontaminating buildings and ships.",
"summary_nl": "Cimex-Instituut was een zuiveringsbedrijf dat zich bezighield met het zuiveren van gebouwen en schepen.",
"summary_en": "Cimex Institute was a decontamination company dedicated to decontaminating buildings and ships.",
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"description": "Bioscoop Cineac, gezien naar de hal. Datering 1948.",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Cineac Damrak",
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"content": "<p>Cinema on the Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opened the first <em>Cinema d'Actualité</em> in Paris in <strong>1934</strong>, a cinema where newsreels were shown continuously. On <strong>March 17, 1938</strong>, a branch opened on the Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wim Bunjes, who was friends with Miep and Jan Gies, was a projectionist there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Cineac (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 October 1942 (with 30 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bioscoop op het Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opende in <strong>1934</strong> de eerste <em>Cinema d’Actualité</em> in Parijs, een bioscoop waar doorlopend filmjournaals werden vertoond. Op <strong>17 maart 1938</strong> opende een vestiging op het Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De met Miep en Jan Gies bevriende Wim Bunjes was er filmoperateur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Cineac (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 oktober 1942 (bij 30 september 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Cinema on the Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opened the first <em>Cinema d'Actualité</em> in Paris in <strong>1934</strong>, a cinema where newsreels were shown continuously. On <strong>March 17, 1938</strong>, a branch opened on the Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wim Bunjes, who was friends with Miep and Jan Gies, was a projectionist there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Cineac (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 October 1942 (with 30 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894911 52.374882)",
"summary": "In a Cineac cinema, a continuous show alternated current affairs with documentaries and short films.",
"summary_nl": "In een Cineac-bioscoop werden in een doorlopende voorstelling actualiteiten afgewisseld met documentaires en korte films.",
"summary_en": "In a Cineac cinema, a continuous show alternated current affairs with documentaries and short films.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Damrak",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"id": 1225,
"uuid": "fbaf4c9e-f644-405b-b8bc-203e5581cb1f",
"name": "ANWU01712000013 - City Theater",
"title": "Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen 15-17, City Theater, rond 1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: J. Sleding. Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/ANWU01712000013_2H8sbO9.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank/detail/e278de28-d593-d6be-446f-503cfdbb08eb",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"latitude": "52.36345",
"longitude": "4.88384",
"events": [
{
"id": 261,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc",
"name": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse première van de film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1959-04-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"summary_nl": "De Amerikaanse verfilming van 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' beleefde zijn Nederlandse première in aanwezigheid van koningin Juliana en prinses Beatrix.",
"summary_en": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5/",
"published": true,
"name": "City Theater",
"name_nl": "City Theater",
"name_en": "City Theater",
"uuid": "058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5",
"content": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>City Theater was een Nederlandse bioscoopketen. In <strong>1923</strong> werd in Den Haag het eerste City Theater geopend. In <strong>1935</strong> opende het City Theater in Amsterdam, de vijfde bioscoop van de firma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88384 52.36345)",
"summary": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"summary_nl": "In het City Theater vond de Nederlandse première van de speelfilm 'The Diary of Anne Frank' plaats.",
"summary_en": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23/",
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"uuid": "5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
"name": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie begin jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"description": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Op <strong>30 januari 1933</strong> werd Adolf Hitler Rijkskanselier van Duitsland. Zo kreeg hij de kans zijn ideeën uit <em>Mein Kampf</em> uit te voeren. Na de Rijksdagbrand op <strong>27 februari 1933</strong> schortte hij de belangrijkste burgerrechten op. Ook werden er antisemitische verordeningen aangenomen die het Joden onmogelijk maken de belangrijkste beroepen uit te oefenen door het vereiste van een zogenoemd 'Ariër'-bewijs. Als reactie op deze maatregelen en de boycot op <strong>1 april 1933</strong> van Joodse winkeliers, artsen en advocaten zochten verlieten veel Joden Duitsland. Zij zochten in eerste instantie een veilig heenkomen in omringende landen, waaronder Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alleen al in de eerste dagen van <strong>april 1933</strong> weken er honderden uit naar Nederland, waaronder Otto Frank. In de maanden daarna werd hij gevolgd door vrouw en beide dochters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
"summary_nl": "Het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP in 1933 leidde tot een uittocht van burgers uit Duitsland. Degenen die vertrokken waren vooral Joods, politiek dissident of allebei.",
"summary_en": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2/",
"published": true,
"name": "Committee for Jewish Refugees",
"name_nl": "Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen",
"name_en": "Committee for Jewish Refugees",
"uuid": "ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2",
"content": "<p>The <em>Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</em> formed part of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Its main task was to arrange practical help and shelter for Jewish refugees in Amsterdam. Professor David Cohen, the secretary of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests, was appointed chairman of the Refugee Committee. Initially, the CJV was located at 's Gravenhekje 7, but when that was demolished, the committee moved to Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. After 1941, this was an address of the Jewish Council.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Jewish_Refugees_(Netherlands)\" target=\"_blank\">Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het CJV vormde een onderdeel van het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jkok\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De voornaamste taak was om de praktische hulp en opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen in Amsterdam te regelen. Prof.dr. David Cohen, de secretaris van het <em>Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen</em>, werd tot voorzitter van het Vluchtelingencomité benoemd. Aanvankelijk was het CJV gevestigd op 's Gravenhekje 7, maar toen dat gesloopt werd, verhuisde het Comité naar Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. Na <strong>1941</strong> was dit een adres van de Joodsche Raad.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jkok\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comité_voor_voor_Joodsche_Vluchtelingen\" target=\"_blank\">Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</em> formed part of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Its main task was to arrange practical help and shelter for Jewish refugees in Amsterdam. Professor David Cohen, the secretary of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests, was appointed chairman of the Refugee Committee. Initially, the CJV was located at 's Gravenhekje 7, but when that was demolished, the committee moved to Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. After 1941, this was an address of the Jewish Council.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Jewish_Refugees_(Netherlands)\" target=\"_blank\">Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The Committee for Jewish Refugees (Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen - CJV) was founded in 1933 to provide practical help and shelter for refugees in Amsterdam. Among other things, it helped single women from Germany find work as domestic help for German-Jewish families in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen (CJV) werd in 1933 opgericht om hulp aan Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland te regelen. Het hielp onder andere alleenstaande vrouwen uit Duitsland aan werk als huishoudelijke hulp bij Duits-Joodse families in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Committee for Jewish Refugees (Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen - CJV) was founded in 1933 to provide practical help and shelter for refugees in Amsterdam. Among other things, it helped single women from Germany find work as domestic help for German-Jewish families in Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"name_nl": "Anne en Margot in de schurftbarak",
"name_en": "Anne en Margot in the scabies barrack",
"content": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven Anne en Margot vanwege schurft tijdelijk in het zogenaamde Krätzeblock – de barak voor schurftlijders. Het is onduidelijk wanneer en hoe lang Anne en Margot precies in deze ziekenbarak hebben verbleven, maar er zijn verschillende getuigen die de aanwezigheid van de zusjes in het Krätzeblock bevestigen. Zo kwamen ook Ronnie van Cleef en Frieda Brommet al snel na hun aankomst in het Krätzeblock terecht en trokken ze daar samen op met Anne en Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De omstandigheden in het Krätzeblock waren slecht. De zieken werden grotendeels aan hun lot overgelaten en waren afhankelijk van hun medegevangenen. Om haar dochters te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, de moeder van Frieda Brommet, en geholpen door Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te kunnen geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich hoe zij door het gat extra eten kregen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En in die periode dat Ronnie en ik daar samen waren is het zo dat mijn moeder en mevrouw Frank, Edith, een soort koppel vormden. Omdat zij samen dingen hebben gestolen die ze… Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ (...) En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne. (…).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot volgens Frieda Brommet uit de ziekenbarak ontslagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> werden Anne en Margot geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After their arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in the <em>Krätzeblock - </em>the block for scabies sufferers - due to scabies. It is unclear exactly when and for how long Anne and Margot stayed in this infirmary block, but there are several witnesses who confirm the sisters' presence in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>. For instance, Ronnie van Cleef and Frieda Brommet also ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>soon after their arrival and moved there together with Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Conditions in the <em>Krätzeblock </em>were poor. The sick were largely left to fend for themselves and depended on their fellow inmates. To help her daughters, Edith Frank, together with Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester, Frieda Brommet's mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere on the side of the barracks to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frieda Brommet recalled how they got extra food through the hole:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' (...) And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I'm handing it to you through the hole now and you have to share it between the four of you.' And the four of them was with Margot and Anne (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late October 1944</strong>, according to Frieda Brommet, Anne and Margot were discharged from the infirmary barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>30 October 1944</strong>, Anne and Margot were selected for transport to Bergen Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdfle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis: Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.216-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1en4d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qiklh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sw2z9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ad van Liempt, <em>Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, </em>Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007, p. 62.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cny5j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.221.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-10-30",
"summary": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot verbleven vanwege schurft tijdelijk in een ziekenbarak. Hun moeder Edith groef samen met andere vrouwen een gat onder de houten barakwand om extra eten te geven aan haar dochters.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot stayed temporarily in an infirmary barrack because of scabies. Their mother Edith and other women dug a hole under the wooden barrack wall to provide extra food for her daughters.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 36,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a80cbaf1-c34a-4d0b-8751-5bc17470063e/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/298bf86b-0a5f-44dc-a606-0a72436ad431?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1f31eae1-b6f4-4e50-acb4-9849bad63363?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a80cbaf1-c34a-4d0b-8751-5bc17470063e",
"name": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels' date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck's timeline, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when 101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over het lot van Herman van Pels zijn slechts enkele summiere getuigenissen overgeleverd. Vermoedelijk werd op <strong>3 oktober 1944</strong> Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn een verklaring van <strong>februari 1961</strong> zegt het Rode Kruis, Hermann van Pels op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> als gestorven te beschouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dat zou betekenen dat hij direct bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau is vergast. Hermann van Pels is echter bij aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau zesenveertig jaar oud en behoort dus niet tot de leeftijdscategorie (vijftig jaar en ouder) die in de regel (behoudens vele uitzonderingen) meteen geselecteerd wordt voor de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog geprobeerd de deportaties naar Auschwitz en andere kampen, langs de weg van collectieve reconstructie, in kaart te brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Rode Kruis reconstrueert de overlijdensdatum van vermisten van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de eerste selectie op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> overleefden, tussen <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong> en uiterlijk <strong>15 maart 1945</strong>. Hierdoor wordt in sommige bronnen <strong>15 maart 1945</strong> genoemd als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nVolgens Fritzi Frank heeft Otto Frank herhaaldelijk verklaard dat Hermann van Pels de eerste selectie van <strong>6 september 1944</strong> is doorgekomen. Tijdens werkzaamheden in een buitencommando bezeert hij enkele weken later in oktober of november ernstig zijn duim. Hij krijgt daarom Zimmerdienst. Vervolgens komt er een selectie die Van Pels noodlottig zou zijn geworden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In een ander interview uit noemt Otto Frank ook <strong>5 oktober 1944</strong> als overlijdensdatum van Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>juli 1943</strong> waren er geen vergassingen meer In Auschwitz I, het kamp waar Hermann van Pels gevangen zat. Als Hermann van Pels vergast is, dan is dit gebeurd in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) waar de crematoria in werking waren tot <strong>november 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, een medegevangene uit het transport van <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>van Westerbork naar Auschwitz, heeft verklaard dat hij Hermann van Pels niet meer gezien heeft na een selectie van mensen die <em>Blockschonung </em>hadden (dispensatie van werk vanwege een arbeidskwetsuur).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van gegevens uit het kalendarium van Danuta Czeck zijn <strong>2</strong> en <strong>7 oktober 1944</strong> mogelijke data waarop Hermann van Pels na selectie in Auschwitz-Birkenau vergast is. Op <strong>2 oktober 1944</strong> voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waarbij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog dezelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. We weten dat meer gevangenen van het transport van<strong> 3 september 1944 </strong>precies op die datum, <strong>3 oktober 1944,</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het is zo goed als zeker dat zij samen met Hermann van Pels op die dag in een van de gaskamers van Auschwitz-Birkenau zijn omgebracht. Hermann was toen 46 jaar oud.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Only a few scant testimonies have survived about the fate of Herman van Pels. It is thought that Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber of Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn a statement issued in <strong>February 1961</strong>, the Red Cross said it considered Hermann van Pels to have died on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This would mean that he was gassed immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann van Pels, however, was forty-six years old on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and therefore not part of the age group (fifty years and older) that, as a rule (with many exceptions), was immediately selected for the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAfter the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross tried to map the deportations to Auschwitz and other camps, on the basis of collective reconstruction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Red Cross reconstructed the date of death of missing people from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, between <strong>1 October 1944</strong> and no later than <strong>15 March</strong> <strong>1945</strong>. As a result, some sources list <strong>15 March 1945</strong> as the date of death of Hermann van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAccording to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank repeatedly stated that Hermann van Pels got through the first selection on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>. While working at a subcamp a few weeks later in October or November, he seriously hurt his thumb. He was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. There was then a selection that presumably proved fatal for Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In another interview Otto Frank also mentions <strong>5 October 1944</strong> as Hermann van Pels' date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1943</strong> there were no more gassings in Auschwitz I, the camp where Hermann van Pels was imprisoned. If Hermann van Pels was gassed, it happened in Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) where crematoria were in operation until <strong>November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Simon, a fellow inmate from the <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz, stated that he did not see Hermann van Pels again after a selection of people who had <em>Blockschonung </em>(dispensation from work due to a labour disability).<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on data from Danuta Czeck's timeline, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>7 October 1944</strong> are possible dates when Hermann van Pels was gassed after selection in Auschwitz-Birkenau. On <strong>2 October 1944</strong>, <em>Lagerarzst </em>Thilo carried out a selection in the Quarantine Block, when 101 prisoners were selected to be sent to the gas chamber the same night. We know that more prisoners from the<strong> 3 September 1944 </strong>transport died on that exact date, <strong>3 October</strong> <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c797e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is almost certain that, together with Hermann van Pels, they were killed on that day in one of the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hermann was 46 years old at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dc5oz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293 – Fritz Simon; Fritz Simon noemt geen datum; In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, map research Schnabel). ; Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant Welt am Sontag, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken', het gedeelte over de wagen beladen met kledingstukken kan niet kloppen omdat vergassingen in die periode plaatsvinden in Auschwitz-Birkenau en Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I verbleef; Danuta Czechk noemt verschillende mogelijk data begin oktober 1944: Op 2 oktober 1944 voert Lagerarzst Thilo een selectie uit in het Quarantaineblok waar bij 101 gevangenen worden geselecteerd die nog de zelfde nacht naar de gaskamer gaan. Zie: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gnw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 103586-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i9ka\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red,), <em>Auschwitz. Deel V. De deportatietransporten in 1944</em>, ’s-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1953, p. 21.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hq4mr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 3. Zie ook: NRK, dossier 103586-11 en 12: Correspondentie van het Informatiebureau NRK met Mr K. Jansma, oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo6hg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Digitaal Monument Joodse Gemeenschap in Nederland noemt 15 maart 1945 (http://www.joodsmonument.nl/person/476863), evenals Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 300.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nyuw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Fritzi Frank aan Vincent Frank Steiner, 14 december 1990. In de aantekeningen van Ernst Schnabel: '5.X bald nach Ankunft Selektion. Van Daan selektiert. Grosser kräftiger Mann. Beim Graben Hand verstaucht. 3 Tage Stubendienst. Alle Stubendienste wurden selktiert. (…) Peter sah zu, wie Vater heraufsah, ehe alle abmarchierten. Letzter ängstlich- verzweifelter Blick'. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Research Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zgt0j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'How the end came to Anne Frank' by William Banks verschenen in <em>Bungei Shanju-sha</em>, zonder datum. Uit een interview met Otto Frank in de Duitse krant <em>Welt am Sontag</em>, 4 februari 1979: 'Und nie werde ich vergessen, wie der 17 jährigen Peter van Daan und ich in Auschwitz einen Trupp selektierter Männer sahen. Einer von ihnen war Peters Vater. Die Männer marchierten ab. Zwei Stunden später kam ein Wagen zurück, beladen mit ihren Kleidungsstücken'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4egl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wacław Długoborski, Franciscek Piper (eds.), <em>Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central issues in the history of the camp</em>, Oświecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000, deel III, p.133, 159, 210.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4hjg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, inv.nr. 1293, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c797e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Czech,<em> Kalendarium</em>, p. 892. Op 7 Oktober 1944 selecteert SS-Lagerarzt Dr. Thilo 20 gevangenen in het mannenquarantainekamp die nog op dezelfde dag worden vergast, Zie: Czech, <em>Kalendarium</em>, p. 897-898.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-10-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Vermoedelijk werd op 3 oktober 1944 Hermann van Pels vermoord in de gaskamer van Auschwitz-Birkenau.",
"summary_en": "Presumably, Hermann van Pels was murdered in the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 3 October 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124423,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189",
"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: de vrouwen in het Durchgangslager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau: the women in the Durchgangslager",
"description": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Barakken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘<em>onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het <em>Krätzeblock</em> terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het <em>Krätzeblock </em>te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selecties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van <strong>30 oktober 1944</strong> geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! </em>over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op<strong> 1 november 1944</strong> vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het <em>B-Lager</em> en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het <em>A-Lager</em> – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Huts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an '<em>inseparable trinity</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>How long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o762y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the <em>Krätzeblock</em>, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"725df\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selections</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of <strong>30 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book <em>Escaped the Gas Chamber! </em>in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on<strong> 1 November 1944</strong>. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the <em>B-Lager</em> and transferred two days later to the <em>A-Lager</em> - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the <em>Blockälteste</em> they managed to escape gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the <em>Durchfallblock</em> (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rilye\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ej5op\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Bloeme Evers-Emden, 11 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg46k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen, inv.nr. 583, I. Salomon. Ook andere vertelden hierover: Bloeme Evers-Emden, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef, Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, Frieda Menco-Brommet, Anita Mayer-Roos.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o762y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, 22 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aa35f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ook Frieda’s moeder Rebecca Brommet-Ritmeester overleefde de Holocaust. AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"725df\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief. De getuigenissen hierover van Frieda Menco-Brommet, Ronnie Goldstein-van Cleef en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden hebben allemaal dezelfde strekking en wijken slechts in enkele kleine details van elkaar af.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u98v\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Wieder Blocksperre, aber diesmal mussten wir nackt auf dem Apellplatz warten, und es dauerte sehr lange. (…) Und dann kamen die beiden Mädchen an die Reihe: Anne und Margot. Und An[1]ne hatte ihr Gesicht, sogar unter dem Scheinwerfer noch, und sie stieß Margot an, und Margot ging aufrecht ins Licht, und da standen sie einen Augenblick, nackt und kahl, und Anne sah zu uns herüber, mit ihrem ungetrübten Gesicht und gerade, und dann gingen sie. Was hinter dem Scheinwerfer war, war nicht mehr zu sehen. Und Frau Frank schrie: Die Kinder! O Gott...’ In: Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt/Main, 1958, p. 138-139.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bo3vk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.211-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rilye\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosa de Winter-Levy, <em>Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! Het satanswerk van de S.S.: relaas van het lijden in de bevrijding uit het concentratiekamp "Birkenau" bij Auschwitz</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1945, 29. Zelf zou Rosa de Winter-Levy Auschwitz ternauwernood overleven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"summary_nl": "Anne, Margot en Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels zaten gevangen in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot en Auguste gingen na twee maanden weer op transport naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Edith bleef achter en stierf twee maanden later.",
"summary_en": "Anne, Margot and Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne, Margot and Auguste were transported back to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after two months. Edith stayed behind and died two months later.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124393,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124422,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50",
"name": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz I: de mannen in het Stammlager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"description": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Alle mannen van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de selectie na aankomst in Birkenau overleefd hadden, gingen na de registratieprocedure te voet naar Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daar kwamen ze terecht in quarantaineblok 8. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog, vaak met twee of meer personen in een bed. Het quarantaineblok was overbevolkt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaine moesten alle gevangenen werken. De meesten werkten aan de <em>Straßenbau</em> – stratenbouw – of in de <em>Kiesgrube</em> – de grindkuil –, waar zij grind op karren moesten laden en deze wegbrengen om straten te verharden. Veel mensen liepen bij dit werk blessures en verwondingen op. Otto Frank heeft na de oorlog verklaard dat hij bij een commando was ingedeeld dat grind moest slepen.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Omdat ik zelf een tijdje in een Kieskommando was, weet ik veel over de zware arbeid die daar moest worden verricht en de mishandelingen die daar vaak aan verbonden waren.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De quarantaineperiode van de mannen uit het transport van 3 september eindigde <strong>begin oktober 1944 </strong>met twee selecties, waarbij opnieuw een groep mannelijke gevangenen die niet meer tot zware arbeid in staat geacht werd, in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Deze selecties zouden ook de dood van Hermann van Pels inluiden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die de selectie wel overleefden, bleven na de quarantaineperiode in Auschwitz I, waar zij bij verschillende arbeidscommando’s werden ingedeeld. Waar Fritz Pfeffer werd ingedeeld, weten we niet. Over de gevangenschap van Pfeffer in Auschwitz is niets teruggevonden in de getuigenissen van overlevenden. Wat we weten is dat hij in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Net als de anderen verbleef hij in quarantaine tot circa <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong>. Rond <strong>11 november 1944</strong> is hij waarschijnlijk geselecteerd voor transport naar kamp Neuengamme, waar hij <strong>tussen</strong> <strong>10 en 18 november</strong> is aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaineperiode werkte Otto Frank eerst in het <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. Daarna kwam hij terecht in de <em>Straßenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Of dit direct na de quarantaineperiode gebeurde, is niet duidelijk. Toen het werk in de Straßenbau vanwege de vorst werd gestaakt, kreeg Otto Frank naar eigen zeggen beter werk, en wel in het Kartoffelschälkommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels kwam na de quarantaineperiode in blok 2 terecht. Otto Frank vertelde in een interview na de oorlog:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘<em>Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de SS’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel daarvan achteroverdrukken. Otto Frank en Peter van Pels zouden elkaar dagelijks gezien hebben totdat Peter midden januari op transport werd gesteld naar kamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was de enige van de onderduikers die de kampen overleefde.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
"summary_nl": "De vier mannelijke onderduikers kwamen na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau in Auschwitz I terecht.",
"summary_en": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"id": 396124661,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
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"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp",
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"content": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women's camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by <strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp's overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> werd het concentratiekamp Auschwitz uitgebreid met een tweede locatie Auschwitz-Birkenau – ook wel Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp lag ongeveer drie kilometer noordwestelijk van het <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, bij het dorpje <em>Birkenau</em>: de Duitse naam voor het Poolse dorpje <em>Brzezinka</em>. De beslissing om de Europese Joden te vermoorden gaf aanleiding tot het aanbrengen van aanpassingen aan de inrichting en doelstelling van dit kamp. Onder leiding van kampcommandant Rudolf Höss (1901-1947) werd het hoofddoel van dit kamp de vernietiging van Joden en de selectie van arbeidskrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was een uitgestrekt terrein van 175 hectare groot en werd aangelegd door Russische krijgsgevangenen en dwangarbeiders. Nadat de eerste groep Russische krijgsgevangenen vrijwel geheel aan de gevolgen van uithongering en uitputting waren overleden, brachten de nazi’s tienduizenden Joden als arbeidsslaven naar Birkenau om hun werk voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Birkenau werd vanaf begin <strong>augustus 1942</strong> een apart vrouwenkamp ingericht. In <strong>september</strong> <strong>1944</strong> kwamen ook de vrouwelijke onderduikers uit het Achterhuis daar terecht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gaskamers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1942</strong> begon de aanbouw van gaskamers in twee leegstaande boerderijen om Joden bij aankomst onmiddellijk te vermoorden met het extreem giftige blauwzuurgas Zyklon B. Ondanks dat het kamp nog in aanbouw was, nam het al snel de moordpraktijk grotendeels over van Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste gaskamer in Birkenau, Bunker I, werd vermoedelijk <strong>half</strong> of <strong>eind mei 1942</strong> in gebruik genomen. Bunker II was waarschijnlijk <strong>eind juni</strong> of <strong>begin juli</strong> klaar voor gebruik. Na Bunker I en II volgden tussen <strong>maart</strong> en <strong>juni 1943</strong> nog de bouw van crematoria en gaskamers II-V. Zo werd Auschwitz-Birkenau vanaf 1943 het centrum van de Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selectie </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau selecteerden SS-artsen de Joodse mensen die geschikt waren voor dwangarbeid; de rest ging direct naar de gaskamer. Hoewel de criteria konden varieren, werden doorgaans kinderen van vijftien en jonger en volwassenen boven de vijftig jaar geselecteerd voor de gaskamer. Ook moeders met kinderen onder de vijftien en zwangere vrouwen werdendirect naar de gaskamer gestuurd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bekendste kamparts van Auschwitz die de selecties uitvoerde was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). Naast de selecties voor de gaskamer deed Mengele ook medische experimenten op gevangenen – veelal vrouwen en tweelingen – met vaak dodelijke afloop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wie niet geselecteerd werd voor de gaskamer werd ingezet voor dwangarbeid en werd opgesloten in een van de overvolle barakken van het kamp. De hygiënische omstandigheden waren er slecht en er was te weinig en slecht voedsel. Veel gevangenen stierven van uitputting en door de vele ziektes die rondgingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen in de<strong> zomer van 1944</strong> het Sovjetleger vanuit het oosten oprukte en de kampen in het bezette Polen naderde, werden steeds meer gevangenen als slavenarbeiders naar kampen in Duitsland gedeporteerd. In dezelfde tijd begonnen de pogingen van de nazi’s om sporen van de massamoord in Auschwitz uit te wissen. Vanaf begin <strong>november 1944</strong> vonden geen vergassingen meer plaats inBirkenau. Gaskamers en crematoria werden ontmanteld en opgeblazen. Toen het Sovjetleger nog dichterbij kwam, volgden in januari 1945 de grote ontruimingstransporten van Auschwitz en moesten 58.000 mannen en vrouwen mee op zogenaamde dodenmarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Er werden ruim 57.000 Joden uit Nederland in Auschwitz vermoord. Slechts 970 Nederlandse Joden keerden levend terug uit het kamp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh5pc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>In late 1941,</strong> Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to include a second site Auschwitz-Birkenau - also known as Auschwitz-II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was located about three kilometres northwest of the <em>Stammlager</em> Auschwitz-I, near the village of Birkenau: the German name for the Polish village of Brzezinka. The decision to murder European Jews prompted modifications to the layout and purpose of this camp. Under the leadership of camp commander Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), the main objective of this camp became the extermination of Jews and the selection of people for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz-Birkenau was a vast 175-hectare site built by Russian POWs and forced labourers. After the first group of Russian POWs died almost entirely from starvation and exhaustion, the Nazis brought tens of thousands of Jews to Birkenau as slave workers to continue their work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A separate women's camp was set up in Birkenau from early <strong>August 1942</strong>. In <strong>September</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, the females who had been hiding in the Secret Annex also ended up there.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Gas chambers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1942</strong>, the construction of gas chambers began in two empty farmhouses to kill Jews immediately on arrival with the extremely toxic prussic acid gas Zyklon B. Despite the fact that the camp was still under construction, it soon took over most of the killing from Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first gas chamber at Birkenau, Bunker I, was probably commissioned <strong>in mid-</strong> or <strong>late May 1942</strong>. Bunker II was probably ready for use by <strong>late June</strong> or <strong>early July</strong>. After Bunker I and II, construction of crematoria and gas chambers II-V followed between <strong>March</strong> and <strong>June 1943</strong>. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust from 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Selection </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS doctors selected the Jewish people who were fit for forced labour; the rest went directly to the gas chamber. Although the criteria could vary, usually children 15 and under and adults over 50 were selected for the gas chamber. Mothers with children under 15 and pregnant women were also sent directly to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's best-known camp doctor who carried out the selections was Josef Mengele (1911-1979). In addition to selections for the gas chamber, Mengele also conducted medical experiments on prisoners - mostly women and twins - often with fatal results.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those who were not selected for the gas chamber were assigned to forced labour and locked up in one of the camp's overcrowded huts. Hygienic conditions were poor and there was too little and poor food. Many prisoners died of exhaustion and from the many diseases that went around.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of<strong> 1944</strong>, as the Soviet army advanced from the east and approached the camps in occupied Poland, more and more prisoners were deported to camps in Germany as slave labour. At the same time, Nazi efforts began to erase traces of the Auschwitz massacre. From early <strong>November 1944</strong>, gassings no longer took place in Birkenau. Gas chambers and crematoria were dismantled and blown up. As the Soviet army moved even closer, the great evacuation transports from Auschwitz followed in January 1945, and 58,000 men and women were forced to go on so-called death marches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Over 57,000 Jews from the Netherlands were murdered in Auschwitz. Only 970 Dutch Jews returned alive from the camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7u51v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9jcu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 133.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zccdh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5y4y7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a4my8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 150-151.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jzxq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1hj7m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 140-141</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
"summary_nl": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (ook Auschwitz II genoemd) was het tweede van de drie grote kampen van het concentratiekampcomplex Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Auschwitz-Birkenau (also called Auschwitz II) was the second of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.",
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"name": "Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau with the other people from the Secret Annex on the night of <strong>Tuesday 5 to Wednesday 6 September 1944.</strong> Subsequently, the men from this transport, including Peter, went on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> With the other men from the 3 September 1944 transport, Peter van Pels stayed in quarantine block 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his quarantine period, Peter entered Block 2, where Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) by now held the position of <em>Stubenältester -</em> barrack leader. Peter had by now become separated from Otto, who was assigned to another barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Although Stoppelman and Peter van Pels had never seen each other in Amsterdam, it soon turned out that Peter knew Stoppelman's mother and knew that she was the Jewish landlady of Jan and Miep Gies who had helped them to find a hiding place. Stoppelman later said: <em>"</em>The first thing he told me was that he had heard from Jan and Miep that everything was still fine with my mother. I told him to stay near me as much as possible and that I would try to get him through it."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A bond immediately developed between Peter and Stoppelman, and Stoppelman would take him under his wing as <em>Stubenältester </em>until the evacuation of Auschwitz. After that, they lost sight of each other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><strong>Paketstelle</strong></em><br />\r\nOn the transport list of<strong> 3 September 1944, </strong>Peter van Pels was registered as a metal worker. Because having a profession increased the chances of a better life, prisoners made up occupations: bricklayer, carpenter or lathe worker. It is plausible that Peter therefore registered as a metal worker. Whether Peter was indeed initially classified as a metal worker in Auschwitz is unknown. What we do know is that in Auschwitz Peter managed over time - possibly with Stoppelman's help - to secure a good job at the <em>Paketstelle</em> and that later, on his card in the camp administration of Mauthausen, it was recorded that he was <em>Tischler </em>(furniture maker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>"</em>Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for the SS and non-Jewish prisoners who received mail and parcels."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle </em>were tasked with opening parcels for deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin many of the contents. The regime at the Paketstelle was also less strict: prisoners did not have to be on roll call and they had more freedom of movement. With the extra food and warm clothes, working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> allowed them to gain weight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> So it was that by January 1945 Peter was able to be in relatively good shape and, in addition, able to visit and care for the sick Otto Frank. Otto Frank later stated that he saw Peter daily and that he was a great support to him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels kwam samen met de andere onderduikers aan in Auschwitz-Birkenau in de nacht van <strong>dinsdag 5 op woensdag 6 september 1944.</strong> Vervolgens gingen de mannen uit dit transport, waaronder Peter, te voet naar Auschwitz I, ook wel <em>Stammlager</em> genaamd, dat zich op ongeveer 3 kilometer afstand van Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) bevindt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Met de andere mannen uit het transport van 3 september 1944 verbleef Peter van Pels in quarantaineblok 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na zijn quarantaineperiode kwam Peter in blok 2, waar Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) inmiddels de functie van <em>Stubenältester</em> – barakleider – had. Peter was inmiddels gescheiden van Otto, die in een andere barak was ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hoewel Stoppelman en Peter van Pels elkaar in Amsterdam nooit hadden gezien, bleek algauw dat Peter de moeder van Stoppelman kende en wist dat dit de Joodse huisbazin van Jan en Miep Gies was die zij aan een onderduikadres hadden geholpen. Stoppelman vertelde later: <em>‘Zijn eerste verhaal was dat hij van Jan en Miep wist dat bij mijn moeder nog alles goed was. Ik heb hem gezegd zo veel mogelijk bij mij in de buurt te blijven en dat ik zal trachten hem erdoorheen te halen.’</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstond onmiddellijk een band tussen Peter en Stoppelman en Stoppelman zou hem tot de evacuatie van Auschwitz als Stubenältester onder zijn hoede nemen. Daarna verloren zij elkaar uit het oog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Paketstelle</strong><br />\r\nOp de transportlijst van<strong> 3 september 1944 </strong>staat Peter van Pels geregistreerd als metaalbewerker. Omdat het hebben van een beroep de kans op een beter leven vergrootte, werden door de gevangenen beroepen verzonnen: metselaar, timmerman of bankwerker. Het is aannemelijk dat Peter zich daarom als metaalbewerker liet registreren. Of Peter in Auschwitz in eerste instantie inderdaad als metaalbewerker is ingedeeld, is onbekend. Wel weten we dat het Peter in Auschwitz na verloop van tijd lukte – mogelijk met hulp van Stoppelman – om een goede baan bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> te verwerven en dat later, op zijn kaart in de kampadministratie van Mauthausen vermeld staat dat hij <em>Tischler </em>(meubelmaker) was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>‘Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de ss’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de Paketstelle werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel van de inhoud achteroverdrukken. Ook was het regime bij de Paketstell losser: de gevangenen hoefden niet op appel te staan en zij hadden meer bewegingsvrijheid. Door het extra voedsel en warme kleding was het door het werk bij de Paketstelle mogelijk om aan te sterken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zo kwam het dat Peter in januari 1945 in relatief goede conditie kon verkeren en daarnaast in staat was de zieke Otto Frank te bezoeken en te verzorgen. Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij Peter dagelijks zag en dat hij een grote steun voor hem was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau with the other people from the Secret Annex on the night of <strong>Tuesday 5 to Wednesday 6 September 1944.</strong> Subsequently, the men from this transport, including Peter, went on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> With the other men from the 3 September 1944 transport, Peter van Pels stayed in quarantine block 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his quarantine period, Peter entered Block 2, where Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) by now held the position of <em>Stubenältester -</em> barrack leader. Peter had by now become separated from Otto, who was assigned to another barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Although Stoppelman and Peter van Pels had never seen each other in Amsterdam, it soon turned out that Peter knew Stoppelman's mother and knew that she was the Jewish landlady of Jan and Miep Gies who had helped them to find a hiding place. Stoppelman later said: <em>"</em>The first thing he told me was that he had heard from Jan and Miep that everything was still fine with my mother. I told him to stay near me as much as possible and that I would try to get him through it."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A bond immediately developed between Peter and Stoppelman, and Stoppelman would take him under his wing as <em>Stubenältester </em>until the evacuation of Auschwitz. After that, they lost sight of each other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><strong>Paketstelle</strong></em><br />\r\nOn the transport list of<strong> 3 September 1944, </strong>Peter van Pels was registered as a metal worker. Because having a profession increased the chances of a better life, prisoners made up occupations: bricklayer, carpenter or lathe worker. It is plausible that Peter therefore registered as a metal worker. Whether Peter was indeed initially classified as a metal worker in Auschwitz is unknown. What we do know is that in Auschwitz Peter managed over time - possibly with Stoppelman's help - to secure a good job at the <em>Paketstelle</em> and that later, on his card in the camp administration of Mauthausen, it was recorded that he was <em>Tischler </em>(furniture maker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>"</em>Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for the SS and non-Jewish prisoners who received mail and parcels."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle </em>were tasked with opening parcels for deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin many of the contents. The regime at the Paketstelle was also less strict: prisoners did not have to be on roll call and they had more freedom of movement. With the extra food and warm clothes, working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> allowed them to gain weight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> So it was that by January 1945 Peter was able to be in relatively good shape and, in addition, able to visit and care for the sick Otto Frank. Otto Frank later stated that he saw Peter daily and that he was a great support to him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1945-01-18",
"summary": "Peter van Pels was in Auschwitz from 6 September 1944 to 18 January 1945. There he worked in the Paketstelle and was able to care for the sick Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels verbleef van 6 september 1944 tot 18 januari 1945 in Auschwitz. Daar werkte hij bij de Paketstelle en kon zo de zieke Otto Frank verzorgen.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels was in Auschwitz from 6 September 1944 to 18 January 1945. There he worked in the Paketstelle and was able to care for the sick Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 32,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e7a39e8c-1506-47b7-968d-79f1f6a3d771/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d90bb0d-e31e-4a44-a21d-67819dd2944e?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e7a39e8c-1506-47b7-968d-79f1f6a3d771",
"name": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>After their registration, the men, including Hermann van Pels, were sent on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, which was located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy labour in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) laying streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the process, Hermann van Pels is said to have injured his thumb on one occasion to such an extent that he could no longer work and was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. When there was a selection, this proved fatal for him and he was taken away to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fellow prisoner Fritz Simon, in a statement shortly after the war for the Dutch Red Cross, named Hermann van Pels as one of those who were temporarily unable to work because of an injury and had been given a few days' exemption from work for this reason: <em>'Blockschonung'.</em> When there was a selection, these persons were then selected and transported to Birkenau for gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This is where Hermann probably died on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na hun registratie gingen de mannen, waaronder Hermann van Pels, te voet naar Auschwitz I, ook wel <em>Stammlager</em> genaamd, dat zich op ongeveer 3 kilometer afstand van Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) bevond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank heeft verklaard dat Otto Frank samen met Hermann van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer in de <em>Aussendienst</em> (buiten het kamp) zwaar werk moesten verrichten bij het aanleggen van straten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hierbij zou Hermann van Pels op een keer zijn duim zodanig verwond hebben dat hij niet meer kon werken en daarom <em>Zimmerdienst</em> kreeg. Toen er een selectie kwam, is dat hem noodlottig geworden en werd hij afgevoerd naar de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medegevangene Fritz Simon noemde in een verklaring vlak na de oorlog voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis Hermann van Pels als een van de personen die vanwege een verwonding tijdelijk niet konden werken en daarvoor enkele dagen vrijstelling van werk hadden gekregen: <em>‘Blockschonung’</em>. Bij een selectie werden deze personen vervolgens geselecteerd en voor vergassing naar Birkenau vervoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hier stierf Hermann waarschijnlijk op <strong>3 oktober 1944</strong>. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After their registration, the men, including Hermann van Pels, were sent on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, which was located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy labour in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) laying streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the process, Hermann van Pels is said to have injured his thumb on one occasion to such an extent that he could no longer work and was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. When there was a selection, this proved fatal for him and he was taken away to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fellow prisoner Fritz Simon, in a statement shortly after the war for the Dutch Red Cross, named Hermann van Pels as one of those who were temporarily unable to work because of an injury and had been given a few days' exemption from work for this reason: <em>'Blockschonung'.</em> When there was a selection, these persons were then selected and transported to Birkenau for gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This is where Hermann probably died on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-10-03",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels passed selection after arrival, but was sent to the gas chamber a few weeks later during a subsequent selection. He probably died there on 3 October 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels komt na aankomst door de selectie, maar wordt enkele weken later bij een hernieuwde selectie naar de gaskamer gestuurd. Hier sterft hij waarschijnlijk op 3 oktober 1944.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels passed selection after arrival, but was sent to the gas chamber a few weeks later during a subsequent selection. He probably died there on 3 October 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 46,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6eb5d507-d55c-4ae9-9574-53d7a82fcb52/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d90bb0d-e31e-4a44-a21d-67819dd2944e?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6eb5d507-d55c-4ae9-9574-53d7a82fcb52",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I after the selections from <strong>6 September 1944</strong> until <strong>mid-November</strong>. Almost nothing is known about Fritz Pfeffer's stay in Auschwitz. We do know that he ended up in Auschwitz I together with the other men from the Secret Annex and was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy work in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) paving streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Dutch Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons had left Auschwitz to an unknown destination in <strong>November 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>What is certain is that Fritz Pfeffer eventually ended up in Camp Neuengamme <strong>in mid-November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer zat na de selecties vanaf <strong>6 september 1944</strong> tot <strong>half november</strong> in Auschwitz I. Over het verblijf van Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz is vrijwel niets bekend. Wel weten we dat hij samen met de andere mannelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz I terechtkwam en in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank heeft verklaard dat Otto Frank samen met Hermann van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer in de <em>Aussendienst</em> (buiten het kamp) zwaar werk moest verrichten bij het aanleggen van straten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een kaart waarmee Charlotte Kaletta op <strong>1 augustus 1945 </strong>bij het Nederlandse Rode Kruis om informatie vroeg, vertrok Pfeffer op <strong>1 oktober 1944 </strong>met een <em>Artzetransport</em> uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Waar zij die kennis aan ontleende, is niet bekend. Kampoverlevende Barend Konijn vertelde later aan het Rode Kruis dat in <strong>november '44 </strong>een speciaal transport van tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar 'elders' was vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk in hoeverre deze berichten juist zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat wel vaststaat is dat Fritz Pfeffer uiteindelijk <strong>midden november 1944</strong> in kamp Neuengamme terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I after the selections from <strong>6 September 1944</strong> until <strong>mid-November</strong>. Almost nothing is known about Fritz Pfeffer's stay in Auschwitz. We do know that he ended up in Auschwitz I together with the other men from the Secret Annex and was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy work in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) paving streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Dutch Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons had left Auschwitz to an unknown destination in <strong>November 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>What is certain is that Fritz Pfeffer eventually ended up in Camp Neuengamme <strong>in mid-November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-11-10",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I from 6 September 1944 to mid-November 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer zat vanaf 6 september 1944 tot half november 1944 in Auschwitz I.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I from 6 September 1944 to mid-November 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 158,
"main_image": null,
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"name": "Evacuation of Auschwitz",
"name_nl": "Ontruiming van Auschwitz",
"name_en": "Evacuation of Auschwitz",
"content": "<p>Approaching Soviet troops evacuated Auschwitz in<strong> mid-January 1945</strong>, with the exception of the infirmary huts. Otto Frank had been admitted to the infirmary hut from November 1944, where he was visited daily by Peter van Pels. In vain, Otto tried to convince Peter not to join the transport, but to hide in the infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, however, Peter was optimistic about his chances and wanted to join the evacuation transport together with the people he worked with.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels was eventually part of the group of prisoners who left Auschwitz on<strong> 18 January 1945 </strong>and ended up in the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), who worked as a doctor in the infirmary huts, also joined the 'healthy' prisoners on the transport and, like Peter, ended up in Mauthausen. Kropveld described in his camp report that he had seriously considered staying behind, but decided to go anyway when he heard that the sick might not be left alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had probably heard similar rumours and possibly thought his chances of survival were better if he went with the rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Door de naderende Sovjettroepen werd midden<strong> januari 1945</strong> Auschwitz ontruimd, met uitzondering van de ziekenbarakken. Otto Frank was vanaf november 1944 opgenomen in de ziekenbarak en werd daar dagelijks bezocht door Peter van Pels. Tevergeefs probeerde Otto Peter te overtuigen om niet mee te gaan met het transport, maar zich te verstoppen in de ziekenbarak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Volgens Otto Frank was Peter echter optimistisch over zijn kansen en wilde hij samen met de mensen met wie hij werkte mee met het evacuatietransport. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels maakte uiteindelijk deel uit van de groep gevangenen die op<strong> 18 januari 1945 </strong>uit Auschwitz vertrok en in het concentratiekamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk terecht kwam. Ook Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), die als arts in de ziekenbarakken werkte, ging met de ‘gezonde’ gevangenen mee op transport en kwam net als Peter in Mauthausen terecht. Kropveld beschreef in zijn kampverslag dat hij serieus had overwogen achter te blijven, maar besloot om toch mee te gaan toen hij hoorde dat de zieken mogelijk niet in leven gelaten werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had waarschijnlijk soortgelijke geruchten gehoord en dacht mogelijk dat zijn overlevingskansen groter waren als hij meeging met de rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Approaching Soviet troops evacuated Auschwitz in<strong> mid-January 1945</strong>, with the exception of the infirmary huts. Otto Frank had been admitted to the infirmary hut from November 1944, where he was visited daily by Peter van Pels. In vain, Otto tried to convince Peter not to join the transport, but to hide in the infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, however, Peter was optimistic about his chances and wanted to join the evacuation transport together with the people he worked with.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels was eventually part of the group of prisoners who left Auschwitz on<strong> 18 January 1945 </strong>and ended up in the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), who worked as a doctor in the infirmary huts, also joined the 'healthy' prisoners on the transport and, like Peter, ended up in Mauthausen. Kropveld described in his camp report that he had seriously considered staying behind, but decided to go anyway when he heard that the sick might not be left alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had probably heard similar rumours and possibly thought his chances of survival were better if he went with the rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1945-01-18",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In mid-January 1945, Auschwitz was evacuated and Peter van Pels and Otto Frank had to say goodbye tp each other.",
"summary_nl": "Midden januari 1945 werd Auschwitz ontruimd en moesten Peter van Pels en Otto Frank afscheid nemen.",
"summary_en": "In mid-January 1945, Auschwitz was evacuated and Peter van Pels and Otto Frank had to say goodbye tp each other.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 57,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c455fb74-7bcf-4e6c-8e25-d7ed7b2f2769/",
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"name": "Liberation Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Bevrijding Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Liberation Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank had remained in the camp after the evacuation of Auschwitz between <strong>17 and 21 January 1945</strong>, along with about eight thousand prisoners. Otto had been convinced that he had survived by staying in the sick barracks at all costs and not joining the evacuation marches. Yet it turned out afterwards that there had indeed been plans to kill all those left behind in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>26 January 1945</strong>, just before the liberation of Auschwitz on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>, Otto Frank narrowly escaped execution: <em>'On the 26th we were brought out by the SS to be killed, but the SS was called away before it got that far - a miracle happened.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The next day, the camp was liberated by the Red Army. After the liberation, Otto Frank obtained a notebook. In it he wrote down all kinds of details about his fellow-sufferers, the events after the liberation and the journey home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The notebook mentions on <strong>27 January</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Frank was na de ontruiming van Auschwitz tussen <strong>17 en 21 januari 1945</strong>, samen met ongeveer achtduizend gevangen achtergebleven in het kamp. Otto was er van overtuigd geweest dat hij had overleefd door koste wat het kost in de ziekenbarak te blijven en niet mee te gaan met de ontruimingsmarsen. Toch bleek achteraf dat er wel degelijk plannen hadden bestaan om de achterblijvers in het kamp allemaal te vermoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>26 januari 1945</strong>, vlak voor de bevrijding van Auschwitz op <strong>27 januari 1945</strong>, ontkwam Otto Frank ternauwernood aan executie: <em>‘Op de 26e werden we door de ss naar buiten gebracht om vermoord te worden, maar de SS werd weggeroepen voor het zo ver was gekomen – er gebeurde een wonder.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De volgende dag werd het kamp door het Rode leger bevrijd. Na de bevrijding bemachtigde Otto Frank een notitieboekje. Daarin noteerde hij allerlei gegevens over zijn lotgenoten, de gebeurtenissen na de bevrijding en de thuisreis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het boekje vermeldt op <strong>27 januari</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank had remained in the camp after the evacuation of Auschwitz between <strong>17 and 21 January 1945</strong>, along with about eight thousand prisoners. Otto had been convinced that he had survived by staying in the sick barracks at all costs and not joining the evacuation marches. Yet it turned out afterwards that there had indeed been plans to kill all those left behind in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>26 January 1945</strong>, just before the liberation of Auschwitz on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>, Otto Frank narrowly escaped execution: <em>'On the 26th we were brought out by the SS to be killed, but the SS was called away before it got that far - a miracle happened.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The next day, the camp was liberated by the Red Army. After the liberation, Otto Frank obtained a notebook. In it he wrote down all kinds of details about his fellow-sufferers, the events after the liberation and the journey home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The notebook mentions on <strong>27 January</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1945-01-27",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 27 January 1945, the Soviet army liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. Otto Frank was free.",
"summary_nl": "Op 27 januari 1945 bevrijdde het Sovjet-leger concentratiekamp Auschwitz. Daardoor was Otto Frank weer vrij.",
"summary_en": "On 27 January 1945, the Soviet army liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. Otto Frank was free.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Auschwitz I Concentration Camp (Stammlager)",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Auschwitz I (Stammlager)",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I Concentration Camp (Stammlager)",
"uuid": "7d90bb0d-e31e-4a44-a21d-67819dd2944e",
"content": "<p>From <strong>spring 1942</strong>, the Nazis began the systematic mass deportations of Jews from Germany and the occupied territories to death camps. Auschwitz grew into the largest German concentration and extermination camp complex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's first camp (Auschwitz I) was set up in <strong>May 1940</strong> as a prison for political prisoners and prisoners of war. These were mainly Polish and Soviet POWs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rllos\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As there was too little space for the growing number of prisoners, Birkenau was built a few kilometres away in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Arbeit macht frei'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was located in a former Polish military barracks near the town of Oświęcim, called Auschwitz in German. The large gate that gave access to this camp bore the cynical text <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, which was meant to give the impression that this was a labour camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>November 1943</strong>, the Auschwitz complex was so extensive that it was organisationally divided into three camps: Auschwitz I (The Base Camp or <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) and Auschwitz III. A large proportion of the female prisoners were placed in Auschwitz-Birkenau, making Auschwitz I predominantly a men's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding in the Secret Annex arrived in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) was the camp commandant of Auschwitz. Under his predecessor Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), Auschwitz had become one of the centres of mass murder of European Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Block 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Block 10 of Auschwitz I, the notorious camp doctor Josef Mengele (1911-1979) and his staff performed medical experiments on prisoners. They were often extremely cruel experiments, in which prisoners were given poisonous injections or deliberately infected with deadly diseases to analyse disease progression. Despite Block 10 being in the men's camp, the experiments were mainly carried out on women and twins.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1941</strong>, experiments with the extremely poisonous prussic acid gas zyklon B were first conducted at Auschwitz I. Around <strong>5 September 1941</strong>, larger groups of Russian POWs were murdered for the first time. The first systematic gassings at Auschwitz I took place between <strong>late March and early April 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>May 1942</strong>, the second camp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) was still under development, but was already being increasingly set up by the camp management as an extermination camp and largely took over the killing from Auschwitz I. In<strong> autumn 1942</strong>, gassings in the camp crematorium at Auschwitz I ceased. From <strong>1943</strong>, Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>September 1944,</strong> the males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-I. Otto would remain a prisoner there until the liberation of the camp in<strong> January 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rllos\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The maxim was in use by the Nazis since 1933 and was also used in other concentration camps, such Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen and Theresienstadt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1942</strong> begonnen de nazi’s met de systematische en massale deportaties van Joden uit Duitsland en de bezette gebieden naar vernietigingskampen. Auschwitz groeide uit tot het grootste Duitse concentratie- en vernietigingskampcomplex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het eerste kamp van Auschwitz (Auschwitz I) was in <strong>mei 1940</strong> ingericht als gevangenis voor politieke en krijgsgevangenen. Dit waren vooral Polen en Sovjetkrijgsgevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4mvqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Omdat er te weinig ruimte was voor het groeiende aantal gevangenen, werd in <strong>1942</strong> een paar kilometer verderop Birkenau gebouwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>‘Arbeit macht frei’</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was gevestigd in een voormalige Poolse militaire kazerne nabij het plaatsje Oświęcim, in het Duits <em>Auschwitz </em>geheten. Op de grote poort die toegang gaf tot dit kamp prijkte de cynische tekst <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, die de indruk moest wekken dat het hier om een werkkamp ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november 1943</strong> was het Auschwitzcomplex zo omvangrijk dat het organisatorisch werd opgedeeld in drie kampen: Auschwitz I (Het basiskamp of <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) en Auschwitz III. Een groot deel van de vrouwelijke gevangenen werd in Auschwitz-Birkenau geplaatst, waarmee Auschwitz I voornamelijk een mannenkamp werd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> in Auschwitz aankwamen, was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) de kampcommandant van Auschwitz. Onder zijn voorganger Rudolf Höss (1901-1947) was Auschwitz uitgegroeid tot één van de centra van de massamoord op de Europese Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blok 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In blok 10 van Auschwitz I voerde onder andere de beruchte kamparts Josef Mengele (1911-1979) medische experimenten uit op gevangenen. Het waren vaak uitermate wrede experimenten, waarbij gevangenen giftige injecties kregen of doelbewust met dodelijke ziekten werden besmet om ziekteverloop te analyseren. Ondanks dat blok 10 in het mannenkamp lag, werden de experimenten vooral op vrouwen en tweelingen uitgevoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1941</strong> werd in Auschwitz I voor het eerst geëxperimenteerd met het extreem giftige blauwzuurgas <em>Zyklon B</em>. Rond <strong>5 september 1941</strong> werden voor het eerst grotere groepen Russische krijgsgevangenen vermoord. De eerste systematische vergassingen in Auschwitz I vonden plaats tussen <strong>eind maart en begin april 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>mei 1942</strong> was het tweede kamp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) nog in ontwikkeling, maar werd het door de kampleiding al steeds meer ingericht als vernietigingskamp en nam het de moordpraktijk grotendeels over van Auschwitz I. In het<strong> najaar van 1942</strong> werden de vergassingen in het kampcrematorium in Auschwitz I gestaakt. Vanaf <strong>1943</strong> werd Auschwitz-Birkenau het centrum van de Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>september 1944</strong> kwamen de mannelijke onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Auschwitz-I terecht. Otto zou er gevangen blijven tot de bevrijding van het kamp in<strong> januari 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4mvqn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De spreuk was al sinds 1933 door de nazi’s in gebruik genomen en werd ook in andere concentratiekampen, zoals Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen en Theresienstadt gebruikt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>spring 1942</strong>, the Nazis began the systematic mass deportations of Jews from Germany and the occupied territories to death camps. Auschwitz grew into the largest German concentration and extermination camp complex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's first camp (Auschwitz I) was set up in <strong>May 1940</strong> as a prison for political prisoners and prisoners of war. These were mainly Polish and Soviet POWs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rllos\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As there was too little space for the growing number of prisoners, Birkenau was built a few kilometres away in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Arbeit macht frei'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was located in a former Polish military barracks near the town of Oświęcim, called Auschwitz in German. The large gate that gave access to this camp bore the cynical text <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, which was meant to give the impression that this was a labour camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>November 1943</strong>, the Auschwitz complex was so extensive that it was organisationally divided into three camps: Auschwitz I (The Base Camp or <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) and Auschwitz III. A large proportion of the female prisoners were placed in Auschwitz-Birkenau, making Auschwitz I predominantly a men's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding in the Secret Annex arrived in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) was the camp commandant of Auschwitz. Under his predecessor Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), Auschwitz had become one of the centres of mass murder of European Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Block 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Block 10 of Auschwitz I, the notorious camp doctor Josef Mengele (1911-1979) and his staff performed medical experiments on prisoners. They were often extremely cruel experiments, in which prisoners were given poisonous injections or deliberately infected with deadly diseases to analyse disease progression. Despite Block 10 being in the men's camp, the experiments were mainly carried out on women and twins.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1941</strong>, experiments with the extremely poisonous prussic acid gas zyklon B were first conducted at Auschwitz I. Around <strong>5 September 1941</strong>, larger groups of Russian POWs were murdered for the first time. The first systematic gassings at Auschwitz I took place between <strong>late March and early April 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>May 1942</strong>, the second camp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) was still under development, but was already being increasingly set up by the camp management as an extermination camp and largely took over the killing from Auschwitz I. In<strong> autumn 1942</strong>, gassings in the camp crematorium at Auschwitz I ceased. From <strong>1943</strong>, Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>September 1944,</strong> the males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-I. Otto would remain a prisoner there until the liberation of the camp in<strong> January 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rllos\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The maxim was in use by the Nazis since 1933 and was also used in other concentration camps, such Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen and Theresienstadt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.203351 50.027469)",
"summary": "Auschwitz I, also known as Stammlager, was one of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp complex.",
"summary_nl": "Auschwitz I, ook wel Stammlager, was een van de drie grote kampen van het concentratie- en vernietigingskampencomplex Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Auschwitz I, also known as Stammlager, was one of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp complex.",
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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder ging net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz en werd daar net als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen-Belsen. Het transport vertrok op <strong>1 november 1944</strong> en kwam op <strong>3 november 1944</strong> aan in kamp Bergen Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder kreeg daar nummer 7356 en kwam in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich het moment dat ze Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen weer terugzag: '<em>Hun ouders waren er niet. Daar vroeg je niet naar, omdat je eigenlijk wist… gezien je eigen ervaring met ouders, broers enzovoorts, ja, je hebt een vermoeden, meer niet. De meisjes Frank waren bijna onherkenbaar doordat hun haar was afgeknipt, ze waren veel kaler dan wij, hoe dat kan weet ik niet. En ze hadden het koud, net als wij allemaal. Het was winter en je had geen kleding. Dus alle factoren voor ziekte waren aanwezig. Zij speciaal waren er erg aan toe.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder bleef in Bergen-Belsen in de buurt van Anne en Margot en zag de zusjes steeds zieker worden: ‘Je zag ze werkelijk doodgaan, beiden.’ Ze herinnerde zich hoe ze de typische verschijnselen van tyfus steeds duidelijker bij de twee meisjes zag vorderen. De meisjes vertoonden ‘een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Korte tijd later merkte ze dat ze Anne en Margot niet meer zag, en nam ze aan dat ze waren omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Rachel Frankfoorder, net als Auguste van Pels, op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Bergen-Belsen kwam Rachel Frankfoorder de zusje Anne en Margot tegen. Ze zag hoe de zusjes steeds zieker werden. Ze getuigde daarover na de oorlog.",
"summary_en": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
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"name": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank gevangen in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne en Margot zaten zo’n vier maanden gevangen in Bergen Belsen, tot hun dood in februari 1945. Over hun gevangenschap kunnen we alleen via verschillende getuigen meer te weten komen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat door een storm in de nacht van <strong>7 november 1944</strong> de tenten in Bergen Belsen waren ingestort, werden de vrouwen, onder wie Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels, enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken. Vervolgens werden ze ondergebracht in barakken in het zogenaamde <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r dat naast het <em>Sternlager</em>lag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, een meisje uit de paralelklas van Margot op het Joods Lyceum, zat gevangen in het Sternlager en schreef op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> in haar agenda: ‘Margot en Anne Frank in het andere kamp.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel die ook met het transport van <strong>1 november 1944</strong> uit Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was gekomen, verbleef in dezelfde barak als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel verklaarde dat ze apathisch waren, niet werkten en vooral met z’n drieën bij elkaar bleven. De getuigenissen van Rachel Frankfoorder en de zussen Janny en Lientje Brilleslijper wijken licht af van dit beeld. Volgens Janny Brilleslijper probeerden zij en haar zus Lientje, de zusjes Frank, de zusjes Daniels in Bergen Belsen elkaar te helpen en zagen zij elkaar regelmatig. Over Auguste van Pels in Bergen Belsen is verder vrijwel niets bekend. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoetingen met Hanneli en Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich dat ze vermoedde dat Anne en Margot soms naar de afscheiding met het <em>Sternlager</em> gingen om daar iemand te ontmoeten. Dit vermoedde bleek juist te zijn. Bij het hek dat het <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r scheidde van het <em>Sternlager</em> ontmoette Anne haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar. Ook Martha van Collem is twee keer bij die ontmoetingen aanwezig en hielp Hanneli met het samenstellen van een pakketje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Iemand kwam Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Via Auguste van Pels kwam het contact met Anne tot stand. Margot was toen waarschijnlijk al te ziek om uit de barak te komen. Nadat de vriendinnen eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar daarna op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden bij Anne een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. Tot grote frustratie van Anne werd het pakketje door een andere vrouw gevangen, die er vervolgens mee vandoor ging. Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli herinnerde zich dat Anne vertelde dat ze dacht dat haar ouders dood waren. Mogelijk sprak Anne daarom pas na de ontmoeting met Hanneli met kampgenoot Margot Rosenthal, die in <strong>januari 1945</strong> vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aankwam, en nog aan Anne en Margot zou hebben verteld dat hun moeder Edith de selectie van <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>had overleefd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyphus</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> Auguste van Pels voor dwangarbeid wordt geselecteerd voor een transport naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald), blijven Anne en Margot achter. Mogelijk was Anne na haar ontmoetingen met Hanneli Goslar binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht. Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk opzoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich te hebben gezien hoe Anne en Margot steeds zieker werden en op het laatst duidelijk tekenen van vlektyfus vertoonden. Volgens haar waren ze er op een gewoon niet meer en daarom nam ze aan dat ze gestorven waren. Net als Auguste van Pels ging Rachel Frankfoorder ging op transport naar Raguhn, dus haar constatering van vlektyfus bij de zusjes Frank moet van voor <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, een klasgenote van Anne op het Joods Lyceum, ontmoet Anne een paar keer in Bergen Belsen en zag dat Anne erg mager was en vlektyfus had. Nanny Blitz kwam op <strong>5 december 1945</strong>, na de dood van haar vader, vanuit het Sternlager in hetzelfde kampdeel als Anne terecht. Zij ontmoeten elkaar in<strong> januari 1945</strong> een aantal keer. Nanette Blitz herinnede zich over dezelfde periode: <em>Ik geloof dat ik Margot niet staande heb gezien. Dat ze daar lag. Anne heb ik omhelsd, maar Margot kan ik me staande niet herinneren, die was al helemaal verzwakt. En alles kromp in hè, hersenen, magen, alles hè, ze waren, ze was helemaal… en daar heb ik eigenlijk vrijwel niet mee gesproken. Die was al zo half weg, helemaal verzwakt… Maar Anne, daar heb ik wel mee gesproken, verschillende keren, en ik geloof iedere keer als ze kwam dan was, lag Margot daar in een barak, die was niet meer zo goed bij.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Janny Brilleslijper, werkzaam als verpleegster in het kamp, herkende de verschijnselen van epidemische vlektyfus bij Anne en Margot en verklaarde dat de zusjes ook in een ziekenbarak geweest zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel er verschillende getuigen net als Janny verklaren dat de zusjes in een ziekenbarak hebben gelegen, is vooralsnog niet duidelijk waar en wanneer dit precies geweest zou zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk zijn Margot en Anne ergens in de maand <strong>februari 1945</strong> aan vlektyfus gestorven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank zitten vanaf 3 november tot 7 februari samen in kamp Bergen-Belsen. Op 7 februari wordt Auguste geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Raguhn. Kort daarna overlijden Anne en Margot aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ruth Wiener ziet Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noteerde op <strong>20 december 1944 </strong>in haar agendaatje: ‘<em>Anne en Margot Frank in het andere kamp!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In haar agenda schreef Ruth vanaf <strong>1943</strong> in kamp Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen dingen die haar opvielen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Haar agendaatje is het enige contemporaine document dat getuigt van de aanwezigheid van Anne en Margot Frank in kamp Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener kende Anne en vooral Margot van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente en het Joods Lyceum in Amsterdam. Ze heeft hen in Bergen-Belsen niet gesproken, maar alleen gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-12-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"summary_nl": "Ruth Wiener schreef op 20 december 1944 in haar agenda in kamp Bergen-Belsen dat ze Anne en Margot Frank had gezien.",
"summary_en": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting met Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot Rosenthal kwam in <strong>januari 1945 </strong>met een nieuwe groep vrouwen vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aan. Zij wist toen dat Edith Frank de selectie op<strong> 30 oktober 1944</strong> had overleefd en zou dit nog aan Anne en Margot hebben verteld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kort voordat Margot moet zijn overleden, zou Margot Rosenthal Anne nog een keer hebben ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog lag Nanette Blitz naast Margot Rosenthal in het ziekenhuis en beschreef ze kort in een brief aan Otto Frank de ontmoeting tussen Margot Rosenthal en Anne en Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Misschien kunt U zich Margot Drach-Rosenthal herinneren uit Westerbork, die nogal veel met Anne omging? Zij ligt hier naast me en vertelde mij het volgende: Zij ging tezamen met uw vrouw en kinderen naar Birkenau waar ze samenbleven tot November. Toen gingen Margot en Anne naar Bergen-Belsen, waar zij 3 Nov. arriveerden. Daar ontmoette ik hen (een meisje die ook hier ligt lag boven hen). Ik was niet in hun barak maar bezocht hen vaak. Ondertussen arriveerde Margot (genaamd Monika) Rosenthal in Januari in Bergen Belsen en vertelde hun dat zij uw vrouw in Birkenau had gesproken wat hun erg opfleurde, omdat zij weinig hoop bij de selectie hadden gehad.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal wist destijds niet dat Edith Frank op <strong>6 januari 1945 </strong>was overleden in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-01",
"date_end": "1945-01-21",
"summary": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Rosenthal kende Anne Frank goed uit Westerbork en Auschwitz-Birkenau. Toen ze twee maanden na Anne in Bergen-Belsen was aangekomen, kon ze Anne en Margot Frank vertellen dat hun moeder nog leefde nadat zij uit Auschwitz waren vertrokken.",
"summary_en": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"id": 65,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bc828986-267f-43df-8605-6e858f0ccc0b/",
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"name": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Hanneli Goslar en Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>waar Anne en Margot Frank verbleven in Bergen-Belsen lag direct naast het <em>Sternlager</em>. De twee delen werden van elkaar gescheiden door een hek dat bestond uit twee lagen gaas en prikkeldraad met daartussen stro of riet. De gevangenen konden elkaar dus niet zien, maar wel horen. Zo ontmoette Anne bij het hek haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar (1928), die sinds<strong> januari 1944 </strong>in het Sternlager zat opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari of begin februari 1945 </strong>kwam iemand Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli dacht dat Anne met haar familie naar Zwitserland was gevlucht en was stomverbaasd om te horen dat Anne in het kamp terecht was gekomen. Ze herinnerde zich nog goed dat ze met Anne kwam te spreken: <em>Dus ik heb geen andere keuze dan in de avond, zover als ik kan, dichtbij het prikkeldraad te komen. En ik begin daarover heen te roepen […] En toen ik daar aan het prikkeldraad riep: ‘Hallo, hallo’, de vrouw die mij antwoordde was de moeder van Peter, mevrouw Van Pels.(…) En zij wist precies dat ik een vriendin van Anne was en het eerste wat ze zegt was: ‘O, jij wilt Anne spreken.’ Ik zeg: ‘Ja natuurlijk.’ We hebben een halve minuut gepraat, het was te gevaarlijk. En toen voegde ze alleen nog bij […]: ‘Margot kan ik niet brengen, die kan niet meer tot dit prikkeldraad lopen, maar ik breng Anne.’ En daar stond ik en wachtte. En werkelijk na vijf minuten of zo, een heel zwak stemmetje, en het was Anne.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de meisjes eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden in het ´kleine vrouwenkamp´ een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. <em>En toen hoor ik dat Anne huilt en schreeuwt en kwaad is. Wat is er gebeurd? Nee, ik kon haar niet zien, en dat prikkeldraad was hoog en de nacht was donker en ik moest gooien naar wat ik hoor. Maar daar waren honderden andere hongerige vrouwen, en een andere vrouw had dat pakje opgepakt, rende weg, en heeft haar niets gegeven. Nou, ik moest haar eerst kalmeren en ik heb beloofd: ‘Wij doen het nog een keer.´</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Martha van Collem (1929), die de familie Frank kende van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente in Amsterdam, was een of twee keer bij deze ontmoetingen aanwezig. Net als Irene Hasenberg (1930) die in het kamp goed bevriend was geraakt met Hanneli Goslar en herinnerde dat ze samen opzoek waren gegaan naar kleding voor in het pakketje dat de eerste keer gestolen werd door een andere vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op <strong>23 januari 1945 </strong>een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk op zoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Mogelijk was Anne binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hannah Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-23",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank ontmoette haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar meermaals bij het hek in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"same_as": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/07728a87-5c7b-4581-b2f9-4692d2495dc7/",
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"name": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Anne en Margot Frank",
"name_en": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De exacte overlijdensdatum van Anne en Margot Frank staat niet vast, maar ligt vermoedelijk in de maand februari 1945<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK heeft na de oorlog de wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermiste personen vast te stellen. Dit gebeurde niet op basis van onderzoek, maar bij benadering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kampgenote Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper verklaarde in <strong>1952</strong> dat <em>Anne Frank plm. Maart 1945 stierf. </em>Hieruit heeft het NRK geconcludeerd dat de sterfdatum van Anne Frank ergens tussen <strong>1</strong> en <strong>31 maart 1945 </strong>gelegen moet hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De '<em>Commissie tot het doen van aangifte van overlijden van vermisten</em>' van het Ministerie van Justitie nam deze conclusie over en de datum vastgesteld op <strong>31 maart 1945</strong>. Deze datum is vervolgens gepubliceerd in de Staatscourant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De officiele overlijdensakte werd uiteindelijk tien jaar later op <strong>29 juli 1954</strong> in Amsterdam opgemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van getuigenissen, documenten en een analyse van het ziekteverloop van vlektyfus valt af te leiden dat Anne en haar zus Margot vermoedelijk al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli Goslar en de zussen Martha en Ilse van Collem verklaarden dat zij Anne in <strong>februari 1945</strong> ontmoet hadden bij het hek dat het <em>Frauenkamp</em> scheidde van het Sternlager.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>Omdat deze ontmoeting tot stand kwam door tussenkomst van Auguste van Pels die blijkens een transportlijst al op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald) vertrekt, moet deze ontmoeting <strong>eind januari </strong>of begin <strong>februari 1945</strong> hebben plaatsgevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was, volgens getuigenverklaringen, dan al te ziek om op te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het pakketje dat de meisjes over het hek naar Anne gooiden, zatten spullen afkomstig uit een Rode Kruispakket. De grootmoeder van Hanneli had omstreeks <strong>23 januari 1945</strong> een Rode Kruispakket ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als Auguste van Pels vertrokken Rachel van Amerongen en Annelore Daniel, die in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot Frank verbleven, op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Zowel Rachel als Annelore verklaarden dat Anne ziek was en de verschijnselen van vlektyfus vertoonde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen zeiin een interview uit 1988:<em> '(...) dat ze tyfus hadden was duidelijk (...). Ze kregen die weggetrokken gezichten, dat vel over been. (...) De verschijnselen van tyfus openbaarden zich duidelijk bij hen: dat langzame wegebben, een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was (…).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook Nanette Blitz die Anne voor het laatst in januari 1945 ontmoette, vertelde in een interview uit 2012 dat Anne en Margot ziek waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyfus is een ziekte met vaak een dodelijke afloop na ongeveer twee weken. Na een incubatietijd van ongeveer een week treden de eerste verschijnselen op: ernstige hoofdpijn, rillingen, koorts en spierpijn. Vijf dagen later gevolgd door huiduitslag en verminderd bewustzijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gezien dit ziekteverloop is het aannemelijk dat Anne en Margot al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden. </p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank hoorde op <strong>18 juli 1945</strong> dat zijn beide dochters in Bergen-Belsen zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Later vertelde hij: <em>Uiteindelijk vond ik twee zusters die gelijk met hen in Bergen-Belsen hadden gezeten en die me dan over de laatste, dodelijke ziekte van mijn kinderen vertelden. Beiden waren door ontberingen zo verzwakt dat ze aan de daar heersende tyfus ten prooi waren gevallen.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hij doelde hier op de zussen Jannie en Lientje Brilleslijper. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afdeling Rectificatie van het Bevolkingsregister wilde van Otto Frank weten of er getuigen waren van het overlijden van zijn dochters in Bergen Belsen. Op <strong>4 oktober 1945 </strong>vroeg Otto Frank schriftelijk aan Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper of zij hem een 'desbetreffend schrijven' zou kunnen doen toekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper verklaarde op <strong>11 november 1945</strong> dat Margot en Anne Frank omstreeks <strong>eind februari</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> begin maart 1945</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Dit is in tegenspraak met de verklaringen die zij en haar zus later aflegden waarin de datum varieert van eind februari tot heel kort voor de bevrijding van Bergen-Belsen op <strong>15 april 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-07",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot Frank stierven in concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus, vermoedelijk in februari 1945.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
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}
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
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"content": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was van oorsprong de locatie van een groot oefenterrein voor pantsertroepen van de Wehrmacht en een kazernecomplex bij de plaatsjes Bergen en Belsen op de Lüneburger Heide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp was in eerste instantie geen werk- of vernietigingskamp – er waren geen gaskamers – en diende als krijgsgevangenenkamp en ‘uitwisselingskamp’. Vanaf <strong>mei 1940</strong> werden er Franse, Belgische, Sovjet-, en andere geallieerde soldaten en verzetsstrijders uit allerlei landen in het kamp gevangengezet.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":891,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1112,"abs_y":2024}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april 1943 </strong>nam de SS een groot terrein van het krijgsgevangenenkamp over van de Wehrmacht voor de inrichting van het <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen waarin Joden werden ondergebracht die konden worden uitgewisseld met Duitse krijgsgevangenen in het buitenland; iets wat uiteindelijk nauwelijks gebeurde.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":803,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1024,"abs_y":2135}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het <em>Sternlager</em> was onderdeel van het <em>Austauschlager </em>en bestond uit ongeveer achttien barakken waarin veel Nederlandse Joden gevangen zaten. In het Sternlager zaten families bij elkaar en waren de omstandigheden een tijd lang relatief beter dan in andere kampen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":532,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":753,"abs_y":2193}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van 1944 werd Bergen-Belsen ook een <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor duizenden vrouwen die uit de bezette delen van Oost-Europa die voor dwangarbeid op transport waren gezet naar Duitse buitenkampen. Begin augustus 1944 werd op een open vlakte in de zuidwestelijke hoek van het kamp een tentenkamp ingericht voor de opvang van de grote deportaties die vanaf half augustus 1944 aankwamen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":453,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":674,"abs_y":2324}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omstandigheden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na verloop van tijd verslechterde de omstandigheden in het gehele kamp. Onder kampcommandant Josef Kramer, die op <strong>2 december 1944</strong> van Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was overgeplaatst, verhardde het strenge regime nog verder. Door overbevolking, mishandeling, honger, de koude winter en besmettelijke ziektes werd Bergen-Belsen uiteindelijk een plek waar de nazi’s Joden naartoe brachten om hen door de slechte omstandigheden daar te laten sterven.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":661,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":882,"abs_y":2456}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de ongeveer 120.000 gevangenen zijn er meer dan 72.000 omgekomen. Zo ook Anne en Margot Frank die vanaf <strong>3 november 1944 </strong>in het kamp gevangenzaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":563,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":2524}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":580,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":2541}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen</a> (geraadpleegd 28 november 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "Bergen-Belsen was een krijgsgevangenen- en concentratiekamp in het noorden van Duitsland waar tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog meer dan 70.000 mensen de dood vonden.",
"summary_en": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
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"city": "Lohheide",
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"name": "Adm Mauthausen PetervPels",
"title": "De kaart van Peter van Pels uit Mauthausen. Op de voorgedrukte kant staan, ondersteboven, zijn beroep 'Tischler' en is bij gehouden waar hij gevangen heeft gezeten. Op de andere kant staan zijn persoonsgegevens.",
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"name": "Peter van Pels to Mauthausen",
"name_nl": "Peter van Pels naar Mauthausen",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels to Mauthausen",
"content": "<p>On <strong>18 January 1945</strong>, large columns of prisoners left Auschwitz from midnight until midday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For Peter van Pels and about 5,700 others, the destination was camp Mauthausen in Austria.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The group covered the first 60-plus kilometres westward on foot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It was a gruelling trek. Many of the prisoners were already severely weakened before they began the arduous march, and the SS guards shot and killed without mercy anyone who could not keep pace or tried to flee.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After five days on,<strong> 22 January 1945</strong>, they reached Loslau (now Wodzisław Śląsk on the Czech-Polish border).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There they were loaded per hundred prisoners into open coal or freight wagons that were full of snow and ice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The train did not leave until the next morning. It was freezing twenty degrees and the prisoners were not given any food or drink. Many died during the journey from exhaustion and hypothermia. When the train stopped, the dead bodies were thrown outside.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After three days, they arrived at Mauthausen station. From there, the prisoners walked in a long file to the Mauthausen concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The prisoners worked as forced labourers in the stone quarries of Mauthausen and Gusen. Due to the harsh regime and heavy work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to have a life expectancy of three to four months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Mauthausen's infamous quarry, the men of the penal commandos carried granite blocks on their backs along the steep stairs up in a wooden carrier. Medical care was poor. Jewish prisoners ended up as stone carriers in this punishment commando almost by default until <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>18 januari 1945 </strong>vertrokken vanaf middernacht tot in de middag grote colonnes gevangenen uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Voor Peter van Pels en ongeveer 5700 anderen was de bestemming kamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste ruim zestig kilometer in westelijke richting legde de groep te voet af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het was een gruwelijke tocht. Veel van de gevangenen waren al ernstig verzwakt voordat ze aan de zware mars begonnen en de ss-bewakers schoten iedereen die het tempo niet kon bijbenen of probeerde te vluchten zonder pardon dood.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na vijf dagen op,<strong> 22 januari 1945</strong>, bereikten ze Loslau (nu Wodzisław Śląsk aan de Tsjechisch-Poolse grens).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden ze per honderd gevangenen ingeladen in open kolen- of goederenwagons die vol sneeuw en ijs lagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De trein vertrok pas de volgende morgen. Het vroor twintig graden en de gevangenen kregen geen eten of drinken. Velen stierven tijdens de reis door uitputting en onderkoeling. Als de trein stilstond, werden de dode lichamen naar buiten gegooid.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na drie dagen kwamen ze aan op het station van Mauthausen. Vandaar liepen de gevangenen in een lange colonne naar het concentratiekamp Mauthausen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was een kamp van de zwaarste categorie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De gevangenen werkten als dwangarbeiders in de steengroeven van Mauthausen en Gusen. Door het harde regime en het zware werk in de steengroeven waren de sterftecijfers extreem hoog. Het was een combinatie van arbeid en uitroeiing. De gevangenen werkten zich letterlijk dood. Het dieet was berekend op een levensverwachting van drie tot vier maanden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beruchte steengroeve van Mauthausen droegen de mannen van het strafcommando in een houten drager granietblokken op hun rug langs de steile trap naar boven. De medische verzorging was gebrekkig. Joodse gevangenen kwamen tot aan <strong>1944</strong> bijna standaard als stenendragers in dit strafcommando terecht.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>18 January 1945</strong>, large columns of prisoners left Auschwitz from midnight until midday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For Peter van Pels and about 5,700 others, the destination was camp Mauthausen in Austria.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The group covered the first 60-plus kilometres westward on foot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It was a gruelling trek. Many of the prisoners were already severely weakened before they began the arduous march, and the SS guards shot and killed without mercy anyone who could not keep pace or tried to flee.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After five days on,<strong> 22 January 1945</strong>, they reached Loslau (now Wodzisław Śląsk on the Czech-Polish border).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There they were loaded per hundred prisoners into open coal or freight wagons that were full of snow and ice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The train did not leave until the next morning. It was freezing twenty degrees and the prisoners were not given any food or drink. Many died during the journey from exhaustion and hypothermia. When the train stopped, the dead bodies were thrown outside.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After three days, they arrived at Mauthausen station. From there, the prisoners walked in a long file to the Mauthausen concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The prisoners worked as forced labourers in the stone quarries of Mauthausen and Gusen. Due to the harsh regime and heavy work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to have a life expectancy of three to four months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Mauthausen's infamous quarry, the men of the penal commandos carried granite blocks on their backs along the steep stairs up in a wooden carrier. Medical care was poor. Jewish prisoners ended up as stone carriers in this punishment commando almost by default until <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-18",
"date_end": "1945-01-25",
"summary": "On 18 January 1945, Peter van Pels left Auschwitz, sent on one of the many death marches, the forced evacuations, mostly on foot, of prisoners that took place after the evacuation of concentration camps. After five days of walking and three days on the train, he arrived at the Mauthausen camp with 5.714 other prisoners.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels werd op 18 januari 1945 uit Auschwitz meegestuurd met een van de vele dodenmarsen, de gedwongen evacuaties, meestal te voet, van gevangenen die plaatsvonden na de ontruiming van concentratiekampen. Na vijf dagen lopen en drie dagen in de trein, kwamen hij en 5.714 andere gevangenen aan in kamp Mauthausen.",
"summary_en": "On 18 January 1945, Peter van Pels left Auschwitz, sent on one of the many death marches, the forced evacuations, mostly on foot, of prisoners that took place after the evacuation of concentration camps. After five days of walking and three days on the train, he arrived at the Mauthausen camp with 5.714 other prisoners.",
"same_as": [
"http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/evacuation/in-the-wake-of-death-march/"
],
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Mauthausen Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Mauthausen",
"name_en": "Mauthausen Concentration Camp",
"uuid": "a4547dbc-f124-4f4e-86d9-b72acaae0bee",
"content": "<p>Mauthausen concentration camp was used by the Nazis as a punishment camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had to work under harsh conditions in a quarry, mining granite. Through sub-camps, prisoners were put to work in other factories. Of the nearly 200,000 prisoners, 95,000 perished. It was liberated by the US army on <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Concentratiekamp Mauthausen werd door de nazi's gebruikt als strafkamp voor politieke gevangenen, verzetsmensen en Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9h7fo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zij moesten onder zware omstandigheden in een steengroeve werken om graniet te delven. Via subkampen werden gevangenen in andere fabrieken te werk gesteld. Van de bijna 200.000 gevangenen zijn er 95.000 omgekomen. Het werd op <strong>5 mei 1945</strong> door het Amerikaanse leger bevrijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9h7fo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(concentratiekamp)\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen (concentratiekamp)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Mauthausen concentration camp was used by the Nazis as a punishment camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had to work under harsh conditions in a quarry, mining granite. Through sub-camps, prisoners were put to work in other factories. Of the nearly 200,000 prisoners, 95,000 perished. It was liberated by the US army on <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Concentration camp Mauthausen in Austria was established by the Nazis in August 1938 as a penal camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews. It existed until 5 May 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk is in augustus 1938 opgericht door de nazi's als strafkamp voor politieke gevangenen, verzetsmensen en Joden Het heeft bestaan tot 5 mei 1945.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camp Mauthausen in Austria was established by the Nazis in August 1938 as a penal camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews. It existed until 5 May 1945.",
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"city": "Mauthausen",
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"land": "Oostenrijk",
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer imprisoned in Neuengamme",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer gevangen in Neuengamme",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer imprisoned in Neuengamme",
"content": "<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons left Auschwitz for an unkown destination in <strong>November '44 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. At the Auschwitz Archive, they are not aware of any such a transport of dentists and dental surgeons. What is known is that Fritz Pfeffer ended up in Neuengamme.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The allocation of prisoner numbers in Neuengamme was done by order of entry. Numbers 64230 and 65105 arrived on <strong>10</strong> and <strong>18 November 1944</strong> respectively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffer's prisoner number in Neuengamme was 64971, showing that this was the time period in which he arrived. Among those who also arrived during this period were at least seven doctors and dentists. These were given the numbers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 and 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing else is known about Pfeffer in Neuengamme, except that he died there on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>. The place of death on the death certificate reads: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens een kaart waarmee Charlotte Kaletta op <strong>1 augustus 1945 </strong>bij het Rode Kruis om informatie vroeg, vertrok Pfeffer op <strong>1 oktober 1944 </strong>met een <em>Artzetransport</em> uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Waar zij die kennis aan ontleende, is niet bekend. Kampoverlevende Barend Konijn vertelde later aan het Rode Kruis dat in <strong>november 1944 </strong>een speciaal transport van tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar 'elders' vertrok.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk in hoeverre deze berichten juist zijn. Bij het Auschwitz-archief is men niet van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport op de hoogte. Wat wel bekend is, is dat Fritz Pfeffer in Neuengamme terechtkwam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De toekenning van gevangenennummers in Neuengamme gebeurde op volgorde van binnenkomst. De nummers 64230 en 65105 kwamen binnen op respectievelijk <strong>10</strong> en <strong>18 november 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffers gevangenennummer in Neuengamme was 64971, waaruit blijkt dat dit de tijdspanne is waarbinnen hij aankwam. Onder degenen die ook in die periode arriveerden zaten in ieder geval nog zeven artsen en tandartsen. Die kregen de nummers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 en 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verder is er niets over Pfeffer in Neuengamme bekend, behalve dat hij er op <strong>20 december 1944 </strong>overleed. Als plaats van overlijden staat op de overlijdensakte vermeld: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 februari 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons left Auschwitz for an unkown destination in <strong>November '44 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. At the Auschwitz Archive, they are not aware of any such a transport of dentists and dental surgeons. What is known is that Fritz Pfeffer ended up in Neuengamme.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The allocation of prisoner numbers in Neuengamme was done by order of entry. Numbers 64230 and 65105 arrived on <strong>10</strong> and <strong>18 November 1944</strong> respectively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffer's prisoner number in Neuengamme was 64971, showing that this was the time period in which he arrived. Among those who also arrived during this period were at least seven doctors and dentists. These were given the numbers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 and 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing else is known about Pfeffer in Neuengamme, except that he died there on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>. The place of death on the death certificate reads: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-10",
"date_end": "1944-12-20",
"summary": "Between 10 and 18 November 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was selected for deportation to Neuengamme, where he was forced to perform forced labour. He died there on 20 December 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt tussen 10 en 18 november 1944 in Auschwitz geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Neuengamme, waar hij dwangarbeid moet verrichten. Hier sterft hij op 20 december 1944.",
"summary_en": "Between 10 and 18 November 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was selected for deportation to Neuengamme, where he was forced to perform forced labour. He died there on 20 December 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 38,
"main_image": {
"id": 1143,
"uuid": "7efb2d5c-5eed-49d7-93db-1657d904d8ab",
"name": "p 202 - 02 Dodenboek Neuengamme",
"title": "Uit de kampadministratie van Neuengamme: een boek met de namen van de gevangenen die tussen 17 december 1944 en 19 januari 1945 zijn gestorven. Fritz Pfeffer staat zesde van onder.",
"alt": "KZ_Gedenkstätte Neuengamme",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/p_202_-_02_Dodenboek_Neuengamme.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69136b1c-98b9-4c1a-9a9c-23a3bfb6efbb/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/298bf86b-0a5f-44dc-a606-0a72436ad431?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/523ca8f5-7aaa-4a57-869d-2486f6a8ef1f?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69136b1c-98b9-4c1a-9a9c-23a3bfb6efbb",
"name": "Death of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "Death of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Sometime in the winter of <strong>1944</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer became seriously ill. On <strong>16 February 1945</strong>, a death certificate No IX/107 was drawn up in the death book of Neuengamme concentration camp at the instructions of Otto von Apenburg. It states that Fritz Pfeffer died at nine o'clock in the morning on <strong>20 December 1944</strong> from enterocolitis: an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis causes diarrhoea, leads to dysentery without treatment and eventually death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>His marital status was given as 'divorced'. Acknowledgement of the marriage to Charlotte Kaletta, banned in <strong>1937</strong>, was noted in the margin in <strong>1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>The address of death given is: Hausdeich 60 at Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This address indicated the crematorium of Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is therefore likely that Fritz Pfeffer was cremated.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 23 October 1945, the Dutch Red Cross wrote a formal death notice to Charlotte Kaletta: 'From a message received here from an aid team in Germany of the Dutch Red Cross, I have the sad duty to inform you that Mr Fritz Pfeffer, born 30 April 1889 and last living in Amsterdam, died on 20 December 1944 in the Neuengamme concentration camp.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>The '<em>Häflings-Toten-Nachweis'</em> lists the date, time and cause of death identically.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz says the clerks in Auschwitz could choose at random from a list of several dozen standard causes of death. Perhaps the same thing happened in Neuengamme.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Repatriation Bureau of the Military Authority passed Pfeffer's death on to the Civil Registry of Amsterdam. There, on <strong>15 July 1946,</strong> the death was recorded on certificate 7/495.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ergens in de winter van <strong>1944</strong> werd Fritz Pfeffer ernstig ziek. Op <strong>16 februari 1945 </strong>werd op aangeven van Otto von Apenburg een overlijdensakte nr. IX/107 opgemaakt in het dodenboek van concentratiekamp Neuengamme. Daar staat dat Fritz Pfeffer op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> om negen uur in de ochtend is overleden aan enterocolitis: een ontsteking aan het darmslijmvlies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis veroorzaakt diarree, leidt zonder behandeling tot dysenterie en uiteindelijk tot de dood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>Als burgerlijke staat werd opgegeven: <em>gescheiden</em>. In de marge werd in <strong>1953</strong> de erkenning van het in <strong>1937</strong> verboden huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>Als adres van overlijden wordt vermeld: Hausdeich 60 te Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Met dit adres werd het crematorium van Neuengamme aangeduid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het is daarom aannemelijk dat Fritz Pfeffer is gecremeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>23 oktober 1945</strong> schreef het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK) een formeel overlijdensbericht aan Charlotte Kaletta: ‘Van een alhier binnengekomen bericht van een hulpteam in Duitschland van het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, heb ik de droeve plicht U te moeten mededelen, dat de heer Fritz Pfeffer, geboren 30 April 1889 en laatstelijk woonachtig in Amsterdam, op 20 December 1944 in het concentratiekamp Neuengamme is overleden.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>In het <em>"Häflings-Toten-Nachweis"</em> staan datum, tijdstip en doodsoorzaak identiek genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz zegt dat de klerken in Auschwitz willekeurig konden kiezen uit een lijst met enkele tientallen standaarddoodsoorzaken. Wellicht is hetzelfde in Neuengamme gebeurd.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet Bureau Repatriering van het Militair Gezag geeft het overlijden van Pfeffer door aan de Burgerlijke Stand van Amsterdam. Daar wordt op <strong>15 juli 1946</strong> het overlijden in de akte 7/495 ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Sometime in the winter of <strong>1944</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer became seriously ill. On <strong>16 February 1945</strong>, a death certificate No IX/107 was drawn up in the death book of Neuengamme concentration camp at the instructions of Otto von Apenburg. It states that Fritz Pfeffer died at nine o'clock in the morning on <strong>20 December 1944</strong> from enterocolitis: an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis causes diarrhoea, leads to dysentery without treatment and eventually death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>His marital status was given as 'divorced'. Acknowledgement of the marriage to Charlotte Kaletta, banned in <strong>1937</strong>, was noted in the margin in <strong>1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>The address of death given is: Hausdeich 60 at Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This address indicated the crematorium of Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is therefore likely that Fritz Pfeffer was cremated.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 23 October 1945, the Dutch Red Cross wrote a formal death notice to Charlotte Kaletta: 'From a message received here from an aid team in Germany of the Dutch Red Cross, I have the sad duty to inform you that Mr Fritz Pfeffer, born 30 April 1889 and last living in Amsterdam, died on 20 December 1944 in the Neuengamme concentration camp.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>The '<em>Häflings-Toten-Nachweis'</em> lists the date, time and cause of death identically.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz says the clerks in Auschwitz could choose at random from a list of several dozen standard causes of death. Perhaps the same thing happened in Neuengamme.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Repatriation Bureau of the Military Authority passed Pfeffer's death on to the Civil Registry of Amsterdam. There, on <strong>15 July 1946,</strong> the death was recorded on certificate 7/495.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-12-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer died in the Neuengamme concentration camp on 20 December 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer overleed op 20 december 1944 in het concentratiekamp Neuengamme.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer died in the Neuengamme concentration camp on 20 December 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Neuengamme concentration camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Neuengamme",
"name_en": "Neuengamme concentration camp",
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"content": "<p>Neuengamme was a German concentration camp to the south of Hamburg, from <strong>1938 to 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was a village located about twenty kilometres south-east of Hamburg, where a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp had been established since <strong>1938</strong>. In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Neuengamme camp was enlarged and organised as an independent concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme from <strong>1942</strong> was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly commanded a total of 2,600 SS men who had to guard Neuengamme and the sub-camps and supervise forced labour. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, a gas chamber was set up in one of the camp's bunkers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The concentration camp aimed to intern political opponents and other 'enemies' of the Nazi regime, such as Jews, Roma and Sinti, Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals. It also held Russian prisoners of war and labour draft evaders from German-occupied territories. The prisoners had to perform forced labour under harsh conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Until <strong>1945</strong>, over 100,000 people were imprisoned in Neuengamme and the outer camps, almost half of whom, at least 42,900, would not survive due to poor living conditions, ill-treatment or because they were killed directly. Fritz Pfeffer also died in Neuengamme on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Neuengamme was een Duits concentratiekamp ten zuiden van Hamburg, van <strong>1938 tot 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2epc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was een dorpje gelegen op ongeveer twintig kilometer ten zuidoosten van Hamburg, waar sinds <strong>1938</strong> een buitenkamp van het concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen was gevestigd. In <strong>juni 1940</strong>, werd kamp Neuengamme vergroot en als een zelfstandig concentratiekamp georganiseerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kampcommandant van Neuengamme was vanaf <strong>1942</strong> <em>SS</em><em>-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly gaf leiding over in totaal 2600 SS’ers die Neuengamme en de buitenkampen moesten bewaken en toezicht hielden op de dwangarbeid. In <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>werd in een van de bunkers van het kamp een gaskamer ingericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het concentratiekamp was gericht op het interneren van politieke tegenstanders en andere ‘vijanden’ van het naziregime, zoals Joden, Roma en Sinti, Jehova’s getuigen en homoseksuelen. Ook zaten er Russische krijgsgevangenen en arbeidsinzetontduikers uit de door Duitsland bezette gebieden. De gevangenen moesten onder zware omstandigheden dwangarbeid verrichten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tot <strong>1945</strong> zaten in Neuengamme en de buitenkampen ruim 100.000 mensen gevangen, van wie bijna de helft, minstens 42.900, het niet zou overleven door de slechte leefomstandigheden, mishandeling of omdat ze direct werden vermoord. Ook Fritz Pfeffer stierf in Neuengamme op <strong>20 december 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2epc4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Neuengamme was a German concentration camp to the south of Hamburg, from <strong>1938 to 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was a village located about twenty kilometres south-east of Hamburg, where a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp had been established since <strong>1938</strong>. In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Neuengamme camp was enlarged and organised as an independent concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme from <strong>1942</strong> was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly commanded a total of 2,600 SS men who had to guard Neuengamme and the sub-camps and supervise forced labour. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, a gas chamber was set up in one of the camp's bunkers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The concentration camp aimed to intern political opponents and other 'enemies' of the Nazi regime, such as Jews, Roma and Sinti, Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals. It also held Russian prisoners of war and labour draft evaders from German-occupied territories. The prisoners had to perform forced labour under harsh conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Until <strong>1945</strong>, over 100,000 people were imprisoned in Neuengamme and the outer camps, almost half of whom, at least 42,900, would not survive due to poor living conditions, ill-treatment or because they were killed directly. Fritz Pfeffer also died in Neuengamme on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (10.230694 53.430417)",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was probably transported from Auschwitz to Neuengamme concentration camp in November 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Waarschijnlijk werd Fritz Pfeffer in november 1944 uit Auschwitz op transport gesteld naar concentratiekamp Neuengamme.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was probably transported from Auschwitz to Neuengamme concentration camp in November 1944.",
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