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"name": "Anne Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
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"content": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nAnd:<br />\r\n<em>(...) "</em>I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank zat vanaf het begin van het schooljaar <strong>1941-42 </strong>totdat ze moest onderduiken op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de zesde klas zou Anne eigenlijk een zevende jaar op de 6e Montessorischool blijven, maar door de anti-Joodse maatregelen moest ze overgeplaatst worden naar een Joodse lagere Montessorischool. Besloten werd toen dat ze toch door mocht naar de middelbare school. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De toelating ging, volgens Anne, niet zonder slag of stoot:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>'Na veel heen en weer draaien, besprekingen en overleggingen was het dan toch voor elkaar gekomen, dat ik naar het Joodse Lyceum zou gaan en na nog een paar telefoontjes zelfs zonder toelatingsexamen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nEn:<br />\r\n'(…) ik ben voorwaardelijk op het Lyceum aangenomen, omdat ik eigenlijk nog in 7e klas van de 6e Montessori-school zou blijven, maar toen alle Joodse kinderen op Joodse scholen moesten, nam mijnheer Elte mij en Lies Goslar, na wat heen en weer gepraat, voorwaardelijk aan.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kwam zo in het schooljaar <strong>1941-'42</strong> in klas 1L2 van het Joods Lyceum terecht. De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Haar klasgenootjes waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg –net als Hanneli Goslar en Stella Lek- bijles van Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hij was leraar Frans<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en kwam van het Meisjeslyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uit een van Annes verhalen blijkt, dat zij samen met Hanneli bij een van de Franse lessen van Premsela een incident veroorzaakt had. Er was bij een proefwerk op grote schaal gespiekt en Hanneli had hierover haar mond voorbij gepraat. Anne en Hanneli werden vervolgens door de klas uitgemaakt voor <em>verraadsters</em>. Samen schreven ze een boetvaardige brief aan de klas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne kreeg les uit het boek <em>Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek.</em> Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Links in het kaft staat: <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aäron Keesing was leraar wiskunde, natuurkunde en mechanica.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne kreeg van Keesing wegens te veel kletsen enkele keren het schrijven van een opstel als strafwerk. De eerste keer was het opgegeven onderwerp <em>een kletskous</em>, de tweede keer <em>een onverbeterlijke kletskous</em>, de derde keer <em>Kwek, kwek, kwek, zei juffrouw Snaterbek.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gymnastieklerares was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Zij regelde volgens Anne dat Hanneli bij haar in de eerste klas terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg biologie van juffrouw Biegel. In <em>Een Biologie-les</em> kwam het spiekincident bij Frans weer naar voren, toen juffrouw Biegel een briefje van Rob Cohen onderschepte waar <em>verraadster</em> op stond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg les uit het geschiedenisboek <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> van De Boer en Presser. Ze heeft er haar naam en de notitie <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in geschreven. Dit leerboek is bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de periode op het Joods Lyceum stamt de bekende portretfoto van Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Op 6 juli 1942</strong> kwam aan Annes schoolcarrière noodgedwongen een einde doordat zij met haar familie moest onderduiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Volgens de B-versie van 5 juli 1942 was dit voorwaardelijk. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", 11 auagustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 juni 1942; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Wiskundeles", 12 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Biologieles", 11 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\nAnd:<br />\r\n<em>(...) "</em>I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1941-10-15",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat vanaf 15 oktober 1941 tot 6 juli 1942 op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/92168984-e9af-405f-af32-7a0f302013e4/",
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"name": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"content": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>september 1941</strong> kon Margot Frank door de anti-Joodse maatregelen niet meer naar het Lyceum voor Meisjes. Ze moest toen naar de 4de klas van de HBS van het Joods Lyceum, gevestigd op Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, te Amsterdam. Ze zat daar op school tot ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> moest onderduiken in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Amsterdamse wethouder Franken verwachtte blijkens een schrijven in <strong>april 1941</strong>: <em>maatregelen, die ertoe leiden, dat de Joodsche leerlingen van de Amsterdamsche scholen worden geconcentreerd in scholen, uitsluitend voor deze leerlingen bestemd.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>9 tot 14 juli 1941</strong> moesten de Amsterdamse schoolhoofden hun Joodse leerlingen tellen en het aantal doorgeven aan het Centraal Bureau Inschrijving van Leerlingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margots overplaatsing naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum was in <strong>oktober 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot kwam in het schooljaar <strong>1941-1942</strong> in klas 4B2 terecht. Haar klasgenoten waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was bevriend met Jetteke Frijda. Ze kenden elkaar al van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de parallelklas zat Bloeme Emden. Zij heeft Margot tijdens haar gevangenschap in kamp Westerbork en in de barak in Auschwitz Birkenau regelmatig gezien en gesproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft over Margots vorderingen: <em>Mijn zuster Margot heeft ook haar rapport, schitterend zoals gewoonlijk. Als cum laude bij ons zou bestaan, was ze zeker met lof overgegaan, zo een knappe bol!</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot las op deze school o.a. het boek <em>Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes</em> van Molière. Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Het is een geannoteerde versie voor schoolgebruik. Op het schutblad staat in potlood: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Joods Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook is het boek <em>English Passages for Translation</em>, samengesteld door dr. H.G. de Maar, bewaard gebleven ui Margots schooltijd. Ze noteerde voorin: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank werd als gevolg van de anti-Joodse maatregelen overgeplaatst naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 296,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a?format=api"
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a",
"name": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Jacqueline van Maarsen klasgenootjes op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"content": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een hoop aanloopproblemen gingen de lessen van het onder dwang opgerichte Joods Lyceum op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong> van start.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam daar in klas 1L2 terecht. Naast Hanneli Goslar, die ze al sinds de kleuterschool kende, zat in deze klas ook Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne en Jacqueline raakten innig bevriend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank leert Jacqueline van Maarsen kennen op het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 92,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen beperken het leven van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"description": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het geheel van bepalingen en regels die de Duitse autoriteiten invoerden om de Joodse bevolkingsgroep te identificeren, te isoleren, te deporteren en uiteindelijk om te brengen vormt hier het onderwerp <em>anti-Joodse maatregelen</em>. De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden uiteraard ook geconfronteerd met deze maatregelen, die uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken. Anne Frank beschrijft er verschillende in haar dagboek.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Leven in Duitsland en Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Nederland nam de bezettende macht maatregelen die voortvloeiden uit de Jodenvervolging in Duitsland. Daar waren de Joden sinds de machtsovername van Hitler in <strong>1933</strong> doelwit van de nationaal-socialistische rassenpolitiek. De landelijke boycot van <strong>april ’33</strong> was in de bankenstad Frankfurt tegen de in die sector actieve joden scherp gevoerd. De bank van de familie Frank was dan weliswaar al te gronde gegaan, maar zij behoorden tot de groep die op de korrel werd genomen. Aanvankelijk waren veel decreten in Duitsland regionaal of plaatselijk. Al in de loop van <strong>1933</strong> week de familie Frank naar Nederland uit, nog voor er centrale aanpak tot stand kwam. Over de reden van dit vertrek verklaarde Otto Frank in 1946: ' <em>Daar ik Jood was, ben ik na het aan bewind komen van Hitler in 1933 naar Nederland gegaan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In de <strong>zomer van 1937</strong> kwam de familie Van Pels naar Amsterdam en na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> ook Fritz Pfeffer. Tussen <strong>1933</strong> en <strong>1939</strong> weken circa 33.000 Joodse vluchtelingen naar Nederland uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste deel van haar dagboek somt Anne een reeks maatregelen op die de Duitse autoriteiten namen sinds zij in Nederland de macht uitoefenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze noemt ten onrechte de voedseldistributie, die was namelijk acht maanden voor de Duitse inval door de Nederlandse regering ingesteld. Verder noemt ze vooral dingen die haar beperkten in de directe bewegingsvrijheid: van acht tot zes binnen blijven, niet sporten, niet naar de bioscoop of theater, naar een aparte school. In de latere dagboeknotities komt een en ander retrospectief nog aan de orde. Deze notities vertekenen soms het beeld; de maatregelen die haar uit het openbaar vervoer weerden, dateerden van <strong>30 juni 1942</strong> – slechts één week voor haar onderduik. De schoolsegregatie, het sportverbod en de Jodenster waren zaken waar ze wel langduriger mee te maken had.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onder de Joodse bevolkingsgroep in Nederland was de aanvankelijke reactie op de Duitse inval divers. Hoewel er pogingen waren om naar Engeland te vluchten en er ook een groot aantal zelfmoorden waren, keek het merendeel de kat uit de boom. Discriminerende maatregelen werden zeer geleidelijk ingevoerd. Voor Duitse Joden (of beter: Joden uit Duitsland, zoals de familie Van Pels die wel de Nederlandse nationaliteit had) was de situatie lastig. Aan hun spraak en manier van doen waren ze herkenbaar, en minder in staat een <em>low profile</em> te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wering van de Joden uit de luchtbescherming op <strong>15 juli 1940</strong> wordt als de eerste anti-Joodse maatregel in Nederland beschouwd. Per 5 augustus gold er een verbod op ritueel slachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hoewel het niet als een anti-Joodse maatregel werd gepresenteerd, kwam het er in de praktijk wel op neer. Een belangrijke vervolgstap was de Ariërverklaring. Alle Nederlandse ambtenaren werden in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> opgeroepen om getuigenis af te leggen van hun raciale afkomst. In feite werd Joodse ambtenaren gevraagd zichzelf te identificeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Spoedig volgde ontslag. De maatregel noodzaakte de Duitse bezetter inmiddels wel een definitie van ‘de Jood’ te geven. Op <strong>22 oktober</strong> werd daartoe de verordening VO 189/1940 afgekondigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Deze verordening noemde de volgende criteria voor het Jood-zijn:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>Jood is een ieder, die uit ten minste drie naar ras voljoodse grootouders stamt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Als Jood wordt ook aangemerkt hij die uit twee voljoodse grootouders stamt en:<br />\r\n\tHetzij zelf op de negende mei 1940 tot de Jood-kerkelijke gemeente heeft behoord of na die datum daarin wordt opgenomen.<br />\r\n\tHetzij op de negende mei 1940 met een Jood is gehuwd of na dat ogenblik met een Jood in het huwelijk treedt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>Een grootouder wordt als voljoods aangemerkt, wanneer deze tot de Joods-kerkelijke gemeenschap heeft behoord.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>Hierop volgden stappen om de Joden uit te sluiten en ze hun bezit te ontnemen. VO 189/1940 verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. Otto Frank ondervond hier met Opekta en Pectacon de gevolgen van. Vanaf <strong>10 januari 1941</strong> moesten alle personen van ‘geheel of gedeeltelijk Joodschen bloede’ zich ingevolge VO 6/1941 bij het Bevolkingsregister van hun woonplaats als zodanig aanmelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De maatregel werd nauwelijks ontdoken, ook niet door de familie Frank. Dit blijkt later onder meer uit het feit dat Margot Frank een oproep kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ‘41</strong> viel het besluit dat Joden een ‘J’ als merkteken op hun persoonsbewijs gestempeld kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voortbordurend op deze registraties werden er in <strong>1941</strong> allerlei verordeningen uitgevaardigd, die het Joodse bevolkingsdeel in een verder isolement brachten. Met de oprichting van de <em>Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam</em> in februari creëerde de bezetter een lichaam dat de discriminerende bepalingen moest overbrengen naar de Joodse bevolking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van dat jaar werden Anne en Margot Frank direct getroffen toen ze allebei naar het Joods onderwijs moeten. Daar kregen ze uitsluitend les van Joodse leerkrachten. In Amsterdam voerde de afdeling Onderwijs van de gemeente deze segregatie uit, en niet zoals vaak gedacht de Joodsche Raad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Toen Joden in <strong>september ’41</strong> worden uitgesloten van allerlei onderdelen van het maatschappelijk leven, waaronder sportbeoefening, moest Margot ook haar roeiclub verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verbod om gebruik te maken van openbare zwembaden werd in <strong>juni ’41</strong> bekend gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft <strong>eind juni</strong> aan haar oma: '<em>Om bruin te worden heb ik niet veel kans omdat wij niet in het zwembad mogen (…).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> werd aan alle Duitse Joden die buiten Duitsland woonden de Duitse nationaliteit ontnomen. Deze generieke maatregel trof dus de Franks en Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot de familie Van Pels, die Nederlands bleet gingen zij verder stateloos door het leven. Anne maakt melding van deze status: '<em>Fraai volk die Duitsers en daar behoor ik eigenlijk ook nog toe! Maar nee, Hitler heeft ons allang statenloos gemaakt (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De verplichte Jodenster volgde op <strong>3 mei 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> werd de maatregel afgekondigd dat Joden voor <strong>30 juni</strong> al hun bezit en vermogen boven de waarde van tweehonderdvijftig gulden moesten inleveren bij Lippmann-Rosenthal bank. Ook andere kostbaarheden dienden te worden ingeleverd. Otto Frank leverde onder meer een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid geld en zilverwerk in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt het verplicht inleveren van fietsen: '<em>Joden moeten hun fietsen afgeven.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het klopt dat de Amsterdamse Joden tussen <strong>20 en 22 juli 1942</strong> hun fiets moesten inleveren. De familie Frank had hier dus geen hinder van gehad aangezien zij toen al ondergedoken waren. Anne had geen fiets meer omdat die was gestolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> en Otto had die van zijn vrouw bij kennissen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot kon op <strong>6 juli</strong>,de dag van de onderduik, dan ook nog gewoon naar de Prinsengracht fietsen. Naar aanleiding van de opeenstapeling van maatregelen in <strong>juni ‘42</strong> haalt Anne haar vriendinnetje Jacqueline van Maarsen aan, die zei: '<em>Ik durf niets meer te doen, want ik ben bang dat het niet mag</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Presser wees op de ondoorzichtigheid van het geheel aan maatregelen. Hij schreef dat tussen het instellen van een verbod en de bekendmaking daarvan soms meer dan een week zat. Desondanks strafte het Duitse gezag mensen die een dergelijk - hen niet bekend - verbod overtraden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De reeks van anti-Joodse maatregelen in de periode van <strong>januari 1941</strong> tot de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> resulteerde in een isolement van de Nederlandse Joden. In <strong>juni ’41</strong> was er een razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid, naar aanleiding van een bomaanslag op een Wehrmachtgebouw. Onder de ruim driehonderd mannen die werden opgepakt, waren bekenden van de familie Frank: een zoon van de familie Lewkowitz en een kostganger van de familie Ledermann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Zij kwamen om in Mauthausen, net als veel van hun lotgenoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Gezien de sociale contacten met deze gezinnen bracht dit de dreiging voor de familie Frank dichterbij.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De oproep voor Margot Frank om zich te melden voor werk in Duitsland kwam op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> binnen. Margot behoorde daarmee tot de eerste groep Joden die opgeroepen werd voor arbeidsinzet. Zoals in veel gevallen was dit persoonlijke gevaar doorslaggevend bij het besluit om direct onder te duiken. Voor het eerst onttrokken zij zich aan de Duitse maatregelen, iets wat voor veel andere Joden niet weggelegd was. Dit is bijzonder daar in Nederland slechts een op de zeven Joden zelfs maar een poging deed om onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdens de onderduik </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met name in de periode eind <strong>september 1942</strong> en begin <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>hield de anti-Joodse politiek Anne duidelijk bezig, aangezien ze er regelmatig over schrijft. In <strong>juli en augustus 1942</strong> vonden er enkele grote razzia’s plaats in Amsterdam. Ze vraagt zich af of haar vriendinnen Lies en Ilse er nog zijn en schrijft op <strong>14 oktober 1942</strong> over haar angst dat Peter Schiff al is omgekomen. Ze hoorde van Bep Voskuijl dat klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal met haar familie naar Polen was gestuurd. Van Pels, Pfeffer en Miep vertelden over de ophaalacties in haar oude woonomgeving en de taferelen die daar bij hoorden. Apotheker Arthur Lewinsohn, die regelmatig in het pand was om met Kugler experimenten uit te voeren, telefoneerde volgens Anne onder de naam ‘Müller’ omdat hij bij 'christenmensen' niet mag opbellen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De komst van Fritz Pfeffer in november was op zichzelf verrassend. Voor de buitenwereld was hij immers wettig met Charlotte Kaletta getrouwd. Dat dit in werkelijkheid niet zo was, wil zeggen dat hij de betrekkelijke bescherming van een gemengd huwelijk ontbeerde. Dit was een gevolg van het feit dat het huwelijk in Duitsland vanwege de Neurenberger wetten en in Nederland vanwege internationale verdragen niet kon worden voltrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij pas toen hij in het Achterhuis zat van Miep Gies hoorde over Pfeffers situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Anne repte in haar A-versie met geen woord over de achtergrond van Pfeffers status. In de B-versie heet het: '<em>Hij leeft samen met een veel jongere en leuke Christenvrouw, waar hij waarschijnlijk niet mee getrouwd is, maar dat is bijzaak.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>Aannemelijk is dat ook Anne pas gaandeweg de ware toedracht leerde kennen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de eerste maanden van de onderduik schrijft Anne enkele keren over Westerbork en de Joodsche Raad. Zowel Westerbork en de Joodse Raad waren belangrijk bij de uitvoering van de anti-Joodse politiek in Nederland. Westerbork was in <strong>1939</strong> opgericht voor de opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Duitsland, maar op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het aangewezen als <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> schrijft Anne dat de omstandigheden in Westerbork vreselijk waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit kon ze weten doordat het echtpaar Wronker, kennissen van de familie, in die tijd na een verblijf in het kamp terug naar Amsterdam mochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep was bij hen langs geweest en ze zal berichten hebben overgebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Uitroeiing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was in de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> bekend dat de Joden na deportatie ontberingen stonden te wachten. Anne was bang en ging van het ergste uit. Ze schrijft: '<em>Als ’t in Holland al zo erg is hoe zullen ze dan in de verre en barbaarse streken leven, waar ze heengezonden worden. Wij nemen aan dat de meesten vermoord worden. De Engelse radio spreekt van vergassing: misschien is dat wel de vlugste sterfmethode.'</em> De datum van dit citaat is <strong>9 oktober 1942</strong>, maar omdat de notitie uit de B-versie afkomstig is, is zeker dat Anne deze niet voor <strong>mei ’44</strong> werkelijk heeft geschreven. Toch staat vast dat Angelsaksische media in <strong>juni ’42</strong> berichten over massamoorden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> onder andere door middel van gas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> wereldkundig makkten. Vanaf die maand verschenen ook meer dan incidenteel opmerkingen over vergassing in dagboeken van Nederlanders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>februari ’44</strong> schrijft Anne nog eens dat in het oosten van Europa: '<em>millioenen en nog eens millioenen' </em>zijn vergast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Polen als vreesaanjagende deportatiebestemming kwam vanaf <strong>september ‘42</strong> meerdere keren in haar notities terug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>29 september 1943</strong> volgde de algehele liquidatie van de laatste resten van de Joodsche Raad. De enigen die achterbleven waren enkele specifieke groepen, zoals de gemengd gehuwden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> En de onderduikers, een groep waarvan het precieze aantal verschillend werd ingeschat. Er werd echter effectief jacht op hen gemaakt en het aantal alsnog gearresteerden liep in de duizenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> De onderduikpoging in het Achterhuis was uiteindelijk geen succesverhaal. Hoe het afliep is genoegzaam bekend: de <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> kreeg op nog onbekende wijze lucht van de zaak en op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> volgen inval en arrestatie. Zeven van de acht onderduikers overleefen de deportatie niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerde donderdag (juli 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 oktober1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september, 14 en 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden tijdens de Duitse bezetting geconfronteerd met tal van anti-Joodse maatregelen die hen uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken.",
"summary_en": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
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"name_en": "Jewish Lyceum",
"uuid": "aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179",
"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 april 1912 </strong>nam de Amsterdamse gemeenteraad het besluit de straat tussen Amstel en Weesperplein de naam Voormalige Stadstimmertuin te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Die naam werd gekozen vanwege de timmerwerkplaats of stadstimmertuin die hier van <strong>1660</strong> tot <strong>1900</strong> was gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor <strong>1940</strong> was op nummer 2 de Joodsche Hoogere Burger School met 5-jarige cursus gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In een schoolgebouw aan de overkant werd in <strong>1941</strong> het Joods Lyceum gehuisvest. Dit als gevolg van anti-Joodse maatregelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens de <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em> waren er klachten over leraren die hun Joodse leerlingen enorm voor trokken om daarmee hun anti-Duitse gezindheid te demonstreren. Als ‘Judenfreundlich’ bekend staande scholen, zoals het Amsterdams Lyceum, zouden daardoor een grote toeloop hebben. Dit werd door de Duitse autoriteiten als een ongewenste ontwikkeling gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> werd er een verordening afgekondigd die bepaalde dat per <strong>1 september</strong> het Joodse leerlingen en docenten verboden werd reguliere scholen en onderwijsinstellingen te bezoeken. Zij werden ondergebracht in aparte scholen met uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. In Amsterdam was de gemeente met de uitvoering van dit besluit belast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op woensdag <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rector van het nieuw gevormde Joods Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Toen na er de razzia’s van <strong>mei en juni 1943</strong> bijna geen leerlingen en leerkrachten meer waren, kwam aan het onderwijs op het Joods Lyceum in september van dat jaar een einde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot en Anne gingen allebei naar het Joods Lyceum. Anne schrijft dat Margot zeker <em>cum laude</em> zou krijgen als dat aan hun school mogelijk zou zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste bladzijden van het dagboek schrijft Anne uitvoerig over klasgenoten en leerkrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Deze notities zijn voor de onderduiktijd geschreven, tussen <strong>12 juni</strong> en <strong>6 juli 1942</strong>. Anne schildert haar klasgenootje Danka Zajde hier nogal negatief,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> maar als ze anderhalf jaar later aan haar terugdenkt blijkt daar niets meer van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In september, na ruim twee maanden onderduiken, schrijft Anne een ‘afscheidsbrief’ aan Jacqueline. Van haar heeft ze immers geen afscheid kunnen nemen. In deze brief herhaalt ze nog eens heel kort het verloop van de vijfde juli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In haar <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> schrijft Anne over verschillende gebeurtenissen die op het Joods Lyceum plaasvonden en daarbij betrokken personen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Zie ook: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank behoorde tot de grote massa', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 en 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", "Een Biologieles" en "Een Wiskunde-les", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.90487 52.361351)",
"summary": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"summary_nl": "Het Joods Lyceum was gevestigd in een schoolgebouw in de Amsterdamse Jodenbuurt. Het was een school voor uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. Zij mochten van de bezetter niet langer op een niet-Joodse school zitten.",
"summary_en": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
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"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_026",
"title": "Anne Frank kijkt uit het raam van Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam, 22 juli 1941",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1dd17715-9779-a5ab-2daa-8af16c4caab1.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Twee stills (filmbeelden) uit de huwelijksfilm van het echtpaar Van Kalken-Burger waarbij Anne uit het raam kijkt. In handschrift Otto Frank (?) aan de achterkant: 'Hochzeit Kalken-Burger Merwedeplein 37' 22 juli 1941. Het beeld is gespiegeld. De film is gemaakt op 22 juli 1941, toen het buurmeisje van Merwedeplein 39-II van de Franks, Tine Burger, in het huwelijk trad met Van Kalken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"latitude": "52.345283",
"longitude": "4.900967",
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"name": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "De familie Frank woont op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until mid-February that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from November, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, Rosalie Holländer — Stern, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>5 december 1933 </strong>was Otto Frank op het Merwedeplein ingeschreven, de rest van zijn gezin vanaf de zevende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het duurde echter nog tot midden februari voordat allen daadwerkelijk in de nieuwe woning herenigd waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief uit november, gericht aan een vroeger buurmeisje uit Frankfurt, schreef Otto dat zij een woning hadden gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1934</strong> woonden er achtereenvolgens nog een aantal huishoudelijke hulpen, onderhuurder, familieleden en bekenden korter of langer bij het gezin. Van <strong>24 maart 1939</strong> tot <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> woonde Ediths moeder, Rosalie Holländer - Stern, bij het gezin.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until mid-February that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from November, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, Rosalie Holländer — Stern, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-12-05",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Edith Frank woonden vanaf 5 december 1933 op het adres Merwedeplein 37-II. Later die maand kwam Margot, en in februari 1934 kwam Anne naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"name_nl": "Oma Holländer in Nederland",
"name_en": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"content": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nazomer van <strong>1938</strong> diende Edith Frank - Holländer met haar man bij de Nederlandse regering een verzoek in tot toelating van haar moeder tot Nederland. De regering had echter in <strong>mei</strong> van dat jaar de grenzen gesloten en wees het verzoek daarom af. Het was de zogenaamde <em>Novemberpogrom</em>, ook wel <em>Kristallnacht</em>, waardoor een extra zevenduizend vluchtelingen toegang tot Nederland kregen. Op <strong>17 november 1938 </strong>kreeg Rosa Holländer alsnog toestemming, zij het onder de voorwaarde dat niet ook haar zoons Julius en Walter naar Nederland zouden proberen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat zij Duitsland niet wilde verlaten voor haar zoons veilig waren, duurde het nog tot eind <strong>maart</strong> van het volgende jaar voor zij daadwerkelijk kwam. Op <strong>24 maart 1939 </strong>kwam zij bij station Simpelveld Nederland binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze woonde bij het gezin van haar dochter tot ze op <strong>29 januari 1942 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-09-14",
"date_end": "1942-01-29",
"summary": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"summary_nl": "In maart 1939 kwam de oma van Anne en Margot Frank, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, bij hen wonen op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. Ze bleef tot ze in januari 1942 overleed.",
"summary_en": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 313,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990",
"name": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank krijgt een oproep",
"name_en": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"content": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kreeg op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Anne schrijft in haar dagboek: '<em>(...) om ongeveer 3 uur kwam een politieagent bij moeder die riep beneden in de deur, mej. Margot Frank, moeder ging naar beneden en kreeg van die agent een kaart, waar opstond dat Margot Frank zich moest melden bij de S.S.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>Volgens Ilse Ledermann-Citroen moesten de ontvangers van deze oproepen de volgende dag (<strong>6 juli 1942</strong>) tussen acht en negen uur bij de Gestapo verschijnen, waar ze de aanzegging kregen de vijftiende om half drie 's nachts naar het treinstation (niet duidelijk welk) te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze oproep was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voorbereidingen daartoe waren al getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bracht Margot met de fiets in de vroege ochtend van <strong>6</strong> <strong>juli 1942 </strong>naar de Prinsengracht. De bronnen hierover vertonen kleine onderlinge verschillen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek A: '<em>Margot ging ook met een schooltas op de fiets (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek B: '<em>Margot stopte haar schooltas vol met schoolboeken, haalde haar fiets uit de stalling en reed achter Miep aan weg.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>Dat Margot haar eigen fiets nog had is heel waarschijnlijk.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in een interview: Om zeven uur haalde ze Margot op. Rond half acht waren zij in het Opekta-kantoor. Ze zetten de fietsen binnen en gingen naar boven. Ze maakte de deur van het Achterhuis open en duwde Margot naar binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in haar boek: Ze haalde Margot rond half acht 's morgens op en bracht haar via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam en Raadhuisstraat naar de Prinsengracht. Ze bracht haar naar het Achterhuis en litet haar daar achter. Kleiman kwam iets later en bracht Margots fiets ergens heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'De dag voor de onderduik', in <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Margot kreeg een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Dit was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.",
"summary_en": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 267,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21",
"name": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt afscheid van Moortje",
"name_en": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"content": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het Achterhuis denkt Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"summary_nl": "Toen Anne op 6 juli 1942 ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven.",
"summary_en": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124417,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"name": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"name_nl": "Gasten en personeel van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"description": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De eerste bewoners van Merwedeplein 37-II betrokken de toen nieuwe woning in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was <strong>eind 1933</strong> de vierde hoofdbewoner. Bouwer en beheerder van het hele blok was de N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis en de huur bedroeg zeventig gulden. Dat was inclusief twintig gulden voor de warmwatervoorziening en centrale verwarming die de stookkelder van de nabijgelegen z.g. 'Wolkenkrabber' leverde, de woontoren die nog altijd deel van het complex uitmaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Huishoudelijke hulpen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buiten de familie Frank kwamen ook tal van andere Duitsers, waaronder veel Joden, na het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP naar Nederland. Organisaties die al langer actief waren bij het helpen van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Oost-Europa speelden op deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in. Zo creëerde het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen werkgelegenheid in de huishoudelijke dienstverlening om zo vrouwen en meisjes kansen te bieden zich in Nederland te vestigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woning van het gezin Frank vond een aantal van deze vrouwen voor kortere of langere tijd werk of onderdak. Enkele van hen, Renate Wolf en Malli Aschenbrand, waren eveneens afkomstig uit Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen en Rosel Goldschmidt kwamen uit andere delen van Duitsland.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderhuurders</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de latere jaren dertig vond een verandering in de ecomische omstandigheden van het gezin plaats. Otto Frank reisde in <strong>1937</strong> verschillende keren naar Engeland in vruchteloze pogingen daar een zakelijk initiatief van de grond te krijgen. In <strong>juni 1938</strong> richtte Jo Kleiman in samenwerking met Otto Frank de nieuwe firma Pectacon op. De laatste huishoudelijke hulp vertrok <strong>half oktober 1937</strong>, en in <strong>juni 1938</strong> verscheen de eerste onderhuurder Ernst Katz. Hij zou de eerste van vier zijn: na hem kwamen nog Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker en Werner Goldschmidt. Over de onderhuurders schreef Anne haar verhaaltje 'Pension- of huurgasten'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker en Goldschmidt komen ook voor in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oma Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen in <strong>september 1938</strong> voor oma Holländer om toelating tot Nederland, zodat zij zich bij het gezin van haar dochter in Amsterdam kon voegen. Het Ministerie van Justitie wees dat af omdat de regering in mei van dat jaar de grens voor vluchtelingen sloot. Door een beperkte verruiming na de pogroms van november kon ze uiteindelijk toch komen en in <strong>maart 1939</strong> vestigde zij zich hier alsnog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Haar komst bracht het aantal personen in huis op zes.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>najaar van 1941</strong> kwam de poes Moortje er nog bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne schrijft over haar in een brief aan haar grootmoeder, en noemde haar later herhaaldelijk in haar dagboek. Moortje ging niet mee naar het Achterhuis, maar volgens het dagboek bracht Werner Goldschmidt haar naar de buren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het buurgezin Kupers op 39-III zou de verdere zorg op zich nemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Gezin Kohnke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Als laatsten verschenen de drie leden van het gezin Kohnke - Leyens. Leni Kohnke was een goede bekende van Edith en moest met haar man en dochtertje hun woonplaats Hilversum verlaten. Omstreeks <strong>mei 1942</strong> woonden ze enkele weken bij het gezin in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Oma Holländer was in januari overleden, dus in deze weken was het aantal personen in de woning acht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacués</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de familie Frank vertrok bleef onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt achter. Later vestigden zich in de woning evacués uit andere plaatsen die verplicht naar Amsterdam trokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel bronnen ontbreken lijkt hier de Joodse Raad een rol in te spelen. De huuradministratie van Hilwis laat zien dat de laatste evacué op <strong>20 juni 1943</strong> vertrok en dat de woning de 28e leeg was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De nieuwe hoofdbewoner Tim Choy stond per <strong>3 september 1943</strong> op dit adres in het bevolkingsregister ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks behielden alle vier de leden van het gezin Frank hun inschrijvingen op de woning nog tot <strong>27 oktober 1944</strong>, bijna twee maanden na hun deportatie naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Pension- of huurgasten", 15 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni, 20 en 22 oktober 1942 (Wronker), 14 en 22 augustus, 5 november 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank en haar familie woonden na hun komst naar Amsterdam acht en een half jaar in de woning Merwedeplein 37-II.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124510,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"parent": 396124553,
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{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6/",
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"name": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
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"content": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne schreef hier voor het eerst in het dagboek dat ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>, kreeg. Drie weken later dook de familie Frank onder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Woningcorporatie Ymere kocht de woning in <strong>2004</strong> en restaureerde het pand in de oorspronkelijke jaren-dertig-stijl, in samenwerking met de Anne Frank Stichting,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die in <strong>2017</strong> eigenaar werd van de voormalige woning van de familie Frank aan het Merwedeplein.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vier <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan het verblijf van de familie Frank op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op de website en app van Google Arts & Culture kunnen bezoekers alle vertrekken van het voormalige woonhuis van de familie Frank bekijken door middel van 360 graden beelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Franks voormalige woonhuis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900967 52.345283)",
"summary": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Adres van de woning van de familie Frank van 1933 tot hun onderduik in juli 1942.",
"summary_en": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
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"street": "Merwedeplein 37-II",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
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{
"id": 396124408,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
"name": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie begin jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"description": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Op <strong>30 januari 1933</strong> werd Adolf Hitler Rijkskanselier van Duitsland. Zo kreeg hij de kans zijn ideeën uit <em>Mein Kampf</em> uit te voeren. Na de Rijksdagbrand op <strong>27 februari 1933</strong> schortte hij de belangrijkste burgerrechten op. Ook werden er antisemitische verordeningen aangenomen die het Joden onmogelijk maken de belangrijkste beroepen uit te oefenen door het vereiste van een zogenoemd 'Ariër'-bewijs. Als reactie op deze maatregelen en de boycot op <strong>1 april 1933</strong> van Joodse winkeliers, artsen en advocaten zochten verlieten veel Joden Duitsland. Zij zochten in eerste instantie een veilig heenkomen in omringende landen, waaronder Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alleen al in de eerste dagen van <strong>april 1933</strong> weken er honderden uit naar Nederland, waaronder Otto Frank. In de maanden daarna werd hij gevolgd door vrouw en beide dochters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
"summary_nl": "Het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP in 1933 leidde tot een uittocht van burgers uit Duitsland. Degenen die vertrokken waren vooral Joods, politiek dissident of allebei.",
"summary_en": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124387,
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{
"id": 396124510,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2/",
"published": true,
"name": "Committee for Jewish Refugees",
"name_nl": "Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen",
"name_en": "Committee for Jewish Refugees",
"uuid": "ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2",
"content": "<p>The <em>Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</em> formed part of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Its main task was to arrange practical help and shelter for Jewish refugees in Amsterdam. Professor David Cohen, the secretary of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests, was appointed chairman of the Refugee Committee. Initially, the CJV was located at 's Gravenhekje 7, but when that was demolished, the committee moved to Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. After 1941, this was an address of the Jewish Council.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Jewish_Refugees_(Netherlands)\" target=\"_blank\">Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het CJV vormde een onderdeel van het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jkok\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De voornaamste taak was om de praktische hulp en opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen in Amsterdam te regelen. Prof.dr. David Cohen, de secretaris van het <em>Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen</em>, werd tot voorzitter van het Vluchtelingencomité benoemd. Aanvankelijk was het CJV gevestigd op 's Gravenhekje 7, maar toen dat gesloopt werd, verhuisde het Comité naar Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. Na <strong>1941</strong> was dit een adres van de Joodsche Raad.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jkok\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comité_voor_voor_Joodsche_Vluchtelingen\" target=\"_blank\">Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen</em> formed part of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Its main task was to arrange practical help and shelter for Jewish refugees in Amsterdam. Professor David Cohen, the secretary of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests, was appointed chairman of the Refugee Committee. Initially, the CJV was located at 's Gravenhekje 7, but when that was demolished, the committee moved to Lijnbaansgracht 366, Amsterdam. After 1941, this was an address of the Jewish Council.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89w5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Jewish_Refugees_(Netherlands)\" target=\"_blank\">Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.889367 52.360614)",
"summary": "The Committee for Jewish Refugees (Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen - CJV) was founded in 1933 to provide practical help and shelter for refugees in Amsterdam. Among other things, it helped single women from Germany find work as domestic help for German-Jewish families in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen (CJV) werd in 1933 opgericht om hulp aan Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland te regelen. Het hielp onder andere alleenstaande vrouwen uit Duitsland aan werk als huishoudelijke hulp bij Duits-Joodse families in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Committee for Jewish Refugees (Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen - CJV) was founded in 1933 to provide practical help and shelter for refugees in Amsterdam. Among other things, it helped single women from Germany find work as domestic help for German-Jewish families in Amsterdam.",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"id": 82,
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"id": 894,
"uuid": "cae8edf4-6b9c-4b71-9529-83ff77b7a145",
"name": "Evelyne Werthauer bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"title": "Evelyne Werthauer met andere actrice en producent Boekman bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/MMKB08_000077079_mpeg21_p012_crop.jpg",
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"description": "Collectie: Delpher. Foto in Delftsche Courant.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"published": true,
"uuid": "a8e37765-f8fa-4342-b44c-1fe381f7d7a3",
"name": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"name_nl": "Evelina Werthauer naar Frankrijk",
"name_en": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"content": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ze maakte de reis onder begeleiding van de Nederlandse filmproducent Hans Boekman, broer van de Amsterdamse wethouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De film was een Nederlandse parallelproductie bij het maken van de Franse versie <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. De belangrijkere rollen werden onder meer vertolkt door Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer en Elias van Praag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verschillende kranten besteedden aandacht aan het vertrek op hun fotopagina.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1936-09-01",
"date_end": "1936-09-04",
"summary": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
"summary_nl": "Begin september 1936 ging Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer naar Frankrijk om een klein rolletje te spelen in de film 'De man zonder hart'.",
"summary_en": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
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"id": 1118,
"uuid": "d66689ed-96f7-4b68-868f-103a3177d8d8",
"name": "NIOD 249 0361B-9",
"title": "Verzamelrekening Gemeentetram, 4 september 1944.",
"alt": "NIOD, archief Dossier Joden - deportatie.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NIOD_249_0361B-9_dtVNYYS.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De verzamelrekening vermeldt ook het vervoer naar het CS op 8 augustus 1944.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c",
"name": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Op transport naar Westerbork",
"name_en": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even the weather was nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: balans, 2004, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op dinsdag <strong>8 augustus 1944 </strong>ging Anne Frank samen met haar ouders, zus en de andere onderduikers vanuit het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans in Amsterdam op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork. De gevangenen vertrokken onder politiebewaking met de tram naar het Centraal Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was nummer zeventien op de lijst <em>"S"-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwgqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ging hier om een zogeheten straftransport. Als opgepakte ondergedoken Joden waren de acht onderduikers namelijk zogenaamde strafgevallen ('S').</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers gingen in een normale trein naar Westerbork. Aan weerszijden waren coupés die werden afgesloten, en er was bewaking aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef dat hij zich tijdens de treinrit vooral zorgen maakte over Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, die immers ook waren opgepakt. Verder was de stemming relatief goed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het weer was zelfs mooi die dag. De zon scheen en een zwakke wind waaide vanuit het noordwesten, het was ongeveer negentien graden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89o00\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto schreef:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>‘We waren weer samen en hadden wat eten voor onderweg gekregen. We wisten waar we heengingen, maar toch was het alsof we nog eenmaal samen op reis waren, en eigenlijk waren we opgewekt […], tenminste als ik deze reis vergelijk met onze volgende.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De reis van Amsterdam naar Westerbork duurde vijf tot zes uur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het traject liep van Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle en Meppel naar Hooghalen, vanwaar de trein via een aftakking kamp Westerbork binnenreed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2024, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwgqr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89o00\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even the weather was nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: balans, 2004, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
"summary_nl": "Op dinsdag 8 augustus 1944 gingen de acht onderduikers op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124553,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/9577"
],
"parent": 396124554,
"files": []
}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam Central Station",
"name_nl": "Station Amsterdam Centraal",
"name_en": "Amsterdam Central Station",
"uuid": "63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"content": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam Central Station. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de bevrijding keerden de meeste overlevers terug via Station Amsterdam Centraal. Hier was een speciaal repatriëringscentrum voor registratie, medische controle en politieke controle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06r4i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06r4i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam Central Station. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900181 52.378494)",
"summary": "Amsterdam Central Station was one of the train stations in Amsterdam from which Dutch Jews were deported to Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Station Amsterdam Centraal was een van de treinstations in Amsterdam van waaruit Nederlandse Joden werden gedeporteerd naar Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam Central Station was one of the train stations in Amsterdam from which Dutch Jews were deported to Westerbork.",
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"street": "Stationsplein",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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{
"id": 900,
"uuid": "8eb80f2d-5d58-4a25-a72e-13efeb1f5231",
"name": "Advertentie voor de openingsconcerten van de Joodsche Schouwburg",
"title": "Advertentie voor de openingsconcerten van de Joodsche Schouwburg",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/ddd_010318180_mpeg21_p016_crop.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Advertentie voor de openingsconcerten van de Joodsche Schouwburg, Het joodsche weekblad, 7-11-1943",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
}
],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.366469",
"longitude": "4.91113",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/1de1b26d-4fdd-43a7-b6ab-ea1cd5f39e96/",
"published": true,
"name": "Hollandsche Schouwburg",
"name_nl": "Hollandsche Schouwburg",
"name_en": "Hollandsche Schouwburg",
"uuid": "1de1b26d-4fdd-43a7-b6ab-ea1cd5f39e96",
"content": "<p>Located at Plantage Middenlaan 24, in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Built in 1892 as Artis Schouwburg and renamed Hollandsche Schouwburg after two years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result of the measure banning non-Jews and Jews from the same theatres, from June 1941 only Jews were allowed to perform in the building for a Jewish audience and it was renamed the Joodsche Schouwburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne's diary, there was a 'promotion' of the Jewish Lyceum at the Jewish Theatre on <strong>3 July 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1942</strong> to <strong>November 1943</strong>, the theatre served as an assembly point during the deportation of Jews to Westerbork transit camp and Vught concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Administrative handling and further care was in the hands of staff of the Jewish Council.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsch Weekblad</em>, 16 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"594ib\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>See: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/een-theater-in-de-plantage\" target=\"_blank\">Een theater in plantage: De Hollandsche Schouwburg 1891-1942</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/de-hollandsche-schouwburg-als-deportatieplaats\">De Hollandsche Schouwburg als deportatieplaats</a>; Frank van Vree, Hetty Berg, and David Duindam (eds.), <em>Site of deportation, site of memory. The Amsterdam Hollandsche Schouwburg and the Holocaust</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, cop. 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won, </em>Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmaatschappij, 1947, p. 157-161.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gevestigd op de Plantage Middenlaan 24, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1892 gebouwd als Artis Schouwburg en na twee jaar tot Hollandsche Schouwburg omgedoopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg van de maatregel dat niet-Joden en Joden niet meer in dezelfde theaters mogen komen, mogen vanaf juni 1941 alleen nog Joden in het gebouw optreden voor een Joods publiek en gaat het de Joodsche Schouwburg heten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes dagboek is er op <strong>3 juli 1942</strong> een ‘promotie’ van het Joods Lyceum in de Joodsche Schouwburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>juli 1942</strong> tot <strong>november 1943</strong> diende de schouwburg als verzamelplaats bij de deportatie van Joden naar doorgangskamp Westerbork en concentratiekamp Vught.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De administratieve afhandeling en verdere verzorging was in handen van personeel van de Joodsche Raad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsch Weekblad</em>, 16 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"594ib\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/een-theater-in-de-plantage\" target=\"_blank\">Een theater in de plantage: De Hollandsche Schouwburg 1891-1942</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/de-hollandsche-schouwburg-als-deportatieplaats\" target=\"_blank\">De Hollandsche Schouwburg als deportatieplaats</a>; Frank van Vree, Hetty Berg, and David Duindam (eds.), <em>Site of deportation, site of memory. The Amsterdam Hollandsche Schouwburg and the Holocaust</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, cop. 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won, </em>Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmaatschappij, 1947, p. 157-161.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Located at Plantage Middenlaan 24, in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Built in 1892 as Artis Schouwburg and renamed Hollandsche Schouwburg after two years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result of the measure banning non-Jews and Jews from the same theatres, from June 1941 only Jews were allowed to perform in the building for a Jewish audience and it was renamed the Joodsche Schouwburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"594ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne's diary, there was a 'promotion' of the Jewish Lyceum at the Jewish Theatre on <strong>3 July 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>July 1942</strong> to <strong>November 1943</strong>, the theatre served as an assembly point during the deportation of Jews to Westerbork transit camp and Vught concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Administrative handling and further care was in the hands of staff of the Jewish Council.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5xy5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Joodsch Weekblad</em>, 16 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"594ib\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>See: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/een-theater-in-de-plantage\" target=\"_blank\">Een theater in plantage: De Hollandsche Schouwburg 1891-1942</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4wuju\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uj4cp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Joods Cultureel Kwartier: <a href=\"https://jck.nl/verhalen-en-verdieping/de-hollandsche-schouwburg-als-deportatieplaats\">De Hollandsche Schouwburg als deportatieplaats</a>; Frank van Vree, Hetty Berg, and David Duindam (eds.), <em>Site of deportation, site of memory. The Amsterdam Hollandsche Schouwburg and the Holocaust</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, cop. 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28w0x\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won, </em>Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmaatschappij, 1947, p. 157-161.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.91113 52.366469)",
"summary": "The Hollandsche Schouwburg theatre served as a gathering place for arrested Jews during the German occupation before their deportation to Westerbork transit camp and Vught concentration camp.",
"summary_nl": "De Hollandsche Schouwburg diende tijdens de Duitse bezetting als verzamelplaats van gearresteerde Joden voor hun deportatie naar doorgangskamp Westerbork en concentratiekamp Vught.",
"summary_en": "The Hollandsche Schouwburg theatre served as a gathering place for arrested Jews during the German occupation before their deportation to Westerbork transit camp and Vught concentration camp.",
"same_as": [
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],
"street": "Plantage Middenlaan 24",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"latitude": "52.349589",
"longitude": "4.874142",
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{
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"name": "Advertentie Kunstijsbaan",
"title": "Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 12 november 1934.",
"alt": "Delpher. Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 12 november 1934.",
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"title": "Kunstijsbaan in Amsterdam-Oost, oktober 1935.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Polygoon. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.077.jpg",
"title": "Margot Frank en haar vriendin Hetty Ludel, winter 1937-1938.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Foto van Margot Frank en haar vriendin Hetty Ludel op schaatsen op de ijsbaan, winter 1937-1938.",
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"name": "Leisure activities, Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Margot Frank",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Margot Frank",
"description": "<h1><strong>Swimming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 August 1935</strong>, Margot passed a swimming test consisting of 60 metres breaststroke and 40 metres backstroke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not clear where this took place, but probably in the Amstelparkbad (now De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Greet Bezema, a friend of hers at the Girls' High School:<em> 'We went swimming in Diemen once and I remember Margot had a very nice swimming costume, a sunbathing suit</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank wrote in a letter dated <strong>18 January 1937</strong> to former neighbour Gertrud Naumann that Margot went ice skating once a week that winter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There is a photograph of Margot, dated <strong>winter of 1937-'38</strong>, showing her with Hetty Ludel at the ice rink. In it, she can be seen wearing figure skates.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ice rink where Margot went ice skating was an initiative of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. It was an open-air swimming pool that was used as an ice skating rink in winter. The ice rink was in use from <strong>1934</strong> to <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The rink was opened on the weekend of <strong>24-25 November 1934</strong>. On <strong>26 November</strong>, Sonja Henie performed for an audience of schoolchildren. As a result of this performance, Henie became hugely popular among Amsterdam schoolgirls. In <strong>spring 1940</strong>, the rink was shut down and the installation moved to the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (while in hiding), Anne Frank pasted a picture of Sonja Henie on the wall of her little room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot initially skated on ice skates that had to be bolted on with a spanner.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rowing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank rowed with the <em>Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren </em>(VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was in second position in a 'four' with Bella Kohlwey on stroke, Jaaike van Bork on bow and Anna Harting on three. They were trained by Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. They won a silver medal in school races.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> All four rowers were at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> They used the facilities of the VBWJ under the Berlagebrug in Amsterdam. This rowing activity was initiated from the Meisjeslyceum, but its exact status is unclear. On <strong>8 September 1940</strong>, they participated in races of the <em>Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging </em>(ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8627i\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> They won a medal in the 'style rowing' event in the girls 14-16 category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is not known whether this competition participation took place in the context of school rowing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Just before the 1941 races<strong>,</strong> Margot, being Jewish, was no longer allowed to row at the club. Her friends subsequently refused to participate in the races any more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder, as a Jew, was also no longer allowed to coach. Her replacement was not accepted by the remaining rowers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, the inspector for physical education asked alderman Smit whether Jewish children were allowed to use (among other things) the rowing facility under the Berlage Bridge. Smit replied in the negative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In anticipation of the new season, the VBWJ secretary asked the Government Commissioner of Amsterdam Municipality on <strong>1 March 1942</strong> whether it would not be possible for Jewish students to row separately and with Jewish instructors at certain times, at which time the boathouse would remain closed to "the others". An unknown person, someone at the Education Department or perhaps Mayor Vôute, wrote in the margin<em> 'Seems possible to me. V</em> '. A reply to the letter is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1941</strong>, Margot was a member of a<em> 'tennis club with lessons</em>', namely Tennisvereniging Temminck on Zuidelijke Wandelweg in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A number of classmates from the Girls' High School, including Henny Corts, were also members of this club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was also the owner of a sports shop at Weteringschans 76 and founder of Amsterdam's first golf course in the 'railway bend' near Duivendrecht; Hetty Last said that she (Hetty) was the initiator of playing tennis; a court was rented for a whole group of girls and whoever wanted could join in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There is a photo showing, in addition to Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda and Tine ten Kley. They are all wearing sports/tennis clothes and posing near a net on a tennis court.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer <strong>of 1945</strong>, Otto Frank wrote to his family in Basel:<em> 'Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary about Margot:<em> 'Reads everything, preferably on religion and medicine</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> And in an earlier diary entry, Anne writes:<em> 'I laid with Margot on the divan together and read "The Stormers"</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the following books, we know that Margot has owned and/or read them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot read a book by Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. This was a school book.</li>\r\n\t<li>She had the English textbook <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>She also had a book by A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, annotated by H. Noordhof. This was probably also a school book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot's books also included Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith wrote in the front:<em> "Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>We know from a diary entry by Anne that Margot owned a copy of <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne received the <em>Camera Obscura</em> for her 13th birthday, but since Margot already had it, she swapped it for a volume of <em>Dutch Sagas and Legends.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot and Peter, according to Anne, were allowed to read almost all the books Kleiman brought with him during the hiding period, except: a war book from the previous war, rather freely written or as Anne calls it in her diary: <em>a special book on a female subject.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot was allowed to read the book <em>Gentlemen, Servants and Women</em> while in hiding, but Anne was not.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Fritz Pfeffer's recommendation, Margot and Anne read <em>Henri from the Other Side</em>. Despite Pfeffer's commendations, according to Anne, neither thought it was a good book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A diary entry by Anne shows that she and Margot kept track of which books they both read. They did this in an old cartography box, with blank cards on one side.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne’s diary, we know that Margot also kept a diary. "<em>Margot and I got in the same bed last evening, it was a frightful squash, but that was just the fun of it, she asked if she could read my diary sometime, I said yes at least bits of it, and then I asked if I could read hers</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"assv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Margot’s diary has not survived. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 August 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Interview of Greet Bezema by Dineke Stam, 10 May 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank to Gertrud Naumann, 18 January 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a> (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\">'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (January), p. 26-29 (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey to Otto Frank, 22 July 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8627i\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Also see: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (consulted 13 March 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 September 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 March 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. See photo from May 1954 in the Image Vault of the Amsterdam City Archives, no. <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">10122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Statement by H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 February 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Group photo of Margot Frank and her friends on the tennis court, ca. 1941/42. The photo is from Tine ten Kley. She probably confused Hennie Corts with Hennie Coster.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank to "ihr Lieben', 19 August 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Judging by the date, it probably was a birthday gift.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 Juni 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 and Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It was the trilogy <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> by Helen Zenna Smith, published in 1938 by the Arbeiderspers. The original English titles are: <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932, and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 Sseptember 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 Sseptember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"assv1\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Zwemmen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 augustus 1935</strong> legde Margot met goed gevolg een zwemproef af, bestaande uit 60 meter borstslag en 40 meter rugslag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niet duidelijk is waar dit plaats heeft gevonden, maar waarschijnlijk in het Amstelparkbad (nu het De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vriendin op het Meisjeslyceum Greet Bezema: '<em>We gingen een keer zwemmen in Diemen en ik weet nog dat Margot een heel mooi zwempak had, een zonnepakje</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Schaatsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank schreef in een brief van <strong>18 januari 1937</strong> aan voormalig buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann dat Margot die winter een keer per week schaatste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Er is een foto van Margot, gedateerd <strong>winter van 1937-'38</strong>, waarop zij met Hetty Ludel op de kunstijsbaan is. Daarop is te zien dat draagt kunstschaatsen draagt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De ijsbaan waar Margot schaatst, was een initiatief van de 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. Het was een openluchtzwembad dat 's winters in gebruik was als schaatsbaan. De ijsbaan deed dienst van <strong>1934</strong> tot <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het weekend van <strong>24-25 november 1934</strong> werd de baan geopend. Op <strong>26 november</strong> trad Sonja Henie op voor de schooljeugd. Als gevolg van dit optreden werd Henie ongekend populair onder Amsterdamse schoolmeisjes. In het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong> werd de baan opgeheven en ging de installatie naar de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (tijdens de onderduik) plakte Anne Frank een plaatje van Sonja Henie op de muur van haar kamertje.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot schaatste aanvankelijk op schaatsen die met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd moesten worden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Roeien</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank roeide bij de Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren (VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot zat op de tweede positie in een 'vier' met Bella Kohlwey op slag, Jaaike van Bork op boeg en Anna Harting op drie. Ze werden getraind door Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. Ze wonnen een zilveren medaille bij schoolwedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De roeisters zaten alle vier op het Meisjeslyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ze maakten gebruik van de faciliteiten van de VBWJ onder de Berlagebrug te Amsterdam. Deze roeiactiviteit ging van het Meisjeslyceum uit, maar de precieze status is onduidelijk. Op <strong>8 september 1940</strong> namen ze deel aan wedstrijden van de Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging (ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqfvc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze wonnen een medaille op het onderdeel 'stijlroeien' in de categorie meisjes 14-16 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend of deze wedstrijddeelname in het kader van het schoolroeien plaatsvond.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlak voor de wedstrijden van <strong>1941</strong> mocht Margot als Joodse niet meer bij de club roeien. Haar vriendinnen weigerden vervolgens om nog deel te nemen aan de wedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder mocht als Joodse ook niet meer coachen. Haar vervangster werd door de overblijvende roeisters niet geaccepteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1941</strong> vroeg de inspecteur voor de lichamelijke opvoeding aan wethouder Smit of Joodse kinderen gebruik mochten maken van (o.a.) de roeigelegenheid onder de Berlagebrug. Smit antwoordde negatief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooruitlopend op het nieuwe seizoen vroeg de secretaris van VBWJ op <strong>1 maart 1942</strong> aan de Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam of het niet mogelijk was om Joodse leerlingen afzonderlijk en met Joodse instructeurs op bepaalde tijden te laten roeien. Waarbij het botenhuis voor "de overigen" gesloten bleef. Een onbekende, iemand aan de Afdeling Onderwijs of wellicht burgemeester Vôute, schreef in de marge '<em>Lijkt mij wel mogelijk. V</em>'. Een antwoord op de brief is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Tennis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> was Margot lid van een '<em>tennisclub met les</em>', t.w. Tennisvereniging Temminck aan de Zuidelijke Wandelweg te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ook een aantal klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum, onder wie Henny Corts, was lid van deze vereniging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was tevens eigenaar van een sportzaak aan de Weteringschans 76 en stichter van de eerste Amsterdamse golfbaan in de 'spoorboog' bij Duivendrecht; Hetty Last vertelde dat zij (Hetty) de initiatiefneemster van het tennissen was; voor een hele groep meisjes werd er een baan gehuurd en wie wilde deed mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto met daarop naast Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda en Tine ten Kley. Ze dragen allemaal sport/tenniskleding en poseren bij een net op een tennisbaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef in de <strong>zomer van 1945</strong>, aan zijn familie in Bazel: '<em>Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne schrijft in haar dagboek over Margot: '<em>Leest alles, liefst over godsdienst en medicijnen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En in een vroegere dagboeknotitie schrijft Anne: '<em>Ik heb met Margot samen op de divan gelegen en in «De Stormers» gelezen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van onderstaande boeken weten we dat Margot ze in haar bezit heeft gehad en/of gelezen heeft:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot las een boek van Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. Dit was een schoolboek.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ze hadt het Engelse leerboek <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ze had ook een boek van A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, geannoteerd door H. Noordhof. Dit was waarschijnlijk ook een schoolboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Tot de boeken van Margot behoorde ook Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith schreef voorin: "<em>Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Uit een dagboeknotie van Anne weten we dat Margot een exemplaar bezat van de <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne kreeg voor haar 13e verjaardag de <em>Camera Obscura</em>, maar omdat Margot het al had, ruilde ze het voor een deel van <em>Nederlandse Sagen en Legenden.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot en Peter mochten, volgens Anne, tijdens de onderduik bijna alle boeken die Kleiman meenam, lezen, behalve: een oorlogsboek uit de vorige oorlog, nogal vrij geschreven of zoals Anne het in haar dagboek noemt: <em>een bijzonder boek over een vrouwenonderwerp.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot mocht tijdens de onderduik het boek <em>Heren, Knechten en vrouwen lezen</em>, maar Anne niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op aanraden van Fritz Pfeffer lazen Margot en Anne <em>Henri van de overkant</em>. Ondanks Pfeffers aanprijzingen vonden zij het, volgens Anne, allebei geen goed boek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit een dagboeknotitie van Anne blijkt dat ze samen met Margot bijhield welke boeken ze allebei lazen. Ze deden dit in een oude cartotheekdoos, met aan één kant onbeschreven kaartjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagboek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit Annes dagboek blijkt trouwens dat Margot ook een dagboek bijhield. ‘<em>Gisteren avond lagen Margot en ik samen in mijn bed, het was onnoemelijk klein maar juist grappig, ze vroeg of ze soms mijn dagboek mocht lezen, ik zeg sommige stukken wel, en toen vroeg ik naar de hare dat mocht ik dan ook lezen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjbcw\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Dat dagboek is niet bewaard gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Gesprek Greet Bezema met Dineke Stam, 10 mei 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 18 januari 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a>, (geraadpleegd 19 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot,<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\"> 'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29, (geraadpleegd 19 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqfvc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (geraadpleegd 13 maart 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 september 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 maart 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. Zie een foto uit mei '54 in de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief Amsterdam, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">fotonummer 010122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Mededeling H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 februari 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Groepsfoto van Margot Frank en haar vriendinnen op de tennisbaan omstreeks 1941/42. De foto is afkomstig van Tine ten Kley. Waarschijnlijk vergist zij zich en moet Hennie Coster zijn Hennie Corts.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan "ihr Lieben', 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Gezien de datum was het waarschijnlijk een verjaardagscadeau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 15 juni 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942 en Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Het ging om de trilogie <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> door Helen Zenna Smith, dat in 1938 bij de Arbeiderspers was verschenen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjbcw\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Swimming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 August 1935</strong>, Margot passed a swimming test consisting of 60 metres breaststroke and 40 metres backstroke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not clear where this took place, but probably in the Amstelparkbad (now De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Greet Bezema, a friend of hers at the Girls' High School:<em> 'We went swimming in Diemen once and I remember Margot had a very nice swimming costume, a sunbathing suit</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank wrote in a letter dated <strong>18 January 1937</strong> to former neighbour Gertrud Naumann that Margot went ice skating once a week that winter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There is a photograph of Margot, dated <strong>winter of 1937-'38</strong>, showing her with Hetty Ludel at the ice rink. In it, she can be seen wearing figure skates.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ice rink where Margot went ice skating was an initiative of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. It was an open-air swimming pool that was used as an ice skating rink in winter. The ice rink was in use from <strong>1934</strong> to <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The rink was opened on the weekend of <strong>24-25 November 1934</strong>. On <strong>26 November</strong>, Sonja Henie performed for an audience of schoolchildren. As a result of this performance, Henie became hugely popular among Amsterdam schoolgirls. In <strong>spring 1940</strong>, the rink was shut down and the installation moved to the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (while in hiding), Anne Frank pasted a picture of Sonja Henie on the wall of her little room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot initially skated on ice skates that had to be bolted on with a spanner.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rowing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank rowed with the <em>Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren </em>(VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was in second position in a 'four' with Bella Kohlwey on stroke, Jaaike van Bork on bow and Anna Harting on three. They were trained by Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. They won a silver medal in school races.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> All four rowers were at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> They used the facilities of the VBWJ under the Berlagebrug in Amsterdam. This rowing activity was initiated from the Meisjeslyceum, but its exact status is unclear. On <strong>8 September 1940</strong>, they participated in races of the <em>Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging </em>(ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8627i\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> They won a medal in the 'style rowing' event in the girls 14-16 category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is not known whether this competition participation took place in the context of school rowing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Just before the 1941 races<strong>,</strong> Margot, being Jewish, was no longer allowed to row at the club. Her friends subsequently refused to participate in the races any more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder, as a Jew, was also no longer allowed to coach. Her replacement was not accepted by the remaining rowers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, the inspector for physical education asked alderman Smit whether Jewish children were allowed to use (among other things) the rowing facility under the Berlage Bridge. Smit replied in the negative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In anticipation of the new season, the VBWJ secretary asked the Government Commissioner of Amsterdam Municipality on <strong>1 March 1942</strong> whether it would not be possible for Jewish students to row separately and with Jewish instructors at certain times, at which time the boathouse would remain closed to "the others". An unknown person, someone at the Education Department or perhaps Mayor Vôute, wrote in the margin<em> 'Seems possible to me. V</em> '. A reply to the letter is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1941</strong>, Margot was a member of a<em> 'tennis club with lessons</em>', namely Tennisvereniging Temminck on Zuidelijke Wandelweg in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A number of classmates from the Girls' High School, including Henny Corts, were also members of this club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was also the owner of a sports shop at Weteringschans 76 and founder of Amsterdam's first golf course in the 'railway bend' near Duivendrecht; Hetty Last said that she (Hetty) was the initiator of playing tennis; a court was rented for a whole group of girls and whoever wanted could join in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There is a photo showing, in addition to Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda and Tine ten Kley. They are all wearing sports/tennis clothes and posing near a net on a tennis court.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer <strong>of 1945</strong>, Otto Frank wrote to his family in Basel:<em> 'Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary about Margot:<em> 'Reads everything, preferably on religion and medicine</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> And in an earlier diary entry, Anne writes:<em> 'I laid with Margot on the divan together and read "The Stormers"</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the following books, we know that Margot has owned and/or read them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot read a book by Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. This was a school book.</li>\r\n\t<li>She had the English textbook <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>She also had a book by A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, annotated by H. Noordhof. This was probably also a school book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot's books also included Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith wrote in the front:<em> "Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>We know from a diary entry by Anne that Margot owned a copy of <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne received the <em>Camera Obscura</em> for her 13th birthday, but since Margot already had it, she swapped it for a volume of <em>Dutch Sagas and Legends.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot and Peter, according to Anne, were allowed to read almost all the books Kleiman brought with him during the hiding period, except: a war book from the previous war, rather freely written or as Anne calls it in her diary: <em>a special book on a female subject.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot was allowed to read the book <em>Gentlemen, Servants and Women</em> while in hiding, but Anne was not.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Fritz Pfeffer's recommendation, Margot and Anne read <em>Henri from the Other Side</em>. Despite Pfeffer's commendations, according to Anne, neither thought it was a good book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A diary entry by Anne shows that she and Margot kept track of which books they both read. They did this in an old cartography box, with blank cards on one side.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne’s diary, we know that Margot also kept a diary. "<em>Margot and I got in the same bed last evening, it was a frightful squash, but that was just the fun of it, she asked if she could read my diary sometime, I said yes at least bits of it, and then I asked if I could read hers</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"assv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Margot’s diary has not survived. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 August 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Interview of Greet Bezema by Dineke Stam, 10 May 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank to Gertrud Naumann, 18 January 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a> (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\">'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (January), p. 26-29 (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey to Otto Frank, 22 July 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8627i\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Also see: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (consulted 13 March 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 September 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 March 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. See photo from May 1954 in the Image Vault of the Amsterdam City Archives, no. <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">10122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Statement by H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 February 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Group photo of Margot Frank and her friends on the tennis court, ca. 1941/42. The photo is from Tine ten Kley. She probably confused Hennie Corts with Hennie Coster.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank to "ihr Lieben', 19 August 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Judging by the date, it probably was a birthday gift.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 Juni 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 and Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It was the trilogy <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> by Helen Zenna Smith, published in 1938 by the Arbeiderspers. The original English titles are: <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932, and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 Sseptember 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 Sseptember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"assv1\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Margot Frank was sporty: she played tennis, rowed, swam and ice skated.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was sportief: ze speelde tennis, deed aan roeien, zwemmen en schaatsen.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was sporty: she played tennis, rowed, swam and ice skated.",
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"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/8f2c40de-072e-461e-82cc-3b92fd05be0c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Ice rink Amsterdam-East",
"name_nl": "Kunstijsbaan Amsterdam-Oost",
"name_en": "Ice rink Amsterdam-East",
"uuid": "8f2c40de-072e-461e-82cc-3b92fd05be0c",
"content": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> the rink was closed due to lack of public interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> werd de baan wegens gebrek aan publieke belangstelling gesloten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwnvq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwnvq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> the rink was closed due to lack of public interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.929428 52.356622)",
"summary": "In 1934 Amsterdam East got the first artificial ice rink in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam Oost kreeg in 1934 de eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "In 1934 Amsterdam East got the first artificial ice rink in the Netherlands.",
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"street": "Linnaeusstraat",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"name": "ANWU01712000013 - City Theater",
"title": "Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen 15-17, City Theater, rond 1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: J. Sleding. Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/ANWU01712000013_2H8sbO9.jpg",
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"description": "https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank/detail/e278de28-d593-d6be-446f-503cfdbb08eb",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"latitude": "52.36345",
"longitude": "4.88384",
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{
"id": 261,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/056db7c0-e6bc-4968-a370-6950d4344792?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/3880fed2-b10b-4f94-94c6-4ea3f4b5bbe8?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/09aa391b-0dd2-406e-992d-66032b552cb4?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc",
"name": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse première van de film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1959-04-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"summary_nl": "De Amerikaanse verfilming van 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' beleefde zijn Nederlandse première in aanwezigheid van koningin Juliana en prinses Beatrix.",
"summary_en": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5/",
"published": true,
"name": "City Theater",
"name_nl": "City Theater",
"name_en": "City Theater",
"uuid": "058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5",
"content": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>City Theater was een Nederlandse bioscoopketen. In <strong>1923</strong> werd in Den Haag het eerste City Theater geopend. In <strong>1935</strong> opende het City Theater in Amsterdam, de vijfde bioscoop van de firma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88384 52.36345)",
"summary": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"summary_nl": "In het City Theater vond de Nederlandse première van de speelfilm 'The Diary of Anne Frank' plaats.",
"summary_en": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
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"street": "Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen 15-17",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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{
"id": 396124419,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124628,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"name": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_nl": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_en": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"description": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippman, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer verkrijgbaar was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in <strong>1938</strong> bij Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, dat hij vlak na oprichting overnam van Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Oprichting</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1 juni 1938</strong>: Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd opgericht door Jo Kleiman en Ton Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Grondstoffen importeerde Pectacon uit Hongarije en België; naar België vond ook afzet plaats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het jaarverslag van <strong>1939</strong> maakte Opekta melding van de samenwerking met Pectacon. De handel van Pectacon was, in tegenstelling tot die van Opekta, voornamelijk in de wintermaanden geconcentreerd. Opekta hoopte het volgende jaar van de samenwerking te kunnen profiteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omvang en aard van de handel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei '41</strong> registreerde Pectacon een beeldmerk met daarbij de toelichting:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Soort der waren: kruiden en specerijen en vervangingsmiddelen voor kruiden en specerijen; chemische producten en smaakstoffen (aroma's) voor het aromatiseeren en/of conserveeren van voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; pharmaceutische producten, medicijnen, chemische producten voor medische en hygiënische doeleinden; drogerijen; graan- en meelproducten; zetmeel en zetmeelproducten; zoetstoffen; reuk- en smaakessences; thee, koffie, cacao, honing en vervangingsstoffen voor deze waren; sappen, bouillon en extracten van vleesch, visch, week- en schaaldieren, planten, zaden en vruchten in vloeibaren-, vasten- en pastavorm; kleurstoffen voor voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; soepen en soeppreparaten; gist en gistpreparaten, rijsmiddelen, bakkerijcrêmes, bakpoeders; puddingpoeders, saus- en juspreparaten, geconserveerde plantendeelen (zooals gember, angelique, sucade); mout, moutextract en andere moutproducten, voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken, die in hoofdzaak bestaan uit mout, moutextract of moutproducten; diëtische voedingsmiddelen, vitaminepreparaten; pectine, bindmiddelen; poets-, polijst-, schuur- en reinigingsmiddelen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon deed onder meer zaken met makelaar in specerijen Van Jinnelt. In <strong>september </strong>en<strong> oktober '39</strong> kwamen via deze zakenpartner de volgende goederen binnen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 balen witte Batavia Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 balen Ambon nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) kisten Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen Menado nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 kisten Banda foeliegruis.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Cassia Lignea (kaneel).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen zwarte Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 balen Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ca. 1 ton witte Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Jamaica piment.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige van deze goederen verkocht het bedrijf meteen door. Andere werden eerst verwerkt. In deze periode leverde Pectacon aan de kruideniersketen SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg witte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " zwarte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " gemalen kaneel.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " gemalen nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " gemalen piment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari '41</strong> kwam er nog eens 1000 kg Marokkaanse koriander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober '41</strong> verkocht Pectacon aan worstkruidenhandel EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg kruidnagelaroma, f 2,- p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg peperaroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nootmuskaataroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nootmuskaatemulsie, f 8,50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citroenzuur, f 1,30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boorzuurschubben, f 0,36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg soeparoma, f 2,05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier waren al de eerste surrogaatproducten in opkomst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie profiteerde het bedrijf van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. De reductie van de veestapel stimuleerde de vleesverwerkende industrie, waarvoor Pectacon kruidenmengels produceerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot Opekta vonden er voor dit bedrijf wel productieactiviteiten plaats in het pand. Daarvoor schafte Pectacon <strong>begin 1941</strong> bij Peppink twee specerijmolens aan, die het bij de 'arisering' weer doorverkocht aan Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1942</strong> ging de tenaamstelling van de vergunning over op Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1941</strong> had het bedrijf al meer dan 22.000 gulden aan onverdeelde winsten op de balans staan. Dat was elf maal zoveel als het ingelegde aandelenkapitaal van <strong>eind 1938</strong>. Kortom, tot aan de liquidatie was Pectacon een uitermate winstgevende onderneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Arisering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 oktober 1940:</strong> afkondiging <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), gepubliceerd <strong>26 oktober 1940</strong>. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse eigenaren hun bedrijven aan te melden. Het was de eerste stap in de zogenaamde <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (bedrijfseconomische 'arisering').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 oktober 1940:</strong> omdat Otto Frank directeur was van Pectacon en om bij gedwongen arisering een alternatief achter de hand te hebben werd La Synthèse opgericht met Kugler als directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris. Op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> nam deze firma de naam N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co aan. De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens eigen opgave werd op de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>13 februari 1941</strong> besloten de zich nog in portefeuille bevindende aandelen terwaarde van fl. 8.000 te plaatsen. Op <strong>4 april 1941</strong> stortten de oprichters Kleiman en Dunselman hiertoe respectievelijk fl. 5.000 en fl. 3.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg hiervan zakte Otto's aandeel in het aandelenkapitaal naar 20 procent. Dat betekende dat zijn aandeel daarmee onder de cruciale grens van 25 procent kwam, die gold als criterium van een 'Joodse' onderneming en zodoende voor aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 april 1941 </strong>werden nieuwe interimbewijzen voor de nieuw uitgegeven aandelen verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 september 1941:</strong> K.O.M. Wolters werd op grond van paragraaf 7 van de <em>Verordening tot verwijdering van joden uit het bedrijfsleven</em> tot bewindvoerder van Pectacon aangesteld, met de opdracht het bedrijf te liquideren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman en Otto gingen naar Wolters’ kantoor om de zaak te bespreken. Wolters ging akkoord met Kleimans voorstel om zelf in acht tot tien dagen tot liquidatie over te gaan. Daardoor hadden Kleiman en Otto de mogelijkheid machines en voorraden door te sluizen naar Gies & Co., toen nog in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ze verkochten vrijwel alles met verlies aan Gies & Co. Alleen op de kantoorinventaris werd winst gemaakt; die verkochten ze aan Wolters zelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gemaakte verlies tijdens de liquidatie bedroeg 14.000 gulden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het saldo na liquidatie bedroeg 18.000 gulden. Kleiman kreeg 5.000 gulden en Dunselman 3.000 gulden. De resterende 10.000 gulden werd na aftrek van 2.300 gulden voor de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, gestort bij de bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. verhuisde naar Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was tijdens de liquidatiefase gevestigd op Rokin 6, Wolters’ kantoor (het Peek & Cloppenburg-gebouw op de Dam in Amsterdam).<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De verdeling van de liquidatiewaarde ging overigens in tegen het voorstel van Wolters. Die had namelijk voorgesteld het resterende saldo naar rato van het aandelenbezit te verdelen, d.w.z. 50 procent naar Kleiman, 30 procent naar Dunselman en de resterende 20 procent naar Lippman, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, ten gunste van Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In praktijk ontvingen Kleiman en Dunselman alleen hun inleg uit <strong>april 1941</strong> retour, zonder winstdeling.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank uit Auschwitz terugkwam werd Pectacon nieuw leven ingeblazen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rechtsherstel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na <strong>mei 1945</strong> behoorde Pectacon tot de bedrijven die ingevolge de besluiten van de Londense regering ambtshalve in het Handelsregister kunnen worden heringeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> was Pectacon nog een 'lege huls', een bedrijf zonder kapitaal Otto wilde met het bedrijf echter onder meer een anti-diarreemiddel, een anti-schimmelmiddel en een schoonmaakmiddel produceren, alle drie op pectine gebaseerd. Dit nog steeds vanuit de gedachte om de seizoensfluctuaties van de Opekta-omzet te ondervangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>november 1945</strong> stonden Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman als directeur vermeld. Enig procuratiehouder was Victor Kugler, met algemene volmacht: 'Z<em>oals deze ook aan de directeur volgens de statuten is toegekend.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto schreef in <strong>juni 1947</strong> dat hij het zakelijk moeilijk had. Hij wilde iets in textiel en kunstzijde doen, maar de gevestigde bedrijven duldden geen nieuwkomers. Hij beperkte zich toen maar tot chemicaliën en levensmiddelen, de kernproducten van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951:</strong> Kugler en Otto Frank stonden niet meer voor Pectacon in het Handelsregister. Kleiman was enig directeur en Jeanne Kwakernaak secretaresse met algemene volmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>januari 1952</strong> was Ton Dunselman nog altijd commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> januari 1954 </strong> bezat Otto Frank voor fl. 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon (en fl. 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en fl. 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> maart 1955 </strong><strong> </strong>betaalde Pectacon J. Dikker provisie over februari, waarover omzetbelasting betaald werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Januari 1959:</strong> Na het overlijden van Kleiman werd J. Dikker directeur van Pectacon. Hij legde contacten met ijs- (o.a. Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) en chocoladefabrikanten (o.a. Verkade, Rademakers). Ook legde hij contacten met bedrijven in puddingproductie en bakkerijgrondstoffen.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>April 1959: </strong>Toen in 1959 onderhandelingen gevoerd werden die leidden tot de overname van Opekta door Opekta-Keulen, werd Pectacon buiten deze aandelentransactie gehouden. Volgens mw. Kwakernaak wilde 'Keulen', naast Opekta, ook graag Pectacon overnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Een zoon van Joop Hofhuis wilde in <strong>1959 </strong>Opekta kopen, maar viste achter het net. Jaren later kwam hij Kleimans opvolger, J. Dikker, bij Pectacon tegen en nam het bedrijf vervolgens alsnog over. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Dit was rond <strong>1977</strong>. In een interview met Dineke Stam, d.d. 10 december 1997, zei Hofhuis dat hij Pectacon “20 jaar geleden” kocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon bestond voort als Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, met als KvK-nummer 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWanneer en hoe Otto zijn Pectacon-aandelen van de hand deed, is op dit moment bij gebrek aan bronnen niet te zeggen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Adressen</em><strong>: </strong>Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (kantoor Wolters), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippman, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"summary_nl": "Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, was een van de ondernemingen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Eerste Weteringdwarsstraat 16, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1934</strong>, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/14222ae2-d684-4700-89b8-a65658431412/\" target=\"_blank\">S.J. Roozendaal</a> Tokita managed this cannery and preserving factory, where pickles, sauces, and canned fish, chicken, rabbit and the like were produced.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Commercial intelligence from the Van der Graaf company shows that Tokita wanted to establish business ties with Pectacon. Van der Graaf was not entirely positive about Roozendaal and advised to ensure good guarantees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/133f31cd-8fcb-469a-a1c6-58f2b2b369f3/\" target=\"_blank\">Henk van Beusekom</a> claims that there was collaboration with a food factory in the Weteringstraat area in the <strong>late 1930s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl also knew Tokita employees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Tokita's activities came to an end. Supplies, vehicles and machinery became dispersed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Anne Frank writes in her diary that Mr. Rozendaal from Tokita was arrested because he did not have a '<em>J</em>' in his passport.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 2328.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Forumlier van Vander Graaf & Co's Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938 en diverse advertenties, o.a. in <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 november 1941 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Formulier van Van der Graaf & Co’s Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 158508: Verklaring J. Engels, 28 januari 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A , 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Eerste Weteringdwarsstraat 16, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1934 </strong>runde <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/personen/14222ae2-d684-4700-89b8-a65658431412/\" target=\"_blank\">S.J. Roozendaal</a> Tokita deze inblikkerij en conservenfabriek, waar ingelegde zuren, sauzen, en ingeblikte vis, kip, konijn en dergelijke werden geproduceerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Handelsinlichtingen van de firma Van der Graaf tonen aan dat Tokita zakelijke banden wilde aanknopen met Pectacon. Van der Graaf was niet onverdeeld positief over Roozendaal en adviseerde voor goede borgstellingen te zorgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/personen/133f31cd-8fcb-469a-a1c6-58f2b2b369f3/\" target=\"_blank\">Henk van Beusekom</a> zegt in een interview dat er <strong>eind jaren dertig</strong> met een levensmiddelenfabriek uit de omgeving van de Weteringstraat is samengewerkt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Bep Voskuijl kende personeelsleden van Tokita.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de oorlogsjaren kwam er een einde aan de activiteiten van Tokita. Voorraden, wagen- en machinepark raakten verspreid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Anne Frank schrijft in haar dagboek dat <em>meneer Rozendaal</em> van Tokita is opgepakt omdat hij geen '<em>J'</em> in zijn paspoort had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 2328.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Forumlier van Vander Graaf & Co's Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938 en diverse advertenties, o.a. in <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 november 1941 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Formulier van Van der Graaf & Co’s Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 158508: Verklaring J. Engels, 28 januari 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A , 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Eerste Weteringdwarsstraat 16, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1934</strong>, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/14222ae2-d684-4700-89b8-a65658431412/\" target=\"_blank\">S.J. Roozendaal</a> Tokita managed this cannery and preserving factory, where pickles, sauces, and canned fish, chicken, rabbit and the like were produced.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Commercial intelligence from the Van der Graaf company shows that Tokita wanted to establish business ties with Pectacon. Van der Graaf was not entirely positive about Roozendaal and advised to ensure good guarantees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/133f31cd-8fcb-469a-a1c6-58f2b2b369f3/\" target=\"_blank\">Henk van Beusekom</a> claims that there was collaboration with a food factory in the Weteringstraat area in the <strong>late 1930s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl also knew Tokita employees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Tokita's activities came to an end. Supplies, vehicles and machinery became dispersed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Anne Frank writes in her diary that Mr. Rozendaal from Tokita was arrested because he did not have a '<em>J</em>' in his passport.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwsxa\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang, </em>1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 2328.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awwmq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Forumlier van Vander Graaf & Co's Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938 en diverse advertenties, o.a. in <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 november 1941 (avondeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgvcz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Formulier van Van der Graaf & Co’s Sneldienst, 5 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t60o9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"52tq8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 158508: Verklaring J. Engels, 28 januari 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpwbw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A , 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Tokita was a preserving and canning factory.",
"summary_nl": "Tokita was een inblikkerij en conservenfabriek.",
"summary_en": "Tokita was a preserving and canning factory.",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ff7fd641-f420-40b1-8ce2-d5fedcbf7a41?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b909d39b-1d74-4239-b2da-b9e2a27b513e",
"name": "Dutch premiere of the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse première van het toneelstuk 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Dutch premiere of the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"content": "<p>The originally American play <em>The Diary of Anne Frank</em> was also performed in many other countries, including the Netherlands. It premiered on <strong>27 November 1956</strong> in the Nieuwe De la Mar Theater, in the presence of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77736\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The play was performed by the Arnhem-based theatre group 'Theater'. It had been translated into Dutch by Antoinette Westerling and was directed by Karl Guttmann, with as cast:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Robert de Vries as Otto Frank,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jenny van Maerlant as Edith Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Anne-Marie Heyligers as Margot Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Martine Crefcoeur as Anne Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Hans Tiemeijer as Mr. van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Enny Mols-de Leeuwe as Petronella van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Jules Croiset as Peter van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Bernhard Droog as Mr. Dussel</li>\r\n\t<li>John de Freese as Mr. Kraler</li>\r\n\t<li>Mia Goossen as Miep Gies<sup data-footnote-id=\"utjlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The play made a big impression in Germany as well, where more than two million people came to see it. The audience was often silent for minutes afterwards. The play contributed greatly to the diary's fame in Germany and many other countries.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77736\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code B_Toneelstuk_VI_004, Krantenartikel over de Nederlandse premiere van het toneelstuk 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank', Het Parool, 27 november 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"utjlh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Toneelstuk_I_021: Programmaboekje voor het toneelstuk Het dagboek van Anne Frank, Toneelgroep Theater in Nieuwe De La Mar Theater in Amsterdam, november 1958.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het oorsponkelijk Amerikaanse toneelstuk <em>The Diary of Anne Frank</em> werd ook in tal van andere landen opgevoerd, waaronder Nederland. De première vond plaats op <strong>27 november 1956</strong> in het Nieuwe De la Mar Theater, in bijzijn van koningin Juliana en prins Bernhard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bn88m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het toneelstuk werd opgevoerd door toneelgroep "Theater" uit Arnhem. Het was naar het Nederlands vertaald door Antoinette Westerling en werd geregiseerd door Karl Guttmann, met als rolverdeling:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Robert de Vries als Otto Frank,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jenny van Maerlant als Edith Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Anne-Marie Heyligers als Margot Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Martine Crefcoeur als Anne Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Hans Tiemeijer als Meneer van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Enny Mols-de Leeuwe als Petronella van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Jules Croiset als Peter van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Bernhard Droog als Meneer Dussel</li>\r\n\t<li>John de Freese als Meneer Kraler</li>\r\n\t<li>Mia Goossen als Miep Gies<sup data-footnote-id=\"ppgru\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In Duitsland maakte het stuk ook grote indruk, meer dan twee miljoen mensen kwamen kijken. Vaak was het na afloop minutenlang stil. Het toneelstuk droeg in Duitsland en in tal van andere landen in grote mate bij aan de bekendheid van het dagboek.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bn88m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code B_Toneelstuk_VI_004, Krantenartikel over de Nederlandse premiere van het toneelstuk 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank', Het Parool, 27 november 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ppgru\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Toneelstuk_I_021: Programmaboekje voor het toneelstuk Het dagboek van Anne Frank, Toneelgroep Theater in Nieuwe De La Mar Theater in Amsterdam, november 1958.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The originally American play <em>The Diary of Anne Frank</em> was also performed in many other countries, including the Netherlands. It premiered on <strong>27 November 1956</strong> in the Nieuwe De la Mar Theater, in the presence of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77736\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The play was performed by the Arnhem-based theatre group 'Theater'. It had been translated into Dutch by Antoinette Westerling and was directed by Karl Guttmann, with as cast:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Robert de Vries as Otto Frank,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jenny van Maerlant as Edith Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Anne-Marie Heyligers as Margot Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Martine Crefcoeur as Anne Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Hans Tiemeijer as Mr. van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Enny Mols-de Leeuwe as Petronella van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Jules Croiset as Peter van Daan</li>\r\n\t<li>Bernhard Droog as Mr. Dussel</li>\r\n\t<li>John de Freese as Mr. Kraler</li>\r\n\t<li>Mia Goossen as Miep Gies<sup data-footnote-id=\"utjlh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The play made a big impression in Germany as well, where more than two million people came to see it. The audience was often silent for minutes afterwards. The play contributed greatly to the diary's fame in Germany and many other countries.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77736\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code B_Toneelstuk_VI_004, Krantenartikel over de Nederlandse premiere van het toneelstuk 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank', Het Parool, 27 november 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"utjlh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Toneelstuk_I_021: Programmaboekje voor het toneelstuk Het dagboek van Anne Frank, Toneelgroep Theater in Nieuwe De La Mar Theater in Amsterdam, november 1958.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1956-11-27",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The premiere of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' took place in the presence of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard.",
"summary_nl": "De première van 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' vindt plaats in bijzijn van koningin Juliana en prins Bernhard.",
"summary_en": "The premiere of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' took place in the presence of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124622,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/287e2f8b-9a45-4ce4-b3b7-59cc1f6cdfb4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "287e2f8b-9a45-4ce4-b3b7-59cc1f6cdfb4",
"name": "Otto Frank and the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en het toneelstuk 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Otto Frank and the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"description": "<p>In the contract with publisher Contact<strong> (1946</strong>), Otto Frank had explicitly arranged that he would retain the translation and film rights to the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Meyer Levin's stage adaptation was rejected, writer couple Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett were commissioned to write it <strong>in late 1953</strong>. Their play <em>The Diary of Anne Frank</em> premiered on Broadway on <strong>5 October 1955</strong>, after try-outs in Philadelphia. The play, produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and directed by Carson Kanin, received the Pulitzer Prize, among other awards, and was translated into many languages and performed in many countries.<em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Meyer Levin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Meyer Levin read the French edition of the diary and sought contact with Otto Frank through the publisher (Calman-Lévy).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He was moved by the diary and saw it as his task to translate it into English. He helped Otto Frank find an English and American publisher and was convinced from the start of the diary's potential for film and stage adaptation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"190yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Levin put Otto Frank in touch with the diary's English publisher, Vallentine Mitchell.<sup data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He approached several people from the theatre and film world and made a passionate appeal to Otto Frank to let him write the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><strong> In early September 1952,</strong> Otto Frank agreed, but with the caveat that Meyer Levin's suggested producer, Cheryl Crawford, would judge the quality of the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank felt he could not do this himself because he was too emotionally involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>By mid-September 1952,</strong> Meyer Levin's stage adaptation was ready.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> But Cheryl Crawford rejected it<strong> (October 1952</strong>). Meyer Levin did not accept this <sup data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> and asked Kermit Bloomgarden to be producer. But Bloomgarden also rejected the play. Bloomgarden had also turned to Otto Frank in <strong>August 1952</strong>, asking to produce the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> To get out of the impasse, Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford and Meyer Levin struck a deal. Levin was given one month (until <strong>21 December 1952</strong>) to submit his play to 14 producers. If there was no interest, he would withdraw the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> When subsequently all fourteen producers rejected the play, Meyer Levin did not keep his end of the bargain and made every effort to still get his stage adaptation performed. The Otto Frank Archive holds extensive correspondence and documentation on the conflict between Meyer Levin and Otto Frank, in which Meyer Levin repeatedly tried to mobilise public opinion and the Jewish community in favour of his stage adaptation of the diary by engaging the press. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Cheryl Crawford stepped down as producer in <strong>April 1953</strong>, Otto Frank signed a contract with Kermit Bloomgarden on <strong>2 October 1953</strong>. Crawford resigned because she had had enough of the difficulties with Meyer Levin and because she had run into financial difficulties producing another play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"px498\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For a new stage adaptation, the choice fell on married couple Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett. They signed the contract on <strong>23 February 1954</strong>. Carson McCullers, who had already been approached by Cheryl Crawford in <strong>November 1952</strong>, had initially agreed to write the play, but she had to withdraw in April <strong>1953</strong> due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>January 1955</strong>, Meyer Levin filed lawsuits against Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford and Kermit Bloomgarden accusing them of fraud, breach of contract and plagiarism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> The charges were eventually upheld only in terms of plagiarism. The trial was settled on appeal in a settlement: Otto Frank paid Meyer Levin $50,000, and the latter then waived his adaptations of the diary.<strong> (26 October 1959</strong>).<sup data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> After this ruling, Meyer Levin continued to publicly voice his displeasure. When he did stage his play in Israel in <strong>1966</strong>, tensions again ran high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In his <strong>1973</strong> book <em>The Obsession</em>, he gave his own take on the whole affair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vm5jj\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The $50,000 settlement amount awarded to Meyer Levin was seized upon by 'diary deniers' in the <strong>1980s</strong> to label the diary of Anne Frank as a forgery, written by Meyer Levin at the behest of Otto Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Hacketts began their stage adaptation on <strong>15 December 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> On <strong>27 December 1953</strong>, the Hacketts first sought contact with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Thereafter, an intensive correspondence ensued in which Otto Frank gave them comments and advice and answered all their questions. This is how Otto Frank put the Hacketts in touch with Ernst Meyer and his family, who lived in America. These were good friends of his, who could tell the writers a lot about the Frank family, the other people in hiding and Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> For the Jewish-religious aspects of the diary, the Hacketts were in contact with liberal rabbi Max Nussbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Nussbaum was the husband of Ruth Nussbaum-Offenstadt, mother of Hannah Toby and previously married to Fritz Toby. A famous photo of Anne and her friends in the sandpit<strong> (1937</strong>) was taken in their garden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fourth version of the play script was the first version Otto Frank got to read in <strong>June 1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otto Frank found the result disappointing:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'(…) I am not moved. (…) Whereas with the Levin play I felt that the psychological development and the characters were good, but that I could not judge the dramatic value, my first impression of the Hackett version is to be excellent routine work, but not giving the spirit of the book. (…) Perhaps it is anyhow a base which, with many changes could be worked out to a higher standard. (…) I cannot say that the script is against the spirit of Anne but it is not working up to the high spirit of Anne and in its present form would never convey the message which the book contains. You can imagine that I feel very miserable about the situation.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Concerned, he wrote a letter to the Hacketts criticising that the play did not reflect the depth of Anne's character nor the message of the book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> For the development of Anne's character, he recommended an article by remedial educationalist Jean Schick-Grossmann for which she had spoken extensively with Otto Frank, Johannes Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In New York, the Hacketts worked on the fourth, fifth and sixth versions of the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0849\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> These versions pleased Otto much better:<em> 'I admire the way you caught the spirit of the book.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> He thought the inserted scenes fitted in superbly. He also had sympathy for the 'bread stealing' scene (Hermann van Pels steals a loaf of bread). Although he wondered whether there would be any legal consequences, as a brother of Hermann van Pels was still alive in the United States. He attached to the letter a list of<em> 'observations and suggestions</em>'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the seventh version of the script, the Hacketts came to Amsterdam where, on <strong>6 December 1954</strong>, they met Otto Frank for the first time. They visited the Secret Annex, the 6th Montessori school, Merwedeplein 37-II and an ice cream parlour where<em> 'Jews were allowed'</em> the following day. <sup data-footnote-id=\"e526o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> There was a meeting with Lou de Jong, who checked the script, and an extensive photo-reportage of and in the Secret Annex was made by photographer Maria Austria. Based on this visit, the play was revised again: the eighth version.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around this time, the Secret Annex was photographed extensively and in detail by Maria Austria for two days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted in his diary on <strong>8 December 1954</strong>: Ph<em>otos.</em> - <em>Austria</em>. On <strong>11 December 1954</strong>: <em>Photos with Haket [sic] + Kanin.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As it was now too late in the season, the producer postponed the play until <strong>autumn 1955</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank answered an extensive list of questions from Joseph Schildkraut, who was to play the role of Otto Frank in the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Furthermore, he was kept closely informed about the casting, sets, invitations to the premiere, etc.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first rehearsal was on <strong>22 August 1955</strong>. Try-outs began in Philadelphia on <strong>15 September 1955</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ncady\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> There were rave reviews, and film companies also showed interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> During the try-outs, the 'bread stealing' scene was moved from morning to night for dramatic effect.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was followed by its New York premiere on <strong>5 October 1955</strong>. Otto Frank never wanted to attend a stage or film screening of the diary. Just before the premiere, he wished the actors well and let them know: '<em>You will all realize that for me his play is a part of my life, and the idea that my wife and children as well as I will be presented on the stage is a painful one to me. Therefore it is impossible for me to come and see it.' </em> Otto Frank had already wished success to the Hacketts on <strong>9 September 1954</strong>, leaving it up to them whether to show the letter to the players in Philadelphia or in New York. <sup data-footnote-id=\"qangh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Contract Uitgeverij Contact en Otto Frank aan Contact, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, 19 september 1950 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"190yv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 10 maart 1951 ('I hope that if you receive any film or stage enquiries, you may direct them to me as I would very much want the opportunity to work on such an adaptation, for I am sure that it will come, and it must be done tenderly, and with utmost fidelity'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Cheryl Crawford, 9 juli 1952 en 6 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 6 november 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 18 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 30 oktober 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Telegram Kermit Bloomgarten aan Otto Frank, augustus 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Edwin Eytan, 13 april 1960; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Bernard Heller, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Mermin aan Otto Frank, 6 december 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 23 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Meyer Levin en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met zijn Amerikaanse advocaat Meyer Mermin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"px498\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Meyer Mermin met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Contract Otto Frank met de Hacketts, 23 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs. Otto Frank en Cheryl Crawford, 5 januari 1955; AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs Otto Frank en Kermit Bloomgarden, 26 februari 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telegram van advocaat Edward Costikiyan aan Otto Frank met voorstel Levin en het theater te wijzen op de rechtenschending, d.d. 1 december 1966. Otto Frank laat op 3 december weten dat hij daarmee akkoord gaat. AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code OFA_171, telegrammen tussen Costiyakin en Otto Frank, december 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vm5jj\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Meyer Levin, <em>The Obsession</em>, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1973. Zie verder: Lawrence Graver, <em>An obesssion with Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary</em>, Berkeley, CA: Universoty of California Press, 1995; Ralph Melnick, <em>The stolen legacy of Anne Frank: Meyer Levin, Lillian Hellmann, and the staging of the Diary</em>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 7, Miscellaneous: A Diary of the Diary.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0763b\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 2 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De eerste ruwe versie is klaar op 21 januari 1954, de tweede versie op 26 februari, de derde versie op 22 april en de vierde versie op 21 mei 1954 en wordt uitgetypt en toegestuurd aan de producent, de agente van de Hacketts en aan Otto Frank. WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Otto Frank aan Meyer Mermin, 2 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 14 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 6 juli 1954; WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961: Jean Schick Grossmann, Anne Frank. The Story within her story (ongepubliceerd, 1954).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0849\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De zesde versie is de tweede versie die Otto Frank onder ogen krijgt (oktober 1954). De vijfde versie is af op 19 augustus. Op 11 september 1954 wordt begonnen aan de aanpassingen voor zesde versie die op 4 oktober klaar is en kan worden uitgetypt, Zie noot 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-195: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 5 november 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e526o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Center for Theatre Research (WCTR), Madison,WI, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A Diary of the Diary. Met de ijssalon is zeer waarschijnlijk Oase bedoeld.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WCTR, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A diary of the Diary, notitie 10 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_202: Otto Frank aan Joseph Schildkraut, 4 mei 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ncady\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Hackett Korrespondenz 1954-1960, ongeïnventariseerd archief, doos 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijvoorbeeld brief 3 oktober 1955: WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 3 oktober..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Hackett Korrespondenz, doos 51: Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qangh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodric/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, corresepondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan de Hacketts, 9 september 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In het contract met uitgeverij Contact (<strong>1946</strong>) had Otto Frank expliciet geregeld dat hij de vertaal- en filmrechten van het dagboek zou behouden.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":846,"y":22,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1067,"abs_y":428}\" data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nadat Meyer Levins toneelbewerking was afgewezen, kreeg het schrijversechtpaar Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett <strong>eind 1953</strong> de opdracht. Hun toneelstuk <em>Het dagboek van Anne Frank</em> ging, na try-outs in Philadelphia, op Broadway in première op <strong>5 oktober 1955</strong>. Het stuk, geproduceerd door Kermit Bloomgarden en geregisseerd door Carson Kanin, kreeg onder andere de Pulitzerprijs en werd in veel talen vertaald en in veel landen opgevoerd.<em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Meyer Levin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Meyer Levin las de Franse editie van het dagboek en zocht via de uitgever (Calman-Lévy) contact met Otto Frank.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":676,"y":174,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":897,"abs_y":580}\" data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hij was geraakt door het dagboek en zag het als zijn taak het in het Engels te vertalen. Hij hiep Otto Frank bij het vinden van een Engelse en Amerikaanse uitgever en was van meet af aan overtuigd van de mogelijkheden van het dagboek voor verfilming en toneelbewerking.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":195,"y":219,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":416,"abs_y":625}\" data-footnote-id=\"190yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Levin bracht Otto Frank in contact met de Engelse uitgever van het dagboek, Vallentine Mitchell.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":764,"y":219,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":985,"abs_y":625}\" data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Hij benaderde diverse mensen uit de toneel- en filmwereld en deed een hartstochtelijk beroep op Otto Frank om hem het toneelstuk te laten schrijven.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":604,"y":243,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":825,"abs_y":649}\" data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><strong> Begin september 1952</strong> stemde Otto Frank toe, maar wel onder voorbehoud dat de door Meyer Levin voorgestelde producente, Cheryl Crawford de kwaliteit van het stuk zou beoordelen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":646,"y":267,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":867,"abs_y":673}\" data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank vond dat hij dit zelf niet kon, omdat hij er gevoelsmatig te veel bij betrokken was.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":151,"y":291,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":372,"abs_y":697}\" data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Half september 1952</strong> was Meyer Levins toneelbewerking klaar.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":387,"y":328,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":608,"abs_y":734}\" data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Maar Cheryl Crawford wees het af (<strong>oktober 1952</strong>). Meyer Levin legde zich hier niet bij neer<sup bis_size=\"{"x":928,"y":328,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1149,"abs_y":734}\" data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> en vroeg Kermit Bloomgarden als producent. Maar ook Bloomgarden wees het stuk af. Bloomgarden had zich ook al in <strong>augustus 1952</strong> tot Otto Frank gericht met het verzoek het toneelstuk te mogen produceren.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":132,"y":373,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":353,"abs_y":779}\" data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Om uit de impasse te komen, sloten Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford en Meyer Levin een overeenkomst. Levin kreeg een maand de tijd (tot <strong>21 december 1952</strong>) om zijn stuk aan veertien producenten voor te leggen. Als er geen interesse was, zou hij het stuk terugtrekken.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":654,"y":397,"w":17,"h":12,"abs_x":875,"abs_y":803}\" data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Toen vervolgens alle veertien producenten het stuk afwezen, hield Meyer Levin zich niet aan de afspraak en stelde hij alles in het werk zijn toneelbewerking alsnog opgevoerd te krijgen. In het Otto Frank Archief bevindt zich uitgebreide correspondentie en documentatie over het conflict tussen Meyer Levin en Otto Frank, waarbij Meyer Levin herhaaldelijk de publieke opinie en de Joodse gemeenschap probeerde te mobiliseren ten gunste van zijn toneelbewerking van het dagboek door de pers in te schakelen. <sup bis_size=\"{"x":570,"y":462,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":791,"abs_y":868}\" data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Cheryl Crawford zich in <strong>april 1953</strong> terugtrok als producente, sloot Otto Frank op <strong>2 oktober 1953</strong> een contract met Kermit Bloomgarden. Crawford zag er vanaf omdat ze genoeg had van de moeilijkheden met Meyer Levin en omdat ze in financiële moeilijkheden was gekomen door de productie van een ander toneelstuk.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":886,"y":520,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1107,"abs_y":926}\" data-footnote-id=\"px498\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Voor een nieuwe toneelbewerking viel de keuze op het echtpaar Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett. Zij tekenden het contract op <strong>23 februari 1954</strong>. Carson McCullers, die al <strong>november 1952</strong> door Cheryl Crawford werd benaderd, had eerst toegezegd het toneelstuk te schrijven, maar zij moest zich in <strong>april 1953</strong> vanwege gezondheidsredenen terug trekken.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":943,"y":565,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1164,"abs_y":971}\" data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>januari 1955</strong> voerde Meyer Levin rechtszaken tegen Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford en Kermit Bloomgarden waarin hij hen beschuldigde van fraude, contractbreuk en plagiaat.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":623,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":1029}\" data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De aanklacht werd uiteindelijk alleen toegewezen wat betreft plagiaat. Het proces werd in hoger beroep beslecht in een schikking: Otto Frank betaalde Meyer Levin 50.000 dollar die daarbij afstand deed van zijn bewerkingen van het dagboek. (<strong>26 oktober 1959</strong>).<sup bis_size=\"{"x":501,"y":647,"w":17,"h":12,"abs_x":722,"abs_y":1053}\" data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Na deze uitspraak bleef Meyer Levin in het openbaar zijn ongenoegen uiten. Toen hij zijn toneelstuk in <strong>1966</strong> toch in Israël op de planken bracht, liepen de spanningen weer hoog op.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":544,"y":671,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":765,"abs_y":1077}\" data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In zijn boek <em>The Obsession</em> uit <strong>1973</strong> gaf hij zijn eigen visie op de hele affaire.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":1007,"y":671,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1228,"abs_y":1077}\" data-footnote-id=\"i57db\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het aan Meyer Levin toegekende schikkingsbedrag van 50.000 dollar werd in de <strong>jaren ’80</strong> aangegrepen door 'dagboekontkenners' om het dagboek van Anne Frank te bestempelen als een vervalsing, door Meyer Levin geschreven in opdracht van Otto Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Hacketts begonnen met hun toneelbewerking op <strong>15 december 1953</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":438,"y":819,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":659,"abs_y":1225}\" data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Op <strong>27 december 1953</strong> zochten de Hacketts voor het eerst contact met Otto Frank.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":937,"y":819,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1158,"abs_y":1225}\" data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Daarna ontstond er een intensieve briefwisseling waarbij Otto Frank hen commentaar en advies gaf en al hun vragen beantwoordde. Zo bracht Otto Frank de Hacketts in contact met de in Amerika woonachtige Ernst Meyer en zijn gezin. Dit waren goede vrienden van hem, die de schrijvers veel over de familie Frank, de andere onderduikers en Amsterdam konden vertellen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":1039,"y":863,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1260,"abs_y":1269}\" data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup>Voor de joods-religieuze aspecten uit het dagboek hadden de Hacketts contact met de liberale rabbijn Max Nussbaum.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":702,"y":887,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":923,"abs_y":1293}\" data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Nussbaum was de echtgenoot van Ruth Nussbaum-Offenstadt, moeder van Hannah Toby en eerder getrouwd met Fritz Toby. Een bekende foto van Anne en haar vriendinnen in de zandbak (<strong>1937</strong>) werd bij hen in de tuin gemaakt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vierde versie van het toneelscript was de eerste versie die Otto Frank in <strong>juni 1954</strong> onder ogen kreeg.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":624,"y":945,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":845,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otto Frank vond het resultaat teleurstellend:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'{…) I am not moved. (…) Whereas with the Levin play I felt that the psychological development and the characters were good, but that I could not judge the dramatic value, my first impression of the Hackett version is to be excellent routine work, but not giving the spirit of the book. (…) Perhaps it is anyhow a base which, with many changes could be worked out to a higher standard. (…) I cannot say that the script is against the spirit of Anne but it is not working up to the high spirit of Anne and in its present form would never convey the message which the book contains. You can imagine that I feel very miserable about the situation.'<sup bis_size=\"{"x":142,"y":1067,"w":20,"h":12,"abs_x":363,"abs_y":1473}\" data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Bezwaard schreef hij een brief aan de Hacketts met zijn kritiek dat het toneelstuk de diepgang van Annes karakter noch de boodschap van het boek weergaf.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":923,"y":1106,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1144,"abs_y":1512}\" data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Voor de ontwikkeling van Annes karakter beval hij een artikel aan van orthopedagoge Jean Schick-Grossmann waarvoor zij uitgebreid met Otto Frank, Johannes Kleiman en Miep Gies had gesproken.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":109,"y":1151,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":330,"abs_y":1557}\" data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In New York werkten de Hacketts aan de vierde, vijfde en zesde versie van het stuk.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":502,"y":1188,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":723,"abs_y":1594}\" data-footnote-id=\"r0849\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Deze versies bevielen Otto veel beter: '<em>I admire the way you caught the spirit of the book.'</em><sup bis_size=\"{"x":1039,"y":1188,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1260,"abs_y":1594}\" data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup>Hij vond de ingevoegde scènes uitstekend in het geheel passen. Ook voor de 'broodsteel'-scene (Hermann van Pels steelt een brood) had hij begrip. Hoewel hij zich afvroeg of er juridische consequenties waren, omdat er nog een broer van Hermann van Pels in de Verenigde Staten in leven was. Bij de brief voegde hij een lijst met '<em>observations'and suggestions</em>' .</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de zevende bewerking van het script, kwamen de Hacketts naar Amsterdam waar ze, op <strong>6 december 1954</strong>, voor het eerst Otto Frank ontmoetten. Ze bezochten de dag erop het Achterhuis, de 6e Montessorischool, Merwedeplein 37-II en een ijssalon waar '<em>Jews were allowed'</em>. <sup bis_size=\"{"x":590,"y":1308,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":811,"abs_y":1714}\" data-footnote-id=\"e526o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Er was een ontmoeting met Lou de Jong die het script controleerde en er werd een uitgebreide fotoreportage van en in het Achterhuis gemaakt door fotografe Maria Austria. Op grond van dit bezoek werd het toneelstuk nogmaals herzien: de achtste versie.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond deze tijd werd het Achterhuis gedurende twee dagen uitvoerig en in detail door Maria Austria gefotografeerd.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":677,"y":1387,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":898,"abs_y":1793}\" data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde in zijn agenda op <strong>8 december 1954</strong>: <em>Fotos. - Austria</em>. Op <strong>11 december 1954</strong>: <em>Fotos met Haket [sic] + Kanin.</em><sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":1411,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1817}\" data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat het inmiddels te laat in het seizoen was, stelde de producent het toneelstuk uit tot <strong>najaar 1955</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank beantwoorde een uitgebreide vragenlijst van Joseph Schildkraut, die de rol van Otto Frank in het toneelstuk zou gaan spelen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":804,"y":1482,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1025,"abs_y":1888}\" data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Verder liet hij zich nauwgezet op de hoogte houden over de casting, decors, uitnodigingen voor de première etc.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":455,"y":1506,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":676,"abs_y":1912}\" data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 augustus 1955</strong> was de eerste repetitie. De try-outs begonnen in Philadelphia op <strong>15 september 1955</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":645,"y":1543,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":866,"abs_y":1949}\" data-footnote-id=\"ncady\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De recensies waren lovend en ook filmmaatschappijen toonden interesse.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":126,"y":1567,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":347,"abs_y":1973}\" data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Tijdens de try-outs werd de ‘broodsteel’-scene verplaatst van de ochtend naar de nacht vanwege het dramatische effect.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":839,"y":1567,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":1060,"abs_y":1973}\" data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 oktober 1955</strong> volgde de première in New York. Otto Frank wilde nooit een toneel- of filmvoorstelling van het dagboek bijwonen. Vlak voor de première wenstte hij de spelers succes en liet hen weten: '<em>You will all realize that for me his play is a part of my life, and the idea that my wife and children as well as I will be presented on the stage is a painful one to me. Therefore it is impossible for me to come and see it.' </em> Otto Frank had zijn succeswensen al op <strong>9 september 1954</strong> gestuurd aan de Hacketts en liet het aan hen over of ze de brief in Philadelphia of in New York aan de spelers wilden laten zien. <sup bis_size=\"{"x":416,"y":1666,"w":18,"h":12,"abs_x":637,"abs_y":2072}\" data-footnote-id=\"qangh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":1701,"w":1041,"h":1202,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":2107}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":35,"y":1718,"w":1011,"h":23,"abs_x":256,"abs_y":2124}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Contract Uitgeverij Contact en Otto Frank aan Contact, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, 19 september 1950 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"190yv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 10 maart 1951 ('I hope that if you receive any film or stage enquiries, you may direct them to me as I would very much want the opportunity to work on such an adaptation, for I am sure that it will come, and it must be done tenderly, and with utmost fidelity'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Cheryl Crawford, 9 juli 1952 en 6 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 6 november 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 18 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 30 oktober 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Telegram Kermit Bloomgarten aan Otto Frank, augustus 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Edwin Eytan, 13 april 1960; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Bernard Heller, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Mermin aan Otto Frank, 6 december 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 23 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Meyer Levin en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met zijn Amerikaanse advocaat Meyer Mermin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"px498\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Meyer Mermin met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Contract Otto Frank met de Hacketts, 23 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs. Otto Frank en Cheryl Crawford, 5 januari 1955; AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs Otto Frank en Kermit Bloomgarden, 26 februari 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telegram van advocaat Edward Costikiyan aan Otto Frank met voorstel Levin en het theater te wijzen op de rechtenschending, d.d. 1 december 1966. Otto Frank laat op 3 december weten dat hij daarmee akkoord gaat. AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code OFA_171, telegrammen tussen Costiyakin en Otto Frank, december 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i57db\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Meyer Levin, <em>The Obsession</em>, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1973. Zie verder: Lawrence Graver, <em>An obesssion with Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary</em>, Berkeley, CA: Universoty of California Press, 1995; Ralph Melnick, <em>The stolen legacy of Anne Frank: Meyer Levin, Lillian Hellmann, and the staging of the Diary</em>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 7, Miscellaneous: A Diary of the diary.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0763b\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 2 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De eerste ruwe versie is klaar op 21 januari 1954, de tweede versie op 26 februari, de derde versie op 22 april en de vierde versie op 21 mei 1954 en wordt uitgetypt en toegestuurd aan de producent, de agente van de Hacketts en aan Otto Frank. WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Otto Frank aan Meyer Mermin, 2 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 14 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 6 juli 1954; WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961: Jean Schick Grossmann, Anne Frank. The Story within her story (ongepubliceerd, 1954).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0849\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De zesde versie is de tweede versie die Otto Frank onder ogen krijgt (oktober 1954). De vijfde versie is af op 19 augustus. Op 11 september 1954 wordt begonnen aan de aanpassingen voor zesde versie die op 4 oktober klaar is en kan worden uitgetypt, Zie noot 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 5 november 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e526o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Center for Theatre Research (WCTR), Madison,WI, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A Diary of the Diary. Met de ijssalon is zeer waarschijnlijk Oase bedoeld.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WCTR, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A diary of the Diary, notitie 10 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_202: Otto Frank aan Joseph Schildkraut, 4 mei 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ncady\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Hackett Korrespondenz 1954-1960, ongeïnventariseerd archief, doos 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijvoorbeeld brief 3 oktober 1955: WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 3 oktober..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Hackett Korrespondenz, doos 51: Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qangh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodric/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan de Hacketts, 9 september 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In the contract with publisher Contact<strong> (1946</strong>), Otto Frank had explicitly arranged that he would retain the translation and film rights to the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Meyer Levin's stage adaptation was rejected, writer couple Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett were commissioned to write it <strong>in late 1953</strong>. Their play <em>The Diary of Anne Frank</em> premiered on Broadway on <strong>5 October 1955</strong>, after try-outs in Philadelphia. The play, produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and directed by Carson Kanin, received the Pulitzer Prize, among other awards, and was translated into many languages and performed in many countries.<em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Meyer Levin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Meyer Levin read the French edition of the diary and sought contact with Otto Frank through the publisher (Calman-Lévy).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He was moved by the diary and saw it as his task to translate it into English. He helped Otto Frank find an English and American publisher and was convinced from the start of the diary's potential for film and stage adaptation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"190yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Levin put Otto Frank in touch with the diary's English publisher, Vallentine Mitchell.<sup data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> He approached several people from the theatre and film world and made a passionate appeal to Otto Frank to let him write the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><strong> In early September 1952,</strong> Otto Frank agreed, but with the caveat that Meyer Levin's suggested producer, Cheryl Crawford, would judge the quality of the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank felt he could not do this himself because he was too emotionally involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>By mid-September 1952,</strong> Meyer Levin's stage adaptation was ready.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> But Cheryl Crawford rejected it<strong> (October 1952</strong>). Meyer Levin did not accept this <sup data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> and asked Kermit Bloomgarden to be producer. But Bloomgarden also rejected the play. Bloomgarden had also turned to Otto Frank in <strong>August 1952</strong>, asking to produce the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> To get out of the impasse, Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford and Meyer Levin struck a deal. Levin was given one month (until <strong>21 December 1952</strong>) to submit his play to 14 producers. If there was no interest, he would withdraw the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> When subsequently all fourteen producers rejected the play, Meyer Levin did not keep his end of the bargain and made every effort to still get his stage adaptation performed. The Otto Frank Archive holds extensive correspondence and documentation on the conflict between Meyer Levin and Otto Frank, in which Meyer Levin repeatedly tried to mobilise public opinion and the Jewish community in favour of his stage adaptation of the diary by engaging the press. <sup data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Cheryl Crawford stepped down as producer in <strong>April 1953</strong>, Otto Frank signed a contract with Kermit Bloomgarden on <strong>2 October 1953</strong>. Crawford resigned because she had had enough of the difficulties with Meyer Levin and because she had run into financial difficulties producing another play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"px498\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For a new stage adaptation, the choice fell on married couple Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett. They signed the contract on <strong>23 February 1954</strong>. Carson McCullers, who had already been approached by Cheryl Crawford in <strong>November 1952</strong>, had initially agreed to write the play, but she had to withdraw in April <strong>1953</strong> due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>January 1955</strong>, Meyer Levin filed lawsuits against Otto Frank, Cheryl Crawford and Kermit Bloomgarden accusing them of fraud, breach of contract and plagiarism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> The charges were eventually upheld only in terms of plagiarism. The trial was settled on appeal in a settlement: Otto Frank paid Meyer Levin $50,000, and the latter then waived his adaptations of the diary.<strong> (26 October 1959</strong>).<sup data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> After this ruling, Meyer Levin continued to publicly voice his displeasure. When he did stage his play in Israel in <strong>1966</strong>, tensions again ran high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In his <strong>1973</strong> book <em>The Obsession</em>, he gave his own take on the whole affair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vm5jj\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The $50,000 settlement amount awarded to Meyer Levin was seized upon by 'diary deniers' in the <strong>1980s</strong> to label the diary of Anne Frank as a forgery, written by Meyer Levin at the behest of Otto Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Hacketts began their stage adaptation on <strong>15 December 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> On <strong>27 December 1953</strong>, the Hacketts first sought contact with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Thereafter, an intensive correspondence ensued in which Otto Frank gave them comments and advice and answered all their questions. This is how Otto Frank put the Hacketts in touch with Ernst Meyer and his family, who lived in America. These were good friends of his, who could tell the writers a lot about the Frank family, the other people in hiding and Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> For the Jewish-religious aspects of the diary, the Hacketts were in contact with liberal rabbi Max Nussbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763b\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Nussbaum was the husband of Ruth Nussbaum-Offenstadt, mother of Hannah Toby and previously married to Fritz Toby. A famous photo of Anne and her friends in the sandpit<strong> (1937</strong>) was taken in their garden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fourth version of the play script was the first version Otto Frank got to read in <strong>June 1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otto Frank found the result disappointing:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'(…) I am not moved. (…) Whereas with the Levin play I felt that the psychological development and the characters were good, but that I could not judge the dramatic value, my first impression of the Hackett version is to be excellent routine work, but not giving the spirit of the book. (…) Perhaps it is anyhow a base which, with many changes could be worked out to a higher standard. (…) I cannot say that the script is against the spirit of Anne but it is not working up to the high spirit of Anne and in its present form would never convey the message which the book contains. You can imagine that I feel very miserable about the situation.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Concerned, he wrote a letter to the Hacketts criticising that the play did not reflect the depth of Anne's character nor the message of the book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> For the development of Anne's character, he recommended an article by remedial educationalist Jean Schick-Grossmann for which she had spoken extensively with Otto Frank, Johannes Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In New York, the Hacketts worked on the fourth, fifth and sixth versions of the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0849\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> These versions pleased Otto much better:<em> 'I admire the way you caught the spirit of the book.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> He thought the inserted scenes fitted in superbly. He also had sympathy for the 'bread stealing' scene (Hermann van Pels steals a loaf of bread). Although he wondered whether there would be any legal consequences, as a brother of Hermann van Pels was still alive in the United States. He attached to the letter a list of<em> 'observations and suggestions</em>'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the seventh version of the script, the Hacketts came to Amsterdam where, on <strong>6 December 1954</strong>, they met Otto Frank for the first time. They visited the Secret Annex, the 6th Montessori school, Merwedeplein 37-II and an ice cream parlour where<em> 'Jews were allowed'</em> the following day. <sup data-footnote-id=\"e526o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> There was a meeting with Lou de Jong, who checked the script, and an extensive photo-reportage of and in the Secret Annex was made by photographer Maria Austria. Based on this visit, the play was revised again: the eighth version.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around this time, the Secret Annex was photographed extensively and in detail by Maria Austria for two days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted in his diary on <strong>8 December 1954</strong>: Ph<em>otos.</em> - <em>Austria</em>. On <strong>11 December 1954</strong>: <em>Photos with Haket [sic] + Kanin.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As it was now too late in the season, the producer postponed the play until <strong>autumn 1955</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank answered an extensive list of questions from Joseph Schildkraut, who was to play the role of Otto Frank in the play.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Furthermore, he was kept closely informed about the casting, sets, invitations to the premiere, etc.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first rehearsal was on <strong>22 August 1955</strong>. Try-outs began in Philadelphia on <strong>15 September 1955</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ncady\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> There were rave reviews, and film companies also showed interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> During the try-outs, the 'bread stealing' scene was moved from morning to night for dramatic effect.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was followed by its New York premiere on <strong>5 October 1955</strong>. Otto Frank never wanted to attend a stage or film screening of the diary. Just before the premiere, he wished the actors well and let them know: '<em>You will all realize that for me his play is a part of my life, and the idea that my wife and children as well as I will be presented on the stage is a painful one to me. Therefore it is impossible for me to come and see it.' </em> Otto Frank had already wished success to the Hacketts on <strong>9 September 1954</strong>, leaving it up to them whether to show the letter to the players in Philadelphia or in New York. <sup data-footnote-id=\"qangh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x6ih\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_090: Contract Uitgeverij Contact en Otto Frank aan Contact, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h9vdn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Meyer Levin met Otto Frank, 19 september 1950 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"190yv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 10 maart 1951 ('I hope that if you receive any film or stage enquiries, you may direct them to me as I would very much want the opportunity to work on such an adaptation, for I am sure that it will come, and it must be done tenderly, and with utmost fidelity'.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"an7fj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_132.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9zwl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 16 juni 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2c3h\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Cheryl Crawford, 9 juli 1952 en 6 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfs7r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 6 november 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq3po\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 18 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1sbv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 30 oktober 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8elwv\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Telegram Kermit Bloomgarten aan Otto Frank, augustus 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Edwin Eytan, 13 april 1960; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172: Otto Frank aan Bernard Heller, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y66jd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Mermin aan Otto Frank, 6 december 1952; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Meyer Levin aan Otto Frank, 23 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygmqn\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_159: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Meyer Levin en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met zijn Amerikaanse advocaat Meyer Mermin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"px498\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Correspondentie van Meyer Mermin met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z1mvj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_172; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Contract Otto Frank met de Hacketts, 23 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxv94\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs. Otto Frank en Cheryl Crawford, 5 januari 1955; AFS, AFC, reg. code 164: Aanklacht Meyer Levin vs Otto Frank en Kermit Bloomgarden, 26 februari 1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh3bm\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telegram van advocaat Edward Costikiyan aan Otto Frank met voorstel Levin en het theater te wijzen op de rechtenschending, d.d. 1 december 1966. Otto Frank laat op 3 december weten dat hij daarmee akkoord gaat. AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code OFA_171, telegrammen tussen Costiyakin en Otto Frank, december 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vm5jj\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Meyer Levin, <em>The Obsession</em>, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1973. Zie verder: Lawrence Graver, <em>An obesssion with Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary</em>, Berkeley, CA: Universoty of California Press, 1995; Ralph Melnick, <em>The stolen legacy of Anne Frank: Meyer Levin, Lillian Hellmann, and the staging of the Diary</em>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ag9a\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), Madison, WI, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 7, Miscellaneous: A Diary of the Diary.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0763b\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 2 februari 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggc3w\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De eerste ruwe versie is klaar op 21 januari 1954, de tweede versie op 26 februari, de derde versie op 22 april en de vierde versie op 21 mei 1954 en wordt uitgetypt en toegestuurd aan de producent, de agente van de Hacketts en aan Otto Frank. WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3q65\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_171: Otto Frank aan Meyer Mermin, 2 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6yix\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 14 juni 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ysy9b\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 6 juli 1954; WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961: Jean Schick Grossmann, Anne Frank. The Story within her story (ongepubliceerd, 1954).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0849\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De zesde versie is de tweede versie die Otto Frank onder ogen krijgt (oktober 1954). De vijfde versie is af op 19 augustus. Op 11 september 1954 wordt begonnen aan de aanpassingen voor zesde versie die op 4 oktober klaar is en kan worden uitgetypt, Zie noot 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vjmot\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, correspondence 1952-195: Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett, 5 november 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e526o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wisconsin Center for Theatre Research (WCTR), Madison,WI, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A Diary of the Diary. Met de ijssalon is zeer waarschijnlijk Oase bedoeld.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0xpx\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WCTR, Goodrich and Hackett papers, box 7: A diary of the Diary, notitie 10 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s6l7\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zrzcq\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_202: Otto Frank aan Joseph Schildkraut, 4 mei 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k7oi7\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ncady\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Hackett Korrespondenz 1954-1960, ongeïnventariseerd archief, doos 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mjg9n\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijvoorbeeld brief 3 oktober 1955: WHS, Goodrich/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no 2, correspondence 1952-1956: Brief Otto Frank aan Frances Goodrich en Albert Hacketts, 3 oktober..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9jsz4\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Hackett Korrespondenz, doos 51: Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qangh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WHS, Goodric/Hackett papers 1927-1961, Box no. 2, corresepondence 1952-1956: Otto Frank aan de Hacketts, 9 september 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The American stage version of the Diary of Anne Frank premiered in 1955.",
"summary_nl": "In 1955 verscheen de Amerikaanse toneelversie van het dagboek van Anne Frank op de planken.",
"summary_en": "The American stage version of the Diary of Anne Frank premiered in 1955.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ac1c8f4c-113a-4db2-818c-22ccb1532137?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/ff7fd641-f420-40b1-8ce2-d5fedcbf7a41/",
"published": true,
"name": "Nieuwe De la Mar Theater",
"name_nl": "Nieuwe De la Mar Theater",
"name_en": "Nieuwe De la Mar Theater",
"uuid": "ff7fd641-f420-40b1-8ce2-d5fedcbf7a41",
"content": "<p>After Theater De la Mar ran into financial difficulties in <strong>1950</strong>, Wim Sonneveld took over the management of the theater. The name was changed to the Nieuwe De la Mar Theater and Wim Sonneveld remained involved with the DeLaMar theater until his death in <strong>1974</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d89vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d89vo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLaMar\" target=\"_blank\">DeLaMar</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat Theater De la Mar in <strong>1950</strong> in geldnood kwam nam Wim Sonneveld de leiding van het theater op zich. De naam werd gewijzigd in het Nieuwe De la Mar theater en Wim Sonneveld bleef tot zijn dood in <strong>1974</strong> betrokken bij het DeLaMar theater.<sup data-footnote-id=\"74vka\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74vka\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLaMar\" target=\"_blank\">DeLaMar</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After Theater De la Mar ran into financial difficulties in <strong>1950</strong>, Wim Sonneveld took over the management of the theater. The name was changed to the Nieuwe De la Mar Theater and Wim Sonneveld remained involved with the DeLaMar theater until his death in <strong>1974</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d89vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d89vo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLaMar\" target=\"_blank\">DeLaMar</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88088 52.36444)",
"summary": "The Nieuwe De la Mar Theater at Amsterdam's Leidseplein hosted the Dutch premiere of the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"summary_nl": "In het Nieuwe De la Mar Theater aan het Amsterdamse Leidseplein vond de Nederlandse première van het toneelstuk 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' plaats.",
"summary_en": "The Nieuwe De la Mar Theater at Amsterdam's Leidseplein hosted the Dutch premiere of the play 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Marnixstraat 402",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
259
]
},
"score": 1.292722
}
]
}
