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"name": "Johannes Kleiman works at Noblesse",
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"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman works at Noblesse",
"content": "<p>On <strong>1 September 1950</strong>, Johannes Kleiman, Otto Frank and Pieter van Borssum Waalkes founded the chocolate confectionery and pastry factory Noblesse. The company was located at Keizersgracht 29.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 June 1951,</strong> Johannes Kleiman and Otto Frank left the company. Van Borssum Waalkes continued the business alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3154, dossier 75280: Akteletters a en b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>1 september 1950</strong> richtten Johannes Kleiman, Otto Frank en Pieter van Borssum Waalkes de Chocolade- suikerwerk- en banketfabriek <em>Noblesse</em> op. Het bedrijf was gevestigd op Keizersgracht 29. Op <strong>15 juni 1951</strong> stapten Johannes Kleiman en Otto Frank uit de vennootschap. Van Borssum Waalkes zette de zaak alleen voort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3154, dossier 75280: Akteletters a en b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>1 September 1950</strong>, Johannes Kleiman, Otto Frank and Pieter van Borssum Waalkes founded the chocolate confectionery and pastry factory Noblesse. The company was located at Keizersgracht 29.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 June 1951,</strong> Johannes Kleiman and Otto Frank left the company. Van Borssum Waalkes continued the business alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c5yvq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3154, dossier 75280: Akteletters a en b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1950-09-01",
"date_end": "1951-06-15",
"summary": "Noblesse was een door Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman opgerichte fabriek voor chocolade, suikerwerk en banket.",
"summary_nl": "Noblesse was een door Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman opgerichte fabriek voor chocolade, suikerwerk en banket.",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
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"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer registered at Bernard Zweerskade",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer ingeschreven op de Bernard Zweerskade",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer registered at Bernard Zweerskade",
"content": "<p>Pfeffer was registered at Bernard Zweerskade 20 III from <strong>19 June 1940</strong> to <strong>9 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Here he occupied an attic room, which he rented from Felix Mittwoch. On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, i.e. about two weeks after Pfeffer went into hiding,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mittwoch wrote a message to the Immigration Department. He informed them that Pfeffer had told him he was going to hospital because of a kidney ailment. As Mittwoch did not see or hear from Pfeffer after that, he notified the department that Pfeffer had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Since Pfeffer remained registered for almost two more years, it looks like that information did not reach the Population Register. Based on this letter, the Immigration Department considered Pfeffer 'untraceable' as of <strong>1 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Pfeffer stond van <strong>19 juni 1940</strong> tot <strong>9 november 1944</strong> ingeschreven op de Bernard Zweerskade 20 III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij bewoonde hier een zolderkamer, die hij huurde van Felix Mittwoch. Op <strong>30 november 1942</strong>, dat was ongeveer twee weken nadat Pfeffer onderdook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> schreef Mittwoch een bericht aan de Vreemdelingendienst. Hij liet weten dat Pfeffer hem had gezegd naar het ziekenhuis te moeten vanwege een nierkwaal. Omdat Mittwoch daarna niets meer van Pfeffer zag of hoorde, meldde hij hem bij die dienst als bewoner af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Aangezien Pfeffer nog bijna twee jaar ingeschreven bleef, ziet het ernaar uit dat die informatie niet bij het Bevolkingsregister terecht is gekomen. De Vreemdelingendienst beschouwde Pfeffer op grond van deze brief per <strong>1 december 1942</strong> 'spoorloos'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Pfeffer was registered at Bernard Zweerskade 20 III from <strong>19 June 1940</strong> to <strong>9 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Here he occupied an attic room, which he rented from Felix Mittwoch. On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, i.e. about two weeks after Pfeffer went into hiding,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mittwoch wrote a message to the Immigration Department. He informed them that Pfeffer had told him he was going to hospital because of a kidney ailment. As Mittwoch did not see or hear from Pfeffer after that, he notified the department that Pfeffer had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Since Pfeffer remained registered for almost two more years, it looks like that information did not reach the Population Register. Based on this letter, the Immigration Department considered Pfeffer 'untraceable' as of <strong>1 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in an attic room here for some time.",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"content": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op <strong>20 februari 1919 </strong>in Amsterdam. De ouders stemden met het huwelijk in en twee zwagers traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hun eerste kind werd viereneenhalve maand later geboren. Uiteindelijk kwamen er acht kinderen, op één na allen in Amsterdam geboren. Van de jongsten zijn de geboortedata om privacyredenen niet vermeld.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth {Bep}, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 juli 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 mei 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 juli 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 augustus 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 februari 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door Johans overlijden op <strong>27 november 1945 </strong>ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1919-02-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op 20 februari 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Reuman",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman vond plaats op <strong>12 juli 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' broer Cornelis en een broer van Johanna waren getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het echtpaar kreeg een dochter, genaamd Johanna. Het gezin, bestaande uit Johannes (Jo), echtgenote Johanna (Jo en later Joke) en dochter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), stond ook wel bekend als: <em>Jo, Jo en Jo</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Johannes Kleiman op <strong>28 januari 1959</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-07-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman trouwden op 12 juli 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 239,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Maria Netten",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Jan Gies en Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten vond plaats op<em> </em><strong>13 december 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk was mogelijk door tussenkomst van de kantonrechter. Jans zwager J.H.A. van Steenvelt was getuige, samen met de verloofde van een zus van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bij het huwelijk van de laatsten in <strong>1931</strong> was Jan op zijn beurt getuige.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>7 november 1940</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Sinds <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> stonden zij al niet meer op hetzelfde adres ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: Register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6058: Register van huwelijksakten 1931, deel 35-3d, 22f, akte 430.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-12-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Maria Netten trouwden op 13 december 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
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"main_image": {
"id": 909,
"uuid": "308c2bb2-80f0-4d0f-aaa3-6ddd23db8f93",
"name": "3007",
"title": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941.",
"alt": "Onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/3007_Huwelijksdag_Miep_groepsfoto_buiten.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1afcf3ea-95ab-4128-86c5-eaa35e2b8b23/",
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"uuid": "1afcf3ea-95ab-4128-86c5-eaa35e2b8b23",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl and Esther Troeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz vond plaats op <strong>16 juli 1941</strong>. Jans eerdere huwelijke was door scheiding ontbonden op <strong>7 november 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Getuigen waren Miep haar pleegvader Laurens Nieuwenburg en Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op overgeleverde trouwfoto’s zijn de volgende gasten te zien: Laurens en Anna Nieuwenburg, hun kleindochter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl en Esther Troeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op een andere foto staan Hermann en Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler en twee onbekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Er zijn ook twee foto’s gemaakt in en voor het Opektagebouw op de Prinsengracht. Hierop staan Jan en Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl en een onbekende man en vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep beschreef in haar <em>Herinneringen</em> hoeveel moeite het haar kostte om een geboortebewijs uit Wenen te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Een afschrift van haar <em>Geburts- und Tauf-Schein</em> werd op <strong>29 januari 1941 </strong>afgegeven; een afschrift van de officiële bevestiging van het vaderschap door Eipeldauer uit <strong>1909 </strong>werd afgegeven op <strong>2 mei 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In de twee jaar voorafgaand aan het huwelijk werden ook de geboorte- en doopbewijzen van Mieps moeder (afschrift <strong>29 november 1940</strong>), grootvader (afschrift <strong>17 februari 1939</strong>) en grootmoeder (afschrift <strong>23 februari 1939</strong>) afgegeven. Op het laatste afschrift stond gestempeld: '<em>Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze documenten waren zeer waarschijnlijk met het oog op het voorgenomen huwelijk verstrekt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een interview vertelde Miep dat de worst voor op het bruiloftsfeest was geregeld door Daatzelaar, vertegenwoordiger van Gies & Co. en later bonnenleverancier van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter gelegenheid van hun éénjarige huwelijk op 18 juli 1942 werd er een etentje georganiseerd in het Achterhuis. Het menukaartje is bewaard gebleven:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>angeboden door "HET ACHTERHUIS" ter gelegenheid<br />\r\nvan het eenjarig bestaan van het huwelijk van<br />\r\nden Weled. heer en Mevrouw GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoastbeef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF (JUS)<br />\r\nzeer miniem gebruiken svp. in verband<br />\r\nmet verlaging v.h.boterrantsoen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogaat)<br />\r\nSuiker, Kaneel, Frambozensap<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKO F F I E met suiker, room<br />\r\nen div. verrassingen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze kregen een zoon, genaamd Paul. Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993 </strong>ontbonden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten dienden wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl and Esther Troeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz trouwden op 16 juli 1941 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer getuige bij huwelijk",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"content": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>juli 1942</strong> trouwden Rosel Goldschmidt en Paul Wronker, een voormalig huishoudster en een voormalig onderhuurder van de familie Frank. Fritz Pfeffer, op dat moment nog niet ondergedoken, was getuige bij het huwelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
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{
"id": 236,
"main_image": {
"id": 1206,
"uuid": "ed94c397-1540-4194-b263-9878432c4e09",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_003",
"title": "Foto van de huwelijksdag van Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk, Amsterdam, 15 mei 1946.",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4a73d0ab-b5a7-1b03-ace7-00a11bd85c03.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/89e27821-d4c8-4fc1-a532-2fc9fcfd67b7?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d4d2b97f-aa09-44d3-9392-8b18dc5457ad?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b",
"name": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"content": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held <sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de oorlogsjaren was Bep Voskuijl verloofd met A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). Daarna ontmoette zij Cor van Wijk. Zij trouwden op <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> om 14.40 uur in Amsterdam. De getuigen waren Otto Frank en Cornelis Groen, de echtgenoot van Beps jongere zus Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verder waren onder de gasten ook Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna en Jopie Kleiman, Miep en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cors familie was niet aanwezig op deze dag. Zij hadden bezwaren tegen het huwelijk omdat Bep Nederlands-Hervormd was en de familie Van Wijk Rooms-Katholiek. Toen Bep beloofde de kinderen naar catechisatie en katholieke scholen te sturen, vond er acht jaar later toch ook nog een kerkelijke inzegening plaats<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> op <strong>26 mei 1954</strong> in de kerk van de H.H. Martelaren van Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in de Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stuurde op <strong>13 mei 1971</strong> een brief aan Bep en Cor van Wijk dat hij wegens gezondheidsredenen niet bij het zilveren huwelijksfeest aanwezig kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de zilveren bruiloft stuurden Otto en Fritzi Frank op <strong>15 mei 1971</strong> een telegram aan hen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held <sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1946-05-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk trouwden op 15 mei 1946.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 234,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Lysia van Langen",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen vond plaats op <strong>22 oktober 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde deze dag in zijn agenda als volgt: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-10-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen trouwden op 22 oktober 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 220,
"main_image": {
"id": 1191,
"uuid": "24ee80d7-acff-40f7-a1d5-ec4118150611",
"name": "A_OFrank_III_075",
"title": "Foto van Otto Frank en Fritzi Frank-Markovits voor het stadhuis op hun huwelijksdag, met Jan Gies, Johannes Kleiman, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman en Miep Gies, Amsterdam, 10 november 1953",
"alt": "Fotobureau Colson. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/68ae4415-9e33-d855-e27b-9e3b3f97e0dd.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7ea5464e-0a3d-4617-9ad1-cbed5582c6c4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36",
"name": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"content": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>10 november 1953 </strong>trouwden Otto Frank en Elfriede Edith (Fritzi) Markovits in Amsterdam. Het was voor allebei hun tweede huwelijk. De getuigen waren Jo Kleiman en Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Net als Otto had Fritzi haar partner verloren in een concentratiekamp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de dag van het huwelijk lieten zij bij notaris Jacob van Hasselt een akte van huwelijkse voorwaarden opstellen. Ook maakten allebei bij hem een testament op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Fritzi vanaf <strong>begin 1940 </strong>met haar gezin tegenover de familie Frank op Merwedeplein woonde, leerden zij en Otto elkaar pas kennen tijdens de terugreis uit Auschwitz. Volgens de dochter van Fritzi, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, bracht zij haar moeder en Otto tijdens de treinreis van Auschwitz naar Odessa in de buurt van Czernowitz met elkaar in contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Fritzi zelf ontmoette zij Otto tijdens een oponthoud vlakbij Lvov toen Eva Otto Frank bij de trein herkende als de vader van Anne met wie ze op het Merwedeplein had gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later vertelde Fritzi in haar opstel <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> dat Otto haar al was opgevallen bij een door de Sovjettroepen georganiseerde 'herdenking van de revolutie' in het net bevrijde Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens Otto's notitieboekje uit 1945 zou dit dan <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em> kunnen zijn geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Terug in Amsterdam ging Otto bij Fritzi langs omdat haar naam op een overlevendenlijst stond. Hij hoopte dat zij iets over Margot en Anne wist. Hij herinnerde zich de ontmoeting bij de trein niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de briefwisseling tussen Otto en Fritzi in het <strong>najaar van 1952, </strong>toen Otto in verband met de toneelbewerking van het dagboek langere tijd in de Verenigde Staten verbleef, blijkt dat hun huwelijk aanstaande was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-11-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits trouwden op 10 november 1953 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"name_nl": "Stadhuis Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"uuid": "4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89523 52.37098)",
"summary": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"summary_nl": "Het stadhuis van Amsterdam was de plek waar in die stad de huwelijken werden gesloten.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Oudezijds Voorburgwal 197",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
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"latitude": "52.346454",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1c1c3ee4-0683-45ff-bcc5-1aabbd005e6f/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/14f0f543-484a-4be9-b590-17c4358b22ad?format=api",
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"name": "Doris Goldschmidt arrested in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Doris Goldschmidt gearresteerd in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Doris Goldschmidt arrested in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>Doris Goldschmidt had gone into hiding with her parents. An SD officer of the <em>Zentralstelle für Judische Auswanderung</em> apprehended her around two o'clock in the afternoon of <strong>13 August 1943</strong> as a "Jew in hiding" and brought her to the police station on Stadionweg. The next morning at a quarter past nine, the same SD officer picked her up again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOn <strong>26 August 1943</strong> she was put in prison barrack 67 in Westerbork. Five days later she was deported to Auschwitz with more than a thousand others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amu77\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to the date of death, she was one of those who were killed immediately upon arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2004: rapporten posthuis Stadionweg, 13-14 augustus 1943, nr. 225, mut. 15.50 uur en 14-15 augustus 1943, nr. 226, mut. 9.15 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amu77\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668</a>, geraadpleegd 14 september 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): archiefkaart D. Goldschmidt.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Doris Goldschmidt was met haar ouders ondergedoken. Een SD-beambte van de <em>Zentralstelle für Judische Auswanderung</em> hield haar in de middag van <strong>13 augustus 1943</strong> rond twee uur als ‘ondergedoken jodin’ aan en bracht haar naar de politiepost aan de Stadionweg. De volgende ochtend om kwart over negen haalde dezelfde SD’er haar weer op<sup data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>.<br />\r\nOp <strong>26 augustus 1943</strong> kwam ze in Westerbork in strafbarak 67. Vijf dagen later ging zij met ruim duizend anderen op transport naar Auschwitz <sup data-footnote-id=\"amu77\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>. Blijkens de overlijdensdatum behoorde zij tot degenen die bij aankomst meteen zijn vermoord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2004: rapporten posthuis Stadionweg, 13-14 augustus 1943, nr. 225, mut. 15.50 uur en 14-15 augustus 1943, nr. 226, mut. 9.15 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amu77\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668</a>, geraadpleegd 14 september 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart D. Goldschmidt.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Doris Goldschmidt had gone into hiding with her parents. An SD officer of the <em>Zentralstelle für Judische Auswanderung</em> apprehended her around two o'clock in the afternoon of <strong>13 August 1943</strong> as a "Jew in hiding" and brought her to the police station on Stadionweg. The next morning at a quarter past nine, the same SD officer picked her up again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOn <strong>26 August 1943</strong> she was put in prison barrack 67 in Westerbork. Five days later she was deported to Auschwitz with more than a thousand others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amu77\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to the date of death, she was one of those who were killed immediately upon arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lg04p\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2004: rapporten posthuis Stadionweg, 13-14 augustus 1943, nr. 225, mut. 15.50 uur en 14-15 augustus 1943, nr. 226, mut. 9.15 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amu77\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668\" target=\"_blank\">https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130294668</a>, geraadpleegd 14 september 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr4lx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): archiefkaart D. Goldschmidt.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-08-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Doris Goldschmidt was a cousin of Peter van Pels. She was arrested on the street in Amsterdam and imprisoned in Westerbork two weeks later. Shortly afterwards she was deported to Auschwitz.",
"summary_nl": "Doris Goldschmidt was een nicht van Peter van Pels. Ze werd in Amsterdam op straat gearresteerd en twee weken later in Westerbork gevangen gezet. Kort hierna werd ze gedeporteerd naar Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Doris Goldschmidt was a cousin of Peter van Pels. She was arrested on the street in Amsterdam and imprisoned in Westerbork two weeks later. Shortly afterwards she was deported to Auschwitz.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Stadionweg Police Station, Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Politieposthuis Stadionweg Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Stadionweg Police Station, Amsterdam",
"uuid": "14f0f543-484a-4be9-b590-17c4358b22ad",
"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.869089 52.346454)",
"summary": "Peter van Pels' nicht Doris Goldschmidt zat na haar aanhouding in 1943 een nacht in dit posthuis.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels' nicht Doris Goldschmidt zat na haar aanhouding in 1943 een nacht in dit posthuis.",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Stadionweg 131",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
150
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e193d1f4-8316-472c-9ebd-3cccc34bab2e/",
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"name": "Hermann van Pels and Max Goldschmidt establish Moderna",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels richt met Max Goldschmidt Moderna op",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels and Max Goldschmidt establish Moderna",
"content": "<p><em>Handelsonderneming Moderna</em> was founded on <strong>4 January 1938</strong> by Hermann van Pels and his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt. The firm engaged in manufacturing and trading textile and knitted goods. The company was located at the address Argonautenstraat 4 in Amsterdam, in Goldschmidt's home.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nTransactions exceeding the amount of two hundred and fifty guilders required the consent of both partners.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>24 April 1939</strong>, Van Pels stepped down from the firm. Goldschmidt took over all assets and liabilities and continued the business alone. On <strong>14 May 1943,</strong> Moderna was dissolved by the Omnia Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H. In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Goldschmidt re-established Moderna. He sold the business again after a short time because he left for the United States <strong>in early 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle gegevens zijn ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045: Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam van de Handelsonderneming Moderna, dossier 51150.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><em>Handelsonderneming Moderna</em> werd op <strong>4 januari 1938</strong> opgericht door Hermann van Pels en zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt. De firma hield zich bezig met fabricage van en handel in textielproducten en gebreide goederen. Het bedrijf was gevestigd op het adres Argonautenstraat 4 te Amsterdam in de woning van Goldschmidt.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nBij transacties die het bedrag van tweehonderdvijftig gulden te boven gingen, was de instemming van beide vennoten vereist.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>24 april 1939</strong> stapte Van Pels uit de firma. Goldschmidt nam alle activa en passiva over en zette de onderneming alleen voort. Op <strong>14 mei 1943</strong> werd <em>Moderna</em> door de Omnia Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H. opgeheven. In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> richtte Goldschmidt <em>Moderna</em> weer op. Hij deed de zaak na korte tijd weer van de hand omdat hij <strong>begin 1947</strong> naar de Verenigde Staten vertrok.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle gegevens zijn ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045: Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam van de Handelsonderneming Moderna, dossier 51150.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Handelsonderneming Moderna</em> was founded on <strong>4 January 1938</strong> by Hermann van Pels and his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt. The firm engaged in manufacturing and trading textile and knitted goods. The company was located at the address Argonautenstraat 4 in Amsterdam, in Goldschmidt's home.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nTransactions exceeding the amount of two hundred and fifty guilders required the consent of both partners.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>24 April 1939</strong>, Van Pels stepped down from the firm. Goldschmidt took over all assets and liabilities and continued the business alone. On <strong>14 May 1943,</strong> Moderna was dissolved by the Omnia Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H. In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Goldschmidt re-established Moderna. He sold the business again after a short time because he left for the United States <strong>in early 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8roz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle gegevens zijn ontleend aan: Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045: Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam van de Handelsonderneming Moderna, dossier 51150.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-01-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Handelsonderneming Moderna was founded on 4 January 1938 by Hermann van Pels and his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt.",
"summary_nl": "Handelsonderneming Moderna werd op 4 januari 1938 opgericht door Hermann van Pels en zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt.",
"summary_en": "Handelsonderneming Moderna was founded on 4 January 1938 by Hermann van Pels and his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "3aad5ea9-ff2e-4816-ab2b-3ef4df073fbc",
"name": "The Goldschmidt family lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Familie Goldschmidt woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "The Goldschmidt family lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-01-06",
"date_end": "1947-02-22",
"summary": "Margaretha Goldschmidt-Röttgen is the sister of Auguste van Pels. From January 1940 the family lived at Parnassusweg 23-II. In 1943, the family fell apart: into hiding, arrested, deported. Daughter Doris died in Auschwitz. On August 21, 1945 they lived at Bos en Lommerweg 17-I, Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Margaretha Goldschmidt-Röttgen is de zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Vanaf januari 1940 woonde de familie op Parnassusweg 23-II. Na 1943 raakte de familie uit elkaar: ondergedoken, gearresteerd, en gedeporteerd. Dochter Doris kwam om in Auschwitz. Op 21 augustus 1945 woonden ze op Bos en Lommerweg 17-I, Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Margaretha Goldschmidt-Röttgen is the sister of Auguste van Pels. From January 1940 the family lived at Parnassusweg 23-II. In 1943, the family fell apart: into hiding, arrested, deported. Daughter Doris died in Auschwitz. On August 21, 1945 they lived at Bos en Lommerweg 17-I, Amsterdam.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
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"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij vestigde zich in Amsterdam-Zuid als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was de eerste uit het gezin van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger die naar Amsterdam trok. Wel was hun nicht Bertel Hess haar al in <strong>1933</strong> voorgegaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op termijn zouden al haar broers en zussen, net als hun vader, hun thuisstad Osnabrück verlaten. Allen wilden ook verder naar Noord- of Zuid-Amerika, maar dat zou slechts enkelen lukken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-10-30",
"date_end": "1943-02-24",
"summary": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels is een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Zij was de eerste van haar familie die naar Amsterdam vertrok.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
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{
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"published": true,
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"name": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"content": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde, Germany, but he had Dutch nationality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For him and his family, therefore, there were no legal obstacles to emigrating to the Netherlands with his family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rwj2l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, he did have problems to resolve with the Dutch military authorities, who considered him a deserter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>26 June 1937</strong>, he and his wife and son were deregistered from the Synagoge-Gemeinde Osnabrück due to departure for the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Population Register registered him as of <strong>2 July 1937</strong> at the address Stadionweg 277-III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels' father, brother and three sisters (Henny, Ida and Clara) all eventually settled in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3elad\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several cousins, nieces and other relatives also left Germany. Berthel Hess, a full cousin of Hermann van Pels who also lived in Amsterdam, received a letter from her father in which he wrote: <em>'So gehen alle Verwandte nach die Reihe fort + wer weiss wie es noch werden wird.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auguste van Pels-Röttgen's parents came to Amsterdam in <strong>1938</strong>, as did her sister Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen and her family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rwj2l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De moderne tijd, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 5182), inv. nr. 4422, Lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166, Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3elad\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten David Aäron, Max David, Henny, Clara en Ida van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hess, Berthel, Brief van 10 september 1939 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels werd in het Duitse Gehrde geboren, maar hij had de Nederlandse nationaliteit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup> </sup>Voor hem en zijn gezin waren er dus in juridische zin geen beletselen om met zijn gezin naar Nederland emigreren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z2urj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wel had hij problemen op te lossen met de Nederlandse militaire autoriteiten, die hem als deserteur beschouwden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>26 juni 1937</strong> werd hij met vrouw en zoon uitgeschreven uit de Synagoge-Gemeinde Osnabrück wegens vertrek naar Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Amsterdamse Bevolkingsregister schreef hem in per <strong>2 juli 1937</strong> in op het adres Stadionweg 277-III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vader, broer en drie zussen (Henny, Ida en Clara) van Hermann van Pels vestigden zich op termijn allemaal in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3elad\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ook verschillende neven, nichten en andere familieleden verlaten Duitsland. Berthel Hess, een volle nicht van Hermann van Pels die ook in Amsterdam woonde, kreeg een brief van haar vader waarin hij schreef: <em>'So gehen alle Verwandte nach die Reihe fort + wer weiss wie es noch werden wird.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De ouders van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen kwamen in <strong>1938</strong> naar Amsterdam, net als haar zus Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen en haar gezin.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z2urj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De moderne tijd, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 5182), inv. nr. 4422, Lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166, Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3elad\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten David Aäron, Max David, Henny, Clara en Ida van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hess, Berthel, Brief van 10 september 1939 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde, Germany, but he had Dutch nationality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For him and his family, therefore, there were no legal obstacles to emigrating to the Netherlands with his family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rwj2l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, he did have problems to resolve with the Dutch military authorities, who considered him a deserter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>26 June 1937</strong>, he and his wife and son were deregistered from the Synagoge-Gemeinde Osnabrück due to departure for the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Population Register registered him as of <strong>2 July 1937</strong> at the address Stadionweg 277-III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels' father, brother and three sisters (Henny, Ida and Clara) all eventually settled in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3elad\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several cousins, nieces and other relatives also left Germany. Berthel Hess, a full cousin of Hermann van Pels who also lived in Amsterdam, received a letter from her father in which he wrote: <em>'So gehen alle Verwandte nach die Reihe fort + wer weiss wie es noch werden wird.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auguste van Pels-Röttgen's parents came to Amsterdam in <strong>1938</strong>, as did her sister Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen and her family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q0jf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rwj2l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De moderne tijd, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjyyr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 5182), inv. nr. 4422, Lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5mhs3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166, Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3elad\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten David Aäron, Max David, Henny, Clara en Ida van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1suhk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hess, Berthel, Brief van 10 september 1939 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1937-07-02",
"date_end": "1938-05-18",
"summary": "In the summer of 1937, Hermann van Pels' family emigrated from Osnabrück to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "In de zomer van 1937 emigreerde het gezin van Hermann van Pels van Osnabrück naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "In the summer of 1937, Hermann van Pels' family emigrated from Osnabrück to Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name": "Van Pels-Röttgen family home, Stadionweg 277-III, Amsterdam 1",
"name_nl": "Woning familie Van Pels-Röttgen | Stadionweg",
"name_en": "Van Pels-Röttgen family home, Stadionweg 277-III, Amsterdam 1",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.85885 52.34481)",
"summary": "First home of Hermann van Pels and his family from the summer of 1937.",
"summary_nl": "Eerste woning van Hermann van Pels en zijn gezin vanaf de zomer van 1937.",
"summary_en": "First home of Hermann van Pels and his family from the summer of 1937.",
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"street": "Stadionweg 277-III",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"title": "Personeel van Keg voor het pand Prinsengracht 265, omstreeks 1947",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Afkomstig uit privécollectie",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0996f06e-79e0-4d5b-9cbf-4a2bbfbdd756/",
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"name": "The Keg firm is burgled",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Keg",
"name_en": "The Keg firm is burgled",
"content": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was thee- en koffiehandel Keg gevestigd. In <strong>juli 1940</strong> was daar al eens ingebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>1 november 1940</strong> deed magazijnchef Hendrik Mussche aangifte van nog een inbraakpoging bij het bedrijf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook filiaalchef Jacob Boon deed hij herhaaldelijk aangifte van inbraken en diefstallen, en van pogingen daartoe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1940-10-31",
"date_end": "1940-11-01",
"summary": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de firma Keg werd tijdens de oorlog herhaaldelijk ingebroken.",
"summary_en": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
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"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C. (C. Keg Tea and Coffee Co.)",
"name_nl": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C.",
"name_en": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C. (C. Keg Tea and Coffee Co.)",
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"content": "<p>This branch of a wholesale company of coffee, tea and packaged foodstuffs was located at Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, next to Otto Frank's business premises (as of <strong>1 December 1940</strong>).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As well as Opekta and Gies & Co. (and other companies), Keg regularly suffered from burglaries. The staff was therefore assigned night-time guard duty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the period in hiding, there were several known burglaries in the building. One of these was committed via the then vacant neighboring building 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Reports were made by branch manager Jacob Boon and warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Keg also had to contend with crime after the liberation: '<em>On behalf of N.V. Keg's Groothandel, P 265 in A-dam, a report is made of the theft of 7½ KG raisins, from a shipment of 2900 KG, sent from R-dam to the addressee by expedition. Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the building on Prinsengracht had a basement and no ground floor, Keg had a garage at Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1940</strong>, there was a collision on Columbusplein in which a Keg van, driven by H.J. Mooseker, was involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Deze vestiging van een Zaanse groothandel in koffie, thee en verpakte levensmiddelen was gevestigd op de Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, naast het bedrijfspand (vanaf <strong>1 december 1940</strong>) van Otto Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Opekta en Gies & Co. (en andere bedrijven) had Keg regelmatig last van inbraken. Het personeel kreeg daarom nachtelijke wachtdiensten opgelegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vóór de onderduikperiode waren er enkele inbraken in het pand bekend. Een daarvan was gepleegd via het toen nog leegstaande buurpand 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aangiftes werden gedaan door filiaalchef Jacob Boon en magazijnchef Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook na de bevrijding had Keg met criminaliteit te kampen: '<em>Namens N.V. Keg’s Groothandel, P 265 te A-dam, wordt aangifte gedaan van diefstal van 7½ KG rozijnen, van een zending groot 2900 KG, verzonden van R-dam aan geadresseerde per expeditie Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat het pand aan de Prinsengracht een souterrain had, en geen gelijkvloerse benedenverdieping, had Keg een garage op het adres Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 februari 1940</strong> was er een aanrijding op het Columbusplein waarbij een bestelauto van Keg, bestuurd door H.J. Mooseker, was betrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>This branch of a wholesale company of coffee, tea and packaged foodstuffs was located at Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, next to Otto Frank's business premises (as of <strong>1 December 1940</strong>).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As well as Opekta and Gies & Co. (and other companies), Keg regularly suffered from burglaries. The staff was therefore assigned night-time guard duty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the period in hiding, there were several known burglaries in the building. One of these was committed via the then vacant neighboring building 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Reports were made by branch manager Jacob Boon and warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Keg also had to contend with crime after the liberation: '<em>On behalf of N.V. Keg's Groothandel, P 265 in A-dam, a report is made of the theft of 7½ KG raisins, from a shipment of 2900 KG, sent from R-dam to the addressee by expedition. Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the building on Prinsengracht had a basement and no ground floor, Keg had a garage at Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1940</strong>, there was a collision on Columbusplein in which a Keg van, driven by H.J. Mooseker, was involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.883994 52.375255)",
"summary": "Branch of a Zaandam wholesale company in coffee, tea and packaged foods, located next door to Otto Frank's business premises.",
"summary_nl": "Filiaal van een Zaanse groothandel in koffie, thee en verpakte levensmiddelen, gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Branch of a Zaandam wholesale company in coffee, tea and packaged foods, located next door to Otto Frank's business premises.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 265",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
282
]
},
"score": 1.3397357
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 110,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.375368",
"longitude": "4.884115",
"events": [
{
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82?format=api"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 281,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ece3fba8-5b1e-4d3e-984e-8d190e2148ea?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4",
"name": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Elhoek",
"name_en": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"content": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was stoffeerderzaak Elhoek gevestigd. In <strong>november 1941</strong> was er bij Elhoek al eens geld uit de elektrameter gestolen. In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943 </strong>werd er geld en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf gestolen.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-07",
"date_end": "1943-04-08",
"summary": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"summary_nl": "Insluipers ontvreemdden zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Elhoek",
"name_nl": "Elhoek, Firma",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma was gevestid in het buurpand van Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was ook lederwarenfabrikant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De naam was een samentrekking van de namen Van Elburg en Hoekstra. De werkplaatsen waren op de tweede en derde verdieping. Het personeel at bij mooi weer tussen de middag wel eens in de dakgoot. Ze hoorden soms stemmen en wisten daardoor dat er mensen in het Achterhuis waren. Ze realiseerden zich echter niet dat het hier om onderduikers ging en ze dachten dat het deel van het pand van de firma Keg Thee en Koffie was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Firmant Hendrik Johan van Elburg meldde dat insluipers in de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> een bedrag van zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf hadden gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>meubelmakerij</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometehus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884115 52.375368)",
"summary": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"summary_nl": "Meubelstoffeerderij Elhoek was gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 261",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
300,
281
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"latitude": "52.35484",
"longitude": "4.884482",
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{
"id": 146,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/07733b53-04bc-4e0e-88ea-a410f0686506/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e6090c55-5e26-4b2b-9dc9-8c5d1fe3b98b?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/33e28b71-10bd-42c4-b577-534b07cd58f0?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/3728c44f-9948-4763-84c3-ba87ac8da4b1?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "07733b53-04bc-4e0e-88ea-a410f0686506",
"name": "Barbara Ledermann goes into hiding",
"name_nl": "Barbara Ledermann duikt onder",
"name_en": "Barbara Ledermann goes into hiding",
"content": "<p>Barbara Ledermann went into hiding around <strong>November 1942</strong>. She obtained a different identity with the help of connections of her friend Manfred Grünberg. Her new papers were in the name of Barbara Waarts, and the correct first names of parents, her date and place of birth had been retained. On <strong>5 July 1944</strong>, she was also given a new identity card in the name of Barbara Waarts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was after the <strong>April 1944</strong> bombing of the State Inspectorate of Population Registers, whose documents posed the greatest danger to holders of fake personal identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The quality of her first identity card is not known, but in <strong>July 1944</strong> it was easier to get her a good fake one. After the liberation, the Population Registry cleaned up the corrupted card file, and in the process Barbara Waarts' card was also labelled 'Valsch' (False).</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Barbara Ledermann en Barbara Waarts.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Loe de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1939 - 1945</em>, deel 7, <em>Mei '43 - Juni '44</em>, tweede helft, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797 - 802.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Barbara Ledermann dook <strong>rond november 1942</strong> onder. Ze kreeg met behulp van connecties van haar vriend Manfred Grünberg een andere identiteit. Haar nieuwe papieren stonden op naam van Barbara Waarts, en de juiste voornamen van de ouders, haar geboortedatum en –plaats waren gehandhaafd. Op <strong>5 juli 1944</strong> kreeg ze op de naam Barbara Waarts ook nog een nieuw persoonsbewijs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit was na het bombardement in <strong>april 1944</strong> op de Rijksinspectie voor de Bevolkingsregisters, waarvan de documenten het grootste gevaar voor houders van valse persoonsbewijzen vormde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De kwaliteit van haar eerste persoonsbewijs is niet bekend, maar in <strong>juli 1944</strong> was het eenvoudiger haar een goede falsificatie te bezorgen. Na de bevrijding saneerde het Bevolkingsregister het gecorrumpeerde kaartenbestand en daarbij kreeg ook de kaart van Barbara Waarts het predicaat “Valsch”.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Barbara Ledermann en Barbara Waarts.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Loe de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1939 - 1945</em>, deel 7, <em>Mei '43 - Juni '44</em>, tweede helft, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797 - 802.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Barbara Ledermann went into hiding around <strong>November 1942</strong>. She obtained a different identity with the help of connections of her friend Manfred Grünberg. Her new papers were in the name of Barbara Waarts, and the correct first names of parents, her date and place of birth had been retained. On <strong>5 July 1944</strong>, she was also given a new identity card in the name of Barbara Waarts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was after the <strong>April 1944</strong> bombing of the State Inspectorate of Population Registers, whose documents posed the greatest danger to holders of fake personal identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The quality of her first identity card is not known, but in <strong>July 1944</strong> it was easier to get her a good fake one. After the liberation, the Population Registry cleaned up the corrupted card file, and in the process Barbara Waarts' card was also labelled 'Valsch' (False).</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yncpg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Barbara Ledermann en Barbara Waarts.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m36vo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Loe de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1939 - 1945</em>, deel 7, <em>Mei '43 - Juni '44</em>, tweede helft, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797 - 802.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-11-01",
"date_end": "1945-05-07",
"summary": "Barbara Ledermann went into hiding around November 1942. Having been given a solid false identity, she was able to walk the streets freely. She became active in the resistance by helping Jews in hiding. Her parents did not want to go into hiding and were rounded up with her sister Sanne in a major raid on 20 June 1943 and taken to Camp Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Barbara Ledermann, een vriendin van Margot Frank, dook rond november 1942 onder. Doordat ze een solide valse identiteit had, kon ze vrij over straat lopen. Ze werd actief in het verzet door Joden te helpen met onderduiken. Haar ouders wilden niet onderduiken en werden met haar zus Sanne bij een grote razzia op 20 juni 1943 opgepakt en naar kamp Westerbork gebracht.",
"summary_en": "Barbara Ledermann went into hiding around November 1942. Having been given a solid false identity, she was able to walk the streets freely. She became active in the resistance by helping Jews in hiding. Her parents did not want to go into hiding and were rounded up with her sister Sanne in a major raid on 20 June 1943 and taken to Camp Westerbork.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124388,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60424793-a25a-45a5-a335-f42b3af0e1d2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60424793-a25a-45a5-a335-f42b3af0e1d2",
"name": "Hiding",
"name_nl": "Onderduik",
"name_en": "Hiding",
"description": "<p>The reason to go into hiding was usually to escape persecution of Jews, forced labour deployment, or because one was wanted for illegal activities.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De reden om onder te duiken was meestal om te ontkomen aan de Jodenvervolging, de gedwongen Arbeidsinzet, of omdat men gezocht werd wegens illegale activiteiten.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The reason to go into hiding was usually to escape persecution of Jews, forced labour deployment, or because one was wanted for illegal activities.</p>",
"summary": "To go into hiding was to hide from the police or Germans, often for long periods of time.",
"summary_nl": "Onderduiken was het zich verbergen voor de politie of de Duitsers, vaak voor langere tijd.",
"summary_en": "To go into hiding was to hide from the police or Germans, often for long periods of time.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2695"
],
"parent": 396124656,
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}
],
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],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/3728c44f-9948-4763-84c3-ba87ac8da4b1/",
"published": true,
"name": "Address where Barbara Ledermann was in hiding",
"name_nl": "Onderduikadres Barbara Ledermann",
"name_en": "Address where Barbara Ledermann was in hiding",
"uuid": "3728c44f-9948-4763-84c3-ba87ac8da4b1",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884482 52.35484)",
"summary": "From 20 June 1943, Barbara Ledermann lived at Reijnier Vinkeleskade 61 huis, Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Vanaf 20 juni 1943 woonde Barbara Ledermann op Reijnier Vinkeleskade 61 huis, Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "From 20 June 1943, Barbara Ledermann lived at Reijnier Vinkeleskade 61 huis, Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Reijnier Vinkeleskade 61 huis",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
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