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"name": "Henny van Pels in Osnabrück",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels in Osnabrück",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels in Osnabrück",
"content": "<p>She had lived with her father at Am Domhof 8 since <strong>1932</strong>. A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Henny van Pels' stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mp492\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to the municipal records, she left the city on <strong>27 October 1935</strong>. She was a <em>Schneiderin </em>(seamstress) by profession and her new address was listed as Okeghemstraat 6 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mp492\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_009: kaart van Synagogegemeinde Osnabrück Henny van Pels</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij woonde sinds <strong>1932 </strong>met haar vader op het adres Domhof 8. Een <em>Stolperstein</em> herinnert aan het verblijf van Henny van Pels op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfy4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>27 oktober 1935</strong> schreef de stad Osnabrück haar daar uit. Haar beroep was kleermaakster (<em>Schneiderin</em>) en als haar nieuwe adres werd Okeghemstraat 6 in Amsterdam genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfy4f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_009: kaart van Synagogegemeinde Osnabrück Henny van Pels</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She had lived with her father at Am Domhof 8 since <strong>1932</strong>. A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Henny van Pels' stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mp492\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to the municipal records, she left the city on <strong>27 October 1935</strong>. She was a <em>Schneiderin </em>(seamstress) by profession and her new address was listed as Okeghemstraat 6 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mp492\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z4jw5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_009: kaart van Synagogegemeinde Osnabrück Henny van Pels</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1935-10-27",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Henny van Pels left Osnabrück for Amsterdam on 27 October 1935.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels verruilde op 27 oktober 1935 Osnabrück voor Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels left Osnabrück for Amsterdam on 27 October 1935.",
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"files": []
}
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"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Home of Aäron van Pels | Domhof, Osnabrück",
"name_nl": "Woning van Aäron van Pels | Domhof, Osnabrück",
"name_en": "Home of Aäron van Pels | Domhof, Osnabrück",
"uuid": "b5ad5b8d-2494-42ad-bf1f-d2a1f9250bb2",
"content": "<p>A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Henny van Pels' stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"px81o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"px81o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Een <em>Stolperstein</em> herinnert aan het verblijf van Henny van Pels op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nchtu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nchtu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024)</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Henny van Pels' stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"px81o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"px81o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.04396 52.27634)",
"summary": "Henny van Pels lived at this address with her father.",
"summary_nl": "Op dit adres woonde Henny van Pels met haar vader.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels lived at this address with her father.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Domhof 8",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Osnabrück",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/665ff1b6-de4b-4625-981a-9313480477b2/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2c4e9ad5-bb38-4440-ae2f-7b3fc3fba34a?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "665ff1b6-de4b-4625-981a-9313480477b2",
"name": "Clara van Pels in Osnabrück",
"name_nl": "Clara van Pels in Osnabrück",
"name_en": "Clara van Pels in Osnabrück",
"content": "<p>She initially lived at Am Domhof 8, then moved to Kaiserwall 14 after four years. A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Clara van Pels' stay at Domhof 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3nv7g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3nv7g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aanvankelijk woonde ze aan het adres Domhof 8, om na vier jaar te verhuizen naar Kaiserwall 14. Een <em>Stolperstein</em> herinnert aan het verblijf van Clara van Pels op het adres Domhof 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prgqm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prgqm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She initially lived at Am Domhof 8, then moved to Kaiserwall 14 after four years. A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) commemorates Clara van Pels' stay at Domhof 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3nv7g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3nv7g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://stolpersteine-guide.de/map/biografie/1334/am-domhof\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine Guide</a> (geraadpleegd 19 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1932-10-14",
"date_end": "1938-09-14",
"summary": "Clara van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. After her divorce, Clara van Pels and her daughter lived for several years with her family in Osnabrück.",
"summary_nl": "Clara van Pels was een zus van Hermann van Pels. Na haar echtscheiding woonde Clara van Pels enkele jaren met haar dochter bij haar familie in Osnabrück.",
"summary_en": "Clara van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. After her divorce, Clara van Pels and her daughter lived for several years with her family in Osnabrück.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
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"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.04091 52.28083)",
"summary": "Aaron van Pels and several of his children lived at this address, then called Kaiserwall, from October 1932.",
"summary_nl": "Op dit adres, destijds Kaiserwal geheten, woonde vanaf oktober 1932 Aäron van Pels en meerdere van zijn kinderen.",
"summary_en": "Aaron van Pels and several of his children lived at this address, then called Kaiserwall, from October 1932.",
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"land": "Duitsland",
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer registered at Bernard Zweerskade",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer ingeschreven op de Bernard Zweerskade",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer registered at Bernard Zweerskade",
"content": "<p>Pfeffer was registered at Bernard Zweerskade 20 III from <strong>19 June 1940</strong> to <strong>9 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Here he occupied an attic room, which he rented from Felix Mittwoch. On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, i.e. about two weeks after Pfeffer went into hiding,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mittwoch wrote a message to the Immigration Department. He informed them that Pfeffer had told him he was going to hospital because of a kidney ailment. As Mittwoch did not see or hear from Pfeffer after that, he notified the department that Pfeffer had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Since Pfeffer remained registered for almost two more years, it looks like that information did not reach the Population Register. Based on this letter, the Immigration Department considered Pfeffer 'untraceable' as of <strong>1 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Pfeffer stond van <strong>19 juni 1940</strong> tot <strong>9 november 1944</strong> ingeschreven op de Bernard Zweerskade 20 III.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij bewoonde hier een zolderkamer, die hij huurde van Felix Mittwoch. Op <strong>30 november 1942</strong>, dat was ongeveer twee weken nadat Pfeffer onderdook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> schreef Mittwoch een bericht aan de Vreemdelingendienst. Hij liet weten dat Pfeffer hem had gezegd naar het ziekenhuis te moeten vanwege een nierkwaal. Omdat Mittwoch daarna niets meer van Pfeffer zag of hoorde, meldde hij hem bij die dienst als bewoner af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Aangezien Pfeffer nog bijna twee jaar ingeschreven bleef, ziet het ernaar uit dat die informatie niet bij het Bevolkingsregister terecht is gekomen. De Vreemdelingendienst beschouwde Pfeffer op grond van deze brief per <strong>1 december 1942</strong> 'spoorloos'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Pfeffer was registered at Bernard Zweerskade 20 III from <strong>19 June 1940</strong> to <strong>9 November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Here he occupied an attic room, which he rented from Felix Mittwoch. On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, i.e. about two weeks after Pfeffer went into hiding,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mittwoch wrote a message to the Immigration Department. He informed them that Pfeffer had told him he was going to hospital because of a kidney ailment. As Mittwoch did not see or hear from Pfeffer after that, he notified the department that Pfeffer had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Since Pfeffer remained registered for almost two more years, it looks like that information did not reach the Population Register. Based on this letter, the Immigration Department considered Pfeffer 'untraceable' as of <strong>1 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bxnq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer. Op de Vreemdelingenkaart staat als begindatum 17 juni 1940. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p53ne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ncsg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, inv. nr. 4046, Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tqtxz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart F. Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1940-06-19",
"date_end": "1944-11-09",
"summary": "",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.877395 52.345025)",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in an attic room here for some time.",
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"name": "Formation La Synthèse",
"name_nl": "Oprichting La Synthèse",
"name_en": "Formation La Synthèse",
"content": "<p>One of the goals of the German occupation policy was to deprive Dutch Jews of their property. An initial impetus was given on <strong>22 October 1940</strong> with the promulgation of regulation VO 189/1940. This regulation required Jewish companies to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle,</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which decided on the confiscation or liquidation of these companies. In an effort to remove Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's trading companies, from German control, Victor Kugler and Jan Gies founded the firm La Synthèse as early as <strong>23 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The objective and activities of this company were similar to those of Pectacon, "the trading in and manufacture of chemicals and foodstuffs." Registration in the Trade Register followed on <strong>4 November 1940</strong>. The firm's address was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum, <sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> which was Kugler's home address. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, the firm's name was changed to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> by order of the secretary-general of the ministery of Justice, who objected to <em>La Synthèse</em>. The new name was registered with the Trade Register on <strong>19 August 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Een van de doelen van de Duitse bezettingspolitiek was om de Nederlandse Joden hun bezit te ontnemen. Een eerste aanzet daartoe werd gegeven op 22 oktober 1940 met de afkondiging van verordening VO 189/1940. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. In een poging Pectacon, een van de handelsondernemingen van Frank, aan Duits toezicht te onttrekken, werd al op<strong> 23 oktober 1940</strong> de firma La Synthèse opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden van deze onderneming waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon, de 'handel en fabricatie van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen'. De inschrijving in het Handelsregister volgde op <strong>4 november 1940</strong>. Het adres was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit was Kuglers privéadres. De bedrijfsnaam werd op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> veranderd in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie, die bezwaar maakte tegen de naam van de firma. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the goals of the German occupation policy was to deprive Dutch Jews of their property. An initial impetus was given on <strong>22 October 1940</strong> with the promulgation of regulation VO 189/1940. This regulation required Jewish companies to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle,</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which decided on the confiscation or liquidation of these companies. In an effort to remove Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's trading companies, from German control, Victor Kugler and Jan Gies founded the firm La Synthèse as early as <strong>23 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The objective and activities of this company were similar to those of Pectacon, "the trading in and manufacture of chemicals and foodstuffs." Registration in the Trade Register followed on <strong>4 November 1940</strong>. The firm's address was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum, <sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> which was Kugler's home address. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, the firm's name was changed to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> by order of the secretary-general of the ministery of Justice, who objected to <em>La Synthèse</em>. The new name was registered with the Trade Register on <strong>19 August 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-10-23",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "La Synthèse was founded when Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to aryanisation measures.",
"summary_nl": "La Synthèse werd opgericht toen Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd.",
"summary_en": "La Synthèse was founded when Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to aryanisation measures.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
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"published": true,
"uuid": "8d0b0679-3dba-4c8d-b38c-7bcfefcec4b1",
"name": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler thuis ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"content": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op Goede Vrijdag, <strong>30 maart 1945</strong>, zou Victor Kugler weer thuis in Hilversum zijn aangekomen na zijn ontsnapping bij Zevenaar. Daar hield hij zich verborgen tot de bevrijding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertelde:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘De volgende dag begon ik een schuilplaats in te richten voor ons. Als de Duitsers langs zouden komen om mij te arresteren, dan wilde ik koste wat het kost voorkomen dat ze mij zouden vinden. Maar mijn voorbereidingen waren niet nodig, want vier weken later capituleerde de Duitse legerleiding.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Orginieel: ‘The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’ Citaat uit: Eda Shapiro & Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen: 2008, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-03-28",
"date_end": "1945-05-07",
"summary": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
"summary_nl": "Na zijn ontsnapping kon Victor Kugler zich thuis verborgen houden tot Hilversum werd bevrijd.",
"summary_en": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Home of Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"name_nl": "Woning Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"name_en": "Home of Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"uuid": "db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"content": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (5.18635 52.228378)",
"summary": "From 1940, Victor Kugler and his wife lived on this street, at number 56. He went into hiding in the same house after he had escaped German imprisonment.",
"summary_nl": "In deze straat, op nummer 56, woonden Victor Kugler en zijn vrouw vanaf 1940. Daar dook hij ook na zijn ontsnapping uit Duitse gevangenschap onder.",
"summary_en": "From 1940, Victor Kugler and his wife lived on this street, at number 56. He went into hiding in the same house after he had escaped German imprisonment.",
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"street": "Eemnesserweg 56",
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"city": "Hilversum",
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"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_nl": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_en": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"content": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werthauer woonde op twee adressen in Frankfurt alvorens in <strong>1932</strong> terecht te komen op het adres Wiesenau 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van daaruit vertrok hij naar Amsterdam, na enkele maanden gevolgd door vrouw en kinderen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1923-01-01",
"date_end": "1933-11-22",
"summary": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
"summary_nl": "Tot november 1933 woonde de familie Werthauer in Frankfurt.",
"summary_en": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47/",
"published": true,
"name": "Home of Werthauer family in Frankfurt",
"name_nl": "Woning Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_en": "Home of Werthauer family in Frankfurt",
"uuid": "e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"content": "<p>The Werthauer family lived on on two addresses in Frankfurt before moving to this address in <strong>1932</strong>.<strong> </strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Werthauers woonden op twee adressen in Frankfurt alvorens in <strong>1932 </strong>terecht te komen op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Werthauer family lived on on two addresses in Frankfurt before moving to this address in <strong>1932</strong>.<strong> </strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.663360000000001 50.11912)",
"summary": "The Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt until November 1933.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Werthauer woonde tot november 1933 in Frankfurt.",
"summary_en": "The Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt until November 1933.",
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"street": "Wiesenau 8 II",
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"city": "Frankfurt am Main",
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"name": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij vestigde zich in Amsterdam-Zuid als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was de eerste uit het gezin van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger die naar Amsterdam trok. Wel was hun nicht Bertel Hess haar al in <strong>1933</strong> voorgegaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op termijn zouden al haar broers en zussen, net als hun vader, hun thuisstad Osnabrück verlaten. Allen wilden ook verder naar Noord- of Zuid-Amerika, maar dat zou slechts enkelen lukken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-10-30",
"date_end": "1943-02-24",
"summary": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels is een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Zij was de eerste van haar familie die naar Amsterdam vertrok.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
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"files": []
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{
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"published": true,
"uuid": "588f6db0-3f3c-4b1f-96d9-26f2134af198",
"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 103,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1580fb81-9e32-4eee-b692-34f682972b9e/",
"subjects": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "1580fb81-9e32-4eee-b692-34f682972b9e",
"name": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
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{
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
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"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Onderzoeksverslag Zesde Montessorischool",
"title": "Niet doen wat je wilt, maar willen wat je doet.",
"alt": "Gertjan Broek - Anne Frank Stichting.",
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"description": "Verslag van onderzoek naar de Zesde Montessorischool en Anne Frank.",
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"name": "010009011134",
"title": "Niersstraat 41, Zesde Montessorischool, 1936",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Dienst Publieke Werken. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/daf452cb-054b-48dd-ab86-451ebe8161ef/",
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"name": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar klasgenootjes op de kleuterschool",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar friends in kindergarten",
"content": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Direct na de zomervakantie van <strong>1934 </strong>kwam Hanneli Goslar naar de kleuterschool aan de Niersstraat. Zij kwam daar nieuw en onbekend binnen. Bij de bellentafel zag zij Anne staan, die al sinds april op de school zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze had Anne een keer eerder gezien in een winkel. Nu omarmden ze elkaar en sloten zonder woorden vriendschap: “Vanaf die dag waren we vriendinnen, en door ons ook onze ouders.”<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the summer vacation of <strong>1934</strong>, Hanneli Goslar came to the kindergarten on Niersstraat. She did not know anyone there. At the bell table, she met Anne, who had been at the school since April that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had seen Anne once before in a shop. They embraced and struck up a friendship without words: "From that day on, we were friends, and through us, our parents became friends, too."<sup data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ndj6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, A_Montessorischool_I_0001: leerlingenregister School No. 51, volgnrs. 190 en 308. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93sgs\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenverhalen I: interview met H.E. Pick – Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:47:39 – 15:49:35. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-09-03",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
"summary_nl": "Zodra Anne Frank en Hanneli Goslar elkaar ontmoeten op de kleuterschool zijn ze elkaars vrienden.",
"summary_en": "As soon as Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar met in kindergarten, they were best friends.",
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"name": "Anne Frank at the Sixth Montessori School",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank op de Zesde Montessorischool",
"name_en": "Anne Frank at the Sixth Montessori School",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from school year <strong>1935-36</strong> until school year <strong>1940-41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith wrote to Gertrud Naumann on <strong>26 March 1935</strong>: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later she writes: '<em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission to the 6th Montessori School was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She was placed in class 1B with Mr. Van Gelder. He remained Anne's teacher up to and including the fourth grade. In the fifth grade (<strong>1939</strong>-<strong> '40</strong>) she was with Miss Godron and in class 6A<strong> (1940-'41</strong>) with Mrs. Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In school year <strong>1940-'41</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: '<em>Master has been away from school for two years now, this year I am in Mrs Kuperus's class (...)</em>'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote about Mrs. Kuperus in <strong>1942</strong>: '<em>In sixth grade my teacher was Mrs. Kuperus, the principal</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The date Anne was deregistered was <strong>27 September 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later wrote to Mrs Kuperus: 'Anne was a real Montessori child'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> Otto Frank wrote: 'For Anne it was good that she attended a Montessori school, where each pupil was treated very individually'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the Montessori system, the composition of the classes changed. According to the information from the Parents' Fund, Anne had the following classmates in the various classes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, class <strong>1B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (deleted: left school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (deleted: left school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (deleted: left school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (deleted), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"53thu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, class 2<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (deleted: left school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (deleted B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (deleted: left school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, class 3<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (deleted), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, class 4<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder./Miss Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (deleted), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, class 5<strong>B</strong> with Miss Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (deleted: no longer able to pay), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (deleted: moved at the end of June), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (left 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, class 6A with Miss Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (deleted) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere is a photo of Anne's class with the caption <em>1936 in Mr Van Gelder's class</em><em>. </em>There is also a photo of Anne in Van Gelder's class from <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is also a photo of Anne together with Miss Godron, Martha van de Berg and Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"53thu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Cash ledger of the Parents' Fund, Class 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank zat van het schooljaar <strong>1935-36</strong> tot en met het schooljaar <strong>1940-41</strong> op de Zesde Montessorieschool te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef aan Gertrud Naumann op <strong>26 maart 1935</strong>: <em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later schrijft ze: <em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>16 augustus 1935</strong> was de dagtekening van Annes toelating op de 6e Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze kwam in klas 1B bij mijnheer Van Gelder. Hij bleef tot en met de vierde klas Annes meester. In de vijfde klas (`<strong>1939-‘40</strong>) zat ze bij juffrouw Godron en in klas 6A (<strong>1940-’41</strong>) bij mevrouw Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het schooljaar <strong>1940-'41</strong> scheef Anne aan haar Oma: <em>Meester is nu al twee jaar van school af, nu dit jaar ben ik bij Mevrouw Kuperus (…).</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne in <strong>1942</strong> over mevrouw Kuperus: '<em>(...) kwam ik in 6C bij mevrouw Kuperus de directrice terecht, wij hielden een hartroerend afscheid aan het einde van het schooljaar (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dagtekening van Annes uitschrijving was <strong>27 september 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef later aan mevrouw Kuperus: <em>Anne was een echt Montessori-kind.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> schreef Otto Frank: <em>Voor Anne was het goed dat ze een Montessorischool bezocht, waar elke leerling heel individueel werd behandeld.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het Montessorisysteem wisselden de klassen van samenstelling. Anne had volgens de gegevens van het ouderfonds in de diverse klassen de volgende klasgenootjes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, klas <strong>1B</strong> bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (doorgehaald: van school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (doorgehaald: van school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (doorgehaald: van school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (doorgehaald), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y2uda\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, klas 2B bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (doorgehaald: van school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (doorgehaald B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (doorgehaald: van school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, klas <strong>3B</strong> bij meneer van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman, Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (doorgehaald), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, klas 4B, meneer van Gelder/juffrouw Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (doorgehaald), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, klas 5B bij juffrouw Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (doorgehaald, kan niet meer betalen), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (doorgehaald, eind juni verhuisd), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (weggegaan 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, klas 6A bij mevrouw Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (doorgehaald) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nEr is een foto van de klas van Anne met het bijschrift <em>1936. bij mijnh. v. Gelder. Ook </em>is er een foto van Anne in de klas van Van Gelder uit <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Verder is er ook een foto van Anne samen met juffrouw Godron, Martha v/d Berg en Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Uit de schooladministratie blijkt echter dat zij deel uitmaakte van 6A.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y2uda\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Kasschriftje van het ouderfonds, Klasse 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from school year <strong>1935-36</strong> until school year <strong>1940-41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith wrote to Gertrud Naumann on <strong>26 March 1935</strong>: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k506q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later she writes: '<em>Anne kommt erst im August in die Schule.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission to the 6th Montessori School was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She was placed in class 1B with Mr. Van Gelder. He remained Anne's teacher up to and including the fourth grade. In the fifth grade (<strong>1939</strong>-<strong> '40</strong>) she was with Miss Godron and in class 6A<strong> (1940-'41</strong>) with Mrs. Kuperus.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In school year <strong>1940-'41</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: '<em>Master has been away from school for two years now, this year I am in Mrs Kuperus's class (...)</em>'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote about Mrs. Kuperus in <strong>1942</strong>: '<em>In sixth grade my teacher was Mrs. Kuperus, the principal</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The date Anne was deregistered was <strong>27 September 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later wrote to Mrs Kuperus: 'Anne was a real Montessori child'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>1968</strong> Otto Frank wrote: 'For Anne it was good that she attended a Montessori school, where each pupil was treated very individually'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t313h\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the Montessori system, the composition of the classes changed. According to the information from the Parents' Fund, Anne had the following classmates in the various classes:<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1935-1936</strong>, class <strong>1B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nLia v/d Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v./d. Berg, Mary Distelbrink, Bob Gatersleben (deleted: left school), Lily van Gelder, Elis Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, Sylvia Groot, Guusta Holzhausen, Sally Kimmel, Suze Koker (deleted: left school), Jo Kolthek, Leo Kramer, Ruth Langendijk (deleted: left school), Willy Lansink, Freetje de Leeuw, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Bob Overre, Sally Philipse, Betty Polk, Jacq. v. Praag, Greta Prette, Willy Reiman (deleted), A. Reiner, Alex. Schaap, Willy Smits, Rie Swillens, Lettie Tielkemeyer, Loesje Werdick, Sonja Vugts, Els Wachenhausen, Renée Weber, Benny Weiss, Paula Ovink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"53thu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1936-1937</strong>, class 2<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nL. v.d. Ancker, R. Arnoldy, M. Berg, D. Bouma, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, C. van Gelder, R. van Gelderen, E. Goslar, J. Groeneveld, F. de Groot, R. Hannes, S. Kimel, S. Krieg, H. Lansink, J. de Leeuw, J. Looy (deleted: left school), R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, B. de Muinck Keizer, E. Mulder, C. Muller, R. Müller, P. Neuhaus, Y. v Ommen (deleted B. Overre), P. Ovink, S. Philipse, A. Reiner, M. de Ruiter, H. Scholten, J. Soutendijk, J. Scholtz, J. Saltiel, L. Strakkee, R. Swillens, S. Tak, L. Verdickt, H. Vreugde, S. Vught (deleted: left school), Ebie Jekel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1937-1938</strong>, class 3<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder.<br />\r\nDinie Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Corrie Bouwmeester, Liesje Brilleman Annie v.d. Broek, Nellie Davidson, Vera Frank, Jopie Fuchs Lily van Gelder, John Groeneveld, Bep Groot Battavé, Gerrie Hildering Paultje Jacobs, Juultje Ketellapper, Rudi Kolthek, Hetty Lansink, Chelly Metzelaar, Ella Mulder, Yvonne van Ommen (deleted), Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, Magda de Ruiter, Izaäk Slösser, Gerrie v.d. Vegte, Loesje Verdickt, Robbie Arnoly, Martha van den Berg, Mary Bos, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Liesbeth Goslar, Sally Kimel, Jaap de Leeuw, Loek Rijk, Gerda Moes, Peter Neuhaus, Appie Reiner, Rietje Swillens, Dick Bouma, Freetje de Groot, Robbie Hannes, Ebie Jekel, Sonja Mug, Hans Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Leo Strackee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1938-1939</strong>, class 4<strong>B</strong> with Mr Van Gelder./Miss Godron<br />\r\nSelma Agsteribbe, Diny Amelsbeek, Lia van den Ancker, Bob Arnoldy, Martha v/d Berg, Mary Bos, D.Bouma, Corrie Bouwmeester, L.Brilleman, Annie v/d Broeke (deleted), Nelly Davidson, Lucy van Dijk, Käthe Egyedi, Vera Frank, Lily van Gelder, Elisab. Goslar, Johnny Groenevelt, F. de Groot, Bep van Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, Gerrie Hildering, E. Jekel, Juultje Ketellapper, Sally Kimmel, Rudi Kolthek, Willy Lansink, Jaap de Leeuw, Rijk Loek, Gerda Moes, Sonja Mug, Elly Mulder, Peter Neuhaus, Paula Ovink, Sally Philipse, A. Reiner, Magda de Ruiter, B. Scholten, Jo Sealtiel, Izaäk Slösser, Leo Strackee, Rie Swillens, Gerrie v/d Vegte, Loesje Verdick.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jypil\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1939-1940</strong>, class 5<strong>B</strong> with Miss Godron.<br />\r\nB. Arnoldy, M van de Berg, M. Bos, D. Bouma, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, L. van Dijk, K. Egyedi, W. Engel, V. Frank, E. Goslar, F. de Groot (deleted: no longer able to pay), B. Groot Battavé, R. Hannes, G. Hildering, E. Jekel, S. Kimmel, F. Kolthek, A. Knebel (deleted: moved at the end of June), R. Kolthek, J. de Leeuw, W. Leyten, R. Loek, G. Moes, S. Mug, P. Neuhaus, A. Reiner, L. Rustenburg, R. Salomons, H. Scheerder, J. Schlösser, H. Scholten, J. Scholtz, J. Sealtiel, L. Strackee, R. Swillens, L. Verdickt, J. Wiegel, D. Witjas (left 13/10).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>1940-1941</strong>, class 6A with Miss Kuperus<br />\r\nS. Agsteribbe, D. Amelsbeek, B. Arnoldy, L. Bakker (deleted) , W. Basz, W. Blauw, H. Bomers, C. Bouwmeester, L. Brilleman, A. Coppenhagen, M. Coster, A. Eering, K. Egyedi, V. Frank, E. Goslar, R. de Graaf, J. Groenevelt, B. de Groot Battavé, G. Hildering, R. van Gelderen, B. Janssen, J. Kolthek, I. Koopman, S. Krieg, J. de Leeuw, E. Lentz, L. de Levie, H. Maas, R. Metzelaar, G. Mittelmeijer, G. Moes, R. Muller, K. Musikant, L. Nijssen, A. Pachter, S. Philipse, E. Polak, R. Polak, K. Slaterus, J. Slosser, J. Soutendijk, T. Steen, H. Stork, Rie Swillens, G. van der Vegte, C. Westera S. Windt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3636\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThere is a photo of Anne's class with the caption <em>1936 in Mr Van Gelder's class</em><em>. </em>There is also a photo of Anne in Van Gelder's class from <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is also a photo of Anne together with Miss Godron, Martha van de Berg and Rebecca Salomons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k506q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzxe9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_119: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, gedateerd 'Freitag'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qoa8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak5bk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_Alf_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank, ongedateerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zomaw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi2wz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: H.A.M. Kuperus aan Otto Frank (n.a.v. de schenking exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis</em>), juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t313h\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"53thu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_036: Cash ledger of the Parents' Fund, Class 1B 1935-'3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wjnsq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_037: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1936-'37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g7tuf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_038: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1937-'38.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jypil\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_039: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1938-'39.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5exmf\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_040: Ouderfonds Klasse B 1939-'40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3636\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_027: Ouderfonds Klasse A 1940-'41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu2i4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 30; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_III_002, nr. 004.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"chc1x\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_A_Frank_III_055: Fotoalbum van Anne Frank ("Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937"), nr. 40.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-08-16",
"date_end": "1941-09-27",
"summary": "Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from 1935 to 1941.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat van 1935 tot 1941 op de Zesde Montessorischool te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank attended the Sixth Montessori School in Amsterdam from 1935 to 1941.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
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"name": "Sixth Montessori school",
"name_nl": "Zesde Montessorischool",
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"content": "<p>The Sixth Montessori School is successively located on Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kindergarten, May 23, 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (primary school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 April 1934</strong> to <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Anne Frank attended Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten of the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>May '34</strong>, that school moved from Dintelstraat to Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne moved it. She was in Miss Baldal's class. Two photos have been preserved showing Anne with Miss Baldal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Head mistress of the school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She remained so until <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As of <strong>1955</strong> the school was called <em>Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also received primary education at the Sixth Montessori School. Her mother wrote to a former neighbor in Frankfurt in <strong>March 1935</strong>: '<em>Think about it: today I have to register Anne for school; She will probably stay in the Montessori school.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was successively taught by Mr. Van Gelder, Miss Godron and Miss Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to school records, Anne was in class 6A with Miss Kuperus. Miss Kuperus was head mistress of the primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was actually supposed to attend a seventh year of primary school, but this could not happen due to the exclusion of Jews from regular education. She therefore immediately went on to secondary school, namely the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, one hundred and fifty-eight Jewish children had to leave the Sixth Montessori School. After the war, a memorial plaque was placed in the school building. The school was named after Anne Frank on <strong>12 June 1957</strong>. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong>, a large mural of a passage from Anne's diary was painted on the facade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In translation, it reads: '<em>I love Holland. I who, having no native country, had hoped it would become my fatherland, and I hope it still will. yours, Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty,<em> </em>London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Montessori_School_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6th Montessori School Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Zesde Montessorischool is achtereenvolgens gevestigd op de Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kleuterschool, 23 mei 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (lagere school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>9 april 1934</strong> tot <strong>13 juli 1935</strong> zat Anne Frank op Voorbereidende school no. 51, de kleuterschool van het Zesde Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>mei ’34</strong> verhuisde die school van de Dintelstraat naar de Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne maakte deze verhuizing mee. Ze zat in de klas bij juffrouw Baldal. Er zijn twee foto’s bewaard gebleven waar Anne met juffrouw Baldal opstaat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hoofd van de school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Zij bleef dit tot <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vanaf <strong>1955</strong> heette de school <em>de Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook het lager onderwijs volgde Anne aan de Zesde Montessorischool. Haar moeder schreef in <strong>maart ’35</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje in Frankfurt: '<em>Denk dir: heute muss ich Anne für die Schule anmelden; sie wird wohl weiter in der Montessori Schule bleiben.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De datum van Annes toelating was <strong>16 augustus 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze had achtereenvolgens les van mijnheer Van Gelder, juffrouw Godron en mevrouw Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de schooladministratie zat Anne bij mevrouw Kuperus in klas 6A. Mevrouw Kuperus was hoofd van de lagere school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne moest eigenlijk een zevende jaar op de lagere school volgen, maar dit kon door de uitsluiting van Joden uit het reguliere onderwijs niet doorgaan. Ze ging daarom toch meteen door naar de middelbare school, en wel het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>september ’41</strong> moesten honderdachtenvijftig Joodse kinderen de Zesde Montessorischool verlaten. Na de oorlog is een herdenkingsplaquette in het schoolgebouw geplaatst. De school werd op <strong>12 juni 1957</strong> naar Anne Frank genoemd. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong> werd op de gevel een grote muurschildering van een passage uit Annes dagboek aangebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De tekst luidt: '<em>Ik houd van Nederland, ik heb eenmaal gehoopt dat het mij vaderlandsloze als vaderland mag dienen, ik hoop het nog. Je Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/6e_Montessorischool_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6e Montessorischool Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Sixth Montessori School is successively located on Dintelstraat, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 43 (kindergarten, May 23, 1934);<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niersstraat 41 (primary school).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 April 1934</strong> to <strong>13 July 1935</strong>, Anne Frank attended Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten of the Sixth Montessori School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>May '34</strong>, that school moved from Dintelstraat to Niersstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne moved it. She was in Miss Baldal's class. Two photos have been preserved showing Anne with Miss Baldal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Head mistress of the school was Bernardina Cohen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She remained so until <strong>1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As of <strong>1955</strong> the school was called <em>Blauwe Zeedistel</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also received primary education at the Sixth Montessori School. Her mother wrote to a former neighbor in Frankfurt in <strong>March 1935</strong>: '<em>Think about it: today I have to register Anne for school; She will probably stay in the Montessori school.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The date of Anne's admission was <strong>16 August 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was successively taught by Mr. Van Gelder, Miss Godron and Miss Kuperus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to school records, Anne was in class 6A with Miss Kuperus. Miss Kuperus was head mistress of the primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was actually supposed to attend a seventh year of primary school, but this could not happen due to the exclusion of Jews from regular education. She therefore immediately went on to secondary school, namely the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, one hundred and fifty-eight Jewish children had to leave the Sixth Montessori School. After the war, a memorial plaque was placed in the school building. The school was named after Anne Frank on <strong>12 June 1957</strong>. <sup data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1983</strong>, a large mural of a passage from Anne's diary was painted on the facade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In translation, it reads: '<em>I love Holland. I who, having no native country, had hoped it would become my fatherland, and I hope it still will. yours, Anne M. Frank</em>.'</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7k43\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: Handgeschreven notitie en brief Gemeente Amsterdam, 28 april 1934, voorin inschrijfboek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5eshn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 33 (voorwerk).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqzv1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_001: leerlingenregister Voorbereidende school No. 51, volgnummer 293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1lpyu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", nrs. 26 en 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59qiy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek</em> <em>der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjb96\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_getuigen_I_090: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 26 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9jwl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Montessori_I_002: Inschrijvingsregister Montessorischool, volgnummer 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e92mw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty,<em> </em>London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vl46m\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas Mol e.a. (red.), <em>6e Montessorischool Anne Frank. 75 jaar en springlevend!, </em>Amsterdam: 6e Montessorischool Anne Frank, 2008, p. 48; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Montessori_School_Anne_Frank\" target=\"_blank\">6th Montessori School Anne Frank</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yrxf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Schoolgids 6e Montessorischool Anne frank </em>2010 <em>– </em>2011, p 5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The Sixth Montessori School was the primary school attended by Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Zesde Montessorischool was de lagere school die door Anne Frank werd bezocht.",
"summary_en": "The Sixth Montessori School was the primary school attended by Anne Frank.",
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"street": "Nierstraat 41",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler ontsnapt bij een luchtaanval",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"content": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Door de opmars van de geallieerde troepen werden de gevangenen eind maart te voet richting Duitsland gestuurd. Tijdens deze tocht wist Victor Kugler te ontsnappen. Over zijn ontvluchting en thuisreis schreef Kugler in <strong>1963</strong> het volgende:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Op die dag [28 maart] vertrokken ongeveer 600 gevangen uit Wageningen en marcheerden over Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort naar Zevenaar, met de bedoeling de volgende dag naar Duitsland te gaan. Bij de ingang van Zevenaar werd onze colonne door Engelse Spitfires aangevallen en beschoten. Er vielen helaas enige doden. Ik maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte in het veld.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Kugler het veld in was gevlucht zou hij zijn ondergedoken ‘bij een boer, de heer Barends’ en vervolgens per fiets naar de IJssel zijn vertrokken. In Lathum wachtte hij enkele dagen in een steenbakkerij tot hij de rivier kon worden overgezet. In Barneveld viel hij bijna in handen van de Gestapo, maar op Goede Vrijdag zou hij weer zijn thuisgekomen in Hilversum, waar hij zich tot de bevrijding verborgen hield.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De chronologie van Kuglers ontsnapping zoals hij die zelf beschrijft kan niet helemaal kloppen. Goede Vrijdag viel in <strong>1945</strong><strong> </strong>op<strong> 30 maart</strong>. Alles zou dan in twee dagen hebben moeten plaatsvinden, terwijl hij schreef enkele dagen bij Barends en ook enkele dagen in de steenfabriek te zijn geweest. Ofwel hij ontsnapt eerder dan 28 maart, ofwel hij was pas na Goede Vrijdag thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een dagboekschrijfster uit Barneveld noteerde dat daar op<strong> 27 maart 1945</strong> mensen van de straat zijn geplukt om tankversperringen te graven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mogelijk was dit het moment dat Kugler in Barneveld aan wat hij de Gestapo noemde wist te ontsnappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit gegevens van de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar blijkt dat de dag van Kuglers ontsnapping mogelijk <strong>24 maart 1945</strong> was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘24-03-1945 Tegen 12 uur wordt een Duitse auto vernietigd door een Geallieerde jager. Om half vier voert een Geallieerde jager een aanval uit op geschut aan de Arnhemseweg. Een colonne OT gravers die uit Oosterbeek terugkomt wordt getroffen door 2 bommen. W. Donk (44 jaar) en W. Nagtegaal (24 jaar) uit Utrecht en een Duitse soldaat komen hierbij om het leven.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1945-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
"summary_nl": "Eind maart 1945 werd Victor Kugler met ongeveer 600 medegevangenen lopend naar Duitsland gestuurd. Bij Zevenaar werd de kolonne door Britse vliegtuigen beschoten. Kugler maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte. Na een paar dagen kwam hij thuis in Hilversum.",
"summary_en": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"name": "Imprisonment",
"name_nl": "Gevangenschap",
"name_en": "Imprisonment",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Imprisonment is the detention of people after an arrest or before or after trial.",
"summary_nl": "Gevangenschap is het vasthouden van mensen na een arrestatie of, voor of na berechting.",
"summary_en": "Imprisonment is the detention of people after an arrest or before or after trial.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bcfae2a9-9686-442a-a108-f29c7800cc69/",
"published": true,
"name": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"name_nl": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"name_en": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"uuid": "bcfae2a9-9686-442a-a108-f29c7800cc69",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (6.052437 51.940244)",
"summary": "The railway station and railway yard in Zevenaar were frequent targets of Allied air raids.",
"summary_nl": "Het station en spooremplacement in Zevenaar waren veelvuldig doelwit van geallieerde luchtaanvallen.",
"summary_en": "The railway station and railway yard in Zevenaar were frequent targets of Allied air raids.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Zevenaar",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Wedding day Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Bythiner",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Fritz Pfeffer en Vera Bythiner",
"name_en": "Wedding day Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Bythiner",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Henriette Bythiner took place in Zoppot on <strong>2 May 1926</strong>. At the time, Zoppot was part of Danzig, which was not a part of a nation state but a free city under the supervision of the League of Nations. Witnesses were Paul and Ildefons Auerbach, uncles of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>3 April 1927,</strong> son Werner was born in Berlin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Preussische Landesgericht in Berlin pronounced the divorce of the marriage on <strong>5 January 1933</strong>. The judgment was subsequently entered in the margin of the deed on <strong>27 January</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Officials of the Amsterdam population register made remarkable mistakes when noting the dates of marriage and divorce. According to Pfeffer's archive card the marriage was concluded in Berlin on <strong>2 May 1926</strong> and the divorce was pronounced on <strong>3 January 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to Vera Henriette Bythiner's archive card the marriage was concluded a few days earlier, on <strong>30 April</strong> in Zoppot and the divorce was pronounced on <strong>5 January 1933</strong> in Berlin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, archief Standesamt Zoppot, huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsachief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Fritz Pfeffer en Vera Henriette Bythiner vond plaats op <strong>2 mei 1926</strong> in Zoppot. Die plaats maakte destijds deel uit van Danzig, dat geen deel van een natiestaat was, maar een vrije stad onder toezicht van de Volkenbond. Getuigen waren Paul en Ildefons Auerbach, ooms van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>3 april 1927</strong> werd in Berlijn zoon Werner geboren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het Preussische Landesgericht in Berlijn sprak op <strong>5 januari 1933</strong> de scheiding van het huwelijk uit. De uitspraak is vervolgens op <strong>27 januari</strong> in de marge van de akte ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ambtenaren van het Amsterdamse Bevolkingsregister maakten opmerkelijke fouten bij het noteren van de huwelijks- en scheidingsdatum. Volgens de archiefkaart van Pfeffer werd het huwelijk op <strong>2 mei 1926</strong> in Berlijn gesloten en werd de scheiding op <strong>3 januari 1933</strong> in Berlijn uitgesproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Volgens de archiefkaart van Vera Henriette Bythiner werd het huwelijk een paar dagen eerder, op <strong>30 april,</strong> in Zoppot gesloten en dateerde de scheiding van <strong>5 januari 1933</strong> in Berlijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsachief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Fritz Pfeffer and Vera Henriette Bythiner took place in Zoppot on <strong>2 May 1926</strong>. At the time, Zoppot was part of Danzig, which was not a part of a nation state but a free city under the supervision of the League of Nations. Witnesses were Paul and Ildefons Auerbach, uncles of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>3 April 1927,</strong> son Werner was born in Berlin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Preussische Landesgericht in Berlin pronounced the divorce of the marriage on <strong>5 January 1933</strong>. The judgment was subsequently entered in the margin of the deed on <strong>27 January</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Officials of the Amsterdam population register made remarkable mistakes when noting the dates of marriage and divorce. According to Pfeffer's archive card the marriage was concluded in Berlin on <strong>2 May 1926</strong> and the divorce was pronounced on <strong>3 January 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to Vera Henriette Bythiner's archive card the marriage was concluded a few days earlier, on <strong>30 April</strong> in Zoppot and the divorce was pronounced on <strong>5 January 1933</strong> in Berlin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xp66g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, archief Standesamt Zoppot, huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj4q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsachief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1926-05-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner on 30 April 1926.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer trouwde op 30 april 1926 met Vera Henriette Bythiner.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner on 30 April 1926.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner in May 1926 in Zoppot (Sopot), which at the time was part of the free city of Danzig.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer trad in mei 1926 in het huwelijk met Vera Henriette Bythiner in Zoppot (Sopot), dat destijds deel uitmaakte van de vrije stad Danzig.",
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