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"title": "Auguste van Pels, 16 juli 1941",
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"first_name": "Auguste",
"last_name": "Pels - Röttgen",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_nl": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_en": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"content": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Auguste Röttgen werd op <strong>29 september 1900 </strong>geboren in Buer, Kreis (district) Recklinghausen, Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was de dochter van Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had vier zussen: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha en Lotte. Na de oorlog verklaarde Margaretha dat Auguste economie had gestudeerd in Keulen en deze studie succesvol afrondde. Volgens het universiteitsarchief van Keulen schreef Auguste zich na een semester uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bewos\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 december 1925</strong> trouwde Auguste Röttgen in haar woonplaats Elberfeld met Hermann van Pels. Ze kreeg hierdoor automatisch de Nederlandse nationaliteit. Op <strong>8 november 1926</strong> werd zoon Peter geboren. Hij bleef enig kind. In <strong>1937 </strong>kwam Auguste met haar gezin naar Nederland. Na enkele verhuizingen kwamen ze terecht in een ruime vierkamerwoning aan de Zuider Amstellaan, ingericht met uit Duitsland meegebracht meubilair. Op <strong>30 oktober 1942</strong>, toen ze al enkele maanden waren ondergedoken, werd de woning leeggehaald.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1942</strong> ging ook Auguste van Pels onderduiken in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Wat we uit deze periode over haar weten komt uit Annes dagboek, met enige correcties en aanvullingen van Otto Frank en Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Auguste van Pels via Westerbork in Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht. Later werd ze doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen, naar Raguhn en vandaar naar Theresienstadt. Onderweg naar Theresienstadt kwam ze om. Ze was bij overlijden 44 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bewos\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-09-29",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Buer",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
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"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
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"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7/",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
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"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"uuid": "e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677",
"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7",
"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"uuid": "74dfd67d-877e-4ab7-9bb4-8f523e8f1e86",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.134",
"title": "Edith Frank-Holländer, Amsterdam, mei 1935 of 1936",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9006f8f0-6a33-baaf-a392-73cfcefdc04b.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Edith Frank-Holländer uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1935 of 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1935'. De datering is niet duidelijk: Anne dateert deze foto mei 1935, Otto andere foto's van dit vel mei 1936.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"first_name": "Edith",
"last_name": "Frank - Holländer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_nl": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_en": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"content": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens haar geboorteakte werd Edith Holländer geboren op <strong>16 januari 1900</strong> in Aachen, op het adres Heinrichsallee 50. Zij was een dochter van Abraham Holländer en Rosalie Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith was de jongste van vier kinderen. Zij had twee broers: Julius en Walter. Bettina, de enige zuster, overleed op 16-jarige leeftijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith bezocht de <em>evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> aan de Warmweiherstrasse in haar geboorteplaats. In <strong>1916</strong> deed ze eindexamen. Ze was sportief en ze deed onder meer aan tennis. Voor haar huwelijk werkte ze enige tijd in het familiebedrijf. De door haar grootvader opgerichte firma <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em> handelde in stoomketels, apparaten en industriële installaties, maar ook in oud ijzer, oud papier en lompen. Er was een nevenvestiging in Keulen en sinds <strong>1914 </strong>had het bedrijf ook een wagonfabriek bij Hannover, waar Ediths broer Walter werkte. Op <strong>12 mei 1925</strong> trouwde Edith met Otto Frank en verhuisde naar Frankfurt. In <strong>1926</strong> werd Margot geboren en in <strong>1929</strong> volgde Anne. Nadat zij en Otto in <strong>1933</strong> besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Edith met de kinderen eerst enige tijd bij haar moeder in Aken wonen. Ze reisde veel naar Amsterdam heen en weer. Ze was daar onder meer druk met het zoeken naar een woning. In<strong> december 1933</strong> vertrok ze definitief naar Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gemis van haar oude leven viel Edith zwaar. Ze correspondeerde regelmatig met het vroegere Frankfurtse buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann en ze richtte zich verder vooral op haar gezin. Vanaf <strong>september 1938 </strong>ondernam ze met Otto pogingen haar moeder naar Nederland te halen. Kort na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> verleende het Ministerie van Justitie hiervoor ook toestemming. Ediths broers Walter en Julius slaagden erin naar Amerika te emigreren. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Edith via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Ze was aanvankelijk samen met haar dochters, maar die werden na ongeveer acht weken doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen. Edith leed hier erg onder. Over haar verdere lotgevallen is weinig bekend, maar een vriendin zag haar later in een ziekenbarak. Ze had hoge koorts en was door voedselgebrek en ziekte totaal uitgeput. Ze stierf enkele dagen later op 44-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, 'Wie was Edith Frank-Holländer?', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?,</em> Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-01-16",
"death_date": "1945-01-06",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Aken",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer was de moeder van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Edith-Frank"
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{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
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"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"parent": 396124657,
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"latitude": "52.349589",
"longitude": "4.874142",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7/",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
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"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"uuid": "e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677",
"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21",
"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"name": "A_Kleiman_III_006",
"title": "Johannes Kleiman, niet gedateerd",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
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"description": "Pasfoto van Johannes Kleiman, zonder datum.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"published": true,
"uuid": "7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"first_name": "Johannes",
"last_name": "Kleiman",
"infix": "",
"title": "Johannes Kleiman",
"title_nl": "Johannes Kleiman",
"title_en": null,
"content": "<p>Johannes Kleiman was born on <strong>17 August 1896</strong> as the son of Cornelis Kleiman and Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was the third of four children. He had two brothers, Cornelis (Cor) and Willem Jacobus (Willy), and a sister, Agatha, who died young.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1896,</strong> the Kleiman family lived at Domineespad, now called Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. A few months after the birth of Johannes, the family moved to Nijmegen. Kleiman married Johanna Catharina Reuman in <strong>July 1923</strong>. Their daughter Johanna was born in <strong>1928</strong>. During the hiding period he and his family lived at 12 II Wielingenstraat in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first contacts with Otto Frank date back to <strong>1923</strong>, when Kleiman became proxy holder at the Amsterdam branch of the family bank. Around the same time he became managing director of the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, in which some of Otto's relatives and acquaintances had an interest. Otto himself was a supervisory director from <strong>December 1933</strong>. From the mid 1930s, Kleiman was also a commissioner at the Paauwe clock factory, and together with brother Willy he had a pest control company called Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman played a very important role in the establishment of Pectacon in <strong>1938</strong>, and was director of Opekta from its 'aryanisation' in the <strong>autumn of 1940</strong>. He was the initiator of the hiding period in the Secret Annex, and was one of the helpers during the entire period. His name appears several times in Anne's diary. During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman was also arrested and spent several weeks incarcerated. Thanks to the mediation of the Red Cross he was released because of his poor health. Until his death — at his desk — he remained a director of Opekta. For several years he also represented Otto Frank on the board of the Anne Frank House. In <strong>1972 </strong>Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers - posthumously in the case of Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who</em>?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johannes Kleiman werd geboren op <strong>17 augustus 1896</strong> als de zoon van Cornelis Kleiman en Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rwmhj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij was de derde van vier kinderen. HIj had twee broers, Cornelis (Cor) en Willem Jacobus (Willy), en een jonggestorven zusje, Agatha.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Kleiman woonde in <strong>1896 </strong>aan het Domineespad, nu bekend als Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. Enkele maanden na de geboorte van Johannes vertrok het gezin naar Nijmegen. Kleiman trouwde in <strong>juli 1923 </strong>met Johanna Catharina Reuman. Dochter Johanna werd in <strong>1928 </strong>geboren. Tijdens de onderduikperiode woonde hij met zijn gezin op het adres Wielingenstraat 12 II in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste contacten met Otto Frank dateren van <strong>1923</strong>, toen Kleiman procuratiehouder werd van het Amsterdamse filiaal van de familiebank. Rond dezelfde tijd werd hij directeur van de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, waar ook enkele familieleden en kennissen van Otto aan deelnamen. Otto was er zelf vanaf december ’33 commissaris. Sinds midden jaren dertig was Kleiman tevens commissaris bij uurwerkfabriek Paauwe en had hij met broer Willy een ongediertebestrijdingsbedrijf Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman speelde in <strong>1938 </strong>een zeer belangrijke rol bij de oprichting van Pectacon, en was vanaf de ‘arisering’ in <strong>najaar ’40</strong> directeur van Opekta. Hij was de initiatiefnemer van de onderduik in het Achterhuis, en was gedurende de hele periode een van de helpers. Zijn naam komt in Annes dagboek dan ook herhaaldelijk voor. Bij de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd ook Kleiman gearresteerd, en hij bracht enkele weken in gevangenschap door. Op voorspraak van het Rode Kruis kwam hij vanwege zijn zwakke gezondheid vrij. Tot aan zijn overlijden – aan zijn bureau – bleef hij directeur van Opekta. Verder was hij enkele jaren Otto Franks vertegenwoordiger in het bestuur van de Anne Frank Stichting. In <strong>1972 </strong>vroeg Otto Frank voor alle helpers, voor Kleiman dus postuum, de Yad Vashem-onderscheiding aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4vbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rwmhj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4vbn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman was born on <strong>17 August 1896</strong> as the son of Cornelis Kleiman and Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was the third of four children. He had two brothers, Cornelis (Cor) and Willem Jacobus (Willy), and a sister, Agatha, who died young.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1896,</strong> the Kleiman family lived at Domineespad, now called Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. A few months after the birth of Johannes, the family moved to Nijmegen. Kleiman married Johanna Catharina Reuman in <strong>July 1923</strong>. Their daughter Johanna was born in <strong>1928</strong>. During the hiding period he and his family lived at 12 II Wielingenstraat in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first contacts with Otto Frank date back to <strong>1923</strong>, when Kleiman became proxy holder at the Amsterdam branch of the family bank. Around the same time he became managing director of the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, in which some of Otto's relatives and acquaintances had an interest. Otto himself was a supervisory director from <strong>December 1933</strong>. From the mid 1930s, Kleiman was also a commissioner at the Paauwe clock factory, and together with brother Willy he had a pest control company called Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman played a very important role in the establishment of Pectacon in <strong>1938</strong>, and was director of Opekta from its 'aryanisation' in the <strong>autumn of 1940</strong>. He was the initiator of the hiding period in the Secret Annex, and was one of the helpers during the entire period. His name appears several times in Anne's diary. During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman was also arrested and spent several weeks incarcerated. Thanks to the mediation of the Red Cross he was released because of his poor health. Until his death — at his desk — he remained a director of Opekta. For several years he also represented Otto Frank on the board of the Anne Frank House. In <strong>1972 </strong>Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers - posthumously in the case of Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who</em>?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1896-08-17",
"death_date": "1959-01-28",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Koog aan de Zaan",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman was one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman was één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman was one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Johannes-Kleiman"
],
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{
"id": 52,
"image": {
"id": 164,
"uuid": "10f02126-458d-4562-ae6d-e04791f5a55a",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.133",
"title": "Otto Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1936",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e73c20a4-8bb2-307d-f5f0-2d93291a2009.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Otto Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1936'.",
"author": "Conclusie herkomst: kan worden ingezet voor het publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"content": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank werd geboren op zondag <strong>12 mei 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, als zoon van <em>Kaufman</em> (koopman) Michael Frank en Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Heinrich was het tweede kind uit een gezin van vier kinderen, allen geboren in Frankfurt am Main. Hij had twee broers, Robert Hermann en Herbert August, en een zus, genaamd Helène. Ten tijde van Otto Franks geboorte woonde het gezin Frank op Gärtnerweg 58 te Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Joodse familie Frank behoorde tot de gegoede kringen van Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto’s vader Michael slaagde erin de laatste decennia van de negentiende eeuw in een succesvol bankbedrijf op te zetten. De familie was een typisch product van het Duitse <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. Na het doorlopen van het Lessing Gymnasium ging Otto voor een zomersemester naar de universiteit van Heidelberg, waar hij colleges kunstgeschiedenis volgde. Hierna doorliep hij een leertijd bij de bank Ferdinand Sander in Frankfurt. Vervolgens vertrok hij naar New York. Hij werkte als stagiair in Macy’s en bij een bank in het Financial District. Terug in Duitsland werkte hij bij Fenestra, een fabrikant van allerhande staalconstructies en industriële installaties. Na het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog werkte Otto, alvorens in het leger te gaan, bij een hoefijzerfabriek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1915</strong> kwam hij terecht bij het derde <em>Regiment Fußartillerie</em> in Mainz. Na zijn opleiding kwam zijn eenheid in de omgeving van Bapaume terecht. Otto was telefonist en waarnemer, waardoor hij op enige afstand van de daadwerkelijke gevechtslinie zat. Na zijn demobilisatie nam hij de leiding van de familiebank op zich. Het bedrijf was door de economische en politieke chaos in Duitsland in zwaar weer terechtgekomen. In <strong>1923</strong> richtten Otto en enkele familieleden in Amsterdam twee bedrijven op die zich in de financiële sector bewogen. Jo Kleiman was bij beide bedrijven als directeur en procuratiehouder betrokken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925</strong> trouwde Otto met Edith Holländer. Haar familie had een bedrijf dat grote overeenkomsten vertoonde met Fenestra. Uit het huwelijk werden de dochters Margot en Anne geboren. Na <strong>1929</strong> werd de economische situatie slechter. Ook het politieke klimaat in Duitsland verslechterde snel. Na Hitlers machtsovername vertrokken Otto en zijn gezin naar Amsterdam. Otto richtte in de zomer van <strong>1933</strong> de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij op. In <strong>december '33</strong> werd hij commissaris van de ‘Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie’, waarvan Kleiman directeur was. <strong>Eind jaren dertig</strong> liep een poging een zaak in Engeland op te zetten op niets uit. De ‘Centrale Maatschappij’ verdween, waarna Otto en Kleiman zich op de opbouw van Pectacon toelegden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginfase van de oorlog probeerde Otto met zijn gezin naar de Verenigde Staten te emigreren, wat als gevolg van de onmogelijke procedure en bureaucratie mislukte. Toen de vervolgingsmaatregelen toenamen, ontstond het plan om onder te duiken. Op initiatief van Kleiman werd het Achterhuis hiervoor gereed gemaakt. Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> betrok het gezin de schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was de enige van de acht onderduikers die na de arrestatie en deportatie uit Auschwitz terugkeerde. Hij hervatte zijn werk en deed daarnaast veel om Joodse kinderen die ouderloos uit de oorlog kwamen bij familie of pleeggezinnen onder te brengen. Bovendien redigeerde hij Annes dagboek en zorgde dat het uitgegeven werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij zag Anne als representante van alle vermoorde Joodse kinderen en hoopte dat haar dagboek de mensheid tot bezinning zou brengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto woonde na terugkeer zeven jaar bij Miep en Jan Gies. Hij vertrok vervolgens naar Bazel en trouwde met Elfriede Markovits, die vergelijkbare oorlogservaringen had. Tot op hoge leeftijd correspondeerde hij met vooral jongeren van over de hele wereld over Anne en haar ideeënwereld. Hij overleed op 91-jarige leeftijd in een Zwitsers ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor biografieën, zie: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbouw, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-05-12",
"death_date": "1980-08-19",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bazel",
"death_country": "Zwitserland",
"summary": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank was de vader van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
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"uuid": "94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2",
"first_name": "Victor Gustav",
"last_name": "Kugler",
"infix": "",
"title": "Victor Kugler",
"title_nl": "Victor Kugler",
"title_en": "Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens zijn doopkaartje werd Victor Kugler geboren op <strong>5 juni 1900</strong> en is hij op <strong>10 juni 1900</strong> gedoopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een aantal bronnen noemt dezelfde datum. De geboorteplaats was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn geboorteplaats Hohenelbe ligt in Tsjechië. Het gebied waar het ligt, maakte tot <strong>1918</strong> deel uit van Oostenrijk-Hongarije. De tegenwoordige naam is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\nHet vervalste persoonsbewijs van Kugler, met de naam Johannes Kuinders, had als geboortedatum <strong>12 december 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De identiteit van zijn vader is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Zijn moeder Emilie Kugler trouwde rond <strong>1909 </strong>met de mijnwerker Franz Klose. Het gezin trok naar Duisburg, waar twee halfbroers en twee halfzussen van Victor werden geboren: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>ging Victor naar de <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>ging hij terug naar Hohenelbe voor een opleiding aan de <em>Fachschule für Weberei</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij werkte kort voor het <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlijn. Tegen het einde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij deel uit van de Oostenrijkse marine in de Adriatische Zee. Als gevolg van de staatkundige herschikking van Europa kreeg hij de Tsjechoslowaakse nationaliteit. Vervolgens werkte hij twee jaar als elektricien in een mijn in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>werkte hij voor de <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) enige tijd in Utrecht. Hij bleef in Utrecht en trouwde in <strong>1928 </strong>met Laua Maria Buntenbach. Kugler trad in dienst van Frans van Angeren, eigenaar van een banketbakkerij en lunchroom. Van Angeren importeerde ook bakkerijgrondstoffen, en raakte zo in de pectinehandel verzeild.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1933 </strong>kwam Kugler via Van Angeren in contact met Otto Frank. Hij ging toen voor Opekta werken en verhuisde naar Hilversum. Ergens in de jaren twintig verliet Kugler het Tsjechoslowaakse staatsverband en opteerde voor de Duitse nationaliteit. In <strong>1933 </strong>vroeg hij naturalisatie tot Nederlander aan, wat in <strong>1936 </strong>werd afgewezen maar in <strong>1938 </strong>alsnog gehonoreerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank in de eerste oorlogsjaren met zijn bedrijven steeds meer problemen kreeg, nam Kugler de leiding van Gies & Co op zich. Hij was een van de vier kantoormedewerkers, en daarom volledig op de hoogte van de onderduikplannen. Bij de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd hij ook gearresteerd, en belandde via de Amsterdamse Huizen van Bewaring II en I in Amersfoort en Zwolle. In de laatste stad kreeg hij hulp van Gies-vertegenwoordiger Martin Brouwer.<strong> Eind maart 1945 </strong>kwam hij met een kolonne gevangenen bij Zevenaar in een beschieting door Britse vliegtuigen terecht. Hij nam de benen en kwam via Rheden en Barneveld op Goede Vrijdag in Hilversum aan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>1952 </strong>werd Kugler weduwnaar. Hij hertrouwde met een Opekta-medewerkster en vertrok met haar en zijn nieuwe schoonfamilie naar Canada. Hier werkte hij onder meer als verzekeringsagent en als elektricien. Na zijn pensionering hield hij in samenspraak met Otto Frank en de Anne Frank Stichting een groot aantal voordrachten over de Achterhuisgeschiedenis en over het dagboek. In de latere jaren zeventig ging zijn gezondheid, vooral in mentaal opzicht, erg achteruit. Juist in deze periode was er ook de stroef verlopende samenwerking met de journaliste Helen Shapiro, die zijn biografie schreef. Het manuscript bleef jaren op de plank liggen en kwam na Shapiro’s overlijden in handen van de journalist Rick Kardonne. Deze publiceerde het na bewerking pas in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler overleed op 81-jarige leeftijd in een Canadees ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen:</em><strong> </strong>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum (<strong>1940-1955</strong>). Kugler woonde in Hohenelbe en op verschillende plaatsen in het Roergebied. Vanaf <strong>1920 </strong>woonde hij in Utrecht, en vanaf <strong>1933 </strong>op verschillende adressen in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>vertrok hij naar Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928. Volgens Kuglers trouwakte uit 1927 heet ze Emilia. Zijn schoolrapporten tekent ze met ‘Emma’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, "'Ik moest hen helpen, ze waren mijn vrienden': Victor Kugler, helper van de onderduikers", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis; wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-06-06",
"death_date": "1981-12-14",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Hohenelbe",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk-Hongarije",
"death_place": "Toronto",
"death_country": "Canada",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler was medewerker van Opekta en één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Victor-Kugler"
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124657,
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.349589",
"longitude": "4.874142",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
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"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"uuid": "e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677",
"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/51b69094-694e-4e46-82ac-dced1ff9e06a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "51b69094-694e-4e46-82ac-dced1ff9e06a",
"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 11,
"main_image": null,
"files": [],
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{
"id": 250,
"image": {
"id": 159,
"uuid": "3a4c3587-900a-4e0e-9125-64481df8a44c",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_036",
"title": "Achter: Esther Troeder, Herman van Pels, Miep Gies. Voor: Bep Voskuijl, Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam, mei 1941",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/5a80a5ce-6bf1-6db4-8c33-00be880ee416.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Foto van de Opekta kantoormedewerkers in mei 1941. V.l.n.r. Esther Troeder, Bep Voskuijl, v. Pels en Miep Gies: op de achtergrond is een reclame affiche van Opekta te zien. (in handschrift van Bep: Hr. v. Pels, Esther, Miep en ik, op kantoor 1940).\r\n\r\nA_Opekta_III_008 of A_Opekta_III_009 is 'deze' foto / of 'dezelfde' maar andere oplage. Fysiek maar één foto aanwezig.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f/",
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"first_name": "Hermann",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Hermann van Pels",
"title_nl": "Hermann van Pels",
"title_en": "Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde on <strong>31 March 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is a place between Osnabrück and Oldenburg. The personal and family card of Hermann van Pels incorrectly states <strong>31 March 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is an administrative error that has taken on a life of its own. And the <em>Gedenkbuch</em> of the <strong>Bundesarchiv</strong> states the date as <strong>5 April 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zons\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This error probably occurred because the date of the birth certificate is 5 April. Hermann was a son of Aäron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger. He was the fourth of six children. His brother and sisters were: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara and Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about Hermann van Pels' childhood and schooling. From statements by his sister Ida we know of an apprenticeship with the firm Alsberg and of a job with Karstadt in Kiel. It is certain that he lived in Kiel from March to August 1917 and moved from there to Hamburg. In <strong>December 1925</strong> he married Auguste Röttgen in Elberfeld. Their son Peter was born in <strong>1926</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and his family lived in Osnabrück for years. When life became increasingly difficult for Jews under Nazi rule, he left for the Netherlands in <strong>1937</strong> and settled in Amsterdam-Zuid. Over the years he lived at many addresses, including with his parents-in-law. His arrival in the Netherlands did not cause any particular problems, because Van Pels had Dutch nationality. Because he was a Dutchman, he was subject to conscription. What practical consequences this had for him is not clear. In <strong>early 1939</strong> he was arrested as a deserter, but the matter ended quietly. Around the same time, the American consulate put him on the waiting list for emigration 'under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt, Van Pels had a trade in textile goods. He left this business in <strong>early 1939</strong> and went to work for Otto Frank's company Pectacon. In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Hermann van Pels and his family went into hiding in the Secret Annex. What is known about Van Pels during this period comes from Anne's diary, with some additions and corrections by Otto and Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels ended up in Westerbork after the arrest. From there he was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. In the men's camp he did heavy work, seriously hurting his thumb. He asked for <em>Stubendienst</em> but thus became a victim of an interim selection and it is almost certain that he was killed in the gas chamber. Hermann van Pels was 46 years old at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zons\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels werd op <strong>31 maart 1898</strong> in Gehrde geboren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wj5sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is een plaats tussen Osnabrück en Oldenburg. Op de persoons- en gezinskaart van Hermann van Pels staat foutief <strong>31 maart 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"261ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit is een administratieve vergissing die een eigen leven is gaan leiden. En het <em>Gedenkbuch</em> van het Bundesarchiv noemt als datum <strong>5 april 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7kdyt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Deze vergissing is waarschijnlijk ontstaan doordat de datum van de geboorteakte 5 april is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann was een zoon van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger. Hij was de vierde van zes kinderen. Zijn broer en zussen waren: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara en Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de jonge jaren en schoolopleiding van Hermann van Pels is niets bekend. Uit verklaringen van zijn zuster Ida weten we van een stage bij de firma Alsberg en van een werkkring bij Karstadt in Kiel. Het is zeker dat hij van <strong>maart tot en met augustus 1917</strong> in Kiel woonde en vandaar naar Hamburg ging. In <strong>december 1925</strong> trouwde hij in Elberfeld met Auguste Röttgen. Uit het huwelijk werd in <strong>1926</strong> zoon Peter geboren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels woonde met zijn gezin jarenlang in Osnabrück. Toen voor Joden het leven door het nazisme in toenemende mate moeilijk werd, vertrok hij in <strong>1937</strong> naar Nederland en streek in Amsterdam-Zuid neer. Hij had door de jaren heen veel inwoning, onder meer van zijn schoonouders. De komst naar Nederland leverde geen bijzondere moeilijkheden op omdat van Pels de Nederlandse nationaliteit had. Omdat hij Nederlander was, viel hij onder de dienstplichtwet. Welke praktische gevolgen dat voor hem heeft gehad is niet duidelijk. Wel werd hij <strong>begin 1939</strong> aangehouden omdat hij gesignaleerd stond als deserteur, maar die kwestie liep met een sisser af. Rond dezelfde tijd plaatste het Amerikaanse consulaat hem op de wachtlijst voor emigratie “under the German quota”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels had met zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt een handel in textielgoederen. Hier stapte hij <strong>begin 1939</strong> uit, en ging bij Otto Franks bedrijf Pectacon werken. In <strong>juli 1942</strong> dook Hermann van Pels met zijn gezin onder in het Achterhuis. Wat over deze periode over Van Pels bekend is, komt uit het dagboek van Anne, met enige aanvulling en correctie door Otto en Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels kwam na de arrestatie in Westerbork terecht. Hij ging vandaar met het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> naar Auschwitz. In het mannenkamp deed hij zwaar werk, waarbij hij zijn duim ernstig bezeerde. Hij vroeg om <em>Stubendienst</em> maar werd daardoor slachtoffer van een tussentijdse selectie en het is vrijwel zeker dat hij in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Hermann van Pels was toen 46 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wgolo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wj5sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"261ka\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7kdyt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgolo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde on <strong>31 March 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Gehrde is a place between Osnabrück and Oldenburg. The personal and family card of Hermann van Pels incorrectly states <strong>31 March 1890</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is an administrative error that has taken on a life of its own. And the <em>Gedenkbuch</em> of the <strong>Bundesarchiv</strong> states the date as <strong>5 April 1898</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zons\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This error probably occurred because the date of the birth certificate is 5 April. Hermann was a son of Aäron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger. He was the fourth of six children. His brother and sisters were: David Max, Henny, Ida Henriëtte, Clara and Meta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about Hermann van Pels' childhood and schooling. From statements by his sister Ida we know of an apprenticeship with the firm Alsberg and of a job with Karstadt in Kiel. It is certain that he lived in Kiel from March to August 1917 and moved from there to Hamburg. In <strong>December 1925</strong> he married Auguste Röttgen in Elberfeld. Their son Peter was born in <strong>1926</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and his family lived in Osnabrück for years. When life became increasingly difficult for Jews under Nazi rule, he left for the Netherlands in <strong>1937</strong> and settled in Amsterdam-Zuid. Over the years he lived at many addresses, including with his parents-in-law. His arrival in the Netherlands did not cause any particular problems, because Van Pels had Dutch nationality. Because he was a Dutchman, he was subject to conscription. What practical consequences this had for him is not clear. In <strong>early 1939</strong> he was arrested as a deserter, but the matter ended quietly. Around the same time, the American consulate put him on the waiting list for emigration 'under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt, Van Pels had a trade in textile goods. He left this business in <strong>early 1939</strong> and went to work for Otto Frank's company Pectacon. In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Hermann van Pels and his family went into hiding in the Secret Annex. What is known about Van Pels during this period comes from Anne's diary, with some additions and corrections by Otto and Miep.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels ended up in Westerbork after the arrest. From there he was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. In the men's camp he did heavy work, seriously hurting his thumb. He asked for <em>Stubendienst</em> but thus became a victim of an interim selection and it is almost certain that he was killed in the gas chamber. Hermann van Pels was 46 years old at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fm4vk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9ikh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart H. van Pels; Gezinskaarten, Gezinskaart H. van Pels</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zons\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html.\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/index.html</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uoomf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0z7p9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1898-03-31",
"death_date": "1944-10-03",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gehrde",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "Polen",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels was an employee of Pectacon and was one of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels was medewerker van Pectacon en was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels was an employee of Pectacon and was one of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Hermann-van-Pels"
],
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
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"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
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"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/51b69094-694e-4e46-82ac-dced1ff9e06a/",
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 15,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc",
"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677",
"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 12,
"main_image": null,
"files": [],
"persons": [
{
"id": 246,
"image": {
"id": 163,
"uuid": "74dfd67d-877e-4ab7-9bb4-8f523e8f1e86",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.134",
"title": "Edith Frank-Holländer, Amsterdam, mei 1935 of 1936",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9006f8f0-6a33-baaf-a392-73cfcefdc04b.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Edith Frank-Holländer uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1935 of 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1935'. De datering is niet duidelijk: Anne dateert deze foto mei 1935, Otto andere foto's van dit vel mei 1936.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c3bfed4c-e311-4c9e-b4ea-ea6cca2a9b75?format=api",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3?format=api",
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],
"published": true,
"uuid": "5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"first_name": "Edith",
"last_name": "Frank - Holländer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_nl": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"title_en": "Edith Frank - Holländer",
"content": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens haar geboorteakte werd Edith Holländer geboren op <strong>16 januari 1900</strong> in Aachen, op het adres Heinrichsallee 50. Zij was een dochter van Abraham Holländer en Rosalie Holländer-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith was de jongste van vier kinderen. Zij had twee broers: Julius en Walter. Bettina, de enige zuster, overleed op 16-jarige leeftijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith bezocht de <em>evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> aan de Warmweiherstrasse in haar geboorteplaats. In <strong>1916</strong> deed ze eindexamen. Ze was sportief en ze deed onder meer aan tennis. Voor haar huwelijk werkte ze enige tijd in het familiebedrijf. De door haar grootvader opgerichte firma <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em> handelde in stoomketels, apparaten en industriële installaties, maar ook in oud ijzer, oud papier en lompen. Er was een nevenvestiging in Keulen en sinds <strong>1914 </strong>had het bedrijf ook een wagonfabriek bij Hannover, waar Ediths broer Walter werkte. Op <strong>12 mei 1925</strong> trouwde Edith met Otto Frank en verhuisde naar Frankfurt. In <strong>1926</strong> werd Margot geboren en in <strong>1929</strong> volgde Anne. Nadat zij en Otto in <strong>1933</strong> besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Edith met de kinderen eerst enige tijd bij haar moeder in Aken wonen. Ze reisde veel naar Amsterdam heen en weer. Ze was daar onder meer druk met het zoeken naar een woning. In<strong> december 1933</strong> vertrok ze definitief naar Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gemis van haar oude leven viel Edith zwaar. Ze correspondeerde regelmatig met het vroegere Frankfurtse buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann en ze richtte zich verder vooral op haar gezin. Vanaf <strong>september 1938 </strong>ondernam ze met Otto pogingen haar moeder naar Nederland te halen. Kort na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> verleende het Ministerie van Justitie hiervoor ook toestemming. Ediths broers Walter en Julius slaagden erin naar Amerika te emigreren. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Edith via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Ze was aanvankelijk samen met haar dochters, maar die werden na ongeveer acht weken doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen. Edith leed hier erg onder. Over haar verdere lotgevallen is weinig bekend, maar een vriendin zag haar later in een ziekenbarak. Ze had hoge koorts en was door voedselgebrek en ziekte totaal uitgeput. Ze stierf enkele dagen later op 44-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lvfd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5lyeg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, 'Wie was Edith Frank-Holländer?', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?,</em> Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to her birth certificate, Edith Holländer was born on <strong>16 January 1900</strong> in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was a daughter of Abraham Holländer and Rosalie Holländer-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km9st\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith attended the evangelical <em>Viktoriaschule</em> at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In <strong>1916 </strong>she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company <em>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung</em>, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from <strong>1914 </strong>the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith's brother Walter worked. On <strong>12 May 1925</strong> Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in <strong>1926 </strong>and Anne followed in <strong>1929</strong>. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in <strong>1933</strong>, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In <strong>December 1933 </strong>she left for the Netherlands permanently.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From<strong> September 1938</strong> she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after <em>Kristallnacht</em> the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith's brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km9st\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holländer (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nl0pq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Who was Edith Frank-Holländer?, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-01-16",
"death_date": "1945-01-06",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Aken",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer was de moeder van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Edith-Frank"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 258,
"image": {
"id": 161,
"uuid": "afce8150-2a6f-4300-8be1-2553c1673a88",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_009",
"title": "Bep Voskuijl, rond 1937",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/0413b0d0-be62-ede6-a757-6be5ef533bbc.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Portretfoto van Bep Voskuijl omstreeks 1937, ze is ongeveer 18 jaar oud.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
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"first_name": "Elisabeth",
"last_name": "Voskuijl",
"infix": "",
"title": "Bep Voskuijl",
"title_nl": "Bep Voskuijl",
"title_en": "Bep Voskuijl",
"content": "<p>Elisabeth (Bep) Voskuijl was born on 5 July 1919 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7roe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She is the eldest child of Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp. After her, seven more children were born in the family: Johanna Christina, Wilhelmina Hendrika, Hendrika Petronella, Cornelia Margaretha, Johannes Hendrik, Gerda and Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q8jk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of Bep's birth, the Voskuijl family lived at 50 III Reinwardtstraat. In 1924 the family moved to Hilversum and returned to Amsterdam shortly before Bep's seventh birthday. During the war years Bep lived at Lumeijstraat 18 II, except for the period <strong>July '41 — May '43</strong>. Then she went to live with an aunt at Da Costakade 77 I.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After several other jobs, Bep joined Opekta in <strong>1937</strong> as Isa Cauvern's successor. She did all kinds of office work and, according to the reference letters 'OF/BV', typed Otto Frank's letters to the Dutch authorities about grandmother Holländer's admission. During the hiding period Bep was one of the helpers. Her father was also aware of the situation and built the bookcase that hid the entrance to the Secret Annex. Bep mainly arranged the delivery of milk through a delivery man of the <em>Onderlinge Vereeniging van Veehouders</em>. She also ate lunch with the people in hiding. Of all the helpers, she was the closest in age to the children in the Secret Annex. This was one of the reasons she had such good contact with Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During those years, Bep was concerned about various things: her fiancé Bertus was verging on illegality and had to go to Germany for work. Her youngest sister Nelly worked at a German air base near Laon in the north of France. Both the fact that she was working for the Germans and the heavy bombing of this airfield caused the family great concern.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to Kollen's drugstore on Leliegracht. She managed to get away and did not show up at work for the rest of the day. After the war she worked at Opekta until she got married in <strong>1946</strong>. After that, she kept her role in the hiding period as secret as possible. In <strong>1972</strong> Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers, including Bep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9jxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7roe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q8jk3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9jxu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Bep Voskuijl, the silent helper', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 14-21; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex: the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, New York, NY & London: Simon & Schuster, 2023; David Barnouw, Voskuijl, Elisabeth, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuijl\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuijl</a> [09/01/2018] </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Elisabeth (Bep) Voskuijl werd geboren op <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6a27s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze is het oudste kind van Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp. Na haar worden in het gezin nog zeven kinderen geboren: Johanna Christina, Wilhelmina Hendrika, Hendrika Petronella, Cornelia Margaretha, Johannes Hendrik, Gerda en Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wdtcc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Voskuijl woonde ten tijde van Beps geboorte op het adres Reinwardtstraat 50 III. Het gezin vertrok in <strong>1924</strong> naar Hilversum en keerde kort voor Beps zevende verjaardag terug naar Amsterdam. De oorlogsjaren was Bep woonachtig op het adres Lumeijstraat 18 II, behoudens de periode <strong>juli ’41 – mei ’43</strong>. Toen woonde ze bij een tante op de Da Costakade 77 I.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na enkele andere baantjes kwam Bep in <strong>1937</strong> bij Opekta, als opvolgster van Isa Cauvern. Ze deed allerlei kantoorwerk, en typte blijkens de kenmerken “OF/BV” Otto Franks brieven aan Nederlandse autoriteiten over de toelating van oma Holländer. Tijdens het onderduiken was Bep een van de helpers. Haar vader was ook op de hoogte van de situatie en timmerde de boekenkast die de toegang tot het Achterhuis verborg. Bep regelde vooral de levering van melk via een bezorger van de <em>Onderlinge Vereeniging van Veehouders</em>. Verder at ze tussen de middag met de onderduikers mee. Ze stond van alle helpers in leeftijd het dichtst bij de kinderen in het Achterhuis. Mede daardoor had ze goed contact met Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep tobde in deze jaren over verschillende dingen; haar verloofde Bertus leunde tegen de illegaliteit aan en moest voor werk naar Duitsland. Haar jongste zus Nelly werkte op een Duitse vliegbasis bij het Noord-Franse Laon. Ten eerste de Duitse dienst en ten tweede de zware bombardementen op dit vliegveld baarden de familie grote zorgen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> stuurde Kleiman Bep met zijn portefeuille naar de drogist Kollen op de Leliegracht. Ze slaagde er inderdaad in om weg te komen en vertoonde zich de rest van de dag niet op haar werk. Na de oorlog werkte ze nog bij Opekta tot ze in <strong>1946</strong> ging trouwen. Vervolgens gaf ze zo weinig mogelijk ruchtbaarheid aan haar rol in de onderduikgeschiedenis. In <strong>1972</strong> vroeg Otto Frank voor alle helpers, dus ook Bep, de Yad Vashem-onderscheiding aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kmp03\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6a27s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wdtcc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kmp03\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, 'Bep Voskuijl, de stille helpster', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 14-21; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; David Barnouw, Voskuijl, Elisabeth, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuij\" target=\"_blank\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuijl</a> [09/01/2018].</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Elisabeth (Bep) Voskuijl was born on 5 July 1919 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d7roe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She is the eldest child of Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp. After her, seven more children were born in the family: Johanna Christina, Wilhelmina Hendrika, Hendrika Petronella, Cornelia Margaretha, Johannes Hendrik, Gerda and Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q8jk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of Bep's birth, the Voskuijl family lived at 50 III Reinwardtstraat. In 1924 the family moved to Hilversum and returned to Amsterdam shortly before Bep's seventh birthday. During the war years Bep lived at Lumeijstraat 18 II, except for the period <strong>July '41 — May '43</strong>. Then she went to live with an aunt at Da Costakade 77 I.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After several other jobs, Bep joined Opekta in <strong>1937</strong> as Isa Cauvern's successor. She did all kinds of office work and, according to the reference letters 'OF/BV', typed Otto Frank's letters to the Dutch authorities about grandmother Holländer's admission. During the hiding period Bep was one of the helpers. Her father was also aware of the situation and built the bookcase that hid the entrance to the Secret Annex. Bep mainly arranged the delivery of milk through a delivery man of the <em>Onderlinge Vereeniging van Veehouders</em>. She also ate lunch with the people in hiding. Of all the helpers, she was the closest in age to the children in the Secret Annex. This was one of the reasons she had such good contact with Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During those years, Bep was concerned about various things: her fiancé Bertus was verging on illegality and had to go to Germany for work. Her youngest sister Nelly worked at a German air base near Laon in the north of France. Both the fact that she was working for the Germans and the heavy bombing of this airfield caused the family great concern.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to Kollen's drugstore on Leliegracht. She managed to get away and did not show up at work for the rest of the day. After the war she worked at Opekta until she got married in <strong>1946</strong>. After that, she kept her role in the hiding period as secret as possible. In <strong>1972</strong> Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers, including Bep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9jxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d7roe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q8jk3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9jxu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, 'Bep Voskuijl, the silent helper', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 14-21; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex: the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, New York, NY & London: Simon & Schuster, 2023; David Barnouw, Voskuijl, Elisabeth, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuijl\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Voskuijl</a> [09/01/2018] </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1919-07-05",
"death_date": "1983-05-06",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl was an office worker at Opekta and one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl was kantoormedewerkster bij Opekta en één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl was an office worker at Opekta and one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
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"uuid": "32dc02c9-925d-46ea-be0d-8c6c3fa94566",
"name": "Gezinus Gringhuis",
"title": "Gezinus Gringhuis",
"alt": "Fotograaf: onbekend. Collectie: NIOD Amsterdam (Beeldbank WO2).",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/gezinus_gringhuis.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Gezinus Gringhuis was een van de drie agenten die betrokken was bij de inval in het Achterhuis en de arrestatie van de onderduikers.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
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"first_name": "Gezinus",
"last_name": "Gringhuis",
"infix": "",
"title": "Gezinus Gringhuis",
"title_nl": "Gezinus Gringhuis",
"title_en": "Gezinus Gringhuis",
"content": "<p>Gezinus Gringhuis was one of the detectives who raided the building at Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined the Amsterdam police force in <strong>1918</strong>. He worked there until the German occupation of the Netherlands began.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He was a member of the Jewish Affairs Bureau from<strong> 21 August 1942</strong> to <strong>27 April 1943</strong> and then of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) until <strong>30 April 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the latter office, he supervised the storage of confiscated household effects of Jewish households in Amsterdam. From <strong>1 May</strong> to <strong>1 November 1944</strong>, he belonged to the Special Branch (also known as <em>Gruppe V</em>) of the Criminal Investigation Department in The Hague. This meant that, although the department was under the actual leadership of SD staff, he was not a member of the SD during the raid on the Secret Annex, and was not charged with tracking down people in hiding, Jewish or otherwise.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After working at the Special Branch, he returned to the Amsterdam police force. There, he worked for the Economic Affairs department. On <strong>1 May 1945</strong> — less than a week before he was sentenced — he filed a police report against an Amsterdammer who transported a batch of wheat without a licence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After an initial death sentence, Gringhuis received a life sentence on appeal. He was also deprived of various rights: to hold office, to serve in the armed forces and to vote and stand for election.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"utg15\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For more information about Gringhuis' activities during the war: Ad van Liempt & Jan Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politie in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 147-148, 181-184.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2212: Brief Burgemeester Amsterdam inzake pensioenrechten aan het Hoofd Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) Ministerie van Justitie, 3 juni 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2087: Rapport HB. S. VI. Economische Zaken, 1 mei 1945, mut. 9.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 75395: Exploit d.d. 16 december 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"utg15\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis; Melissa Müller,<em> Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gezinus Gringhuis was één van de rechercheurs die op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> het pand Prinsengracht 263 binnenvielen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij trad in <strong>1918</strong> in dienst van het Amsterdamse politiekorps. Daar werkte hij tot de Duitse bezetting van Nederland begon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij maakte van <strong>21 augustus 1942</strong> tot <strong>27 april 1943</strong> deel uit van Bureau Joodsche Zaken en vervolgens tot en met <strong>30 april 1944</strong> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In die laatste functie hield hij toezicht op de opslag van in beslag genomen inboedels van Joodse huishoudens in Amsterdam. Van <strong>1 mei </strong>tot <strong>1 november 1944</strong> behoorde hij tot de Bijzondere Afdeling (ook wel <em>Gruppe V</em> genoemd) van de Recherchecentrale in Den Haag. Dit hield in dat hij, hoewel de Afdeling onder feitelijke leiding van SD’ers stond, tijdens de inval in het Achterhuis geen deel uitmaakte van de SD en niet belast was met het opsporen van al dan niet Joodse onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na zijn werk bij de Bijzondere Afdeling kwam hij weer bij het Amsterdamse politiekorps terug. Hij deed daar dienst bij de afdeling Economische Zaken. Op <strong>1 mei 1945 </strong>– minder dan een week voordat hij veroordeeld werd– maakte hij nog een proces-verbaal op tegen een Amsterdammer, die een partijtje tarwe vervoerde zonder vergunning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na een aanvankelijk doodvonnis kreeg Gringhuis in cassatie een levenslange gevangenisstraf. Daarnaast werd hij ontzet uit verschillende rechten: het bekleden van ambten, het dienen bij de gewapende macht en het actieve en passieve kiesrecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nxoeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor meer informatie over Gringhuis’ werkzaamheden tijdens de oorlogsjaren: Ad van Liempt & Jan Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politie in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 147-148, 181-184.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief(NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2212: Brief Burgemeester Amsterdam inzake pensioenrechten aan het Hoofd Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) Ministerie van Justitie, 3 juni 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2087: Rapport HB. S. VI. Economische Zaken, 1 mei 1945, mut. 9.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 75395: Exploit d.d. 16 december 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nxoeo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Gezinus Gringhuis was one of the detectives who raided the building at Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined the Amsterdam police force in <strong>1918</strong>. He worked there until the German occupation of the Netherlands began.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He was a member of the Jewish Affairs Bureau from<strong> 21 August 1942</strong> to <strong>27 April 1943</strong> and then of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) until <strong>30 April 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the latter office, he supervised the storage of confiscated household effects of Jewish households in Amsterdam. From <strong>1 May</strong> to <strong>1 November 1944</strong>, he belonged to the Special Branch (also known as <em>Gruppe V</em>) of the Criminal Investigation Department in The Hague. This meant that, although the department was under the actual leadership of SD staff, he was not a member of the SD during the raid on the Secret Annex, and was not charged with tracking down people in hiding, Jewish or otherwise.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After working at the Special Branch, he returned to the Amsterdam police force. There, he worked for the Economic Affairs department. On <strong>1 May 1945</strong> — less than a week before he was sentenced — he filed a police report against an Amsterdammer who transported a batch of wheat without a licence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After an initial death sentence, Gringhuis received a life sentence on appeal. He was also deprived of various rights: to hold office, to serve in the armed forces and to vote and stand for election.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"utg15\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5a2k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbzef\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For more information about Gringhuis' activities during the war: Ad van Liempt & Jan Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politie in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 147-148, 181-184.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7da4q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2212: Brief Burgemeester Amsterdam inzake pensioenrechten aan het Hoofd Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) Ministerie van Justitie, 3 juni 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mv3uq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2087: Rapport HB. S. VI. Economische Zaken, 1 mei 1945, mut. 9.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l57uc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 75395: Exploit d.d. 16 december 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"utg15\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart G. Gringhuis; Melissa Müller,<em> Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1895-09-28",
"death_date": "1975-11-05",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Onstwedde",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Winschoten",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Gringhuis was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Gringhuis was één van de rechercheurs die op 4 augustus 1944 het pand Prinsengracht 263 binnenvielen.",
"summary_en": "Gringhuis was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944.",
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"title": "Miep Gies, rond 1930",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"first_name": "Hermine",
"last_name": "Gies - Santrouschitz",
"infix": "",
"title": "Miep Gies - Santrouschitz",
"title_nl": "Miep Gies-Santrouschitz",
"title_en": "Miep Gies - Santrouschitz",
"content": "<p>Miep Gies was born as Hermine Santrouschitz on <strong>15 February 1909</strong> in Vienna, the daughter of Karoline Santrouschitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a3ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The baptism took place on <strong>19 February 1909</strong> by Father Mayr in a church at Alservorstadt 195. Godmother was Hermine Lindner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dbqpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to official documents, only the name of Miep's mother is known, although Johann Eipeldauer (or Apeltauer) recognized paternity in court on <strong>8 April 1909</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"srh42\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of food shortages in post-war Vienna, she was sent on a transport of Austrian children to the Netherlands <strong>in late 1920</strong> to gain strength. She was taken in by the family of Laurens Nieuwenburg and lived with them on Atjehstraat in Leiden. In the <strong>spring of 1924</strong> the family moved to Amsterdam and lived at various addresses in the Rivierenbuurt district.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Leiden and Amsterdam, Miep attended public primary school and then went to the three-year ULO (secondary education) course on Mauritskade. After school she went to work as a typist at Schellekens' Borduur- en Plisseerateliers, where she met Jan Gies. By <strong>late 1932</strong> she lost her job and after a period of unemployment went to work for Opekta in <strong>October 1933</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Austria was annexed by Germany in early <strong>1938</strong>, Miep became a German citizen against her will. Marrying Jan Gies in order to become Dutch was impossible, because his first marriage had not yet been annulled. She applied for naturalisation in <strong>1939</strong>. At the <strong>end of 1940</strong> she withdrew this request, because Jan's divorce was virtually settled. They got married in <strong>July 1941</strong>, and in <strong>1950 </strong>their only child Paul was born.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, Miep was one of the four office employees at Otto Frank's companies. She was therefore asked to contribute to the care of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex. One of her tasks was to collect the shopping list in the morning and to deliver the shopping - if available - at noon. During the raid on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, she was not arrested, despite the suspicions of SS officer Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam on <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, he first went to live with Miep and Jan Gies. He continued to live with them until he left for Switzerland in <strong>1952</strong>. In <strong>1972</strong> she received the Yad Vashem decoration at Otto Frank's nomination. After Frank's death in <strong>1980</strong>, Miep took over his public role with regard to Anne's diary to a certain extent. In <strong>1987 </strong>her biography, written by Alison Leslie Gold, was published. After Jan's death in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep moved to Hoorn. She lived there independently until she was moved to a nursing home after a fall in <strong>2009</strong>. There she died shortly before her 101st birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wrf3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a3ak\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbqpf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941. Achter de naam van Hermine Lindner is iets gekrabbeld waarvan niet duidelijk is of het ook een persoonsnaam is.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srh42\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941. Echter blijkt dit niet uit andere officiële akten zoals haar persoonskaart en haar trouwboekje waarin alleen haar moeder is opgenomen. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_016: Familieboekje (trouwboekje) op naam van Gies, Jan Augustus en Santrouschitz, Hermine (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wrf3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Miep Gies with Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Anne Frank remembered: the story of Miep Gies who helped to hide the Frank family</em>, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987 (reprinted several times); David Barnouw, Santrouschitz, Hermine, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland, </em><a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschit\" target=\"_blank\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschitz</a> [20/05/2016].</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Miep Gies werd als Hermine Santrouschitz op <strong>15 februari 1909</strong> in Wenen geboren als dochter van Karoline Santrouschitz<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"95a87\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De doop vond plaats op <strong>19 februari 1909</strong> door pastoor Mayr in een kerk aan de Alservorstadt 195. Peettante was Hermine Lindner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dj82l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Volgens officiële stukken is alleen de naam van Mieps moeder bekend, hoewel Johann Eipeldauer (of Apeltauer) op <strong>8 april 1909</strong> voor de rechtbank het vaderschap erkende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fxmw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de voedselschaarste in het naoorlogse Wenen kwam Miep <strong>eind 1920</strong> met een transport Oostenrijkse kinderen naar Nederland om aan te sterken. Ze werd in het gezin van Laurens Nieuwenburg opgenomen en woonde met hen aan de Atjehstraat in Leiden. In het <strong>voorjaar van 1924 </strong>verhuisde het gezin naar Amsterdam en woonde op verschillende adressen in de Rivierenbuurt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Leiden en Amsterdam bezocht Miep de openbare lagere school en ging vervolgens naar de 3-jarige ULO aan de Mauritskade. Na de school ging ze als typiste werken bij Schellekens’ Borduur- en Plisseerateliers, waar ze Jan Gies leerde kennen. <strong>Eind 1932</strong> verloor ze haar baan en ging na een periode van werkloosheid in <strong>oktober 1933</strong> bij Opekta werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Oostenrijk <strong>begin 1938</strong> bij Duitsland werd ingelijfd, werd Miep tegen wil en dank Duits staatsburger. Met Jan Gies trouwen om zo Nederlandse te worden, was onmogelijk omdat zijn eerste huwelijk nog niet ontbonden was. Ze vroeg in <strong>1939</strong> naturalisatie aan. <strong>Eind 1940 </strong>trok ze dit verzoek in, omdat Jans echtscheiding zo goed als geregeld was. In <strong>juli 1941</strong> trouwden ze, en in <strong>1950</strong> werd hun enige kind Paul geboren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942 </strong>was Miep een van de vier kantoormedewerkers bij de bedrijven van Otto Frank. Daarom werd haar gevraagd aan de verzorging van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis bij te dragen. Een van haar taken was ’s morgens de boodschappenlijst op te halen en tussen de middag de spullen – voor zover verkrijgbaar - af te leveren. Bij de inval op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd ze, ondanks de achterdocht van SS-officier Silberbauer, niet gearresteerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank op <strong>3 juni 1945</strong> in Amsterdam terugkwam, ging hij allereerst naar Miep en Jan Gies. Hij bleef bij hen wonen tot hij in <strong>1952 </strong> naar Zwitserland vertrok. In <strong>1972 </strong>kreeg ze op voorspraak van Otto Frank de Yad Vashem-onderscheiding. Na diens overlijden in <strong>1980 </strong>nam Miep zijn publieke rol ten aanzien van Annes dagboek tot op zekere hoogte over. In <strong>1987 </strong>verscheen haar door Alison Leslie Gold geschreven biografie. Na de dood van Jan in <strong>1993</strong> vertrok Miep naar Hoorn. Ze woonde daar zelfstandig tot ze eind <strong>2009 </strong>na een val in een verzorgingshuis terechtkwam. Daar overleed ze kort voor haar 101ste verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9657o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"95a87\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dj82l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941. Achter de naam van Hermine Lindner is iets gekrabbeld waarvan niet duidelijk is of het ook een persoonsnaam is.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fxmw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941. Echter blijkt dit niet uit andere officiële akten zoals haar persoonskaart en haar trouwboekje waarin alleen haar moeder is opgenomen. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_016: Familieboekje (trouwboekje) op naam van Gies, Jan Augustus en Santrouschitz, Hermine (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9657o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank: het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987 (diverse malen herdrukt); David Barnouw, Santrouschitz, Hermine, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland, </em><a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschitz\" target=\"_blank\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschitz</a> [20/05/2016].</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Miep Gies was born as Hermine Santrouschitz on <strong>15 February 1909</strong> in Vienna, the daughter of Karoline Santrouschitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a3ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The baptism took place on <strong>19 February 1909</strong> by Father Mayr in a church at Alservorstadt 195. Godmother was Hermine Lindner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dbqpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to official documents, only the name of Miep's mother is known, although Johann Eipeldauer (or Apeltauer) recognized paternity in court on <strong>8 April 1909</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"srh42\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of food shortages in post-war Vienna, she was sent on a transport of Austrian children to the Netherlands <strong>in late 1920</strong> to gain strength. She was taken in by the family of Laurens Nieuwenburg and lived with them on Atjehstraat in Leiden. In the <strong>spring of 1924</strong> the family moved to Amsterdam and lived at various addresses in the Rivierenbuurt district.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Leiden and Amsterdam, Miep attended public primary school and then went to the three-year ULO (secondary education) course on Mauritskade. After school she went to work as a typist at Schellekens' Borduur- en Plisseerateliers, where she met Jan Gies. By <strong>late 1932</strong> she lost her job and after a period of unemployment went to work for Opekta in <strong>October 1933</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Austria was annexed by Germany in early <strong>1938</strong>, Miep became a German citizen against her will. Marrying Jan Gies in order to become Dutch was impossible, because his first marriage had not yet been annulled. She applied for naturalisation in <strong>1939</strong>. At the <strong>end of 1940</strong> she withdrew this request, because Jan's divorce was virtually settled. They got married in <strong>July 1941</strong>, and in <strong>1950 </strong>their only child Paul was born.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, Miep was one of the four office employees at Otto Frank's companies. She was therefore asked to contribute to the care of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex. One of her tasks was to collect the shopping list in the morning and to deliver the shopping - if available - at noon. During the raid on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, she was not arrested, despite the suspicions of SS officer Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam on <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, he first went to live with Miep and Jan Gies. He continued to live with them until he left for Switzerland in <strong>1952</strong>. In <strong>1972</strong> she received the Yad Vashem decoration at Otto Frank's nomination. After Frank's death in <strong>1980</strong>, Miep took over his public role with regard to Anne's diary to a certain extent. In <strong>1987 </strong>her biography, written by Alison Leslie Gold, was published. After Jan's death in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep moved to Hoorn. She lived there independently until she was moved to a nursing home after a fall in <strong>2009</strong>. There she died shortly before her 101st birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wrf3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a3ak\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbqpf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941. Achter de naam van Hermine Lindner is iets gekrabbeld waarvan niet duidelijk is of het ook een persoonsnaam is.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srh42\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941. Echter blijkt dit niet uit andere officiële akten zoals haar persoonskaart en haar trouwboekje waarin alleen haar moeder is opgenomen. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_016: Familieboekje (trouwboekje) op naam van Gies, Jan Augustus en Santrouschitz, Hermine (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wrf3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Miep Gies with Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Anne Frank remembered: the story of Miep Gies who helped to hide the Frank family</em>, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987 (reprinted several times); David Barnouw, Santrouschitz, Hermine, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland, </em><a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschit\" target=\"_blank\">https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Santrouschitz</a> [20/05/2016].</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1909-02-15",
"death_date": "2010-01-11",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Wenen",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk",
"death_place": "Abbekerk",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Miep Gies was an employee of Opekta and one of the helpers of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies was medewerker van Opekta en één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies was an employee of Opekta and one of the helpers of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"name": "A_Kleiman_III_006",
"title": "Johannes Kleiman, niet gedateerd",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/f97e3f5f-9041-c7be-63c3-91f74f52c804.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto van Johannes Kleiman, zonder datum.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"first_name": "Johannes",
"last_name": "Kleiman",
"infix": "",
"title": "Johannes Kleiman",
"title_nl": "Johannes Kleiman",
"title_en": null,
"content": "<p>Johannes Kleiman was born on <strong>17 August 1896</strong> as the son of Cornelis Kleiman and Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was the third of four children. He had two brothers, Cornelis (Cor) and Willem Jacobus (Willy), and a sister, Agatha, who died young.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1896,</strong> the Kleiman family lived at Domineespad, now called Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. A few months after the birth of Johannes, the family moved to Nijmegen. Kleiman married Johanna Catharina Reuman in <strong>July 1923</strong>. Their daughter Johanna was born in <strong>1928</strong>. During the hiding period he and his family lived at 12 II Wielingenstraat in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first contacts with Otto Frank date back to <strong>1923</strong>, when Kleiman became proxy holder at the Amsterdam branch of the family bank. Around the same time he became managing director of the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, in which some of Otto's relatives and acquaintances had an interest. Otto himself was a supervisory director from <strong>December 1933</strong>. From the mid 1930s, Kleiman was also a commissioner at the Paauwe clock factory, and together with brother Willy he had a pest control company called Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman played a very important role in the establishment of Pectacon in <strong>1938</strong>, and was director of Opekta from its 'aryanisation' in the <strong>autumn of 1940</strong>. He was the initiator of the hiding period in the Secret Annex, and was one of the helpers during the entire period. His name appears several times in Anne's diary. During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman was also arrested and spent several weeks incarcerated. Thanks to the mediation of the Red Cross he was released because of his poor health. Until his death — at his desk — he remained a director of Opekta. For several years he also represented Otto Frank on the board of the Anne Frank House. In <strong>1972 </strong>Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers - posthumously in the case of Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who</em>?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johannes Kleiman werd geboren op <strong>17 augustus 1896</strong> als de zoon van Cornelis Kleiman en Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rwmhj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij was de derde van vier kinderen. HIj had twee broers, Cornelis (Cor) en Willem Jacobus (Willy), en een jonggestorven zusje, Agatha.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Kleiman woonde in <strong>1896 </strong>aan het Domineespad, nu bekend als Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. Enkele maanden na de geboorte van Johannes vertrok het gezin naar Nijmegen. Kleiman trouwde in <strong>juli 1923 </strong>met Johanna Catharina Reuman. Dochter Johanna werd in <strong>1928 </strong>geboren. Tijdens de onderduikperiode woonde hij met zijn gezin op het adres Wielingenstraat 12 II in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste contacten met Otto Frank dateren van <strong>1923</strong>, toen Kleiman procuratiehouder werd van het Amsterdamse filiaal van de familiebank. Rond dezelfde tijd werd hij directeur van de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, waar ook enkele familieleden en kennissen van Otto aan deelnamen. Otto was er zelf vanaf december ’33 commissaris. Sinds midden jaren dertig was Kleiman tevens commissaris bij uurwerkfabriek Paauwe en had hij met broer Willy een ongediertebestrijdingsbedrijf Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman speelde in <strong>1938 </strong>een zeer belangrijke rol bij de oprichting van Pectacon, en was vanaf de ‘arisering’ in <strong>najaar ’40</strong> directeur van Opekta. Hij was de initiatiefnemer van de onderduik in het Achterhuis, en was gedurende de hele periode een van de helpers. Zijn naam komt in Annes dagboek dan ook herhaaldelijk voor. Bij de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd ook Kleiman gearresteerd, en hij bracht enkele weken in gevangenschap door. Op voorspraak van het Rode Kruis kwam hij vanwege zijn zwakke gezondheid vrij. Tot aan zijn overlijden – aan zijn bureau – bleef hij directeur van Opekta. Verder was hij enkele jaren Otto Franks vertegenwoordiger in het bestuur van de Anne Frank Stichting. In <strong>1972 </strong>vroeg Otto Frank voor alle helpers, voor Kleiman dus postuum, de Yad Vashem-onderscheiding aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4vbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rwmhj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4vbn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman was born on <strong>17 August 1896</strong> as the son of Cornelis Kleiman and Emmetje Vink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was the third of four children. He had two brothers, Cornelis (Cor) and Willem Jacobus (Willy), and a sister, Agatha, who died young.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1896,</strong> the Kleiman family lived at Domineespad, now called Zuiderkerkstraat, in Koog aan de Zaan. A few months after the birth of Johannes, the family moved to Nijmegen. Kleiman married Johanna Catharina Reuman in <strong>July 1923</strong>. Their daughter Johanna was born in <strong>1928</strong>. During the hiding period he and his family lived at 12 II Wielingenstraat in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first contacts with Otto Frank date back to <strong>1923</strong>, when Kleiman became proxy holder at the Amsterdam branch of the family bank. Around the same time he became managing director of the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, in which some of Otto's relatives and acquaintances had an interest. Otto himself was a supervisory director from <strong>December 1933</strong>. From the mid 1930s, Kleiman was also a commissioner at the Paauwe clock factory, and together with brother Willy he had a pest control company called Cimex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman played a very important role in the establishment of Pectacon in <strong>1938</strong>, and was director of Opekta from its 'aryanisation' in the <strong>autumn of 1940</strong>. He was the initiator of the hiding period in the Secret Annex, and was one of the helpers during the entire period. His name appears several times in Anne's diary. During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Kleiman was also arrested and spent several weeks incarcerated. Thanks to the mediation of the Red Cross he was released because of his poor health. Until his death — at his desk — he remained a director of Opekta. For several years he also represented Otto Frank on the board of the Anne Frank House. In <strong>1972 </strong>Otto Frank applied for the Yad Vashem decoration for all the helpers - posthumously in the case of Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjfmf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Zaanstad, geboorteakten 1896, nr. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shu3c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who</em>?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1896-08-17",
"death_date": "1959-01-28",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Koog aan de Zaan",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman was one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman was één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman was one of the helpers of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Johannes-Kleiman"
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"id": 2050,
"image": {
"id": 939,
"uuid": "1e72907d-5a71-48af-9654-6a92835bdb34",
"name": "Silberbauer",
"title": "Karl Joseph Silberbauer, rond 1943",
"alt": "Archive of the Republic of Slovenia",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Silberbauer.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Archive of the Republic of Slovenia, SI AS 1931, Republiski sekretariat za notranja zadeve SRS, No of box 811",
"author": "Kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
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"id": 496,
"uuid": "853e3e76-825d-4eb5-987a-cba7e022701c",
"name": "Overzicht Silberbauer in Nederland.pdf",
"title": "Silberbauer in Nederland",
"alt": "Gertjan Broek - Anne frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Overzicht%20Silberbauer%20in%20Nederland.pdf",
"filetype": "document",
"description": "Kort overzicht van zaken waar Silberbauer tijdens zijn stationering in Amsterdam bij was betrokken.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
}
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/3bad773b-ee19-4be9-bf7e-bf17c99b9c57/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "3bad773b-ee19-4be9-bf7e-bf17c99b9c57",
"first_name": "Karl Josef",
"last_name": "Silberbauer",
"infix": "",
"title": "Karl Silberbauer",
"title_nl": "Karl Silberbauer",
"title_en": "Karl Silberbauer",
"content": "<p>Karl Silberbauer was trained as a machine fitter. He was a soldier from <strong>1931 </strong>to <strong>1935 </strong>and joined the Vienna police in 1937.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined the SS and on <strong>23 July 1943</strong> was given the rank of <em>Oberscharführer</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieids\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This corresponds to the NCO grade sergeant 1st class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the spring of <strong>1944 </strong>he was mentioned in an Amsterdam police report as <em>Hauptscharführer</em>, one rank higher and comparable to sergeant-major.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1943</strong>, his superiors transferred him to the <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> in The Hague, based in the <em>Aussenstelle</em> in Amsterdam. When he had a motorcycle accident on<strong> 9 October 1944</strong> near Schiphol Airport, he sustained such injuries that he stayed in a field hospital in Amsterdam until <strong>February 1945</strong>. Then he went back to Austria and was able to return to the Viennese police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to various post-war indictments, he was guilty of mistreating detainees in the years <strong>1941 - 1943</strong>. For this, he received a one-year prison sentence in <strong>1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Some of the accusations were retracted later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, Simon Wiesenthal succeeded in tracking down Silberbauer and identifying him as the man who had participated in the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1f3t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Telegraaf reporter Jules Huf had interviewed him, insinuations against Wim van Maaren appeared in the newspaper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9kb4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In a first document that Silberbauer wrote for his superiors before the case became public, there was no mention of betrayal by the warehouse employee. In this document he also stated that he would have forgotten Anne Frank long ago if the appearance of her diary had not been accompanied by so much publicity. He also said that after most of the Jews had left Amsterdam, he had become involved in research into clandestine radios and criminal acts against German interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As far as is known, there are nine cases in the Netherlands in which sources show Silberbauer's involvement. An overview (PDF - Dutch only) accompanying this entry shows that only two of these nine cases involved Jewish people in hiding, and that one of these was encountered by chance. According to these sources, tracking down this category of people was not his main activity.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lmrwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Proces-verbaal 14 september 1945, 15.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieids\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Uittreksel personeelsdossier K. Silberbauer, blad 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie, Ministerie van Defensie: Email van drs. E. Rossmeisl aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 11 maart 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport Dr. Wieinger, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (Oostenrijk), 7 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Publicatie vonnis in <em>Wiener Zeitung</em>, No. 204, 3 september 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport van Dr. Köck, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (van Oostenrijk), 19 december 1963, p. 3-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1f3t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Simon Wiesenthal, 'Naschrift bij het dagboek van Anne Frank', in: <em>Moordenaars onder ons: uit de dossiers van Simon Wiesenthal</em>; bew. door Joseph Wechsberg, Amsterdam [etc.]: Elsevier, 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9kb4d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2020, p. 190-197.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: ‘Bericht’ K. Silberbauer, 21 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lmrwg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Silberbauer\" target=\"_blank\">Karl Silberbauer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Karl Silberbauer volgde een opleiding tot machinebankwerker. Hij was van <strong>1931</strong> tot <strong>1935</strong> militair en kwam in <strong>1937</strong> bij de Weense politie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij ging deel uitmaken van de SS en kreeg op <strong>23 juli 1943 </strong>de rang van <em>Oberscharführer</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieids\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit komt overeen met de in Nederland gangbare onderofficiersrang sergeant 1e klasse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In het voorjaar van <strong>1944</strong> staat hij vermeld in een Amsterdams politierapport en was toen <em>Hauptscharführer</em>, één rang hoger en vergelijkbaar met sergeant-majoor.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november</strong> <strong>1943</strong> plaatsten zijn superieuren hem over naar de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> in Den Haag, met als standplaats de <em>Aussenstelle</em> Amsterdam. Toen hij op <strong>9</strong> <strong>oktober</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in de buurt van Schiphol een motorongeluk had, liep hij zodanige verwondingen op dat hij tot <strong>februari 1945 </strong>in een lazaret in Amsterdam verbleef. Toen ging hij terug naar Oostenrijk en kon terugkeren bij de Weense politie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verschillende naoorlogse aanklachten maakte hij zich in de jaren <strong>1941 - 1943</strong> schuldig aan mishandeling van arrestanten. Hij kreeg hiervoor in <strong>1946</strong> een jaar kerkerstraf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Enkele van de beschuldigingen werden later herroepen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Simon Wiesenthal slaagde er in <strong>1963</strong> in Silberbauer op te sporen en aan te wijzen als de man die op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> aan de inval in het Achterhuis deel had genomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8di3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Nadat <em>Telegraaf-</em>verslaggever Jules Huf hem had geïnterviewd verschenen in de krant insinuaties aan het adres van Wim van Maaren. In een eerste stuk dat Silberbauer voor zijn superieuren opstelde vóór de zaak in de openbaarheid kwam, was van verraad door de pakhuismedewerker geen sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l70dg\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In dit stuk stelde hij ook dat hij Anne Frank allang vergeten zou zijn als de verschijning van haar dagboek niet met zoveel publiciteit gepaard was gegaan. Verder zei hij dat hij zich, nadat de meeste Joden al uit Amsterdam weg waren, onder meer met onderzoek naar clandestiene radio’s en criminele handelingen tegen Duitse belangen was gaan bezighouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn voor zover bekend negen zaken in Nederland waarbij uit bronnen Silberbauers betrokkenheid is gebleken. Een bij dit lemma geplaatst overzicht (PDF) toont aan dat er slechts in twee van deze negen gevallen Joodse onderduikers voorkwamen, waarbij deze een keer bij toeval werden aangetroffen. Opsporing van die categorie maakte volgens deze bronnen dus niet de hoofdmoot van zijn werkzaamheden uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7vqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Proces-verbaal 14 september 1945, 15.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieids\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Uittreksel personeelsdossier K. Silberbauer, blad 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie, Ministerie van Defensie: Email van drs. E. Rossmeisl aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 11 maart 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport Dr. Wieinger, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (Oostenrijk), 7 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Publicatie vonnis in <em>Wiener Zeitung</em>, No. 204, 3 september 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport van Dr. Köck, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (van Oostenrijk), 19 december 1963, p. 3-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8di3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Simon Wiesenthal, 'Naschrift bij het dagboek van Anne Frank', in: <em>Moordenaars onder ons: uit de dossiers van Simon Wiesenthal</em>; bew. door Joseph Wechsberg, Amsterdam [etc.]: Elsevier, 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l70dg\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internatonaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo|Antos, 2020, p. 217-225.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: ‘Bericht’ K. Silberbauer, 21 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7vqh\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Silberbauer\" target=\"_blank\">Karl Silberbauer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Karl Silberbauer was trained as a machine fitter. He was a soldier from <strong>1931 </strong>to <strong>1935 </strong>and joined the Vienna police in 1937.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined the SS and on <strong>23 July 1943</strong> was given the rank of <em>Oberscharführer</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieids\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This corresponds to the NCO grade sergeant 1st class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In the spring of <strong>1944 </strong>he was mentioned in an Amsterdam police report as <em>Hauptscharführer</em>, one rank higher and comparable to sergeant-major.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1943</strong>, his superiors transferred him to the <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> in The Hague, based in the <em>Aussenstelle</em> in Amsterdam. When he had a motorcycle accident on<strong> 9 October 1944</strong> near Schiphol Airport, he sustained such injuries that he stayed in a field hospital in Amsterdam until <strong>February 1945</strong>. Then he went back to Austria and was able to return to the Viennese police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to various post-war indictments, he was guilty of mistreating detainees in the years <strong>1941 - 1943</strong>. For this, he received a one-year prison sentence in <strong>1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Some of the accusations were retracted later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, Simon Wiesenthal succeeded in tracking down Silberbauer and identifying him as the man who had participated in the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1f3t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Telegraaf reporter Jules Huf had interviewed him, insinuations against Wim van Maaren appeared in the newspaper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9kb4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In a first document that Silberbauer wrote for his superiors before the case became public, there was no mention of betrayal by the warehouse employee. In this document he also stated that he would have forgotten Anne Frank long ago if the appearance of her diary had not been accompanied by so much publicity. He also said that after most of the Jews had left Amsterdam, he had become involved in research into clandestine radios and criminal acts against German interests.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As far as is known, there are nine cases in the Netherlands in which sources show Silberbauer's involvement. An overview (PDF - Dutch only) accompanying this entry shows that only two of these nine cases involved Jewish people in hiding, and that one of these was encountered by chance. According to these sources, tracking down this category of people was not his main activity.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lmrwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62ag1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Proces-verbaal 14 september 1945, 15.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieids\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Uittreksel personeelsdossier K. Silberbauer, blad 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sx6hq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie, Ministerie van Defensie: Email van drs. E. Rossmeisl aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 11 maart 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"muwyx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport Dr. Wieinger, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (Oostenrijk), 7 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqmbm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>WStLA, Volksgericht, Vg Vr 288/1952: Publicatie vonnis in <em>Wiener Zeitung</em>, No. 204, 3 september 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orhl3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Rapport van Dr. Köck, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (van Oostenrijk), 19 december 1963, p. 3-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1f3t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Simon Wiesenthal, 'Naschrift bij het dagboek van Anne Frank', in: <em>Moordenaars onder ons: uit de dossiers van Simon Wiesenthal</em>; bew. door Joseph Wechsberg, Amsterdam [etc.]: Elsevier, 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9kb4d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2020, p. 190-197.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0f07v\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: ‘Bericht’ K. Silberbauer, 21 augustus 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lmrwg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Silberbauer\" target=\"_blank\">Karl Silberbauer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1911-06-21",
"death_date": "1972-09-02",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Wenen",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk",
"death_place": "Wenen",
"death_country": "Oostenrijk",
"summary": "Karl Silberbauer was an SS man and a policeman. He led the arrest team that raided Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944 and arrested the people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Karl Silberbauer was een SS'er en politieman. Hij leidde het arrestatieteam dat op 4 augustus 1944 een inval deed op Prinsengracht 263 en daar de onderduikers arresteerde.",
"summary_en": "Karl Silberbauer was an SS man and a policeman. He led the arrest team that raided Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944 and arrested the people in hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 262,
"image": {
"id": 153,
"uuid": "a57c6d6b-2a5c-45c5-816a-cbd330049133",
"name": "A_Kugler_III_015",
"title": "Victor Kugler, datum onbekend",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/3d87343f-e7d4-9b53-7e1d-4e522990a4e0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto van Victor Kugler met snor.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2/",
"subjects": [
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"first_name": "Victor Gustav",
"last_name": "Kugler",
"infix": "",
"title": "Victor Kugler",
"title_nl": "Victor Kugler",
"title_en": "Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens zijn doopkaartje werd Victor Kugler geboren op <strong>5 juni 1900</strong> en is hij op <strong>10 juni 1900</strong> gedoopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een aantal bronnen noemt dezelfde datum. De geboorteplaats was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn geboorteplaats Hohenelbe ligt in Tsjechië. Het gebied waar het ligt, maakte tot <strong>1918</strong> deel uit van Oostenrijk-Hongarije. De tegenwoordige naam is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\nHet vervalste persoonsbewijs van Kugler, met de naam Johannes Kuinders, had als geboortedatum <strong>12 december 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De identiteit van zijn vader is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Zijn moeder Emilie Kugler trouwde rond <strong>1909 </strong>met de mijnwerker Franz Klose. Het gezin trok naar Duisburg, waar twee halfbroers en twee halfzussen van Victor werden geboren: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>ging Victor naar de <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>ging hij terug naar Hohenelbe voor een opleiding aan de <em>Fachschule für Weberei</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij werkte kort voor het <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlijn. Tegen het einde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij deel uit van de Oostenrijkse marine in de Adriatische Zee. Als gevolg van de staatkundige herschikking van Europa kreeg hij de Tsjechoslowaakse nationaliteit. Vervolgens werkte hij twee jaar als elektricien in een mijn in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>werkte hij voor de <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) enige tijd in Utrecht. Hij bleef in Utrecht en trouwde in <strong>1928 </strong>met Laua Maria Buntenbach. Kugler trad in dienst van Frans van Angeren, eigenaar van een banketbakkerij en lunchroom. Van Angeren importeerde ook bakkerijgrondstoffen, en raakte zo in de pectinehandel verzeild.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1933 </strong>kwam Kugler via Van Angeren in contact met Otto Frank. Hij ging toen voor Opekta werken en verhuisde naar Hilversum. Ergens in de jaren twintig verliet Kugler het Tsjechoslowaakse staatsverband en opteerde voor de Duitse nationaliteit. In <strong>1933 </strong>vroeg hij naturalisatie tot Nederlander aan, wat in <strong>1936 </strong>werd afgewezen maar in <strong>1938 </strong>alsnog gehonoreerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank in de eerste oorlogsjaren met zijn bedrijven steeds meer problemen kreeg, nam Kugler de leiding van Gies & Co op zich. Hij was een van de vier kantoormedewerkers, en daarom volledig op de hoogte van de onderduikplannen. Bij de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd hij ook gearresteerd, en belandde via de Amsterdamse Huizen van Bewaring II en I in Amersfoort en Zwolle. In de laatste stad kreeg hij hulp van Gies-vertegenwoordiger Martin Brouwer.<strong> Eind maart 1945 </strong>kwam hij met een kolonne gevangenen bij Zevenaar in een beschieting door Britse vliegtuigen terecht. Hij nam de benen en kwam via Rheden en Barneveld op Goede Vrijdag in Hilversum aan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>1952 </strong>werd Kugler weduwnaar. Hij hertrouwde met een Opekta-medewerkster en vertrok met haar en zijn nieuwe schoonfamilie naar Canada. Hier werkte hij onder meer als verzekeringsagent en als elektricien. Na zijn pensionering hield hij in samenspraak met Otto Frank en de Anne Frank Stichting een groot aantal voordrachten over de Achterhuisgeschiedenis en over het dagboek. In de latere jaren zeventig ging zijn gezondheid, vooral in mentaal opzicht, erg achteruit. Juist in deze periode was er ook de stroef verlopende samenwerking met de journaliste Helen Shapiro, die zijn biografie schreef. Het manuscript bleef jaren op de plank liggen en kwam na Shapiro’s overlijden in handen van de journalist Rick Kardonne. Deze publiceerde het na bewerking pas in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler overleed op 81-jarige leeftijd in een Canadees ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen:</em><strong> </strong>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum (<strong>1940-1955</strong>). Kugler woonde in Hohenelbe en op verschillende plaatsen in het Roergebied. Vanaf <strong>1920 </strong>woonde hij in Utrecht, en vanaf <strong>1933 </strong>op verschillende adressen in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>vertrok hij naar Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928. Volgens Kuglers trouwakte uit 1927 heet ze Emilia. Zijn schoolrapporten tekent ze met ‘Emma’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, "'Ik moest hen helpen, ze waren mijn vrienden': Victor Kugler, helper van de onderduikers", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis; wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-06-06",
"death_date": "1981-12-14",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Hohenelbe",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk-Hongarije",
"death_place": "Toronto",
"death_country": "Canada",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler was medewerker van Opekta en één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Victor-Kugler"
],
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2051,
"image": {
"id": 950,
"uuid": "d1c13282-73ad-4107-b8ac-49bb15257d48",
"name": "Willem Grootendorst",
"title": "Willem Grootendorst",
"alt": "Fotograaf: onbekend. Collectie: NIOD Amsterdam (Beeldbank WO2).",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/willem_grootendorst.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Willem Grootendorst was een van de drie agenten die betrokken was bij de inval in het Achterhuis en de arrestatie van de onderduikers.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/66e39a71-6a7c-4c96-a9b6-052d30208cf0/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "66e39a71-6a7c-4c96-a9b6-052d30208cf0",
"first_name": "Willem",
"last_name": "Grootendorst",
"infix": "",
"title": "Willem Grootendorst",
"title_nl": "Willem Grootendorst",
"title_en": "Willem Grootendorst",
"content": "<p>Willem Grootendorst was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. He joined the Amsterdam police force in <strong>1912</strong>. He worked there until the German invasion began. He was seconded to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst </em>from <strong>23 April 1943</strong> to <strong>19 March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> HIs duties included the confiscation of radios that had not been handed in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944 </strong>Grootendorst and Silberbauer made several arrests in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>the two of them, plus Gringhuis, raided Prinsengracht 263. They arrested the eight people in hiding and the two helpers Kleiman and Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Grootendorst was sentenced to life imprisonment after the war, but was released in <strong>1956</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"navr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"dhrye\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Address</em>: Corantijnstraat 22-II, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2271: Brief burgemeester Amsterdam aan Hoofd van de Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) van het Ministerie van Justitie, 12 mei 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. c/a Chr. W. G. Smit, 14 december 1945; P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Duitstalig afschrift verklaring E.A. Tafelkruijer-Olofssen, 18 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"navr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhrye\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst; "Familiebericht”, <em>Utrechts Nieuwsblad</em>, 4 juli 1973</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Willem Grootendorst was een van de rechercheurs die op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> het pand Prinsengracht 263 binnenvielen. Hij trad in <strong>1912</strong> in dienst van het Amsterdamse politiekorps. Daar werkte hij tot de Duitse bezetting van Nederland begon. Van <strong>23 april 1943</strong> tot en met <strong>19 maart 1945 </strong>was hij gedetacheerd bij de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Tot zijn werkzaamheden behoorde onder meer de inbeslagname van niet-ingeleverde radio’s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni 1944 </strong>verrichtte Grootendorst samen met Silberbauer in Amsterdam enkele arrestaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>viel hij met Silberbauer en Gringhuis het pand Prinsengracht 263 binnen. Ze arresteerden de acht onderduikers en de twee helpers Kleiman en Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Grootendorst kreeg na de oorlog een levenslange gevangenisstraf, maar werd in <strong>1956 </strong>vrijgelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"navr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"vvdy8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Adres</em>: Corantijnstraat 22-II, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2271: Brief burgemeester Amsterdam aan Hoofd van de Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) van het Ministerie van Justitie, 12 mei 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. c/a Chr. W. G. Smit, 14 december 1945; P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Duitstalig afschrift verklaring E.A. Tafelkruijer-Olofssen, 18 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"navr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vvdy8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst; "Familiebericht”, <em>Utrechts Nieuwsblad</em>, 4 juli 1973</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Willem Grootendorst was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. He joined the Amsterdam police force in <strong>1912</strong>. He worked there until the German invasion began. He was seconded to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst </em>from <strong>23 April 1943</strong> to <strong>19 March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> HIs duties included the confiscation of radios that had not been handed in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944 </strong>Grootendorst and Silberbauer made several arrests in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>the two of them, plus Gringhuis, raided Prinsengracht 263. They arrested the eight people in hiding and the two helpers Kleiman and Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Grootendorst was sentenced to life imprisonment after the war, but was released in <strong>1956</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"navr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"dhrye\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Address</em>: Corantijnstraat 22-II, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9gstz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Zuivering Politie, inv. nr. 2271: Brief burgemeester Amsterdam aan Hoofd van de Afdeling Politie (Zuivering) van het Ministerie van Justitie, 12 mei 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbrc9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. c/a Chr. W. G. Smit, 14 december 1945; P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r4z9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Zuivering, inv. nr. 2271: P.v.b. 101 c/a Grootendorst, Verklaringen J.F. Jansen, S.P. Oly en W. Grootendorst; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), map ‘Staatsanwaltschaft’/Proces 1964: Duitstalig afschrift verklaring E.A. Tafelkruijer-Olofssen, 18 december 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"navr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank. De biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herziene druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhrye\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst; "Familiebericht”, <em>Utrechts Nieuwsblad</em>, 4 juli 1973</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eiyzr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart W. Grootendorst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1889-05-04",
"death_date": "1973-07-03",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Utrecht",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Utrecht",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Willem Grootendorst was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Willem Grootendorst was een van de rechercheurs die op 4 augustus 1944 het pand Prinsengracht 263 binnenvielen.",
"summary_en": "Willem Grootendorst was one of the detectives who raided the premises at Prinsengracht 263 on 4 August 1944.",
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"published": true,
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"name": "Helpers",
"name_nl": "Helpers",
"name_en": "Helpers",
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"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Helpers are people who offered help to people in hiding, for example by helping find hiding places, providing shelter or providing distribution vouchers or food.",
"summary_nl": "Helpers zijn mensen die hulp boden aan onderduikers, bijvoorbeeld door te helpen bij het vinden van schuilplaatsen, het verlenen van onderdak of het verzorgen van distributiebonnen of voedsel.",
"summary_en": "Helpers are people who offered help to people in hiding, for example by helping find hiding places, providing shelter or providing distribution vouchers or food.",
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"name": "010_010",
"title": "Prinsengracht 263, waar Opekta was gevestigd, 1947",
"alt": "Carel Blazer. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_010_Foto_Carel_Blazer_1947_G3jZc5v.jpg",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.3753",
"longitude": "4.884037",
"events": [
{
"id": 284,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf2de677-9784-493d-b179-c4034e48c92f/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf2de677-9784-493d-b179-c4034e48c92f",
"name": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"content": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hans Wijnberg en zijn zus Els, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen. Ze hadden de noten al gepakt toen ze hoorden dat het toilet werd doorgetrokken. Ze begrepen toen dat er mensen in het pand waren en maakten zich snel uit de voeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In haar dagboek beschrijft Anne vier inbraken. De eerste inbraak werd gepleegd door twee kinderen uit de buurt.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "SAA 5225-2036 9 april 1944.PNG",
"title": "Melding van poging tot inbraak in het pand Prinsengracht 263",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/SAA_5225-2036.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3d65f630-4e2a-4c22-b725-d16c80bdf6b1/",
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"name": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"content": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rond half tien in de avond van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ontdekte Peter, die in de regel de deuren voor de nacht controleerde, dat er iets loos was. Hij alarmeerde stilletjes 'de heren' en zij gingen poolshoogte nemen. Later vertelden zij de in de schuilplaats achtergebleven dames dat de inbrekers nog aan de magazijndeur wrikten toen zij vanaf de trap het pakhuis inkwamen. Van Pels riep 'politie', waarop de inbrekers vluchtten. Maar niet zonder nog eens een plank van de deur te trappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteraard was de kans groot dat de politie de geforceerde deur zou opmerken, en dat gebeurde ook. Slegers surveilleerde al jarenlang in binnenstad langs panden waarvoor hij als nachtwaker was ingehuurd. Daarbij trof hij geregeld verdachte situaties en zijn naam duikt dan ook in tal van politierapporten op. De agent die hij waarschuwde, Cornelis den Boef, doorzocht rond kwart voor elf het pand maar trof zijn inziens niets verdachts aan. Hij rapporteerde later op de avond aan de wachtcommandant van bureau Warmoesstraat: 'Binnenshuis was van diefstal echter niets te constateeren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de andere kant van de boekenkast zaten de onderduikers in grote angst. Anne schreef in haar dagboek: 'Stappen in huis, privékantoor, keuken, dan..... onze trap, niemand ademde nu hoorbaar, 8 harten bonkten, stappen op onze trap, dan gerammel aan de draaikast. Dit moment is onbeschrijvelijk.' Tot overmaat van ramp was het deze zondag eerste Paasdag, wat betekende dat het kantoorpersoneel pas dinsdag zou komen. Tot zolang verkeerden de onderduikers in onzekerheid over wat er gaande was en zaten zij in doodse stilte bijeen in de kamer van Van Pels, in de veronderstelling dat er wel politie in het gebouw de wacht zou houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdagochtend lukte het Jo Kleiman telefonisch te bereiken. Kort daarna verschenen Jan en Miep Gies, en bleek de kust - voorlopig - redelijk veilig. Later hoorde Jan van groenteman Van Hoeve dat ook hij het gat in de deur had opgemerkt, maar dacht er beter geen politie bij te halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-04-09",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In de avond van 9 april 1944 zag nachtwaker Martin Slegers dat er een deurpaneel van Prinsengracht 263 was geforceerd en waarschuwde een politieagent.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
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"title": "Overloop met de boekenkast",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/aecf1efe-2eb5-f666-4f38-7f2aa2f946c0.jpg",
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"description": "De ruimte waar de draaibare boekenkast staat",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In Copyright (rechten Derden)"
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"name": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"name_nl": "De ontdekking van de boekenkast",
"name_en": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de draaibare boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd helper Victor Kugler tijdens een inval van de Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst meegenomen om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Daarbij ontdekten zij de draaibare boekenkast die toegang gaf tot het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"name_nl": "De arrestatie van de onderduikers",
"name_en": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de SD al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriend drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers werden samen met Kleiman en Kugler voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werden de onderduikers overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> getransporteerd naar Westerbork. Kleiman en Kugler werden na verhoor opgesloten in het Huis van Bewaring II op de Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). Daar verbleven ze bijna zes weken totdat ze op <strong>7 september</strong> werden overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring I op de Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 deed een arrestatieteam van Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
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"name": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> rond half elf 's ochtends viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was. Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de <em>Sichterheitsdienst</em> (SD) al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriende drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde in<strong> januari 1948</strong> de SD' ers Karl Silberbauer en (rechercheurs) Gezinus Gringhuis en Willem Grootendorst die het kantoor binnenkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler, die op dat moment directeur van Opekta/Pectacon was. De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van de <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) na de oorlog, werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’ </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk werd Kugler samen met de acht onderduikers en Kleiman naar het gebouw van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Kugler noemde in zijn vrij summiere verklaring voor de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van <strong>14 januari 1948</strong> geen details over de arrestatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964), NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dosier van Maaren, procesverbaal; In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de inval van 4 augustus 1944 van het Achterhuis werden ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124465,
"image": {
"id": 1002,
"uuid": "74898da1-bdff-4cbb-8b9e-c3dd1c2a711a",
"name": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"title": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Papier_en_stempels_Gies__Co.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co. De locatie van het bedrijf, aan de voet van de Westertoren, zit verwerkt in het logo.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf",
"name": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_nl": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_en": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"description": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Share ownership</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_nl": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. werd opgezet omdat Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd. Aanvankelijk heette het bedrijf La Synthèse. Deze firma werd op <strong>23 oktober 1940</strong> opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies. Op <strong>4 november 1940</strong> werd de nieuwe firma ingeschreven in het handelsregister met Victor Kugler als eigenaar en directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris en aandeelhouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was gevestigd op het privé-adres van Victor Kugler in Hilversum. Kugler bezat vijftien aandelen ter waarde van 1.500 gulden in totaal; Jan Gies bezat de rest van de aandelen ter waarde van 500 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vertegenwoordigers waren Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naamsverandering</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Pectacon legde het bedrijf zich toe op handel in en fabricage van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>8 mei 1941 </strong>veranderden Kugler en Gies de bedrijfsnaam in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover in <strong>1963</strong> dat de zaak "<em>haar Frans klinkende naam, wijl zij een onderneming was van Duitse afkomst, moest laten vallen."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Aanwijzingen dat het ministerie bezwaar tegen Frans klinkende namen had zijn er verder niet. Wel bepaalde het vaker dat wijziging nodig was, bijvoorbeeld wanneer een bedrijfsnaam teveel op een andere leek. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam, en werd Jan Gies ingeschreven als commissaris van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als commissaris had Jan Gies de bevoegdheid alle lokaliteiten van de onderneming te betreden. Zodoende was het ook niet ongewoon dat hij veel aanwezig was en later bijvoorbeeld met nachtwaker Slegers over de inbraak van <strong>april 1944 </strong>sprak.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vliegende start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf<strong> september 1941 </strong>ging Pectacon, op voorstel van Johannes Kleiman, in liquidatie. De voorraden en machines werden met verlies aan Gies & Co. verkocht. Ook allerhande andere kosten kwamen nog ten laste van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kunstgreep voorkwam dat deze goederen, of hun waarde, ten goede kwamen van Duitse instellingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Gies & Co. op <strong>29 oktober 1941</strong> verhuisde naar de Prinsengracht 263, nam het het huurcontract over van Opekta. Opekta werd vervolgens onderhuurder van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ook ontving het een voorschot van 5.000 gulden van Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Met het voorschot van Opekta en de door Pectacon gedragen kosten kon Gies & Co. een vliegende start maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Cruciaal voor de onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vrijwel zeker was Gies & Co. het belangrijkst voor de financiering van de onderduik in het Achterhuis. Voor het belang van Gies & Co. in dit verband zijn drie aanwijzingen. Als eerste benoemde Otto Frank expliciet dat Kugler specerijen verkocht buiten de boekhouding ter financiering van de noden in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ten tweede was Gies & Co. volledig ‘arisch’ waardoor het zich makkelijk aan Duits toezicht kon onttrekken. Ten derde, Van Pels en Otto Frank waren woedend toen Kugler laboratoriumproefjes deed in plaats van de leverantie voor specerijenmakelaar Westermann in orde te maken. Dit alles onderstreept dat Gies & Co. van cruciaal belang was voor de onderduik.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Aandelenbezit</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren had Otto Frank uiteraard geen formele banden met het bedrijf. Een briefje in het Hofhuisarchief geeft een overzicht van het aandelenbezit, vermoedelijk gedateerd in eind <strong>1943</strong> of begin <strong>1944</strong>. Op papier bezat Kleiman 3.500, Gies 2.500 en Kugler 4.000 gulden. De investeringen in aandelen en deposito van Kleiman en Otto Frank liepen zo door elkaar heen, dat het erop lijkt alsof Otto's en Kleimans geld één geheel vormden. Wie welke aanspraak precies kon maken is niet helder. Wel is duidelijk dat Otto in Gies & Co. heeft geïnvesteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gaf op per <strong>1 september 1945</strong> aandelen Gies & Co. te bezitten met een nominale waarde van 5.800 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong> beschikte hij over 58 procent van de aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Forse verliezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april ’50</strong> traden Otto Frank en Pal Klein als commissarissen tot de N.V. toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In<strong> januari 1954 </strong>bezat Otto Frank voor 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co. (en 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Pectacon was uiteindelijk namelijk niet geliquideerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Het bedrijf leed in de <strong>eerste helft van de jaren '50</strong> forse verliezen. Over <strong>1953 </strong>respectievelijk 5.200 gulden en ruim 14.000 gulden over <strong>1954</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’55 </strong>kondigde Kugler liquidatie van Gies & Co. aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> maar een paar weken later was dit gevaar geweken, want Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel uit Rotterdam verklaarde zich onder voorwaarden bereid Gies & Co. over te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En dat gebuerde ook. Of Jan Gies bij de zaak betrokken bleef tot de overname door Verstegen is niet bekend. Kugler emigreerde in <strong>juni 1955</strong> naar Canada.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_en": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Share ownership</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"summary": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Gies & Co. was een nieuwe onderneming die, omdat het geen Joods bedrijf was, Otto Frank's bedrijf Pectacon verving in verband met anti-Joodse maatregelen.",
"summary_en": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124655,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140",
"name": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"name_nl": "Opekta en Gies & Co na de inval van 4 augustus 1944",
"name_en": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"description": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Jo Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Jo Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de inval van vier augustus bleven de firma’s Gies & Co en Opekta zonder directie achter. Het personeel, Bep Voskuijl en Miep en Miep Gies op kantoor en magazijnchef Willem van Maaren en zijn los-vaste werkers, zette de zaken desondanks voort. En natuurlijk met Jan Gies, die altijd nog commissaris van Gies & Co was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was een beetje improviseren. Aanvankelijk gaf de Duitse politieman Silberbauer de sleutels van het pand aan Miep, en zij gaf ze weer door aan Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong> zei Miep tegen de Rijksrecherche dat Van Maaren bij haar om de sleutels kwam omdat ‘ze’ (d.w.z. de <em>SD</em>) zeiden dat hij ze moest hebben. Volgens Van Maaren deed zij het uit eigen beweging. Hij gaf ook een praktisch argument: Kugler opende de deuren altijd om half negen voor het magazijnpersoneel, terwijl Miep pas om negen uur op kantoor kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler verklaarde in <strong>september 1945</strong> dat vertegenwoordiger Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar destijds had willen proberen de <em>directie</em>, dat wil zeggen Kugler en Kleiman, op de Euterpestraat vrij te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In een gesprek met de journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>eind jaren vijftig</strong> bevestigde Miep Gies het initiatief van Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zij sprak daar over de ‘Verhafteten’. In <strong>1963</strong> vertelde ze nog eens aan de Rijksrecherche dat zij met geld ‘de gearresteerden’ wilde vrijkopen, zonder daarbij Daatzelaar nog te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In hoeverre echt de hoop leefde ook de <em>onderduikers </em>vrij te kunnen kopen is niet te zeggen. De directeuren waren opgepakt om wat ze hadden gedaan, de onderduikers om wie ze waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de dagen na de inval ging Van Maaren nog naar het Huis van Bewaring (HvB) toe om wat receptuur aan Kugler te vragen. Toen Kleiman en Kugler uit het HvB vertrokken, was het aanvankelijk onduidelijk waar zij naartoe gingen. Op <strong>29 augustus</strong> schreef Miep Gies aan een hulpverleenster in Kamp Vught met de vraag of zij daar wellicht waren heengebracht. Zij schreef daarbij dat een van hen maaglijder was, en doelde daarmee op Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een antwoord is niet bekend, maar later zou blijken dat het tweetal in Kamp Amersfoort was opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 september</strong> kwam Jo Kleiman weer vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort. Vanwege zijn maagklachten had het Rode Kruis zich voor zijn vrijlating ingespannen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij verscheen weer op de Prinsengracht om zijn taak op zich te nemen. Zo gingen de twee bedrijven langzaamaan de laatste oorlogswinter tegemoet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel geen van de onderduikers Van Maaren kende, spraken zij met de helpers geregeld over hem. Zijn mogelijke betrokkenheid bij diefstallen uit het pand kwam daarbij naar voren. Er zijn echter geen aangiften uit de onderduikperiode bekend. Dat werd in de latere wintermaanden anders. Op <strong>16 januari 1945</strong> deed vertegenwoordiger Broks bij de recherche op politiebureau Singel namens Gies & Co. aangifte van diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker. Broks zei ‘geen vermoeden’ te hebben van de dader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Otto Frank en zijn medewerkers in <strong>1948</strong> een zaak tegen Van Maaren aanspanden bleek deze echter wel verdacht te zijn geweest. Zijn huis was door rechercheurs, kennelijk in het bijzijn van Broks, doorzocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Die huiszoeking leverde niets op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn weinig gegevens over hoe de bedrijven de laatste winter verder doorkwamen. In de persoonlijke sfeer valt te vermelden dat in december de moeder van Jan Gies en in februari de vader van Jo Kleiman overleden. In zakelijk opzicht zijn de bronnen schaars. Het jaarverslag van Opekta over <strong>1944</strong> vermeldde: ‘De goede verstandhouding en samenwerking met de firma Gies & Co., bleef even als voorheen bestendigd.’ Het vermeldde eveneens dat door de luchtoorlog tal van Duitse industrieën, waaronder pectineproducent Pomosin, waren stilgevallen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pas na de bevrijding kon serieus werk worden gemaakt van de wederopbouw van de bedrijven. En van het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Jo Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Jo Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
"summary_nl": "Door de arrestatie van de helpers Victor Kugler en Jo Kleiman was de directie van Gies & Co en Opekta weg. De drie andere helpers, Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl, bleven vrij en zetten het bedrijf voort. Kleiman kwam na zijn vrijlating (18 september 1944) terug op kantoor.",
"summary_en": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"uuid": "c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"content": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf 1960 is hier het Anne Frank Huis gevestigd.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884037 52.3753)",
"summary": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Kantoor en magazijn-werkplaats van Opekta, Pectacon en Gies & Co. van 1940 tot 1955. Het achterhuis was van juli 1942 tot augustus 1944 de schuilplaats van de familie Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
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"street": "Prinsengracht 263",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b94c7ffd-b38f-4729-9e5a-37bb180481e1/",
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"uuid": "b94c7ffd-b38f-4729-9e5a-37bb180481e1",
"name": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> rond half elf 's ochtends viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was. Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de <em>Sichterheitsdienst</em> (SD) al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriende drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde in<strong> januari 1948</strong> de SD' ers Karl Silberbauer en (rechercheurs) Gezinus Gringhuis en Willem Grootendorst die het kantoor binnenkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler, die op dat moment directeur van Opekta/Pectacon was. De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van de <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) na de oorlog, werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’ </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk werd Kugler samen met de acht onderduikers en Kleiman naar het gebouw van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Kugler noemde in zijn vrij summiere verklaring voor de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van <strong>14 januari 1948</strong> geen details over de arrestatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964), NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dosier van Maaren, procesverbaal; In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de inval van 4 augustus 1944 van het Achterhuis werden ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
},
{
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"main_image": null,
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"uuid": "2d675b73-de06-4ea6-ae94-3f427033b518",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.086",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815/",
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Margot Frank",
"title_nl": "Margot Frank",
"title_en": "Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was de zus van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Margot-Frank"
],
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"parent": 396124657,
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"latitude": "52.349589",
"longitude": "4.874142",
"events": [
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0888b3d6-5561-42ea-8087-24f54bd290a4/",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
"subjects": [
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"published": true,
"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
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"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/corporaties/4722"
],
"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
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"title": "Otto Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1936",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Otto Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1936'.",
"author": "Conclusie herkomst: kan worden ingezet voor het publiek.",
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"title": "Otto Frank",
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"content": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank werd geboren op zondag <strong>12 mei 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, als zoon van <em>Kaufman</em> (koopman) Michael Frank en Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Heinrich was het tweede kind uit een gezin van vier kinderen, allen geboren in Frankfurt am Main. Hij had twee broers, Robert Hermann en Herbert August, en een zus, genaamd Helène. Ten tijde van Otto Franks geboorte woonde het gezin Frank op Gärtnerweg 58 te Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Joodse familie Frank behoorde tot de gegoede kringen van Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto’s vader Michael slaagde erin de laatste decennia van de negentiende eeuw in een succesvol bankbedrijf op te zetten. De familie was een typisch product van het Duitse <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. Na het doorlopen van het Lessing Gymnasium ging Otto voor een zomersemester naar de universiteit van Heidelberg, waar hij colleges kunstgeschiedenis volgde. Hierna doorliep hij een leertijd bij de bank Ferdinand Sander in Frankfurt. Vervolgens vertrok hij naar New York. Hij werkte als stagiair in Macy’s en bij een bank in het Financial District. Terug in Duitsland werkte hij bij Fenestra, een fabrikant van allerhande staalconstructies en industriële installaties. Na het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog werkte Otto, alvorens in het leger te gaan, bij een hoefijzerfabriek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1915</strong> kwam hij terecht bij het derde <em>Regiment Fußartillerie</em> in Mainz. Na zijn opleiding kwam zijn eenheid in de omgeving van Bapaume terecht. Otto was telefonist en waarnemer, waardoor hij op enige afstand van de daadwerkelijke gevechtslinie zat. Na zijn demobilisatie nam hij de leiding van de familiebank op zich. Het bedrijf was door de economische en politieke chaos in Duitsland in zwaar weer terechtgekomen. In <strong>1923</strong> richtten Otto en enkele familieleden in Amsterdam twee bedrijven op die zich in de financiële sector bewogen. Jo Kleiman was bij beide bedrijven als directeur en procuratiehouder betrokken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925</strong> trouwde Otto met Edith Holländer. Haar familie had een bedrijf dat grote overeenkomsten vertoonde met Fenestra. Uit het huwelijk werden de dochters Margot en Anne geboren. Na <strong>1929</strong> werd de economische situatie slechter. Ook het politieke klimaat in Duitsland verslechterde snel. Na Hitlers machtsovername vertrokken Otto en zijn gezin naar Amsterdam. Otto richtte in de zomer van <strong>1933</strong> de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij op. In <strong>december '33</strong> werd hij commissaris van de ‘Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie’, waarvan Kleiman directeur was. <strong>Eind jaren dertig</strong> liep een poging een zaak in Engeland op te zetten op niets uit. De ‘Centrale Maatschappij’ verdween, waarna Otto en Kleiman zich op de opbouw van Pectacon toelegden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginfase van de oorlog probeerde Otto met zijn gezin naar de Verenigde Staten te emigreren, wat als gevolg van de onmogelijke procedure en bureaucratie mislukte. Toen de vervolgingsmaatregelen toenamen, ontstond het plan om onder te duiken. Op initiatief van Kleiman werd het Achterhuis hiervoor gereed gemaakt. Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> betrok het gezin de schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was de enige van de acht onderduikers die na de arrestatie en deportatie uit Auschwitz terugkeerde. Hij hervatte zijn werk en deed daarnaast veel om Joodse kinderen die ouderloos uit de oorlog kwamen bij familie of pleeggezinnen onder te brengen. Bovendien redigeerde hij Annes dagboek en zorgde dat het uitgegeven werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij zag Anne als representante van alle vermoorde Joodse kinderen en hoopte dat haar dagboek de mensheid tot bezinning zou brengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto woonde na terugkeer zeven jaar bij Miep en Jan Gies. Hij vertrok vervolgens naar Bazel en trouwde met Elfriede Markovits, die vergelijkbare oorlogservaringen had. Tot op hoge leeftijd correspondeerde hij met vooral jongeren van over de hele wereld over Anne en haar ideeënwereld. Hij overleed op 91-jarige leeftijd in een Zwitsers ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ps0n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vud1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor biografieën, zie: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbouw, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79kwm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, <strong>12 May 1889</strong> in Frankfurt am Main, the son of <em>Kaufman</em> (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers, Robert Hermann and Herbert August, and a sister named Helène. At the time of Otto Frank's birth, the Frank family lived at Gärtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German <em>Bildungsbürgertum</em>. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy's and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1915</strong>, he joined the Third Regiment <em>Fussartillerie</em> in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In <strong>1923</strong> Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1925 </strong>Otto married Edith Holländer. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after <strong>1929</strong>. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler's rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the <strong>summer of 1933</strong> Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In <strong>December 1933</strong> he became a supervisory director of the 'Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie', of which Kleiman was a director. At the <strong>end of the 1930s</strong>, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The 'Centrale Maatschappij' disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At Kleiman's initiative, the Secret Annex was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also edited Anne's diary and made sure it was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osvjv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders israëlitisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0nv0p\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>For biographies, see: Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b0mhr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Karen Bartlett. <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1889-05-12",
"death_date": "1980-08-19",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bazel",
"death_country": "Zwitserland",
"summary": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank was de vader van Margot en Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.",
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"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
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"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"parent": 396124657,
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/76739.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"latitude": "52.349589",
"longitude": "4.874142",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7/",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
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"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677/",
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"uuid": "e2b08d2a-0fdc-40b5-bac4-c3be2bf37677",
"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"published": true,
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 48,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47?format=api"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5",
"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8",
"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
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"name": "A_vPels_III_001 - Uitsnede",
"title": "Peter van Pels, Amsterdam, 1942",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Foto in zwart wit van Peter van Pels, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in Amsterdam, 1942\r\n\r\nhttps://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/361c9375-f47c-abc7-ffb9-03b5d488f18a.jpg",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
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"first_name": "Peter",
"last_name": "Pels",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Peter van Pels",
"title_nl": "Peter van Pels",
"title_en": "Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels werd geboren op <strong>8 november 1926 </strong>in Osnabrück (Duitsland).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zijn ouders waren Hermann van Pels en Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Hij was enig kind. Hij groeide op in Osnabrück en kwam in <strong>1937</strong> met zijn ouders naar Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is weinig bekend over welke scholen Peter in Nederland bezocht. Volgens een oud-klasgenoot zat hij op de MULO in Diezestraat. Het is waarschijnlijk na de segregatie van het onderwijs dat Peter een technische beroepsopleiding ging volgen. Hij leerde onder meer meubels bekleden. In het kamp Mauthausen zou hij later dan ook geregistreerd worden als meubelmaker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In tegenstelling tot Anne, die Moortje bij de buren onderbracht, nam Peter zijn kat Mouschi mee naar het Achterhuis. Hij deed in het Achterhuis de meeste timmerklusjes, en hij sjouwde de aardappelen naar boven. Volgens Anne wou Peter na de oorlog naar Indonesië om daar op de plantages te leven. Wat er over Peter uit deze periode bekend is, komt voornamelijk uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben in later jaren hier nog iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Peter via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. Hij ontmoette hier Max Stoppelman, de zoon van Jan en Mieps hospita. Stoppelman nam Peter onder zijn hoede. Volgens Otto Frank was Peter er getuige van dat zijn vader na een tussentijdse selectie werd afgevoerd om ter dood te worden gebracht. In <strong>januari 1945</strong> ontruimden de Duitsers het kamp. Otto Frank drong er bij Peter op aan dat hij zich verborg, en niet met de evacuatie, later betiteld als ‘dodenmarsen’, meeging. Peter vertrok toch, en kwam op <strong>25 januari</strong> in Mauthausen aan. Hij verrichtte nog werk, onder meer in <em>Aussenlager Melk</em>, alvorens in het <em>Sanitätslager</em> van het hoofdkamp terecht te komen. Er bestaat wat onduidelijkheid over de precieze overlijdensdatum van Peter. Een lijst die de Amerikanen bij de bevrijding van het kamp opstelden houdt het op <strong>5 mei 1945. </strong>Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt na de bevrijding van Mauthausen is Peter van Pels overleden op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>. Peter werd 18 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkwnd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0x5ub\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels was born on <strong>8 November 1926</strong> in Osnabrück (Germany).<sup data-footnote-id=\"is06g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. He was an only child. He grew up in Osnabrück and came to Amsterdam with his parents in <strong>1937</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war to live on the plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period comes from Anne's diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep's landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In <strong>January 1945</strong> the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the 'death march'. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk sub-camp, before ending up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> of the main camp. The exact date of Peter's death is unclear. A list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it was <strong>5 May 1945</strong>. According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>. Peter was 18 years old.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"is06g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels. Het precieze adres staat niet vast.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6ayk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-11-08",
"death_date": "1945-05-10",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Osnabrück",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Mauthausen",
"death_country": "Oostenrijk",
"summary": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels was het enig kind van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen en één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Peter-van-Pels"
],
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "People hiding in the Secret Annex",
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"summary": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_nl": "De acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis aan de Amsterdamse Prinsengracht 263, te weten Otto, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste en Peter van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "The eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht 263, namely Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer.",
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
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"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Hermann van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Hermann van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Hermann van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels en de andere onderduikers werden door Silberbauer verzameld en naar de tweede verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aanvankelijk gaat alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later wordt ook Kleiman daar naartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers wordt Hermann voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag wordt hij samen met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en daarna wordt hij getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944 </strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3283\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No details are known about Hermann van Pels' experience of the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels and the other people in hiding were gathered by Silberbauer and conducted to the second floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Initially, only Kugler went with them into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Hermann was taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans and later transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3283\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kshu8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"97ntd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels werd samen met de andere onderduikers op 4 augustus 1944 gearresteerd door de SD en naar de Euterpestraat overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels, along with the other people in hiding, was arrested by the SD on 4 August 1944 and taken to Euterpestraat.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 47,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/850a6325-e968-4536-b419-763fe0cc3c21/",
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"name": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Edith Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Edith Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Kugler zei hierover: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde in <strong>1963</strong> dat Edith, Anne en Margot zich met Silberbauer op de Frank-etage bevonden tijdens de arrestatie: '<em>Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Edith en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Victor Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. Kugler said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2swne\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated in <strong>1963</strong> that Edith, Anne, Margot were on the Frank floor with Silberbauer during the arrest: "There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Edith and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jodo2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2swne\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting A(FS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Buitenland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v84iv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, proces-verbaal 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Edith Frank-Holländer samen met de andere onderduikers in het Achterhuis gearresteerd bij een inval van de SD. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Edith Frank-Holländer and the other people in hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested in a raid by the SD. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53e25790-b9c1-498b-950b-672402a7a5d8/",
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"name": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Otto Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De arrestanten mochten van Silberbauer een paar minuten de tijd nemen om hun spullen te pakken en vervolgens werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het gebouw van de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht. Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle </em>– het regionale kantoor – van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord. Otto Frank werd hier één keer kort verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled being in the upper part of the Secret Annex at the time of the arrest, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and at that moment pointing out an error in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: <em>"Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his pistol. I found out afterwards that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) Thereupon he said to me, why didn't I report back then, I would have been sent to the 'Theresienstadt' labour camp back then."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer allowed the arrestees to take a few minutes to pack their belongings and then the eight hiders and the helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the SD building on Adama van Scheltemaplein 1.Otto Frank himself repeatedly stated that after his arrest they were taken by the SD to the <em>Aussenstelle - </em>the regional office - of the Sicherheitsdienst on Euterpestraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated later one by one. Otto Frank was interrogated once, briefly, here by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After being convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases of people in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ptfvp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fclnc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xa9nv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>National Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbjpq\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de Aussenstelle van de Sicherheitsdienst aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Karl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de Grüne Polizei en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Otto Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Otto Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD on the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/51b69094-694e-4e46-82ac-dced1ff9e06a/",
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"name": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "The arrest of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over omstandigheden die tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 hebben geleid is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rond half elf in de ochtend viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarna een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die allen op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. De rechercheurs liepen door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Tijdens deze inspectie kwamen ze in de ruimte met de draaibare boekenkast, die de toegang tot het Achterhuis blokkeerde. Ze ontdekten de geheime toegang en verrasten de onderduikers in hun schuilplaats.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daaraan toe: ‘<em>Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met Kleiman, Kugler en de andere onderduikers werd Fritz Pfeffer voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werd hij met de anderen overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit getransporteerd naar Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing concrete is known about circumstances leading to the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer and also included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the National Department of Criminal Investigation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opox8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, after which one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sitting there at the time were Johannes Kleiman, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, who all knew about the people in hiding. The detectives walked on to the office of Victor Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The policemen questioned him and took him along on a search of the building. During this inspection, they entered the room with the revolving bookcase, which blocked the entrance to the Secret Annex. They discovered the secret entrance and surprised the hiders in their hiding place.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank recalled: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man stood right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1963</strong>, he added: "He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised." <sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Kleiman, Kugler and the other people in hiding, Fritz Pfeffer was taken to the SD on Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day he and the others were transferred to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and from there transported to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oyj50\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opox8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9sp0u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. </em><em>Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rj0w4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Fritz Pfeffer samen met de andere onderduikers en de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was arrested along with the other people in hiding and helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 49,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9b7eccd6-2936-45b3-9b14-4077909797b5/",
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"name": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Margot Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank tijdens het Rijksrechercheonderzoek uit <strong>1963 </strong>zag hij Margot, Anne en Edith in de slaapkamer annex woonkamer van de familie Frank op de tweede verdieping toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Margot en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank's statement during the <strong>1963 </strong>investigation by the National Department of Criminal Investigation, he saw Margot, Anne and Edith in the Frank family's bedroom cum living room on the second floor when he came down from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Margot and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bpzso\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003; Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06h4u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Margot Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Margot Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 15,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "8d906983-da1d-42bf-a370-fb328fc9d8bc",
"name": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The arrest of Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Franks ervaringen tijdens de inval en de arrestatie. Volgens de verklaring van Otto Frank uit <strong>1963</strong> zag hij Anne, Margot en Edith in zijn slaapkamer toen hij vanuit Peters kamer naar beneden kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook komt uit deze verklaring naar voren dat Anne en de anderen, na verhoor bij de SD aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans werden gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Angst voor arrestatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We weten weinig over Anne Frank tijdens de inval en de arrestatie, maar door het dagboek weten we wel iets meer over Annes <em>angst </em>voor arrestatie. Die angst beschrijft ze vanaf het begin.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drieënhalve week in het Achterhuis schrijft Anne: '<em>Het benauwt me ook meer dan ik zeggen kan, dat we nooit naar buiten mogen, en ik ben erg bang dat we ontdekt worden en dan de kogel krijgen, dat is natuurlijk een minder prettig vooruitzicht.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na ongeveer drie maanden: <em>'Ik was ontzettend bang en dacht ons laatste uurtje had geslagen. Ik zag ons in gedachten al in een consentratiekamp of tegen de muur staan, om de kogel te krijgen.”</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na twintig maanden: '<em>Ik weet dat ik niet veilig ben, ik ben bang voor cellen en concentratiekampen (…)'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Door de inbraak in <strong>april 1944</strong> komt het gevaar heel dichtbij. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Dit en toen de politie aan de kastdeur rammelde waren mijn bangste ogenblikken, m'n dagboek niet, m'n dagboek alleen samen met mij!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944, </strong>an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the hiders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank's experiences during the raid and arrest. According to Otto Frank's <strong>1963</strong> statement, he saw Anne, Margot and Edith in his bedroom when he came downstairs from Peter's room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This statement also reveals that Anne and the others, after questioning at the SD station on Adama van Scheltemaplein, were taken to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Fear of arrest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>We know little about Anne Frank during the raid and arrest, but through the diary we do know a little more about Anne's <em>fear </em>of arrest. She describes that fear from the start.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After about three-and-a-half weeks in the Secret Annex, Anne wrote: "<em>Not being able to go outside upsets me more than I can say, and I'm terrified our hiding place will be discovered and that we'll be shot. That, of course, is a fairly dismal prospect</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After about three months: "<em>I was terrified and thought our final hour had come. In my mind, I could already see us in a concentration camp or against the wall, getting shot.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After 20 months: "<em>I know I am not safe, I am afraid of cells and concentration camps</em> (...)"<sup data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The break-in in <strong>April 1944</strong> brought the danger close to home. Anne wrote: "<em>This and the police rattling on the bookcase were the moments when I was most afraid. Oh, not my diary, if my diary goes, I go too</em>!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1v5u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30yqu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9d7i2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 1 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; [transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty; transl. from the German language by Kirsten Warner and transl. from the Dutch language by Nancy Forest-Flier]. London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9x5l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qy6m0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7q6e2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Anne Frank samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Anne Frank and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Jeroen De Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskuijl, het zwijgen voorbij: een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2015; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk, </em>herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>De achtertuin van het Achterhuis</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2018, Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo Anthos, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023); Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
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"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name_en": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung",
"uuid": "961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"content": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Centraal bureau voor Joodse emigratie) was gevestigd op het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gebouw was gevorderd van de ‘Christelijke H.B.S.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>Zentralstelle</em> was voor de Duitse bezetter een belangrijk orgaan in de organisatie van de deportaties van het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> tot het <strong>najaar van 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In Wenen, Praag en Berlijn bestonden gelijknamige instellingen, die verantwoordelijk waren voor de deportatie van Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten en Willy Lages hadden er in Nederland de leiding over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze organiseerde de verhuizingen van Joden naar Amsterdam, verstuurde de oproepen aan Joden om zich te melden, haalde ze op uit hun woningen, hield razzia’s, spoorde onderduikers op, verhoorde en mishandelde ze. De <em>Zentralstelle</em> werd betaald door de LiRo-bank, de bank die het geld van alle Joden afpakte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1941</strong> kwam het bevel aan alle niet-Nederlandse Joden zich bij de <em>Zentralstelle</em> voor emigratie aan te melden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het Otto Frank Archief bevinden zich documenten waaruit blijkt dat ook Otto Frank zijn gezin heeft aangemeld voor deze verplichte emigratie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werden de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis en twee van hun helpers, Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, hier verhoord door de Sipo-SD. Ze moesten een nacht blijven en werden de volgende dag overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gebouw is op <strong>26 november 1944</strong> gebombardeerd, samen met het hoofdkwartier van de <em>Sicherheitspolizei</em> en <em>SD</em>, in het gevorderde schoolgebouw ertegenover aan de Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s88bq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_für_jüdische_Auswanderung_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam</a>,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration) was located at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was requisitioned from the Christian <em>Hogere Burgerschool </em>(H.B.S; Higher Civic School).<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was an important body for the German occupier in the organization of the deportations from the <strong>spring of 1941</strong> to the <strong>fall of 1943</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There were similar agencies in Vienna, Prague and Berlin, which were responsible for the deportation of Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten and Willy Lages were in charge of this agency in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It organized the relocation of Jews to Amsterdam, sent out calls for Jews to report, picked them up from their homes, conducted raids, tracked down people in hiding, interrogated and abused them. The <em>Zentralstelle</em> was financed by the LiRo bank, the bank that seized money and valuables from all Jews.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <strong>end of 1941</strong>, the order came for all non-Dutch Jews to register with the <em>Zentralstelle</em> for emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the Otto Frank Archive there are documents showing that Otto Frank also registered his family for this mandatory emigration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1li86\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, the eight people in hiding from the Secret Annex and two of their helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were interrogated here by the <em>Sipo-SD</em>. They had to stay overnight and were transferred to the Detention Center the next day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The building was bombed on <strong>26 November 1944</strong>, together with the headquarters of the Security Police and SD, in the requisitioned school building opposite on Euterpestraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfsbb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 238; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 396-398.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp7zp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1501.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lejzc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, passim; H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmij., 1947, passim.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6y97g\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazivervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 95</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpcix\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Amsterdam\" target=\"_blank\">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zy7ww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1li86\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_059.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.874142 52.349589)",
"summary": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het hoofdkwartier van de ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was gevestigd in het gebouw van de Christelijke H.B.S. in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The headquarters of the ‘Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung’ was located in the building of the Christian H.B.S. school in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Adama van Scheltemaplein 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "eaebefca-b4a4-4fdb-93f2-a459af1e6dfb",
"name": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de ervaringen van Peter van Pels tijdens de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is weinig concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Peter zich op zijn eigen kamer. Otto Frank hielp hem daar met Engels leren en wees hem net op een fout in zijn dictee toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer [ook] met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Peter en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hywsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5enc2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR,, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Few details are known about Peter van Pels' experiences during the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid on the Prinsengracht 263 building. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Peter was in his own room. Otto Frank was helping him learn English and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation, when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Peter and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hpe62\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvt7d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 107</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fsvze\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzonder Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7uho\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Peter van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Peter van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_027.098",
"title": "Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/e2721f7d-9990-e64e-aaf7-085e8c37b11d.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Annelies Marie",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Anne Frank",
"title_nl": "Anne Frank",
"title_en": "Anne Frank",
"content": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank werd op <strong>12 juni 1929</strong> geboren in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was het tweede kind van Otto Frank en Edith Holländer en werd voorafgegaan door Margot. Net als haar zus Margot kwam ze ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8¼ pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In een register van de kliniek is aangegeven dat <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> een <em>'Junge' </em>(jongen) was en dat Anne met Edith na de geboorte twaalf dagen in de kliniek bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Volgens dienstmeisje Käthi Stilgenbauer was de verloskundige professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"615mu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het besluit van haar ouders om Duitsland te verlaten, woonde Anne aanvankelijk met haar moeder en Margot bij haar grootmoeder in Aken. Margot ging in <strong>december 1933</strong> definitief naar Amsterdam; Anne moest nog tot <strong>februari 1934</strong> wachten. Van <strong>april 1934</strong> tot<strong> juli 1935 </strong>ging ze naar de kleuterklas van de 6e Montessorischool. In <strong>augustus 1935</strong> ging Anne naar eerste klas van dezelfde school. Na de zesde klas moest ze eigenlijk nog een zevende jaar op de school blijven, maar als gevolg van de segregatie in het onderwijs ging dat niet door. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum en ging dus toch middelbaar onderwijs volgen. Haar klasgenoten en verschillende voorvallen op het Joods Lyceum beschreef Anne in haar dagboek en in haar Verhaaltjesboek. Anne had geen erg goede gezondheid. Ze was vaak ziek en ze kon niet aan gym meedoen omdat haar armen en benen snel uit de kom schoten. Ook toen ze in het Achterhuis aan gymnastiek wilde doen, kreeg ze hier last van.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was de enige die de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis uitgebreid heeft gedocumenteerd. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben hierop enige aanvullingen en correcties gegeven. Dit betekent dat alles wat we over de onderduikperiode weten in hoge mate door Annes perceptie is gekleurd. Ook Margot hield een dagboek bij, maar dat is niet bewaard geleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Anne via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was Anne samen met haar moeder en Margot. <strong>Eind oktober of begin november </strong>werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Anne kreeg net als Margot vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, kort na haar zuster, op 15-jarige leeftijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns0k8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sr3a8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g88l1\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uaywr\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"615mu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx0mp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Mirjam Pressler, <em>Daar verlang ik zo naar: het levensverhaal van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1993 Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank 1929-1945: pluk rozen op aarde en vergeet mij niet</em>, Amsterdam: Olympus, 2001; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Anne Frank, 1929-1945: het leven van een jong meisje: de definitieve biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: haar boek, haar leven, haar voortbestaan</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Wie was Anne Frank? Haar leven, het Achterhuis en haar door: een korte biografie voor jong en oud</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Bart Funnekotter, <em>Anne Frank in een notendop</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. dr., Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018; Martin van Gelderen & Frank van Vree, <em>'Joods kind dat weet van eeuwen heeft': Anne Frank als vluchtelinge, schrijfster en icoon</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2022; Ronald Leopold e.a., <em>Anne Frank: leven, werk en betekenis</em>, Amsterdam: Queriod, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on <strong>12 June 1929</strong>, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k121\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8¼ pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A clinic register indicates that <em>'Saugling' Frank</em> was a <em>'Junge'</em> (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3d436\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> According to maid Käthi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After her parents' decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in <strong>December 1933</strong>; Anne had to wait until <strong>February 1934</strong>. From <strong>April 1934</strong> to <strong>July 1935</strong> she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In<strong> August 1935</strong> Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> (Book of tales). Anne's health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn't take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne's perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In <strong>late October</strong> or <strong>early November</strong> the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in <strong>February 1945</strong>, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wvqif\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k121\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)\" target=\"_blank\">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ruq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3d436\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor: Jürgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het 'Soc.Druck.-Archiv'. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van 'Societäts Verlag' is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zicjx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvqo8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, <em>The story of Anne Frank</em>, London: MacMillan Children's Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, <em>Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank</em>, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, <em>Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, <em>Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, </em>upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href=\"https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank\" target=\"_blank\">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: <em>Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland</em>, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1929-06-12",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.",
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"title": "Auguste van Pels, 16 juli 1941",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel / Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Auguste van Pels, Amsterdam, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Geen restricties bekend"
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"first_name": "Auguste",
"last_name": "Pels - Röttgen",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_nl": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_en": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"content": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Auguste Röttgen werd op <strong>29 september 1900 </strong>geboren in Buer, Kreis (district) Recklinghausen, Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was de dochter van Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had vier zussen: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha en Lotte. Na de oorlog verklaarde Margaretha dat Auguste economie had gestudeerd in Keulen en deze studie succesvol afrondde. Volgens het universiteitsarchief van Keulen schreef Auguste zich na een semester uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bewos\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 december 1925</strong> trouwde Auguste Röttgen in haar woonplaats Elberfeld met Hermann van Pels. Ze kreeg hierdoor automatisch de Nederlandse nationaliteit. Op <strong>8 november 1926</strong> werd zoon Peter geboren. Hij bleef enig kind. In <strong>1937 </strong>kwam Auguste met haar gezin naar Nederland. Na enkele verhuizingen kwamen ze terecht in een ruime vierkamerwoning aan de Zuider Amstellaan, ingericht met uit Duitsland meegebracht meubilair. Op <strong>30 oktober 1942</strong>, toen ze al enkele maanden waren ondergedoken, werd de woning leeggehaald.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1942</strong> ging ook Auguste van Pels onderduiken in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Wat we uit deze periode over haar weten komt uit Annes dagboek, met enige correcties en aanvullingen van Otto Frank en Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Auguste van Pels via Westerbork in Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht. Later werd ze doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen, naar Raguhn en vandaar naar Theresienstadt. Onderweg naar Theresienstadt kwam ze om. Ze was bij overlijden 44 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bewos\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-09-29",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Buer",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
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"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939",
"alt": "Polyfoto. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/9c2717fe-2305-e3c1-33eb-8cac8fb8d7aa.jpg",
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"description": "Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.\r\nBijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"first_name": "Margot Betti",
"last_name": "Frank",
"infix": "",
"title": "Margot Frank",
"title_nl": "Margot Frank",
"title_en": "Margot Frank",
"content": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kwam op <strong>16 februari 1926</strong> ter wereld in de kliniek van de <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> te Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was 54 centimeter lang en woog 8 pond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze was het eerste kind van Otto Frank en Edith Höllander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze bezocht van <strong>april 1932</strong> tot maart <strong>1933</strong> de <em>Ludwig Richterschule</em>. In die maand stapte ze over naar de <em>Varrentrappschule</em>. Deze overstap viel samen met de verhuizing van het gezin naar de Dantestrasse, en hing er ongetwijfeld mee samen. Toen haar ouders besloten Duitsland te verlaten, ging Margot eerst naar haar oma in Aken. Daar bezocht ze tot <strong>22 december</strong> de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> aan de Bergdriesch.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam ging Margot naar de Jekerschool, en vervolgens naar het ‘Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes’. Al vrij snel haalde ze voor de meeste vakken goede cijfers, wat aantoonde dat ze zich de Nederlandse taal gemakkelijk eigen maakte. In de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> werd de segregatie van het onderwijs in gang gezet en moesten Margot en haar vriendin Jetteke Frijda het Meisjeslyceum verlaten. Beiden gingen naar het Joods Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was sportief. Ze deed onder meer aan roeien en tennis. Met enkele klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum roeide ze bij een club onder de Berlagebrug. Toen Margot en de - ook Joodse - coach van sportbeoefening werden uitgesloten, hielden ook de andere meisjes het voor gezien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 juli 194</strong>2 werd Margot opgeroepen zich voor een Duits werkkamp te melden. Haar ouders besloten de al langer bestaande onderduikplannen te versnellen. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli</strong> fietste Margot onder begeleiding van Miep Gies naar Prinsengracht 263. De rest van het gezin volgde lopend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was stil en teruggetrokken van aard. In het Achterhuis las en leerde ze vooral. Ze volgde met goede resultaten een cursus Latijn bij het LOI. Wat bekend is over Margots leven in het Achterhuis komt vooral uit het dagboek van Anne. Alleen Otto Frank en Miep Gies hebben daar nog iets over gezegd. Miep herinnerde zich niet in deze periode een woord met haar te hebben gewisseld. Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Margot via Westerbork in Auschwitz terecht. De eerste acht weken was ze samen met haar moeder en Anne. <strong>Eind oktober</strong> of <strong>begin november</strong> werden de meisjes op transport gezet naar Duitsland en belandden in Bergen-Belsen. Margot kreeg vlektyfus en overleed in <strong>februari 1945</strong>, waarschijnlijk kort voor haar 19e verjaardag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78ti\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bifsf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6qt2b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Het Margot Frank Huis? De vergeten zus van Anne', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot was born on <strong>16 February 1926 </strong>in the <em>Vaterländische Frauenverein</em> clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holländer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from <strong>April 1932 </strong>to <strong>March 1933</strong>. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family's move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the Jüdische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until <strong>22 December</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of <strong>1941</strong>, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls' Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls' Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach — who was also Jewish — were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 July 1942 </strong>Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of <strong>6 July</strong>, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot's life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne's diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In <strong>late October or early November</strong>, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in <strong>Februay 1945, </strong>probably shortly before her 19th birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbud5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kliniek heet nu: <em>Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz</em>. In 1890 opende het 'Vaterländische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz' in Frankfurt am Main het Maingau-Krankenhaus, <a href=\"https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html</a> (geraadpleegd december 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jfoq8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum “Unser Kind”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqo39\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne', in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, <em>Margot Frank en de anderen</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, <em>Margot</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1926-02-16",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Bergen-Belsen",
"death_country": "Duitsland",
"summary": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was de zus van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.",
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"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder ging net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz en werd daar net als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen-Belsen. Het transport vertrok op <strong>1 november 1944</strong> en kwam op <strong>3 november 1944</strong> aan in kamp Bergen Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder kreeg daar nummer 7356 en kwam in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich het moment dat ze Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen weer terugzag: '<em>Hun ouders waren er niet. Daar vroeg je niet naar, omdat je eigenlijk wist… gezien je eigen ervaring met ouders, broers enzovoorts, ja, je hebt een vermoeden, meer niet. De meisjes Frank waren bijna onherkenbaar doordat hun haar was afgeknipt, ze waren veel kaler dan wij, hoe dat kan weet ik niet. En ze hadden het koud, net als wij allemaal. Het was winter en je had geen kleding. Dus alle factoren voor ziekte waren aanwezig. Zij speciaal waren er erg aan toe.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder bleef in Bergen-Belsen in de buurt van Anne en Margot en zag de zusjes steeds zieker worden: ‘Je zag ze werkelijk doodgaan, beiden.’ Ze herinnerde zich hoe ze de typische verschijnselen van tyfus steeds duidelijker bij de twee meisjes zag vorderen. De meisjes vertoonden ‘een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Korte tijd later merkte ze dat ze Anne en Margot niet meer zag, en nam ze aan dat ze waren omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Rachel Frankfoorder, net als Auguste van Pels, op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Bergen-Belsen kwam Rachel Frankfoorder de zusje Anne en Margot tegen. Ze zag hoe de zusjes steeds zieker werden. Ze getuigde daarover na de oorlog.",
"summary_en": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b9a1f047-34a0-40f7-998b-38c6fc883db3/",
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"name": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank gevangen in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne en Margot zaten zo’n vier maanden gevangen in Bergen Belsen, tot hun dood in februari 1945. Over hun gevangenschap kunnen we alleen via verschillende getuigen meer te weten komen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat door een storm in de nacht van <strong>7 november 1944</strong> de tenten in Bergen Belsen waren ingestort, werden de vrouwen, onder wie Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels, enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken. Vervolgens werden ze ondergebracht in barakken in het zogenaamde <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r dat naast het <em>Sternlager</em>lag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, een meisje uit de paralelklas van Margot op het Joods Lyceum, zat gevangen in het Sternlager en schreef op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> in haar agenda: ‘Margot en Anne Frank in het andere kamp.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel die ook met het transport van <strong>1 november 1944</strong> uit Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was gekomen, verbleef in dezelfde barak als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel verklaarde dat ze apathisch waren, niet werkten en vooral met z’n drieën bij elkaar bleven. De getuigenissen van Rachel Frankfoorder en de zussen Janny en Lientje Brilleslijper wijken licht af van dit beeld. Volgens Janny Brilleslijper probeerden zij en haar zus Lientje, de zusjes Frank, de zusjes Daniels in Bergen Belsen elkaar te helpen en zagen zij elkaar regelmatig. Over Auguste van Pels in Bergen Belsen is verder vrijwel niets bekend. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoetingen met Hanneli en Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich dat ze vermoedde dat Anne en Margot soms naar de afscheiding met het <em>Sternlager</em> gingen om daar iemand te ontmoeten. Dit vermoedde bleek juist te zijn. Bij het hek dat het <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r scheidde van het <em>Sternlager</em> ontmoette Anne haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar. Ook Martha van Collem is twee keer bij die ontmoetingen aanwezig en hielp Hanneli met het samenstellen van een pakketje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Iemand kwam Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Via Auguste van Pels kwam het contact met Anne tot stand. Margot was toen waarschijnlijk al te ziek om uit de barak te komen. Nadat de vriendinnen eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar daarna op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden bij Anne een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. Tot grote frustratie van Anne werd het pakketje door een andere vrouw gevangen, die er vervolgens mee vandoor ging. Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli herinnerde zich dat Anne vertelde dat ze dacht dat haar ouders dood waren. Mogelijk sprak Anne daarom pas na de ontmoeting met Hanneli met kampgenoot Margot Rosenthal, die in <strong>januari 1945</strong> vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aankwam, en nog aan Anne en Margot zou hebben verteld dat hun moeder Edith de selectie van <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>had overleefd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyphus</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> Auguste van Pels voor dwangarbeid wordt geselecteerd voor een transport naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald), blijven Anne en Margot achter. Mogelijk was Anne na haar ontmoetingen met Hanneli Goslar binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht. Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk opzoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich te hebben gezien hoe Anne en Margot steeds zieker werden en op het laatst duidelijk tekenen van vlektyfus vertoonden. Volgens haar waren ze er op een gewoon niet meer en daarom nam ze aan dat ze gestorven waren. Net als Auguste van Pels ging Rachel Frankfoorder ging op transport naar Raguhn, dus haar constatering van vlektyfus bij de zusjes Frank moet van voor <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, een klasgenote van Anne op het Joods Lyceum, ontmoet Anne een paar keer in Bergen Belsen en zag dat Anne erg mager was en vlektyfus had. Nanny Blitz kwam op <strong>5 december 1945</strong>, na de dood van haar vader, vanuit het Sternlager in hetzelfde kampdeel als Anne terecht. Zij ontmoeten elkaar in<strong> januari 1945</strong> een aantal keer. Nanette Blitz herinnede zich over dezelfde periode: <em>Ik geloof dat ik Margot niet staande heb gezien. Dat ze daar lag. Anne heb ik omhelsd, maar Margot kan ik me staande niet herinneren, die was al helemaal verzwakt. En alles kromp in hè, hersenen, magen, alles hè, ze waren, ze was helemaal… en daar heb ik eigenlijk vrijwel niet mee gesproken. Die was al zo half weg, helemaal verzwakt… Maar Anne, daar heb ik wel mee gesproken, verschillende keren, en ik geloof iedere keer als ze kwam dan was, lag Margot daar in een barak, die was niet meer zo goed bij.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Janny Brilleslijper, werkzaam als verpleegster in het kamp, herkende de verschijnselen van epidemische vlektyfus bij Anne en Margot en verklaarde dat de zusjes ook in een ziekenbarak geweest zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel er verschillende getuigen net als Janny verklaren dat de zusjes in een ziekenbarak hebben gelegen, is vooralsnog niet duidelijk waar en wanneer dit precies geweest zou zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk zijn Margot en Anne ergens in de maand <strong>februari 1945</strong> aan vlektyfus gestorven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank zitten vanaf 3 november tot 7 februari samen in kamp Bergen-Belsen. Op 7 februari wordt Auguste geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Raguhn. Kort daarna overlijden Anne en Margot aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
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"name": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ruth Wiener ziet Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noteerde op <strong>20 december 1944 </strong>in haar agendaatje: ‘<em>Anne en Margot Frank in het andere kamp!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In haar agenda schreef Ruth vanaf <strong>1943</strong> in kamp Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen dingen die haar opvielen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Haar agendaatje is het enige contemporaine document dat getuigt van de aanwezigheid van Anne en Margot Frank in kamp Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener kende Anne en vooral Margot van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente en het Joods Lyceum in Amsterdam. Ze heeft hen in Bergen-Belsen niet gesproken, maar alleen gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-12-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"summary_nl": "Ruth Wiener schreef op 20 december 1944 in haar agenda in kamp Bergen-Belsen dat ze Anne en Margot Frank had gezien.",
"summary_en": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting met Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot Rosenthal kwam in <strong>januari 1945 </strong>met een nieuwe groep vrouwen vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aan. Zij wist toen dat Edith Frank de selectie op<strong> 30 oktober 1944</strong> had overleefd en zou dit nog aan Anne en Margot hebben verteld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kort voordat Margot moet zijn overleden, zou Margot Rosenthal Anne nog een keer hebben ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog lag Nanette Blitz naast Margot Rosenthal in het ziekenhuis en beschreef ze kort in een brief aan Otto Frank de ontmoeting tussen Margot Rosenthal en Anne en Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Misschien kunt U zich Margot Drach-Rosenthal herinneren uit Westerbork, die nogal veel met Anne omging? Zij ligt hier naast me en vertelde mij het volgende: Zij ging tezamen met uw vrouw en kinderen naar Birkenau waar ze samenbleven tot November. Toen gingen Margot en Anne naar Bergen-Belsen, waar zij 3 Nov. arriveerden. Daar ontmoette ik hen (een meisje die ook hier ligt lag boven hen). Ik was niet in hun barak maar bezocht hen vaak. Ondertussen arriveerde Margot (genaamd Monika) Rosenthal in Januari in Bergen Belsen en vertelde hun dat zij uw vrouw in Birkenau had gesproken wat hun erg opfleurde, omdat zij weinig hoop bij de selectie hadden gehad.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal wist destijds niet dat Edith Frank op <strong>6 januari 1945 </strong>was overleden in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-01",
"date_end": "1945-01-21",
"summary": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Rosenthal kende Anne Frank goed uit Westerbork en Auschwitz-Birkenau. Toen ze twee maanden na Anne in Bergen-Belsen was aangekomen, kon ze Anne en Margot Frank vertellen dat hun moeder nog leefde nadat zij uit Auschwitz waren vertrokken.",
"summary_en": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
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"name": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Hanneli Goslar en Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>waar Anne en Margot Frank verbleven in Bergen-Belsen lag direct naast het <em>Sternlager</em>. De twee delen werden van elkaar gescheiden door een hek dat bestond uit twee lagen gaas en prikkeldraad met daartussen stro of riet. De gevangenen konden elkaar dus niet zien, maar wel horen. Zo ontmoette Anne bij het hek haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar (1928), die sinds<strong> januari 1944 </strong>in het Sternlager zat opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari of begin februari 1945 </strong>kwam iemand Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli dacht dat Anne met haar familie naar Zwitserland was gevlucht en was stomverbaasd om te horen dat Anne in het kamp terecht was gekomen. Ze herinnerde zich nog goed dat ze met Anne kwam te spreken: <em>Dus ik heb geen andere keuze dan in de avond, zover als ik kan, dichtbij het prikkeldraad te komen. En ik begin daarover heen te roepen […] En toen ik daar aan het prikkeldraad riep: ‘Hallo, hallo’, de vrouw die mij antwoordde was de moeder van Peter, mevrouw Van Pels.(…) En zij wist precies dat ik een vriendin van Anne was en het eerste wat ze zegt was: ‘O, jij wilt Anne spreken.’ Ik zeg: ‘Ja natuurlijk.’ We hebben een halve minuut gepraat, het was te gevaarlijk. En toen voegde ze alleen nog bij […]: ‘Margot kan ik niet brengen, die kan niet meer tot dit prikkeldraad lopen, maar ik breng Anne.’ En daar stond ik en wachtte. En werkelijk na vijf minuten of zo, een heel zwak stemmetje, en het was Anne.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de meisjes eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden in het ´kleine vrouwenkamp´ een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. <em>En toen hoor ik dat Anne huilt en schreeuwt en kwaad is. Wat is er gebeurd? Nee, ik kon haar niet zien, en dat prikkeldraad was hoog en de nacht was donker en ik moest gooien naar wat ik hoor. Maar daar waren honderden andere hongerige vrouwen, en een andere vrouw had dat pakje opgepakt, rende weg, en heeft haar niets gegeven. Nou, ik moest haar eerst kalmeren en ik heb beloofd: ‘Wij doen het nog een keer.´</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Martha van Collem (1929), die de familie Frank kende van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente in Amsterdam, was een of twee keer bij deze ontmoetingen aanwezig. Net als Irene Hasenberg (1930) die in het kamp goed bevriend was geraakt met Hanneli Goslar en herinnerde dat ze samen opzoek waren gegaan naar kleding voor in het pakketje dat de eerste keer gestolen werd door een andere vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op <strong>23 januari 1945 </strong>een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk op zoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Mogelijk was Anne binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hannah Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-23",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank ontmoette haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar meermaals bij het hek in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"same_as": null,
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4c7c4d6c-b4f0-4ede-a91a-8f7908cb31f8?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "07728a87-5c7b-4581-b2f9-4692d2495dc7",
"name": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Anne en Margot Frank",
"name_en": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De exacte overlijdensdatum van Anne en Margot Frank staat niet vast, maar ligt vermoedelijk in de maand februari 1945<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK heeft na de oorlog de wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermiste personen vast te stellen. Dit gebeurde niet op basis van onderzoek, maar bij benadering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kampgenote Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper verklaarde in <strong>1952</strong> dat <em>Anne Frank plm. Maart 1945 stierf. </em>Hieruit heeft het NRK geconcludeerd dat de sterfdatum van Anne Frank ergens tussen <strong>1</strong> en <strong>31 maart 1945 </strong>gelegen moet hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De '<em>Commissie tot het doen van aangifte van overlijden van vermisten</em>' van het Ministerie van Justitie nam deze conclusie over en de datum vastgesteld op <strong>31 maart 1945</strong>. Deze datum is vervolgens gepubliceerd in de Staatscourant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De officiele overlijdensakte werd uiteindelijk tien jaar later op <strong>29 juli 1954</strong> in Amsterdam opgemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van getuigenissen, documenten en een analyse van het ziekteverloop van vlektyfus valt af te leiden dat Anne en haar zus Margot vermoedelijk al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli Goslar en de zussen Martha en Ilse van Collem verklaarden dat zij Anne in <strong>februari 1945</strong> ontmoet hadden bij het hek dat het <em>Frauenkamp</em> scheidde van het Sternlager.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>Omdat deze ontmoeting tot stand kwam door tussenkomst van Auguste van Pels die blijkens een transportlijst al op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald) vertrekt, moet deze ontmoeting <strong>eind januari </strong>of begin <strong>februari 1945</strong> hebben plaatsgevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was, volgens getuigenverklaringen, dan al te ziek om op te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het pakketje dat de meisjes over het hek naar Anne gooiden, zatten spullen afkomstig uit een Rode Kruispakket. De grootmoeder van Hanneli had omstreeks <strong>23 januari 1945</strong> een Rode Kruispakket ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als Auguste van Pels vertrokken Rachel van Amerongen en Annelore Daniel, die in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot Frank verbleven, op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Zowel Rachel als Annelore verklaarden dat Anne ziek was en de verschijnselen van vlektyfus vertoonde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen zeiin een interview uit 1988:<em> '(...) dat ze tyfus hadden was duidelijk (...). Ze kregen die weggetrokken gezichten, dat vel over been. (...) De verschijnselen van tyfus openbaarden zich duidelijk bij hen: dat langzame wegebben, een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was (…).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook Nanette Blitz die Anne voor het laatst in januari 1945 ontmoette, vertelde in een interview uit 2012 dat Anne en Margot ziek waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyfus is een ziekte met vaak een dodelijke afloop na ongeveer twee weken. Na een incubatietijd van ongeveer een week treden de eerste verschijnselen op: ernstige hoofdpijn, rillingen, koorts en spierpijn. Vijf dagen later gevolgd door huiduitslag en verminderd bewustzijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gezien dit ziekteverloop is het aannemelijk dat Anne en Margot al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden. </p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank hoorde op <strong>18 juli 1945</strong> dat zijn beide dochters in Bergen-Belsen zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Later vertelde hij: <em>Uiteindelijk vond ik twee zusters die gelijk met hen in Bergen-Belsen hadden gezeten en die me dan over de laatste, dodelijke ziekte van mijn kinderen vertelden. Beiden waren door ontberingen zo verzwakt dat ze aan de daar heersende tyfus ten prooi waren gevallen.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hij doelde hier op de zussen Jannie en Lientje Brilleslijper. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afdeling Rectificatie van het Bevolkingsregister wilde van Otto Frank weten of er getuigen waren van het overlijden van zijn dochters in Bergen Belsen. Op <strong>4 oktober 1945 </strong>vroeg Otto Frank schriftelijk aan Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper of zij hem een 'desbetreffend schrijven' zou kunnen doen toekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper verklaarde op <strong>11 november 1945</strong> dat Margot en Anne Frank omstreeks <strong>eind februari</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> begin maart 1945</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Dit is in tegenspraak met de verklaringen die zij en haar zus later aflegden waarin de datum varieert van eind februari tot heel kort voor de bevrijding van Bergen-Belsen op <strong>15 april 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-07",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot Frank stierven in concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus, vermoedelijk in februari 1945.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"same_as": null,
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
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"parent": null,
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{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
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"content": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was van oorsprong de locatie van een groot oefenterrein voor pantsertroepen van de Wehrmacht en een kazernecomplex bij de plaatsjes Bergen en Belsen op de Lüneburger Heide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp was in eerste instantie geen werk- of vernietigingskamp – er waren geen gaskamers – en diende als krijgsgevangenenkamp en ‘uitwisselingskamp’. Vanaf <strong>mei 1940</strong> werden er Franse, Belgische, Sovjet-, en andere geallieerde soldaten en verzetsstrijders uit allerlei landen in het kamp gevangengezet.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":891,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1112,"abs_y":2024}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april 1943 </strong>nam de SS een groot terrein van het krijgsgevangenenkamp over van de Wehrmacht voor de inrichting van het <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen waarin Joden werden ondergebracht die konden worden uitgewisseld met Duitse krijgsgevangenen in het buitenland; iets wat uiteindelijk nauwelijks gebeurde.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":803,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1024,"abs_y":2135}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het <em>Sternlager</em> was onderdeel van het <em>Austauschlager </em>en bestond uit ongeveer achttien barakken waarin veel Nederlandse Joden gevangen zaten. In het Sternlager zaten families bij elkaar en waren de omstandigheden een tijd lang relatief beter dan in andere kampen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":532,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":753,"abs_y":2193}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van 1944 werd Bergen-Belsen ook een <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor duizenden vrouwen die uit de bezette delen van Oost-Europa die voor dwangarbeid op transport waren gezet naar Duitse buitenkampen. Begin augustus 1944 werd op een open vlakte in de zuidwestelijke hoek van het kamp een tentenkamp ingericht voor de opvang van de grote deportaties die vanaf half augustus 1944 aankwamen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":453,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":674,"abs_y":2324}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omstandigheden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na verloop van tijd verslechterde de omstandigheden in het gehele kamp. Onder kampcommandant Josef Kramer, die op <strong>2 december 1944</strong> van Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was overgeplaatst, verhardde het strenge regime nog verder. Door overbevolking, mishandeling, honger, de koude winter en besmettelijke ziektes werd Bergen-Belsen uiteindelijk een plek waar de nazi’s Joden naartoe brachten om hen door de slechte omstandigheden daar te laten sterven.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":661,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":882,"abs_y":2456}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de ongeveer 120.000 gevangenen zijn er meer dan 72.000 omgekomen. Zo ook Anne en Margot Frank die vanaf <strong>3 november 1944 </strong>in het kamp gevangenzaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":563,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":2524}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":580,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":2541}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen</a> (geraadpleegd 28 november 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "Bergen-Belsen was een krijgsgevangenen- en concentratiekamp in het noorden van Duitsland waar tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog meer dan 70.000 mensen de dood vonden.",
"summary_en": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
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"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Lohheide",
"state": "Niedersachsen",
"land": "Duitsland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b9a1f047-34a0-40f7-998b-38c6fc883db3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b9a1f047-34a0-40f7-998b-38c6fc883db3",
"name": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank gevangen in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne en Margot zaten zo’n vier maanden gevangen in Bergen Belsen, tot hun dood in februari 1945. Over hun gevangenschap kunnen we alleen via verschillende getuigen meer te weten komen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat door een storm in de nacht van <strong>7 november 1944</strong> de tenten in Bergen Belsen waren ingestort, werden de vrouwen, onder wie Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels, enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken. Vervolgens werden ze ondergebracht in barakken in het zogenaamde <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r dat naast het <em>Sternlager</em>lag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, een meisje uit de paralelklas van Margot op het Joods Lyceum, zat gevangen in het Sternlager en schreef op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> in haar agenda: ‘Margot en Anne Frank in het andere kamp.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel die ook met het transport van <strong>1 november 1944</strong> uit Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was gekomen, verbleef in dezelfde barak als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel verklaarde dat ze apathisch waren, niet werkten en vooral met z’n drieën bij elkaar bleven. De getuigenissen van Rachel Frankfoorder en de zussen Janny en Lientje Brilleslijper wijken licht af van dit beeld. Volgens Janny Brilleslijper probeerden zij en haar zus Lientje, de zusjes Frank, de zusjes Daniels in Bergen Belsen elkaar te helpen en zagen zij elkaar regelmatig. Over Auguste van Pels in Bergen Belsen is verder vrijwel niets bekend. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoetingen met Hanneli en Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich dat ze vermoedde dat Anne en Margot soms naar de afscheiding met het <em>Sternlager</em> gingen om daar iemand te ontmoeten. Dit vermoedde bleek juist te zijn. Bij het hek dat het <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r scheidde van het <em>Sternlager</em> ontmoette Anne haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar. Ook Martha van Collem is twee keer bij die ontmoetingen aanwezig en hielp Hanneli met het samenstellen van een pakketje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Iemand kwam Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Via Auguste van Pels kwam het contact met Anne tot stand. Margot was toen waarschijnlijk al te ziek om uit de barak te komen. Nadat de vriendinnen eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar daarna op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden bij Anne een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. Tot grote frustratie van Anne werd het pakketje door een andere vrouw gevangen, die er vervolgens mee vandoor ging. Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli herinnerde zich dat Anne vertelde dat ze dacht dat haar ouders dood waren. Mogelijk sprak Anne daarom pas na de ontmoeting met Hanneli met kampgenoot Margot Rosenthal, die in <strong>januari 1945</strong> vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aankwam, en nog aan Anne en Margot zou hebben verteld dat hun moeder Edith de selectie van <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>had overleefd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyphus</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> Auguste van Pels voor dwangarbeid wordt geselecteerd voor een transport naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald), blijven Anne en Margot achter. Mogelijk was Anne na haar ontmoetingen met Hanneli Goslar binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht. Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk opzoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich te hebben gezien hoe Anne en Margot steeds zieker werden en op het laatst duidelijk tekenen van vlektyfus vertoonden. Volgens haar waren ze er op een gewoon niet meer en daarom nam ze aan dat ze gestorven waren. Net als Auguste van Pels ging Rachel Frankfoorder ging op transport naar Raguhn, dus haar constatering van vlektyfus bij de zusjes Frank moet van voor <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, een klasgenote van Anne op het Joods Lyceum, ontmoet Anne een paar keer in Bergen Belsen en zag dat Anne erg mager was en vlektyfus had. Nanny Blitz kwam op <strong>5 december 1945</strong>, na de dood van haar vader, vanuit het Sternlager in hetzelfde kampdeel als Anne terecht. Zij ontmoeten elkaar in<strong> januari 1945</strong> een aantal keer. Nanette Blitz herinnede zich over dezelfde periode: <em>Ik geloof dat ik Margot niet staande heb gezien. Dat ze daar lag. Anne heb ik omhelsd, maar Margot kan ik me staande niet herinneren, die was al helemaal verzwakt. En alles kromp in hè, hersenen, magen, alles hè, ze waren, ze was helemaal… en daar heb ik eigenlijk vrijwel niet mee gesproken. Die was al zo half weg, helemaal verzwakt… Maar Anne, daar heb ik wel mee gesproken, verschillende keren, en ik geloof iedere keer als ze kwam dan was, lag Margot daar in een barak, die was niet meer zo goed bij.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Janny Brilleslijper, werkzaam als verpleegster in het kamp, herkende de verschijnselen van epidemische vlektyfus bij Anne en Margot en verklaarde dat de zusjes ook in een ziekenbarak geweest zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel er verschillende getuigen net als Janny verklaren dat de zusjes in een ziekenbarak hebben gelegen, is vooralsnog niet duidelijk waar en wanneer dit precies geweest zou zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk zijn Margot en Anne ergens in de maand <strong>februari 1945</strong> aan vlektyfus gestorven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank zitten vanaf 3 november tot 7 februari samen in kamp Bergen-Belsen. Op 7 februari wordt Auguste geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Raguhn. Kort daarna overlijden Anne en Margot aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"same_as": null
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{
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"title": "Auguste van Pels, 16 juli 1941",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel / Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Auguste_van_Pels.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Auguste van Pels, Amsterdam, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Geen restricties bekend"
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"first_name": "Auguste",
"last_name": "Pels - Röttgen",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_nl": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"title_en": "Auguste van Pels - Röttgen",
"content": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Auguste Röttgen werd op <strong>29 september 1900 </strong>geboren in Buer, Kreis (district) Recklinghausen, Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze was de dochter van Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had vier zussen: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha en Lotte. Na de oorlog verklaarde Margaretha dat Auguste economie had gestudeerd in Keulen en deze studie succesvol afrondde. Volgens het universiteitsarchief van Keulen schreef Auguste zich na een semester uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bewos\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 december 1925</strong> trouwde Auguste Röttgen in haar woonplaats Elberfeld met Hermann van Pels. Ze kreeg hierdoor automatisch de Nederlandse nationaliteit. Op <strong>8 november 1926</strong> werd zoon Peter geboren. Hij bleef enig kind. In <strong>1937 </strong>kwam Auguste met haar gezin naar Nederland. Na enkele verhuizingen kwamen ze terecht in een ruime vierkamerwoning aan de Zuider Amstellaan, ingericht met uit Duitsland meegebracht meubilair. Op <strong>30 oktober 1942</strong>, toen ze al enkele maanden waren ondergedoken, werd de woning leeggehaald.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1942</strong> ging ook Auguste van Pels onderduiken in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Wat we uit deze periode over haar weten komt uit Annes dagboek, met enige correcties en aanvullingen van Otto Frank en Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam Auguste van Pels via Westerbork in Auschwitz-Birkenau terecht. Later werd ze doorgestuurd naar Bergen-Belsen, naar Raguhn en vandaar naar Theresienstadt. Onderweg naar Theresienstadt kwam ze om. Ze was bij overlijden 44 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dq4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uhwth\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bewos\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ryiy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Menno Metselaar, 'Een egoïstische vader, een ijdele moeder en een verlegen jongen? De familie van Pels: medeschuilers in het Achterhuis', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Auguste Röttgen was born on <strong>29th of September 1900</strong> in Buer, Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She was the daughter of Leo Röttgen and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Auguste had four sisters: Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and Lotte. After the war her sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and successfully completed this course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<sup data-footnote-id=\"df11a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 December 1925</strong>, Auguste Röttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On <strong>8 November 1926</strong>, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In <strong>1937</strong>, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On <strong>30 October 1942</strong>, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne's diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8sz4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7yse\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo Röttgen en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"df11a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Details over Auguste Röttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW – Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanwältin Elisabeth Späth aan de Regierungspräsident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961; Universitätsarchiv Köln, Zugang 600/64-Röttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freiträger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejh4s\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, 'An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-09-29",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Buer",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Auguste-van-Pels"
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{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c0f73633-fd5b-42ff-8894-faef073cc6e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c0f73633-fd5b-42ff-8894-faef073cc6e2",
"name": "Transports",
"name_nl": "Transporten",
"name_en": "Transports",
"description": "<p>'Transports' refers to the systematic transportation (mostly by train) that took place of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder transporten wordt verstaan het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>'Transports' refers to the systematic transportation (mostly by train) that took place of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.</p>",
"summary": "Transports were the systematic transportation (mostly by train) of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.",
"summary_nl": "Transporten is het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.",
"summary_en": "Transports were the systematic transportation (mostly by train) of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/events/5831"
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"latitude": "51.705167",
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{
"id": 175,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/f66507c3-b916-4f60-9f1a-24822089dbf4/",
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"uuid": "f66507c3-b916-4f60-9f1a-24822089dbf4",
"name": "Rachel Frankfoorder and Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"name_nl": "Rachel Frankfoorder en Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"name_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder and Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp <strong>on 7 February 1945</strong>. There, the women had to perform forced labour. Because of the approaching US troops, the women from Raguhn had to be transported again on <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder gave a statement to the Dutch Red Cross on<strong> 28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, no other witnesses confirm Rachel Frankfoorder's testimony, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster explicitly contradict that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">On <strong>16 April 1945, </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. There they were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder werd <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn. Daar moesten de vrouwen dwangarbeid verrichten. Vanwege de naderende Amerikaanse troepen moesten de vrouwen uit Raguhn op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> opnieuw op transport, dit keer richting Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder verklaarde voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis op<strong> 28 september 1945</strong>: <em>‘Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><em> </em>Er zijn echter geen andere getuigen die de lezing van Rachel Frankfoorder bevestigen, en Annelore Daniel en Bertha Kaas-Hekster spreken expliciet tegen dat Auguste van Pels door Duitse soldaten onder een rijdende trein zou zijn gegooid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Op <strong>16 april 1945 </strong>kwamen de overlevenden van het transport in Theresienstadt aan. Daar werden zij op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp <strong>on 7 February 1945</strong>. There, the women had to perform forced labour. Because of the approaching US troops, the women from Raguhn had to be transported again on <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder gave a statement to the Dutch Red Cross on<strong> 28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, no other witnesses confirm Rachel Frankfoorder's testimony, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster explicitly contradict that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">On <strong>16 April 1945, </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. There they were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-07",
"date_end": "1945-05-08",
"summary": "Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp on 7 February 1945, and she was there when Auguste died in April 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Rachel Frankfoorder werd op 7 februari 1945 net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn en maakte in april 1945 het overlijden van Auguste mee.",
"summary_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp on 7 February 1945, and she was there when Auguste died in April 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 40,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ae13436d-64c4-4002-a2c9-3f57459b8b71/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "ae13436d-64c4-4002-a2c9-3f57459b8b71",
"name": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels gevangen in Raguhn",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"content": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Auguste van Pels vanuit concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld voor tewerkstelling in Raguhn, een buitenkamp van concentratiekamp Buchenwald. Na drie dagen kwam het transport op <strong>10 februari 1945</strong> aan. Auguste van Pels was nummer 457 op de transportlijst en kreeg als registratienummer 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit was een registratienummer van kamp Buchenwald. De gevangenen droegen gevangenenkleding en liepen dagelijks onder bewaking door het Duitse dorp Raguhn naar hun werk in de fabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend wat voor werk Auguste moest doen. Enkele getuigen die tegelijkertijd met Auguste van Pels gevangen zaten, vertelden over het werk dat zij moesten doen. Zo deden Cato Polak en Annelore Daniel montagewerkzaamheden in een vliegtuigfabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in een aardappelcommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> ging Auguste weer op transport met als eindbestemming Theresienstadt. Zij was toen al heel erg ziek en verzwakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het was een vreselijke reis; de trein werd regelmatig beschoten en stond lange stil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens dit transport (dat aankwam in Theresienstadt) stierf Auguste van Pels. Er bestaan hierover twee verklaringen. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, die deel uitmaakte van hetzelfde transport, verklaarde voor het Rode Kruis op <strong>28 september 1945</strong>:<em>Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.</em> Omdat het transport begon op <strong>9 april 1945 </strong>is dit aanleiding om als sterfdatum van Auguste van Pels in de <strong>eerste helft van april 1945 </strong>te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medegevangene in Bergen-Belsen, Annelore Daniel, vertelde dat Auguste van Pels onderweg van Raguhn richting Theresienstadt in de trein stierf en dat zij Auguste zelf langs de kant van het spoor, in de berm, heeft neergelegd en achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-10",
"date_end": "1945-04-09",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels werd vanuit Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld naar een buitenkamp van Buchenwald genaamd Raguhn. Daar moest zij dwangarbeid verrichten totdat zij, dodelijk ziek, opnieuw op transport werd gesteld naar Theresienstadt. Tijdens dat transport sterft ze.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 41,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/24494796-6723-45ee-a60e-edc71acb73c9/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a39467ab-0152-4645-9450-72349602960e?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "24494796-6723-45ee-a60e-edc71acb73c9",
"name": "Death of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>The date and place of death of Auguste van Pels are not precisely known and have been reconstructed by the Dutch Red Cross as being between <strong>9 April 1945</strong> and <strong>8 May 1945</strong> in Germany or Czechoslovakia.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This is the period between the evacuation transport from Raguhn to Theresienstadt on 9 April 1945 and the liberation of Theresienstadt on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport as Auguste, stated to the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and, as a result, killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated that he heard from someone that Auguste had died in a train carriage after being evacuated from Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collection, Otto Frank Archive, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank to Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (regarding Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 April 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel told Otto Frank after the war that Auguste died beside her during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and was then laid beside the train. AFS, Witness Stories II, interview with Annelore Beem-Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 May 2014.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bertha Kaas-Hekster also states something about Auguste's death: "(... ) died there of typhus or on transport to Theresienstadt I remember (...) Gusta Pels - German by birth, but deported from Amsterdam". Netherlands Red Cross (NRK), War Aftercare Bureau (entry 2050), inv. no. 1204: statement Bertha Kaas-Hekster, 8 January 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This transport started on <strong>9 April 1945 </strong>and Auguste's date of death is given as the <strong>first half of April 1945 </strong>as a result. See note 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De overlijdensdatum en -plaats van Auguste van Pels staat niet precies vast en is door het Nederlandse Rode Kruis gereconstrueerd tussen <strong>9 april 1945</strong> en <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> in Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit is de periode die ligt tussen het evacuatietransport van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt op 9 april 1945 tot en met de bevrijding van Theresienstadt op 8 mei 1945.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, die deel uitmaakt van hetzelfde transport als Auguste, verklaart voor het Rode Kruis op <strong>28 september 1945</strong>: <em>Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaart dat hij van iemand gehoord heeft dat Auguste gestorven is in een treinwagon na de ontruiming uit Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (i.v.m. Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 april 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel vertelde Otto Frank na de oorlog dat Auguste tijdens de treinreis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt naast haar is overleden en daarna naast de trein is gelegd. AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Bertha Kaas-Hekster verklaart iets over de dood van Auguste: <em>(…) daar overleden aan typhus of op transport naar Theresienstadt herrinner ik me (…) Gusta Pels – Duitsche van afkomst, doch uit Amsterdam gedeporteerd. </em>Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), Bureau Oorlogsnazorg (toegang 2050), inv. nr. 1204: verklaring Bertha Kaas - Hekster, 8 januari 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit transport begint op <strong>9 april 1945 </strong>en naar aanleiding hiervan wordt de <strong>eerste helft van april 1945 </strong>als overlijdensdatum van Auguste geven.Zie noot 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The date and place of death of Auguste van Pels are not precisely known and have been reconstructed by the Dutch Red Cross as being between <strong>9 April 1945</strong> and <strong>8 May 1945</strong> in Germany or Czechoslovakia.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This is the period between the evacuation transport from Raguhn to Theresienstadt on 9 April 1945 and the liberation of Theresienstadt on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport as Auguste, stated to the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and, as a result, killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated that he heard from someone that Auguste had died in a train carriage after being evacuated from Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collection, Otto Frank Archive, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank to Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (regarding Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 April 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel told Otto Frank after the war that Auguste died beside her during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and was then laid beside the train. AFS, Witness Stories II, interview with Annelore Beem-Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 May 2014.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bertha Kaas-Hekster also states something about Auguste's death: "(... ) died there of typhus or on transport to Theresienstadt I remember (...) Gusta Pels - German by birth, but deported from Amsterdam". Netherlands Red Cross (NRK), War Aftercare Bureau (entry 2050), inv. no. 1204: statement Bertha Kaas-Hekster, 8 January 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This transport started on <strong>9 April 1945 </strong>and Auguste's date of death is given as the <strong>first half of April 1945 </strong>as a result. See note 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-04-09",
"date_end": "1945-04-16",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels died during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt. The location is not known. The exact date is also not known but was between 9 and 16 April 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels stierf tijdens de treinreis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt. De locatie is niet bekend. De precieze datum is ook niet bekend maar ligt tussen 9 en 16 april 1945.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels died during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt. The location is not known. The exact date is also not known but was between 9 and 16 April 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Raguhn camp",
"name_nl": "Kamp Raguhn",
"name_en": "Raguhn camp",
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"content": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp for work in Raguhn. Raguhn was a relatively small camp located on the western edge of the German village of Raguhn and was one of the sub-camps of Buchenwald concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn was headed by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) and <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). It employed about 45 male and female guards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buchenwald main camp came into existence as early as <strong>1937</strong> and was one of the first and largest concentration camps on German soil. <strong>Between</strong> <strong>1938 and 1945</strong>, around 240,000 people were imprisoned there. Like many other concentration camps, Buchenwald had numerous sub-camps over a large area, which were called outer camps or (outer) commands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arriving in Raguhn, the women were re-registered. Since the Raguhn sub-camp was part of Buchenwald concentration camp, they were included in that camp's records and given 'Buchenwald numbers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Forced labour</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, between five and seven hundred women had to work in an aircraft parts factory of <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. The women wore striped prisoners' clothing so that they were clearly identifiable. At the factory, the women had to assemble aircraft parts under the supervision of plainclothed supervisors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, shifts changed between day and night shifts. The work was heavy and inefficient. Due to the chaos of the final phase of the war, the factory faced a constant shortage of materials, which meant there was too little work for all the women in the camp. The prisoners also regularly had to seek refuge in shelters while working because of Allied bombing raids.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, the women did not sleep in standard barrack huts, but in a number of former workshops and sanitary rooms. The prisoners were starving and about 10 per cent of the women were too sick to work. Many had already arrived sick from Bergen-Belsen. Over time, typhus fever also broke out in the camp. Women died in the camp from a variety of conditions: pneumonia, heart failure, meningitis and intestinal diseases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, US troops approached Buchenwald camp and the SS decided to evacuate the Raguhn sub-camp. On <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, guards again loaded the women from Raguhn into freight wagons, this time for transport to Theresienstadt. After a chaotic journey, they arrived there on <strong>16 April 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels had died during the train journey.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Auguste van Pels vanuit concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld voor tewerkstelling in Raguhn. Raguhn was een relatief klein kamp dat zich bevond aan de westelijke rand van het Duitse dorp Raguhn en was een van de buitenkampen van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) en <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). Er werkten ongeveer 45 mannelijke en vrouwelijke bewakers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het hoofdkamp Buchenwald ontstond al in <strong>1937</strong> en was een van de eerste en grootste concentratiekampen op Duits grondgebied. <strong>Tussen</strong> <strong>1938 en 1945</strong> zaten hier ongeveer 240.000 mensen opgesloten. Net als veel andere concentratiekampen kreeg ook Buchenwald wijdverspreide en talrijke onderafdelingen, die buitenkampen of (buiten)commando’s werden genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst in Raguhn werden de vrouwen opnieuw geregistreerd. Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden ze opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dwangarbeid</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn moesten tussen de vijf- en zevenhonderd vrouwen werken in een fabriek voor vliegtuigonderdelen van <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. De vrouwen droegen gestreepte gevangenenkleding, zodat ze duidelijk herkenbaar waren. In de fabriek moesten de vrouwen onder toezicht van opzichters in burger vliegtuigonderdelen in elkaar zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Iedere week wisselden de ploegen tussen dag- en nachtdienst. Het werk was zwaar en inefficiënt. Door de chaos van de eindfase van de oorlog kampte de fabriek met een voortdurend tekort aan materiaal, waardoor er te weinig werk was voor alle vrouwen uit het kamp. Daarnaast moesten de gevangenen tijdens hun werk regelmatig hun toevlucht zoeken in schuilkelders vanwege de geallieerde bombardementen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omstandigheden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn sliepen de vrouwen niet in standaardbarakken, maar in een aantal voormalige werkplaatsen en sanitaire ruimtes. De gevangenen leden honger en ongeveer 10 procent van de vrouwen was te ziek om te kunnen werken. Velen waren al ziek aangekomen uit Bergen-Belsen. Na verloop van tijd brak er ook vlektyfus uit in het kamp. Vrouwen overleden in het kamp aan uiteenlopende aandoeningen: longontsteking, hartfalen, hersenvliesontsteking en darmziekten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>april 1945</strong> naderden Amerikaanse troepen kamp Buchenwald en besloot de SS het buitencommando Raguhn te ontruimen. Op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> laadden de bewakers de vrouwen uit Raguhn opnieuw in goederenwagons, ditmaal richting Theresienstadt. Na een chaotische reis kwamen ze daar op <strong>16 april 1945</strong> aan. Auguste van Pels was tijdens de treinreis overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp for work in Raguhn. Raguhn was a relatively small camp located on the western edge of the German village of Raguhn and was one of the sub-camps of Buchenwald concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn was headed by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) and <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). It employed about 45 male and female guards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buchenwald main camp came into existence as early as <strong>1937</strong> and was one of the first and largest concentration camps on German soil. <strong>Between</strong> <strong>1938 and 1945</strong>, around 240,000 people were imprisoned there. Like many other concentration camps, Buchenwald had numerous sub-camps over a large area, which were called outer camps or (outer) commands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arriving in Raguhn, the women were re-registered. Since the Raguhn sub-camp was part of Buchenwald concentration camp, they were included in that camp's records and given 'Buchenwald numbers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Forced labour</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, between five and seven hundred women had to work in an aircraft parts factory of <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. The women wore striped prisoners' clothing so that they were clearly identifiable. At the factory, the women had to assemble aircraft parts under the supervision of plainclothed supervisors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, shifts changed between day and night shifts. The work was heavy and inefficient. Due to the chaos of the final phase of the war, the factory faced a constant shortage of materials, which meant there was too little work for all the women in the camp. The prisoners also regularly had to seek refuge in shelters while working because of Allied bombing raids.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, the women did not sleep in standard barrack huts, but in a number of former workshops and sanitary rooms. The prisoners were starving and about 10 per cent of the women were too sick to work. Many had already arrived sick from Bergen-Belsen. Over time, typhus fever also broke out in the camp. Women died in the camp from a variety of conditions: pneumonia, heart failure, meningitis and intestinal diseases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, US troops approached Buchenwald camp and the SS decided to evacuate the Raguhn sub-camp. On <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, guards again loaded the women from Raguhn into freight wagons, this time for transport to Theresienstadt. After a chaotic journey, they arrived there on <strong>16 April 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels had died during the train journey.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (12.269028 51.705167)",
"summary": "Raguhn was a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp where Auguste van Pels was imprisoned and had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Raguhn was een buitenkamp van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald waar Auguste van Pels gevangen zat en dwangarbeid moest verrichten.",
"summary_en": "Raguhn was a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp where Auguste van Pels was imprisoned and had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Raguhn",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
"location_events": [
175,
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},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ae13436d-64c4-4002-a2c9-3f57459b8b71/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "ae13436d-64c4-4002-a2c9-3f57459b8b71",
"name": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels gevangen in Raguhn",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"content": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Auguste van Pels vanuit concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld voor tewerkstelling in Raguhn, een buitenkamp van concentratiekamp Buchenwald. Na drie dagen kwam het transport op <strong>10 februari 1945</strong> aan. Auguste van Pels was nummer 457 op de transportlijst en kreeg als registratienummer 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit was een registratienummer van kamp Buchenwald. De gevangenen droegen gevangenenkleding en liepen dagelijks onder bewaking door het Duitse dorp Raguhn naar hun werk in de fabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend wat voor werk Auguste moest doen. Enkele getuigen die tegelijkertijd met Auguste van Pels gevangen zaten, vertelden over het werk dat zij moesten doen. Zo deden Cato Polak en Annelore Daniel montagewerkzaamheden in een vliegtuigfabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in een aardappelcommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> ging Auguste weer op transport met als eindbestemming Theresienstadt. Zij was toen al heel erg ziek en verzwakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het was een vreselijke reis; de trein werd regelmatig beschoten en stond lange stil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens dit transport (dat aankwam in Theresienstadt) stierf Auguste van Pels. Er bestaan hierover twee verklaringen. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, die deel uitmaakte van hetzelfde transport, verklaarde voor het Rode Kruis op <strong>28 september 1945</strong>:<em>Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.</em> Omdat het transport begon op <strong>9 april 1945 </strong>is dit aanleiding om als sterfdatum van Auguste van Pels in de <strong>eerste helft van april 1945 </strong>te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medegevangene in Bergen-Belsen, Annelore Daniel, vertelde dat Auguste van Pels onderweg van Raguhn richting Theresienstadt in de trein stierf en dat zij Auguste zelf langs de kant van het spoor, in de berm, heeft neergelegd en achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-10",
"date_end": "1945-04-09",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels werd vanuit Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld naar een buitenkamp van Buchenwald genaamd Raguhn. Daar moest zij dwangarbeid verrichten totdat zij, dodelijk ziek, opnieuw op transport werd gesteld naar Theresienstadt. Tijdens dat transport sterft ze.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"same_as": null
}
]
}
